Introduction to EC2

what is EC2?
Amazon elastic cloud provides scalable computing capacity in the AWS. Using
Ec2 it brings down the cost of hardware and we can develop and develop the
application faster. We can have virtual servers and configure and security with
managing the storage. Amazon ec2 reduces the traffic on the network.
Features of Ec2
The main features of Ec2 are as follows
 We can instance for the virtual environment.
 An instance is a virtual server where we can run application in
AWS for building an infrastructure.
 Have a secure connection which are known as security key as pair.
 You can have temporary storage while running. and terminate the
server and there is storage capacity for instances.
 There are main regions and availability zones for the accessing or
creating the instances.
 Static ipv4 address is used while accessing the data.
 The maximum length of a tag key is 127 characters.
 A tag is a label that you assign to an AWS resource. Each tag
consists of a key and an optional value, both of which you define.
Tag enables you to categories your Aws Resource in different ways.
You can have two tags in your instances. One for the owner and
another for the
 stacks.

Access to amazon Ec2

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 1. GUI (graphical user interface)
2. CLI (command line interface)

Pricing in AWS EC2

The pricing in AWS are as follows
1. On demand
2. Reserved
3. Spot Instances
4. Dedicated Host

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 1. On Demand
Payment minute by calculating second of Usage used in Ec2. There is no long-
term commitment or upfront payment.
2. Reserved
Reserved is booking for a long term. Long term can duration of maximum of 3
years. Reservation can be done for 1 year also.
3. Sport Instance
The sport instances should have start time and end time. You need to have large
capacity of space for computing. provides less discount as compared with
demand on prices.
4. Dedicated Host
A dedicated Host is physical server with Ec2 instance to run on full capacity for
use. The Dedicated Host reduces the costs, allowing you to use same server.
You can purchase as Reservation for 70% off on demand Price. We can use
VMware & other Database can be used as dedicated host.
Introduction to VPC
What is VPC?
The term VPC stands for Virtual Private Cloud. you can launch AWS resources
in a logically isolated virtual network that you've defined. VPC is similar to own
a data centre and for scaling the Aws Resource.
What do you mean by region in Aws?

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Since we are using the cloud computing technology, we can access the resource
in multiple Locations. Region is nothing but the selected location where your
data centres are located to access information. These Location are in separate
Geographical Area.
What do you mean by Local Zones?
Local Zones is defined as geographic Proximity to the users where the Local
Zone can be deployed.
Eg.: If you are deploying AWS from Chennai the Close proximity from your
location would be Mumbai / Hyberbad where the data centres are available for
you to access Information.
What do you mean by availability zones?
The Availability are the distinct location where you can access the AWS.
Example:
Availability Zones are distinct locations within an AWS Region that are
engineered to be isolated from failures in other Availability Zones. They provide
inexpensive, low-latency network connectivity to other Availability Zones in the
same AWS Region.
What is a subnet?
A subnet or subnetwork is a network inside a network. Subnets make networks
more efficient. Through subnetting, network traffic can travel a shorter distance
without passing through unnecessary routers to reach its destination. In Aws the
subnet must be available in the Single Available Zone.
What is Ip address?
An internet protocol address is a unique numerical identifier for every device or
network connected to internet.
What are the different classes of IP Address?

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What do you mean by Gateway?

A gateway which connects your VPC to another network

What is CIDR?

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) is an IP address allocation method that

improves data routing efficiency on the internet. Every machine, server, and
end-user device that connects to the internet has a unique number, called an IP
address, associated with it.

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Public VS Private IP address

Port numbers

Port number are those which is used to communicate with the networks. Here
are some of the common Port number used.

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What is routing?
Routing is the process of path selection in any network. A computer network is
made of many machines, called nodes, and paths or links that connect those
nodes. Communication between two nodes in an interconnected network can
take place through many different paths
What is routing table?
A routing table is set of rules, often viewed in a table format. Routing table
determine where data packet travelling over an Internet Protocol.

Route Table Key Points

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 1. Each subnet in your VPC must be associated with a route table,
which controls the routing for the subnet (subnet route table). A
subnet can be explicitly associated with custom route table.
2. Main route table automatically comes with VPC. It controls the
routing for all subnets that are not explicitly associated with any other
route table.
3. Custom route table is empty, by default and you add routes as needed.
4. A subnet can only be associated with one route table at a time, but
you can associate multiple subnets with the same subnet route table.
5. Every route table contains a local route for communication within the
VPC.
6. Gateway route table — it’s associated with an internet gateway or a
virtual private gateway (gateway route table).
7. You can associate a route table with an internet gateway or a virtual
private gateway. When a route table is associated with a gateway, it’s
referred to as a gateway route table.
8. A gateway route table supports routes where the target is local or an
elastic network interface in VPC.
9. Each route in a table specifies a destination and a target.
10.IPv4 and IPv6 traffic are treated separately. i.e., Routes to IPv4 and
IPv6 addresses or CIDR blocks are independent of each other.
11.Route Priority — if your route table has multiple routes, we use the
most specific route that matches the traffic (longest prefix match) to
determine how to route the traffic.
12.Route propagation — allows a virtual private gateway to
automatically propagate routes to the route tables. This means that
you don’t need to manually enter VPN routes to your route tables.
You can enable or disable route propagation.
13.Edge association use to route inbound VPC traffic to an appliance.
14.Subnets that are in VPCs associated with AWS Outposts can have an
additional target type of a local gateway.
15.Users VPC peering connection can also support IPv6 communication
between instances in the VPCs, if the VPCs and instances are enabled
for IPv6 communication.

What do you mean by Gateway?

A gateway which connects your VPC to another network.

DNS

The Domain Name System (DNS) turns domain names into IP addresses, which
browsers use to load internet pages. Every device connected to the internet has

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its own IP address, which is used by other devices to locate the device. DNS
servers make it possible for people to input normal words into their browsers,
such as Fortinet.com, without having to keep track of the IP address for every
website.

Default VPC

The default VPC comes with a public subnet in each Availability Zone, an
internet gateway, and settings to enable DNS resolution.

Non-Default VPC

is not automatically created when EC2 resources are provisioned and customer
needs to create own VPC.

IPV4 VS IPV6

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AWS private global network
AWS provides a high-performance, and low-latency private global network that
delivers a secure cloud computing environment to support your networking
needs. AWS Regions are connected to multiple Internet Service Providers
(ISPs) as well as to a private global network backbone, which provides
improved network performance for cross-Region traffic sent by customers.
The following considerations apply:
Traffic that is in an Availability Zone, or between Availability Zones in all
Regions, routes over the AWS private global network.
Traffic that is between regions always routes over the AWS private global
network, except for China Regions.

MIDDLEWARE CONCEPTS

What is Middleware?

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Middleware is software and cloud services that provide common services and
capabilities to applications and help developers and operators build and deploy
applications more efficiently.

What is Middle ware Architecture?

Middleware software architecture consists of several components that

communicate to create a data pipeline. The data moves from one connecting
application to the other through the middleware. The middleware processes the
data for compatibility.

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Introduction to S3
S3 stands for simple Storage. It is an object-based Storage file. You can store
file in form of text, video, PDF. The maximum storage file capacity is 5TB
What is a bucket in Aws?
An Amazon S3 bucket is a public cloud storage resource available in Amazon
Web Services (AWS) Simple Storage Service (S3) platform. It provides object-
based storage, where data is stored inside S3 buckets in distinct units called
objects instead of files.

If we create the bucket and Ec2 instance in the same region the data retrieval
would be faster.

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How many buckets can you create in Aws?
We can create at least 100 buckets

Storage Types-Classes
The Following Storage types
1. S3 standard
2. S3 standard Infrequent access
3. S3 One Zone AI
4. S3 Glacier
5. S3 Glacier Deep Archive.
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Storage Management
What is Amazon S3 storage-Management?
Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) is a scalable, high-speed, web-
based cloud storage service. The service is designed for online backup and
archiving of data and applications on Amazon Web Services (AWS).
What is the benefit of using S3?
Reliable Security:
 All-time Availability:
 Very Low cost:
 Ease of Migration:
 The Simplicity of Management
What do you mean by objects S3?
Object are the fundamental entries stored in S3. Object consists of Metadata.
Metadata is set of names – value pairs that describes an object. Amazon S3 uses
the last date modified data and data from Http metadata to store values.
What do you mean by keys?

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An object key (or key name) is the unique identifier for an object within a
bucket. Every object in a bucket has exactly one key. With Amazon S3, each
object stored in a bucket has one precise Amazon S3 Key. This means that every
bucket can be identified with a bucket, version ID, and S3 Key.

What is a bucket and key in S3?

The bucket name refers to the object's name in which the object is stored, while
the key represents the FULL path of the object INSIDE the bucket.
What is S3 Versioning?
S3 Versioning helps to keep multiple variants of an object in the same bucket
and can be used to preserve, retrieve, and restore every version of every object
stored in the S3 bucket. S3 Object Versioning can be used to protect from
unintended overwrites and accidental deletions

What is S3 Version id?

Version IDs in S3 are system-generated opaque strings that uniquely identify a
specific version of an object.

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What is bucket policy?
An S3 bucket policy is an object that allows you to manage access to specific
Amazon S3 storage resources. You can specify permissions for each resource to
allow or deny actions requested by a principal (a user or role).

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Introduction to GIT
What is Git?

Git is an open-source distributed version control system. It is designed to handle

minor to major projects with high speed and efficiency. It is developed to co-
ordinate the work among the developers. The version control allows us to track
and work together with our team members at the same workspace.

Git is foundation of many services like GitHub and GitLab, but we can use Git
without using any other Git services. Git can be used privately and publicly.

Git was created by Linus Torvalds in 2005 to develop Linux Kernel. It is also
used as an important distributed version-control tool for the DevOps.

Git is easy to learn, and has fast performance. It is superior to other SCM tools
like Subversion, CVS, Perforce, and ClearCase.

What is staging area?

 The staging area is an intermediate step between making changes to files

and capturing the snapshots of these updates. It is sometimes also known
as Git Index.
 We reach the staging area when we have completed making changes to
our files and are ready to commit these changes permanently.
 Files in the working directory are not tracked by Git. Git will only start
tracking changes of those files which are added to the staging area.
Whenever we try to commit, only the snapshots of those files are
captured which were added to the staging area and are stored permanently
in the repository.

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What do you mean by working directory?

A working directory contains both tracked and untracked files. In contrast, the
Git directory contains only tracked files.

What do you mean by local Repo?

The data which is present in the local system is called Local Repository.

GIT COMANDS

What is Git Init?

The Git is the first command we would run. This is used for creating a blank
repository.

What is Git Add?

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The Git add command is used to add file to the index. This command updated
the files to the staging area.

What is Git Commit?

It is used to record the change in the repository. Commit fetches the data from
the staging area.

What is Git Push?

The push term refers to upload local repository content to a remote repository.
Pushing is an act of transfer commits from your local repository to a remote
repository. Pushing is capable of overwriting changes; caution should be taken
when pushing.

What is Git Pull?

Git pull is used to update the local repository from remote

1. Updates the current local working branch

(currently checked out branch)
2. Updates the remote tracking branches for all
other branches.

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What is Git Clone?

Clone is act of making copies of any repository. The Target repository can be
local or remote.

What is GIT STASH?

Stashing takes the dirty state of your working directory — that is, your modified
tracked files and staged changes — and saves it on a stack of unfinished changes
that you can reapply at any time (even on a different branch).

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Generally, the stash's meaning is "store something safely in a hidden place."
The sense in Git is also the same for stash; Git temporarily saves your data
safely without committing.

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Routing notes
What is Route 53?
Route 53 is one of the service available in Amazon service. Amazon route 53 is
high scalable and available DNS service. Route 53 connects user requests to
internet applications running on AWS or on-premises.
Types of Routing
Simple routing policy – Use to route internet traffic to a single resource that
performs a given function for your domain, for example, a web server that
serves content for the example.com website.

Failover routing policy – Use when you want to configure active-passive

failover.

Geolocation routing policy – Use when you want to route internet traffic to your
resources based on the location of your users.

Geoproximity routing policy – Use when you want to route traffic based on the
location of your resources and, optionally, shift traffic from resources in one
location to resources in another.

Latency routing policy – Use when you have resources in multiple locations and
you want to route traffic to the resource that provides the best latency.

IP-based routing policy – Use when you want to route traffic based on the
location of your users, and have the IP addresses that the traffic originates from.

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Multivalue answer routing policy – Use when you want Route 53 to respond to
DNS queries with up to eight healthy records selected at random.

Weighted routing policy – Use to route traffic to multiple resources in

proportions that you specify.

IAM Notes

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