CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Finals
BSMT – 2B GIESSAN MAE LABRADO

FUNCTIOIN OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

THE SIZE, FORM AND LOCATION
1. Carbon dioxide from respiration (breathing).
2. Other chemical byproducts from organs.
3. Waste from things you eat and drink.

THREE MAJOR PARTS

• Heart
• Blood
• Blood vessels

• APEX – Blunt, Rounded point of the heart

• BASE – Larger, Flat part at the opposite end
of the heart

o The base of the heart is located just

BEHIND THE STERNUM and extends
to the space just below the SECOND
RIB called the SECOND
INTERCOSTAL SPACE.
• Oxygenated blood - It contains oxygen and o The apex is just BEHIND THE 5TH
nutrients and can be found in arteries AND 6TH RIBS AT THE 5TH
• Deoxygenated blood - It contains carbon INTERCOSTAL SPACE just to the left
dioxide and waste and can be found in veins of the sternum
➢ MEDIASTINUM – Midline partition is formed
by the Heart, Trachea, Esophagus, and
FUNCTIONS OF HEART
associated structures
➢ PERICARDIAL CAVITY – Heart is
1. Generating blood pressure - Contraction of surrounded& Lies by this cavity
the heart generate blood pressure, which is CARDIOPULMONARY
required to force blood through blood vessels ➢ RESSUCITATION (CPR) – Emergency
2. Routing blood - Separates the pulmonary procedure that maintains blood flow in the
and systemic circulation, ensuring body if a person’s heart stops.
oxygenated blood are being distributed
towards the different organ system
3. Ensuring one-way blood flow - Via the
valves of the heart
4. Regulating blood supply - Changes the
rate force of the heart depending on the
metabolic need tissues
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Finals
BSMT – 2B GIESSAN MAE LABRADO

EXTERNAL ANATOMY
FOUR HEART CHAMBERS
1. Left atrium (LA)
2. Right atrium (RA)
3. Left ventricle (LV)
4. Right ventricle (RV)

➢ Endocardium - lines the inside of the heart

and valves
➢ Myocardium - made up of muscle fibers and
is responsible for the contraction
➢ Epicardium - Exterior layer of the heart In
which pericardium can be found Pericardium -
a thin layer of fibrous tissue containing
pericardial fluid that lubricates the heart's
RIGHT AND LEFT ATRIA
lining.
The pericardium consists of 2 layers: • Heart receives blood from veins
• Primarily as a reservoir
• Fibrous Pericardium- The outer layer • Forces blood into the ventricles to
composed of tough, fibrous connective tissue complete ventricular filling
• Serous pericardium - Inner layer of flat
epithelial cells, with a thin layer of connective RIGHT ATRIUM
tissue.
• Superior vena cava and the inferior vena
Main Function: cava
✓ Provides Lubrication Pericardial fluid • Smaller coronary sinus
✓ Reduce friction as the heart moves within the
LEFT ATRIUM
pericardium
Parietal pericardium - the portion of the serous • Four pulmonary veins
pericardium lining the fibrous pericardium RIGHT AND LEFT VENTRICLES
Visceral pericardium - portion covering the heart
• Major pumping chambers
surface (epicardium)
RIGHT VENTRICLES
• Pumps blood to pulmonary truck
"The pumping action of the heart
LEFT VENTRICLES
is accomplished by the rhythmic
• Pumps blood to the AORTA
relaxation and contraction"
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Finals
BSMT – 2B GIESSAN MAE LABRADO

HEART VALVES PULMONARY ARTERY

• carries deoxygenated blood from right
ventricle to the lungs
PULMONARY VEIN
• Takes oxygenated blood from lungs to the
left atrium
BICUSPID/MITRAL VALVE
• permits blood to flow one way only
AORTIC VALVE
➢ ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) VALVES
o Allow blood to flow from the atria • Prevent the regurgitation of blood from
into the ventricles the aorta into the left ventricle during
o Prevent it from flowing back into ventricular diastole and to allow the
the atria appropriate flow of blood from the
➢ SEMILUNAR VALVES ventricle into aorta
o Semilunar valves are two heart AORTA
valves that prevent blood from
flowing back into the ventricles • Takes oxygenated blood from the left
ventricle to the body
PARTS OF HEART AND ITS FUNCTIONS
CARDIAC SKELETON

SUPERIOR/INFERIOR VENA CAVA

• One of 2 main veins that bring
deoxygenated blood from the body to the
heart.
• Feeds from the upper body and empties
in right atrium
TRICUSPID VALVE
• Prevent back flow of blood into the right
atrium A plate of connective tissue, sometimes
PULMONARY VALVE called the cardiac skeleton, or fibrous skeleton,
consists mainly of fibrous rings that surround the
• It is opened by the increased blood atrioventricular and semilunar valves and give
pressure of the ventricular systole, them solid support.
pushing blood out of the heart and into
the artery. It closes when pressure drops This connective tissue plate also serves as
inside the heart. electrical insulation between the atria and the
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Finals
BSMT – 2B GIESSAN MAE LABRADO
• from the coronary sinus into the right
atrium
ventricles and provides a rigid attachment site for
cardiac muscle. BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART

CORONARY CIRCULATION: ARTERIAL 1. Right Atrium

SUPPLY 2. Tricuspid valve
3. Right Ventricle
4. Pulmonary semilunar valve
SUPPLY 5. Pulmonary trunk
6. Pulmonary arteries
7. Lungs
8. Pulmonary veins
9. Left Atrium
10. Bicuspid valve
11. Left Ventricle
12. Aortic semilunar valve
13. Aorta
14. Body

CORONARY CIRCULATION - is the functional

CARDIAC MUSCLE
blood supply to the heart muscle itself
COLLATERAL ROUTES - ensure blood delivery
to heart even if major vessels are occluded SUPPLY

BLOOD SUPPLY TO HEART

Coronary arteries
• supply blood to the heart wall
• originate from the base of the aorta
(above the aortic semilunar valve)
Left coronary artery
• has 3 branches • One centrally located nucleus
• supplies blood to the anterior heart wall • Branching cells
and left ventricle • Rich in mitochondria
Right coronary artery • Striated (actin and myosin)
• Ca2+ and ATP used for contractions
• originates on the right side of the aorta • Intercalated disks connect cells
• supplies blood to the right ventricle
Cardiac veins
• drain blood from the cardiac muscle
• parallel to the coronary arteries
• most drain blood into the coronary sinus
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Finals
BSMT – 2B GIESSAN MAE LABRADO

STIMULATION OF THE HEART CARDIAC MUSCLES ACTION

SUPPLY
POTENTIALSUPPLY

Changes in membrane permeability are

responsible for producing action potentials and
are called pacemaker potentials.
The movement of blood through the heart
is determined by a coordinated sequence of Depolarization phase:
cardiac muscle contractions. Atria contracts first,
• Na+ channels open
followed by ventricles.
• Ca2+ channels open
1. The heart is at rest and all chambers are
Plateau phase:
relaxed.
2. Cardiac muscle cells in the atrial wall are • Na+ channels close
stimulated as action potentials spread • Some K+ channels open
across the atrial wall and towards the • Ca2+ channels remain open
ventricles.
3. Cardiac muscle cells in the atrial wall Repolarization phase:
contract, pushing blood into the • K+ channels are open
ventricles. • Ca2+ channels close
4. Cardiac muscle cells in the ventricular
wall are stimulated as action potentials ➢ The plateau phase prolongs action potential
spread across the ventricular wall from by keeping Ca2+ channels open.
the apex of the heart toward its base.
5. Cardiac muscle cells in the ventricular ➢ In skeletal muscle action potentials take 2
wall contract, pushing blood into the great msec, in cardiac muscle they take 200 to 500
arteries. msec.
CONDUCTION OF THE HEART

➢ Contraction of the atria and ventricles is

coordinated by specialized cardiac muscle cells
in the heart wall that form the conduction system
of the heart.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Finals
BSMT – 2B GIESSAN MAE LABRADO

➢ All the cells of the conduction system can • Action potentials are rapidly delivered to
produce spontaneous action potentials. all the cardiac muscle of the ventricles
➢ The conduction system of the heart includes ACTION POTENTIAL PATH THROUGH HEART
the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node,
atrioventricular bundle, right and left bundle
branches, and Purkinje fibers.

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

• in RA
• where action potential originates
• functions as pacemaker
• large number of Ca2+ channels

Atrioventricular node (AV node)

• located in the lower portion of the right 1. SA node

atrium 2. AV node (atrioventricular)
• action potentials from SA node sent to 3. AV bundle
this node 4. Right and Left Bundle Branches
• action potentials spread slowly through it 5. Purkinje fibers
• slow rate of action potential conduction ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (EKG)
allows the atria to complete their
contraction before action potentials are
delivered to the ventricle

Atrioventricular bundle

• action potentials from AV node travel by

the AV bundle to the ventricles
• AV bundle divides into a left and right
• Bundle branches to left and right
ventricles

Purkinje Fibers

• at the tips of the left and right bundle

• Record of electrical events in heart
branches, are Purkinje fibers • Diagnoses cardiac abnormalities
• Purkinje fibers pass to the apex of the • Uses electrodes
heart and then extend to the cardiac • Contains P wave, QRS complex, T wave
muscle of the ventricle walls
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Finals
BSMT – 2B GIESSAN MAE LABRADO

COMPONENTS OF EKG ➢ The heart is a two-sided pump, with the

P wave atria being primers for pumps and the
ventricles being the actual pumps.
• depolarization of atria
Atrial systole - contraction of atria
QRS complex
Ventricular systole - contraction of ventricles
• depolarization of ventricles
Atrial diastole - relaxation of atria
• contains Q, R, and S waves
Ventricular diastole - relaxation of ventricles
T wave
HEART SOUNDS
• repolarization of ventricles
➢ Heart sounds are produced due to the
HEART CHAMBER CONTRACTION
closure of heart valves.
1. Cardiac muscle contractions produce ➢ A stethoscope is used to hear heart
pressure changes within heart chambers. sounds
2. Pressure changes are responsible for ➢ The first heart sound makes a ‘lubb’
blood movement. sound.
3. Blood moves from areas of high to low ➢ The second heart sound makes a ‘dupp’
4. pressure. ➢ sound.
➢ The first heart sound is due to the closure
CARDIAC CYCLE of the atrioventricular valves.
➢ The second heart sound is due to the
closure of the semilunar valves.
POTENTIALSUPPLY
REGULATION OF HEART FUNCTION
Stroke Volume
• volume of blood pumped per ventricle per
contraction
• 70 milliliters/beat
Heart Rate
• number of heart beats in 1 min.
• 72 beats/min.
Cardiac Output
• volume of blood pumped by a ventricle in
1 min.
• 5 Liters/min.
Cardiac output equals stroke volume
➢ The cardiac cycle is a summative
times heart rate
description of all the events that occurs
during one single heartbeat. CO = SV × HR
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Finals
BSMT – 2B GIESSAN MAE LABRADO

INTRINSIC REGULATION OF THE HEART

Intrinsic regulation refers to the mechanisms

HEART
contained within the heart itself that control cardia
output.
POTENTIALSUPPLY
Venous return

• The amount of blood that returns to heart

Preload

• The degree ventricular walls are stretched at

end of diastole
• Venous return, preload, and stroke volume
Baroreceptors
are related to each other
• monitor blood pressure in the aorta and
Starlings Law of the Heart
carotid arteries
• Relationship between preload and stroke • changes in blood pressure cause changes in
volume frequency of action potentials
• Influences cardiac output • involves the medulla oblongata

For example - exercise increases venous return, CHEMORECEPTOR REFLEX

preload, stroke volume, and cardiac output
➢ The chemoreceptor reflex involves chemical
After load regulation of the heart function.
• Pressure against which ventricles must pump ➢ Chemicals can affect heart rate and stroke
blood volume.

ENTRINSIC REGULATION OF THE HEART

• Extrinsic regulation refers to mechanisms

HEART
external to the heart, such as either nervous
or chemical regulation.
POTENTIALSUPPLY
• Nervous system control of the heart occurs
through the sympathetic and parasympathetic
divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
Influences of heart activity are carried through
the autonomic nervous system.
• Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve
fibers innervate the SA node.

Chemical actions
BARORECEPTOR REFLEX
• Epinephrine and norepinephrine from the
The baroreceptor reflex is a mechanism of
adrenal medulla can increase heart rate and
the nervous system that plays an important role in
stroke volume excitement, anxiety, and anger
regulating heart function.
can increase cardiac output
• Depression can decrease cardiac output
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Finals
BSMT – 2B GIESSAN MAE LABRADO

• Medulla oblongata has chemoreceptors for

arteries area(s) of cardiac muscle lacking adequate
changes in pH and CO2
blood supply die, and scars (infarct)
• K+, Ca2+, and Na+ affect cardiac function

HEART DISEASE

Endocarditis
HEART
• Inflammation of the endocardium; affects the
POTENTIALSUPPLY
valves more severely than other areas of the
endocardium and may lead to scarring,
causing stenosed or incompetent valves
Cardiomyopathy

• Disease of the myocardium of unknown

cause or occurring secondarily to other
diseases and results in weakened cardiac
muscle, causing all chambers of the heart
to enlarge, which may eventually lead to
congestive heart failure
Tachycardia

• Heart rate in excess of 100 beats per minute

bpm9. It elevated body temperature,
excessive sympathetic stimulation, toxic
conditions
Bradycardia

• A heart rate of less than 60 bpm Increased

stroke volume in athletes, excessive vagus
nerve stimulation, nonfunctional SA node
carotid sinus syndrome
Sinus arrhythmia

• Heart rate varies as much as 5% during the

respiratory cycle and up to 30% during the
cause not always known; occasionally caused
by deep respiration ischemia, inflammation,
or cardiac failure
Coronary Artery Disease

• Decreases blood supply to the heart coronary

arteries are narrowed for some reason
Myocardial Infarction (heart attack)

• Due to the closure of one or more coronary