Q2 - Chapter 2 Methodology - Data Collection Methods

a collection of facts,
figures, objects,
Data Collection Data symbols, and events
Methods gathered from
LESSON 4
different sources

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systematic process of Primary

gathering data from • Data obtained from your
own researches, surveys,
observations or observations and interviews
Data measurements Data
Secondary
Collection Collection
Methods allows you to gain first- Methods • Data obtained from
secondary sources such as
hand knowledge and reports, books, journals,
original insights into documents, magazines,
your research problem internet and more
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Survey
• Interview Survey
• Questionnaires
Data Observation
•is used as a method of gathering
Collection data when you want to find out
Methods Tests about the characteristics,
preferences, opinions, or beliefs of
Experiment
a group of people
Secondary Data
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Survey Survey
Closed-ended Closed-ended questions Open-ended questions
Open-ended
questions are
questions are
included to
included to gain in-
understand user Dichotomous
depth details about questions
preferences from a
a particular section
collection of answer
in the interview
options
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Interview Types of Interview

Structured Interview
•a structured conversation
where the researcher asks  or standardized interview, the
researcher asks a standard set of
questions, and the respondents questions and nothing more; the
provides answers interview follows a specific format
with the same line of questioning
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Types of Interview Types of Interview

Structured Interview Semi-Structured Interview
 a mix of structured and
unstructured interviews
while a few questions are
predetermined, the others aren’t
planned
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Types of Interview Types of Interview

Semi-Structured Interview Unstructured Interview
 or non-directive interviewing,
unstructured interviews do not
have a set pattern and questions
are not arranged in advance

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Types of Interview Types of Interview

Unstructured Interview Focus Group Interview
 a research method that brings
together a small group of people
to answer questions in a
moderated setting

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Types of Interview Methods of Interview

Focus Group Interview  Face-to-Face Interview
 Telephone
 Online

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Questionnaires Questionnaires
•a list of questions or items used •Sections:
to gather data from  Respondent’s identification data
 Introduction
respondents about their
 Instruction
attitudes, experiences, or  Information
opinions  Classification data & information
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Types of Questionnaires Types of Questionnaires

Mail Online
You can easily access a large sample. You can quickly access a large sample
You have some control over who is without constraints on time or location.
included in the sample (e.g. residents of The data is easy to process and analyze.
a specific region). The anonymity and accessibility of online
surveys mean you have less control over
The response rate is often low
who responds.
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Types of Questionnaires Observations

In-Person •used to answer a research question
You can screen respondents to make sure only based purely on what the researcher
people in the target population are included in the
sample. observes
You can collect time- and location-specific data (e.g. •there is no interference or
the opinions of a store’s weekday customers). manipulation of the research subjects,
The sample size will be smaller, so this method is less
suitable for collecting data on broad populations. and no control and treatment groups
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Types of Observations Types of Observations

Overt Covert
Everyone knows they are being No one knows they are being
observed observed and the observer is
concealed

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Types of Observations Types of Observations

Direct Indirect
When you watch interactions, When you watch the results of
processes or behaviors as they interactions, processes or
occur behaviors

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Tests Types of Test

•are commonly used in quantitative Norm-referenced tests
research to measure attitudes, measures a candidate's mark
personality, self-perception, aptitude,
and performance of research against what other people are
participants achieving in the same test

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Types of Test Types of Test

Norm-referenced tests Criterion-referenced tests
Example measures a candidate's mark
 college entrance exams
against a series of criteria and
 IQ tests
 National assessment tests produces a description of level
 Psychological tests based on that criterion
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Types of Test Experiments

Criterion-referenced tests •are used to study causal relationships
Example •You manipulate one or more
 Proficiency Tests independent variables and measure
their effect on one or more dependent
 Certification Exams variables.
 Skills Test
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Experiments Types of Experiments

•Experimental design create a set of
procedures to systematically test a
hypothesis 1. Pre-Test Post-Test
Design
2. Post-Test Only
Design
3. Solomon Four

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Secondary Data Types of Secondary Data

•a type of quantitative data that has Paper-based sources
already been collected by someone From books, journals, periodicals,
else for a purpose different from yours abstracts, indexes, directories, research
reports, conference papers, market
reports, annual reports, internal records of
organizations, newspapers and magazines

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Types of Secondary Data Individual Activity

Electronic sources Based on your approved research, construct
an instrument/ survey questionnaire with
From CD-ROMs, on-line databases, needed demographic profile and 5 questions.
internet, videos and broadcasts Questions can be close- or open-ended.

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Example: Example:

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Writing of Methodology
(Validation of Instrument)

Writing of Methodology
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(Data Gathering Procedure)

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