International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health 2022; 9(3): 26-31

P-ISSN: 2394-1685
E-ISSN: 2394-1693 Isokinetic strength testing of shoulder rotators in
Impact Factor (ISRA): 5.38
IJPESH 2022; 9(3): 26-31 collegiate throw ball players
© 2022 IJPESH
www.kheljournal.com
Received: 17-03-2022 Aditi Katti, Shaswat Verma and Akriti Gupta
Accepted: 25-04-2022

Aditi Katti
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22271/kheljournal.2022.v9.i3a.2508
61, Pavamana, 14th main,
Raghavendra block, Behind Abstract
mutt, Srinagar, Bangalore, Background and Objectives: Throwball involves repetitive shoulder rotations leading to the overuse of
Karnataka, India shoulder rotators causing several internal risk factors for shoulder problems. Reduction in the range and
strength of shoulder rotators is major risk or cause for shoulder injuries. Hence, the primary objective of
Shaswat Verma the study is to determining isokinetic strength of shoulder rotators in collegiate throwball payers. The
Assistant Professor, Department secondary objectives are to determine the rotator strength on shoulder rotators in non-players and
of Physiotherapy, M S Ramaiah compare the strength between the two groups.
Medical College and Hospitals, Methods: Sample size was estimated to be 60 females between 18-25years, 30players (20.05+1.39) and
MSR Nagar, New BEL Road, 30 nonplayers (19.96+1.33); height (157.36+5.92 players; 158.18+5.38 non-players); weight
Bangalore, Karnataka, India (59.66+14.60 players; 63.24+12.63 non-players) participated in this cross-sectional study. Concentric and
concentric peak torque of internal and external rotator ROM and strength was assessed. Three speeds of
Akriti Gupta
1800/s, 1200/s and 600/s was used.
Clinical Physiotherapist, Centre
for Rehabilitation, M.S.
Results: The dominant side presented higher mean values for peak torque for IR in players at all three
Ramaiah Memorial Hospital, speeds; the non-dominant side presented higher mean peak for in ER in both the groups at all three
MSR Nagar, New BEL Road, speeds. In the non-players group, the dominant limb presented higher mean peak torque values in IR at
Bangalore, Karnataka, India 1800/s and 600/s whereas the non-dominant limb presented higher peak for IR at 1200/s. However, only
the mean peak torque of IR at 600/s had significant difference (15.65+3.23 for players; 13.2+3.54 for
non-players) with p=0.02 and t-value=2.32.
Interpretation and Conclusion: There was no significant difference between the players and non-
players which implies that the players need to be trained for rotator strengthening especially external
rotators as muscle strength imbalance between the agonist and antagonist is one of the major risk factors
for shoulder injuries. The values obtained for the strength of the players can be used as reference for
further studies for population-specific isokinetic data profile for both rehabilitation and prevention.

Keywords: Isokinetic dynamometer, throwball, means peak torque, internal rotators, and external rotators

Introduction
Throwball is a non-contact ball sport played across a net between two teams of seven players
on a rectangular court. It is popular in Asia, especially in sub-Asian continents, and was first
played in India as a women’s sport in Chennai, during the 1940s. At present the game is being
played at both indoors and outdoors. Currently throwball is been played in more than 45,000
schools and colleges, apart from a large number of clubs, factories, companies, districts, and
state-units from all over Asia at sub-junior, junior and senior levels. Under the classification of
sports, throwball fall under non-contact sport. In throwball, the ball should be released from
above the shoulder/shoulder-line only. The ball has to be caught with both the hands and
thrown back in one hand only. Any ball after catching (during rally) should be released within
3seconds. Shifting the ball from right to left or left to right is not permitted. Pushing the ball
deliberately is not permitted. These factors affect the shoulder joint and its surrounding
muscles making it more prone to injuries.
Corresponding Author: The most common shoulder injuries in non-contact sports are–
Shaswat Verma 1. Recurrent anterior dislocation of shoulder
Assistant Professor, Department
of Physiotherapy, M S Ramaiah
2. Acromio-clavicular dislocation
Medical College and Hospitals, 3. Bicipital tendinitis
MSR Nagar, New BEL Road, 4. Supraspinatus tendinitis
Bangalore, Karnataka, India 5. Rotator cuff syndrome
~ 26 ~
International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health https://www.kheljournal.com

Supraspinatus tendinitis and rotator cuff syndrome are due to are wind up, stride phase, arm cock, acceleration and follow
repetitive movements in abduction or overhead rotation [1]. through.
Shoulder joint is the most freely mobile joint at the cost of its The rotator cuff muscles are responsible in maintaining the
stability. The strength to the shoulder joint is provided by external rotation and abduction position of the shoulder
rotator cuff; a fibrous sheath formed by tendons of four during stride phase. The weak rotator cuff muscles lead to
muscles namely supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and improper scapular position causing shoulder impingement or
subscapularis. shoulder instability. These muscles are also responsible for
Shoulder injuries are more prevalent in sports involving maintaining the humeral head in the glenoid fossa during the
throwing actions. These high-speed dynamic activities require arm cocking phase. Dysfunction of these muscles may induce
frequent synchronised action of shoulder stabilisers especially additional stress on the anterior stabilisers of the shoulder.
rotator cuff muscles. Since shoulder joint is unstable due to its During the acceleration phase, extreme high maximal high
bony configuration and high degree of freedom of movement, velocity is produced by the internal rotators as they contract
it makes the joint more vulnerable to overuse injuries. These concentrically. As the arm rotates back, there is increase in
athletes have several internal risk factors for shoulder problem the internal rotation range which in turn contributes in
as their daily routine practices add repetitive stress on the generating greater velocity during throwing. Repetitive
shoulder. throwing tends to increase the joint laxity and flexibility
When the passive forces are limited by active forces, the leading to instability. This is said to be one of the causes for
moving segment relay on the dynamic muscular control. This capsule-labral and rotator cuff injuries. There are many
provides stability and mobility during normal shoulder studies which show that the baseball throwers have 10 0-150 of
function. The dynamic stabilisers are also responsible for the more external rotation than the non-throwers [5].
precisely controlled muscular actions which help in the strong During the deceleration or the follow through phase, the
and powerful actions in sports. There are studies which show rotator cuff plays the role of resisting the humeral head
that increased gleno-humeral external rotation and decreased distraction, horizontal adduction and internal rotation. If the
internal rotation in dominant hand among throwing athletes rotator cuff is not strong enough to maintain the tension, it
can increase humeral retroversion which can be one of the may lead to rotator cuff injury. If there is capsular laxity or
contributing mechanisms for adaptation of shoulder range of muscle weakness, it may lead to labral entrapment followed
motion. When the humerus is abducted and laterally rotated, by labral tear. This is another reason for shoulder instability
the gleno-humeral capsule twists and tightens making it a which increases the chances of shoulder injury as rapid
closed pack position for GHJ, producing the tension which rotation produces large force and torque during throw [5].
stabilises the GHJ. Supraspinatus is the key structure for Tendonitis is also due to the impingement of rotator cuff
dynamic stabilisation. It is under constant tension most of the tendon. During deceleration, there is abduction, horizontal
waking hours of the person. It is more vulnerable to tensile adduction and internal rotation. Weakness of reduced rotator
overload and chronic overuse [2]. cuff strength may lead to superior translation of the humeral
The overhead throwing motion is a highly skilled movement. head causing impingement. The capsular laxity adds on to the
It requires extremely high level of muscle activation, velocity, increased compressive force of the humeral head on the
flexibility, muscular strength, coordination, synchronicity and tendon.
neuromuscular control. Since the throwing motion generates Weakness in any segment may result in a deficiency in the
extraordinary demands on the shoulder joint, tremendous performance. The arm cocking and the deceleration phase is
forces are placed on the shoulder joint at extremely high said to be the most common phase for overuse throwing
angular velocities. The thrower’s shoulder often exhibits injuries.
excessive motion and laxity increasing the chances of An unidentified muscle weakness or imbalance is the reason
shoulder injuries [3]. for assessing the strength of the muscles to prevent or to treat
The superior migration of the humeral head due to the shoulder injuries.
weakness of the rotator cuff muscles contribute to functional There are various methods to assess the strength of shoulder
shoulder impingement syndrome. Also, deficit in the rotators. One of the gold standard methods to check the
flexibility or strength of the agonist muscles is compensated maximum strength of the muscles with constant speed is by
by the antagonist muscles leading to scapular dysfunction using isokinetic dynamometer [8]. Isokinetic means
during overhead throwing motion. Shoulder pathology can accommodating resistance and speed with the change in
manifest as pain, diminished performance, or a decrease in position. Concentric muscle contraction is the development of
strength or range of motion. Most of the overhead throwing muscle tension while the origin and insertion of the muscle
athletes exhibit excessive shoulder external rotation (ER) and approach each other, referred to as positive work. Isokinetic
limited internal rotation (IR) at 90° of abduction. This loss of dynamometer limits the difficulty in stabilisation and
IR of the throwing shoulder is referred to as Gleno-humeral evaluation of the multi-axial component motions, making it
Internal Rotation Deficit (GIRD) [3]. best suitable for scientific research. It provides resistance and
The balance between the strength of the agonist and a fixed speed i.e., as the torque changes, the machine adjust
antagonist muscles of the shoulder rotators is important to its resistance to keep the speed same. The speed and torque
maintain the stability of GHJ during upper limb activities. The produced throughout the movement is plotted as a graph in a
role of external rotators here is to slow down the movement computer synchronised with the machine [6]. This machine is
and maintain the stability of the GHJ. It is also known that mostly used in rehabilitation or research settings and is
one of the greatest risks of shoulder injury is the difference in capable of allowing maximum effort throughout the range of
the contralateral limb strength of more than 15%. [4] motion. This method is said to be the most reliable and
Every sport has its own pattern of throwing. But certain consistent way to detect minute strength difference which
similarities can be found in all throwing sports. The most cannot be picked up by any other strength testing equipment
important factor affecting the throwing performance is said to or methods. It also gives specialised information based on the
be the biomechanics of throwing. The five phases in throwing anatomical configurations, muscle length-tension
~ 27 ~
International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health https://www.kheljournal.com
[7]
relationships and velocities of muscle action . an additional strap stretched diagonally from just above the
Since throwball is a sport where there is no specific training shoulder level to the opposite pelvic side. The dynamometer
followed, these players are more prone for shoulder injuries. was calibrated. The axis of the dynamometer was aligned with
Though there are studies concluding that the strength of the the axis of the humeral head. The elbow was maintained at
dominant side is greater in both internal and external rotators, 900flexion by the device. The arm attachment was adjusted
the need to assess the strength of the rotators on both the side accordingly with wrist in neutral position. The minute setting
in throwball players is essential as it is a sport where both the such as adjusting the dyna height, dyna tilt, and chair rotation
sides are used irrespective of the dominance. Since the was done. The subjects were explained about the test. Three
rotators play major role in stabilisation of the humeral head speeds were used-600/sec, 1200/sec and 1800/sec. The subjects
and provide good stability, the need for assessing the strength were asked to grasp the arm attachment. They were instructed
of theses muscles is a must. The popularity of this sport is not to use the contralateral limb for support. The instructions
less; hence there is limited data available about the strength of were to push the handle as fast as possible and complete the
the muscles around the shoulder in throwball players. movement without rest. Three trials were given for each speed
However, to our knowledge and after a thorough research, them to get familiarised with the equipment and the speed.
there is scarce evidence on throwball players. Hence, the need The actual test consisted of five repetitions. The sequence of
for this study is to check the strength of the shoulder rotators the speed was randomised. A rest period of 30seconds was
in collegiate throwball players to identify and minimise the allotted after trail and after each speed test. The mode used for
risk of injury. The objectives of this study are to assess the the testing was concentric concentric (conc/conc).
strength of shoulder internal rotators and external rotators in
collegiate throwball and non-throwball players and to
compare the strength between both the groups.

Materials and Methods

43 female subjects in the age group 18-25 years were included
in the study. Study was approved by the institutional ethics
and research committee. A cross sectional research study
design was chosen to assess the strength of shoulder internal
and external rotators. The subjects were recruited based on the
convenience sampling. Subjects with any history of shoulder
injuries, dislocations, fractures, tendinitis, systemic diseases,
bursitis, frozen shoulder in the past 6months, previous
shoulder surgeries, any history of shoulder pain and nerve
injuries, current cervical or thoracic spine injury and those Fig 1: IR peak torque testing of dominant side
indulged in any other sports other than throwball were
excluded from the study. With a reported standard deviation
of 0.09 [9], effect size was calculated as 0.7, 0.05 alpha error
and 80%power, sample size was calculated to be 43, 22 in
each group for the proposed study.

Procedure of data collection

Based on the inclusion criteria, the subjects were screened and
eligible participants were recruited for the study. Explanation
regarding the study was given to the patients and all those
who agreed to participate were enrolled in the study after
obtaining written informed consent. Subjects were then
assessed for strength of shoulder internal and external
rotators. All the subjects were taught to do general shoulder
stretches as a warm up program. With comfortable, loose
dress and upper limbs sufficiently exposed, the subjects were
asked to lie supine on the bed, with shoulder in 90 0 abduction,
forearm perpendicular to supporting surface and 00 supination.
The humerus was completely supported over the bed except
for the elbow. A pad was placed below the humerus. The
fulcrum was fixed at the olecranon process, the fixed arm Fig 2: ER peak torque of dominant side
along the ulna. The subjects were asked to move their arm
inside for internal rotation and outside for external rotation Statistical analysis
without lifting the shoulder or scapula. The moving arm was Data Analysis was performed with the help of Statistical
moved along the ulna. The range of motion was noted down. Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20 and Microsoft
Same method was repeated on the contralateral limb. Later, Excel for primary data entry and plot charts and graphs.
strength of the internal and external rotators was tested on the Descriptive statistics was used for the study. Independent t-
Cybex isokinetic dynamometer. The peak torque of internal test was used to find the difference between internal rotator
rotators and external rotators were determined. The subjects strength and external rotation strength of the shoulder rotators
were asked to sit on the chair straight with the back touching and also used to find the significance difference between
the chair. The non-dominant side was tested first. The pelvis shoulder rotator muscles strength between throwball players
was stabilised with a strap across it to prevent pelvic hiking, and non-players.
~ 28 ~
International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health https://www.kheljournal.com

Results: The demographic data of the participants (n = 43) repetitive overhead action and overstretched anterior capsule,
has been shown in Table 1. causes physiological adaption of shoulder joint leading to
fibrosis of the posterior capsule and impingement which may
Table 1: Demographic data, ROM (degree) for IR and ER of players reduce the range of motion. The study done by Hsing-Kuo
and non-players (N=43) Wang et al. also reported similar results in volleyball players.
Players Non-Players There was no statistical difference in ER ROM between the
Mean +SD Mean + SD two groups [10].
Age(years) 20.05+1.39 19.96 + 1.33
Height(cm) 157.36+5.92 158.18+5.38 Peak torque: Players
Weight(kg) 59.66+14.60 63.24+12.63 At 1800/s speed, the mean peak torque of IR on dominant side
Left IR (degree) 74.61+9.01 68.80 + 6.17 (14.22+4.72) was greater than the non-dominant side
Left ER (degree) 83.27+8.28 81.92 + 8.24 (12.05+4.03). However, the mean peak torque of ER was
Right IR (degree) 69.33+13.0 67.92+5.84 found to have no statistical significance. The non-dominant
Right ER (degree) 81.88+8.30 85.12+7.21 side had greater mean peak torque over ER (4.38+0.97). In
the above result, it was observed that the strength of the
Table 2: Peak torque of internal rotator strength and external rotator dominant IR was greater than on the non-dominant side at all
strength at 1800/sec, 1200/sec and 600/sec of players and non-players three speeds. The difference in the strength between the two
(N=43)
sides may be because the internal rotators are overstretched
Speed(degrees/sec) Mean + SD Mean + SD followed by sudden explosive contraction during deceleration
180 12.05 + 4.03 10.52 + 5.60 phase or during the ball release. The internal rotators undergo
Left IR 120 13.94 + 4.41 12.80 + 4.95 plyometric contraction with repetitive overhead movement.
60 15.65 + 3.23 13.2+ 3.54 The mean peak torque of ER on non-dominant side was
180 4.38 + 0.97 4.48 + 1.12 greater than the dominant side could be due to stretch
Left ER 120 6.16 + 2.89 6.40 + 3.22 weakness over the retractors during the deceleration phase.
60 5.65 + 1.81 6.32 + 2.11 The eccentric load over the posterior cuff may cause tear of
180 14.22 + 4.72 11.52 + 4.95
the intramuscular connective tissue causing inflammation and
Right IR 120 14.72 + 4.37 12.24 + 4.00
weakness of the muscles. These findings were in consistent
60 15.72 + 2.67 14.52 + 2.70
180 4.27 + 0.95 4.24 + 1.05
with the findings of mean peak torque of shoulder rotators in
Right ER 120 5.33 + 2.08 5.48 + 2.38 30 male cricket players at 3000/s, 1800/s, 900/s and 600/s
60 5.22 + 1.39 5.80 + 1.70 speed. The mode used for the study was conc/conc [11].
At 1200/s speed, the IR mean peak torque on dominant side
Table 3: Comparison of peak torque between players and non- was greater (14.72+4.3) and the ER peak torque was higher
players (N=43) on the non-dominant side (6.16+2.89). The results are similar
to the results obtained in elite volleyball athletes in U.K. The
Speed(degrees/sec) t-value P-value
study assessed concentric and eccentric rotators strength at
180 0.99 0.32
1200/s and 600/s. the results showed weaker rotator strength
Left IR 120 0.78 0.43
60 2.32 0.02*
on concentric and eccentric mode. The study found increased
180 -0.27 0.78 peak torque in concentric mode and increased peak torque of
Left ER 120 -0.24 0.80 IR on dominant side compared to the non-dominant side [8].
60 -1.05 0.29 The peak torque values in high school and collegiate pitchers
180 1.8 0.07 between throwing and non-throwing shoulder also found no
Right IR 120 1.92 0.06 significant difference in ER peak torque at same speed [9].
60 1.44 0.15 At 600/s speed, the IR mean peak torque on dominant side
180 0.12 0.90 was again greater than the non-dominant side (15.72+2.67).
Right ER 120 -0.21 0.83 The ER mean peak torque was greater on non-dominant side
60 -1.17 0.24 (5.65+1.81). This result is also in agreement with a study
* The mean peak torque of Left IR at 600/s showed significant done by Claudio Andre Barbosa de Liva et al, 2019, on
changes with p-value < 0.05 adolescent asymptomatic male volleyball players. The author
used two speeds 600/s and 2400/s. The mode of testing used
Discussion was concentric for IR at both speeds and eccentric for ER at
The primary objective of the study was to determine the 2400/s speed. The isokinetic strength of shoulder rotators
strength of internal rotators and external rotators of bilateral showed no significant difference in peak torque of external
shoulders in collegiate level female throwball players. The rotators. But the dominant limb had significant higher peak
secondary objectives were to determine the strength of torque in internal rotators at concentric speed of 60 0/s speed
internal rotators and external rotators of bilateral shoulders in (48.7+13.7) [10, 12].
collegiate female non players and compare the strength There may be many reasons or explanations for the imbalance
between the two groups. of internal and external rotator strength. One of the
explanations could be that weakness of the external rotators in
Rom the dominant side of players may display weakness and
According to this study, in the players group, the mean and atrophy of the infraspinatus muscle due to suprascapular
standard deviation of IR ROM on dominant and non- nerve entrapment. According to Jobe et al., the external
dominant side was 69.33+13.0 and 74.61+9.0 respectively. rotators are most active during the follow-through phase of
The ROM of ER of dominant and non-dominant side was pitching. This may be one of the reasons for reduced ER
81.88+8.30 and83.27+8.28 respectively. There was reduced strength on dominant side which any lead to nerve
ROM in both IR and ER of dominant side compared to non- impingement [13].
dominant side. This result can be attributed to the fact that
~ 29 ~
International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health https://www.kheljournal.com

Peak torque: Non-players Summary and Conclusion

The mean peak torque of IR at 1800/s and 600/s was greater on Overhead throwing athletes present unique musculoskeletal
dominant side compared to the non-dominant side i.e. profile. Considering the importance of muscle strength and
11.52+4.95 and 14.52+2.70 respectively. The mean peak imbalance to prevent injury in sports population, the aim of
torque of ER at all the three speeds was greater on non- this study was to assess the strength of the rotators in college
dominant side. The reason for increased mean peak torque on level throwball players and compare the strength with the
dominant side is same as for the players. normal and find if there was any significant difference
At 1200/s speed, the peak torque of IR showed greater value between the groups. This study also provides normative value
on non-dominant side exhibited increased peak torque for female collegiate throwball players which could be used
compared to dominant side with mean value of 12.80+4.95. for further research on comparing the IR/ER ratio. Since there
The results obtained in this study are not in agreement with was no significant difference between the groups except for
the results obtained in many studies that compared rotator IR at 600/s, it is clear that the players need strengthening
strength of dominant and non-dominant side in various sports. program for their shoulder. The players had asymmetrical IR
Further research is required in this aspect with respect to values but no difference in the ER strength. Thus, preventive
reduced dominant side IR peak torque. strengthening program for shoulder focusing on strengthening
At 600/s speed, the mean peak torque of IR on dominant side the external rotators and non-dominant side internal rotators
was higher (14.52+2.70) for whereas the ER of the non- should be emphasised.
dominant overrules the strength of dominant side with mean
peak torque of 6.32+2.11. The physiology behind increased References
IR strength on dominant side compared to the non-dominant 1. Joshi J, Kotwal P. Essentials of orthopaedics and applied
could be as simple that even in normal individuals; the physiotherapy. 6th ed. New Delhi: Elsevier. 1999;8:55.
dominant side is used repetitively for everyday activities. This 2. Norkin C, Levangie P. Joint structure & function. 4th ed.
repetitive movement caused structural changes in the Philadelphia: Davis. 1994;7:264.
musculature increasing the strength of the dominant side. The 3. Wilk KE, Obma P, Simpson CD, Cain EL, Dugas J,
larger cross-section internal rotators muscles produce more Andrews JR. Shoulder injuries in the overhead athlete.
muscle force (lattissimus dorsi, pectoralis major) compared to journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2009
small cross-section external rotators (infraspinatus, teres Feb;39(2):38-54.
minor). This could be one of the reasons for IR being stronger 4. de Lira CA, Vargas VZ, Vancini RL, Andrade MS.
than the ER [10]. Profiling Isokinetic Strength of Shoulder Rotator Muscles
in Adolescent Asymptomatic Male Volleyball Players.
Comparison of peak torque of IR and ER between players Sports. 2019 Feb;7(2):49.
and non-players 5. Afsun Nodehi-Moghadam, Khaki N, Kharazani AH et al.
On comparing between the groups, there was no significant A comparative study on Shoulder Rotational Strength,
difference in the peak torques at 1800/s and 1200/s speed. But Range of Motion and Proprioception between the
the study found significant difference in the peak torque of IR throwing athletes and non- throwing athletic persons.
at 600/s speed with p value 0.02 and t-value of 2.32. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, March
In the above result, it was observed that the strength of the 2013;4(Number-1):34-40.
non-dominant ER in both the groups was greater than on the 6. Chandler TJ, Kibler WB, Stracener EC, Ziegler AK, Pace
dominant side. This could be possible because repetitive B. Shoulder strength, power, and endurance in college
overhead movement of the dominant arm cause stretch tennis players. The American Journal of Sports Medicine.
weakness over the retractors during the deceleration phase. 1992 Jul;20(4):455-8.
The eccentric load over the posterior cuff may cause tear of 7. Habets B, Staal JB, Tijssen M, van Cingel R. Intrarater
the intramuscular connective tissue causing inflammation and reliability of the Humac NORM isokinetic dynamometer
weakness of the muscles [11]. for strength measurements of the knee and shoulder
The strength of IR in non-dominant side overruled the muscles. BMC research notes. 2018 Dec;11(1):15.
dominant side at 600/s speed. This contradicts the results of 8. Wang HK, Macfarlane A, Cochrane T. Isokinetic
many studies which showed strength of the dominant side IR performance and shoulder mobility in elite volleyball
was stronger than the non-dominant side. The physiology athletes from the United Kingdom. British journal of
behind this result can be explained that repetitive movement sports medicine. 2000 Feb 1;34(1):39-43.
caused concentric loading and strengthening of the internal 9. Alderink GJ, Kuck DJ. Isokinetic shoulder strength of
rotators increasing the strength compared to non-dominant high school and college-aged pitchers. Journal of
side. But in our study, though there was no significant Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 1986
difference between the IR strength of dominant and non- Jan;7(4):163-72.
dominant side, the mean peak torque on the non-dominant 10. Lin HT, Ko HT, Lee KC, Chen YC, Wang DC. The
side could be explained with respect to velocity time. The changes in shoulder rotation strength ratio for various
time taken by the dominant arm to accelerate at the required shoulder positions and speeds in the scapular plane
higher velocity is much more than the non-dominant arm. between baseball players and non-players. Journal of
This may be because the dominant arm requires more time for physical therapy science. 2015;27(5):1559-63.
better control and co-ordination of the throw. Whereas, the 11. Mabasa XM, Stewart A, Fleishman C. Isokinetic strength
non-dominant arm finds difficulty to throw the ball with of shoulder internal and external rotators in cricket
better performance as the control and co-ordination is weaker bowlers. South African Journal of Physiotherapy. 2002
than the dominant. This is the reason the non-dominant side Feb 16;58(2):35-9.
requires less velocity time [14].

~ 30 ~
International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health https://www.kheljournal.com

12. Cook EE, Gray VL, Savinar-Nogue E, Medeiros J.

Shoulder antagonistic strength ratios: a comparison
between college-level baseball pitchers and nonpitchers.
Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 1987
Mar;8(9):451-61.
13. Jobe FW, Tibone JE, Perry J, Moynes D. An EMG
analysis of the shoulder in throwing and pitching: a
preliminary report. The American journal of sports
medicine. 1983 Jan;11(1):3-5.
14. Ning Z, Faro A, Sue D, Hamilton N. Klneslologlcal
Analysis of Overarm Throwing For Accuracy With
Dominant And Non-Dominant Arms. InISBS-Conference
Proceedings Archive, 1999, 1(1).

~ 31 ~