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 French Society in the late 18th
Century
1774 - Louis XVI (Bourbon family) became the King of France.

Married at the age of 20 with Austrian princess Marie Antoinette.

Condition of France:

● Drained out financial resources in France after helping

American colonies to gain their independence from
Britain.

● The war added debt of more than 2 billion livres.

French Society -A Society of
Estates
 The Struggle to Survive

❖ Rapid increase in population could not meet the

increasing demand for food grains.

❖ Increase in prices of bread.

❖ Income did not meet the expenses.

❖ Gap between rich & poor widened.

❖ Situation became worse when drought or hail occurred &

reduced the harvest.

❖ This led to Subsistence Crises.

 Growing Middle Class

2. Earned wealth
through trade and
manufacturing
goods.

3. Educated and
1. 18th century- against the
privileges by birth.
emergence of
middle class. Growing
Middle
Class

4. Ideas of freedom,
equal laws &
5. Philosophers opportunities for all
such as Locke, become popular in
Montesquieu and the society.
Rousseau became
popular.
 Ideas of Philosophers

John Locke - Two Treatises of Government -

Denied the doctrine of the divine and
absolute right of the monarch.

Rousseau - Proposes a form of government

based on a Social Contract between people
and their representatives.

Montesquieu - The Spirit of the Laws -

proposed a division of power within the
government between the legislature,
the executive & the Judiciary.
 Spread of Ideas

❏ Soon the ideas of philosophers gained

popularity among common people.

❏ When Louis XVI imposed further taxes, people

showed their anger and protested against the
system of privileges.
The Outbreak of the Revolution

France - Old
Regime

1. Monarchy didn’t 3. Estate General would

have power to impose pass the proposal of
taxes. taxes.

2. Monarch had to call

a meeting of Estate
General ( Last it was
called in).
 5 May 1789
Estates General was
called.

5 2

King rejected, Third First and Second

estate walked out of estates sent 300
the Assembly. representatives each.

4 3
Third Estate Third Estate: 600
demanded each representatives.
member one vote.
❖ 20 June 1789 - Members of the third
estate assembled in the hall of an indoor
tennis court in the grounds of Versailles.

❖ Declared themselves as National

Assembly.

❖ Sworn to draft the Constitution for France

& limit the power of the King.
 France Becomes a
Constitutional Monarchy

● The National Assembly completed the draft of the

Constitution in 1791.

● Main objective - to limit the powers of the monarch.

● Power was separated: Legislature, Executive and

Judiciary.
 National Assembly

Power: To make laws

Election: Indirectly elected by the active citizens

Eligibility: A pers had to belong to the highest bracket

of taxpayers.

Two
Types
of
citizens

Active Citizens: Only men

Passive Citizen:
above 25 years of age
Remaining men and all
who paid taxes equal to 3
women.
days of a labour’s wage.
 Declaration of the Rights of Man
and Citizen (First Page of the
Constitution)

1. Right to life
2. Freedom of speech
3. Freedom of opinion
4. Equality before law

All these are natural and

inalienableí rights - they belonged
to each human being by birth and
could not be taken away.
 France Abolishes Monarchy &
Becomes a Republic

❖ Louis XVI had secret negotiations with the King

of Prussia.

❖ Before King could do anything the National

Assembly (1792) declared war against Prussia &
Austria.
 Role of Political Clubs

Constitution of 1791: Thus few people believed

Political rights only to the that the Revolution must go
richer sections of society. on.

Women also became

Most successful club:
active & formed their
Jacobins.
own clubs.
● Belonged to the less prosperous sections of society.

● Members: small shopkeepers, artisans, printers, daily-

wage workers, etc.

● Leader: Maximilien Robespierre

● 1792 - Planned an uprising with a large number of

Parisians.

● Stormed the Palace of the Tuileries, massacred the

King’s guards and took the King as hostage.
 Elections held: All men of 21 years got the
right to vote.

Convention - newly elected assembly.

1792: Abolished Monarchy & declared

France as Republic.
 Execution of Louis XVI

❖ Louis XVI (Marie Antoinette) was sentenced to

death by a court on the charge of treason.

❖ 21 January 1793 - executed publicly at the

Place de la Concorde.
 The Reign of Terror

Policy of severe control

and punishment.

Enemies of the Republic

were tried & imprisoned.

If the court found one

guilty they were
guillotined.

Maximilien Robespierre
 1. Ceiling on wages
and prices

2. Meat and
bread were
5. Citoyen and rationed.
Robespier
Citoyenne (Citizen) re’s
Governm
ent

3. Equality bread
4. Churches
converted into
barracks or offices.
 Robespierre was convicted by
the court in July 1794, arrested
and guillotined.
 A Directory Rules France

❖ Fall of Jacobin government; allowed wealthier

middle classes to seize the power.

❖ New Constitution introduced; denied voting

rights of non-propertied.

❖ Two elected legislative councils were set up.

❖ Directory; set up under 5 executive leaders.

 Political Vacuum in France: Rise of
Napoleon Bonaparte

❖ Clash between Directors and Legislative

Councils brought political instability.

❖ This paved the way for the rise of a military

dictator - Napoleon Bonaparte.
Did Women have a Revolution?

Conditions of Women

3rd Estate Only

Women: daughters of
Uneducated nobles and
and working wealthier
(laundresses, members of
domestic 3rd Estate
servants, etc.) could study at
convent.

No job
training
 Objective: To discuss
& voice their interests.

There were 60 clubs

(also started
Women newspapers).
Political
Clubs Demand: To get the
equal political rights.

Most Famous Club:

The Society of
Revolutionary &
Republican Women
 Constitution of 1791:

Reduced women as passive

citizens only.
❖ The fight for suffrage for Women continued (for
200 years) through an International suffrage
movement during late 19th & early 20th
Centuries.

❖ 1946: Women in France won the right to vote.

 The Abolition of Slavery

Slave Trade
❖ Colonies in the Caribbean such as Martinique,
Guadeloupe and San Domingo were important
suppliers of commodities such as tobacco, indigo, sugar
and coffee.

❖ Europeans were not ready to work in such far places.

❖ This caused shortage of labour on the plantation.

● Slaves were branded and shackled.

● Packed tightly into ships for the three-month

long voyage.

● Sold to the plantation owners.

● Their exploitation helped to meet the growing

demand in European markets for sugar, coffee,
and indigo.
 End of Slavery System
● 1794: Jacobin Regime under Convention freed
all slaves in the French overseas possessions.

● But later, Napoleon reintroduced it.

● 1848: Finally abolished slavery in

French colonies.
The Revolution and Everyday
Life
5. Plays, songs and
festive processions
attracted large
numbers of people.

1. Liberty & equality

Freedom of
4. 1789: practised in
press; opposing Changes everyday life.
views of events in the
could be expressed. lives of
people

3. Declaration of the 2. Abolition of

Rights of Man and censorship
Citizen proclaimed
freedom of speech
and expression to be a
natural right.
Reach out to me at :
ankana.kumari@vedantu.com