UNIT -2

Title: Legal Research and Writing I

LESSON 5
What is this unit about: Title: UNDERSTANDING THE INDIAN CONTRACT ACT
● To provide clarity on what legal rights are, their origins and how they function
within a legal framework.
● To highlight mechanisms available for protecting and enforcing legal rights against "Contracts are the foundation of a civilized society and a vital tool for organizing
violation relationships and obligations."
● To study real life cases to illustrate the practical application and significance of
legal rights in everyday life. -Justice P.N. Bhagwati
● To equip individuals with the knowledge to actively participate in the legal system
and advocate for themselves and others effectively.
● To equip learners with the ability to locate , analyze and interpret legal sources. What is this lesson about:
● To cultivate critical thinking skills necessary for analysing identifying legal issues, In this chapter, we will:
evaluating evidence and formulating sound arguments. ● Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and
essential elements governing legal agreements and contracts.

Keywords: Offer, Acceptance, Consideration, Free Consent, Capacity of Parties, Lawful

Object

Where are we in the unit:

Lesson 5

In this lesson, we will develop an understanding of the Indian Contract Act and it’s
principles.

There are 5 sections in this lesson. These are:

1.1. Introduction to the Contract Act
1.2. Understanding Fundamental Principles
1.3. Curiouser and curiouser
1.4. Activities and exercises
1.5. Self-reflection

1. Introduction to the Indian Contract Act

The Indian Contract Act, 1872, is a critical legal framework that governs agreements
enforceable by law. It establishes the rights and duties of parties entering into contracts,
ensuring clarity and predictability in transactions. Section 2(h) of the Act defines a contract
as "an agreement enforceable by law." The law helps people make clear and fair agreements ● Not disqualified by law (such as in cases where a person is declared bankrupt or has
that everyone must follow. It explains the rules for making, keeping, and breaking promises
V. Free Consent
in a way that's legal and fair for both sides, for instance, if Priya agrees to bake 50 cupcakes
for Rahul's party for ₹2,000, and Rahul agrees to pay her, this is a contract. Let’s see the Consent must be given voluntarily, and not under any form of duress or undue influence. Key
importance of contract act: factors that can affect free consent include:
Importance of the Contract Act: ● Coercion: Force or threat used to make someone agree to a contract.
● Provides a legal structure for agreements. ● Fraud: Deliberate deception to induce someone into an agreement.
● Reduces misunderstandings and disputes by defining rights and obligations. ● Undue Influence: Taking advantage of one party’s weaker position (e.g., parent-child
or employer-employee relationships).
● Mitigates risks in business and personal dealings.
● Misrepresentation: False statements made to induce a party into agreement.
● Mistake: Agreement entered into due to misunderstanding or incorrect belief.
1.2 Fundamental Principles of the Indian Contract Act
To understand the Act, let’s explore its essential principles:
Activity:
I. Offer and Acceptance
● Discuss a scenario where someone might be pressured into a contract. What would happen
An agreement begins with an offer made by one party and accepted by another. For a contract if this pressure was due to coercion or fraud?
to be valid:
● Offer: One party must make a clear proposal to another. This proposal should detail
the terms and conditions.
● Acceptance: The other party must accept the offer in the same terms without any
change, as this forms the agreement.
II. Intention to Create Legal Relations
Both parties must intend for their agreement to have legal consequences. Simply put, the
parties should want the contract to be enforceable in a court of law.
● Social vs. Commercial Contracts: Not all agreements are meant to be legally VI. Lawful Object
binding. Social agreements (like promises between friends) typically do not have legal The purpose of the contract must be lawful and must not contradict public policy. For
consequences, whereas commercial agreements do. instance:
III. Lawful Consideration ● A contract to sell drugs or engage in criminal activity is not enforceable.
For a contract to be valid, there must be a lawful consideration, meaning something of value ● A contract to do something that harms society (like promoting violence) is also not
must be exchanged. This could be money, goods, or services. The consideration must not be valid.
illegal, immoral, or against public policy.
VII. Certainty and Possibility of Performance
IV. Capacity of Parties
The terms of the contract must be clear, and the performance of the contract must be
For a contract to be valid, the parties involved must be legally competent to enter into the possible.
agreement. This means they must be:
● A contract with vague or ambiguous terms cannot be enforced, as it creates confusion
● Of legal age (usually 18 years or older). about what each party must do.
● Of sound mind (not mentally incapacitated or under the influence of drugs or ● Similarly, if the contract requires something impossible (such as performing an act
alcohol). that cannot physically happen), it is not valid.
VIII. Compliance with Legal Formalities
Some contracts require specific formalities to be valid, such as being in writing, signed by
both parties, or registered. This is particularly true for contracts like: Record your observations:
● Sale of land or property. ___________________________________________________________________________
● Certain agreements involving large sums of money or long-term commitments. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Activity: ___________________________________________________________________________
● What are some situations in which a contract must be written down or formally ___________________________________________________________________________
registered?

Let’s delve deeper by analysing a case of contract:

Case Study: The Bicycle Purchase

Scenario:
Rahul offers to sell his bicycle to Priya for ₹5000. Priya accepts the offer. However, before the
agreed date of delivery, Rahul sells the bicycle to Rohan for ₹6000. Priya claims Rahul breached
their agreement.

Discussion Prompts:
Let’s understand key principles like offer, acceptance, lawful consideration, and free consent 1. Was there a valid contract between Rahul and Priya? Why or why not?
through practical application:
1. Divide the class into small groups. 2. Role-play:
Each group will receive a scenario
o One student acts as the offeror
where they must act as parties 2. Analyze Rahul’s actions. Did he breach the contract?
(person making the offer).
entering into a contract. Example
scenarios: o Another acts as the offeree
(person accepting the offer).
o Scenario 1: Renting a bike
for a weekend. o Optional: Add a third party as
a mediator or witness.
o Scenario 2: Selling
3. Should Priya be compensated? Discuss her legal rights.
homemade crafts at a fair.
o Scenario 3: Hiring a tutor for
mathematics.
3. Include elements: Ensure the role- 4. Class discussion: After the role-play,
play highlights offer, acceptance, discuss with the class:
Curiouser and curiouser
lawful consideration, and free
Was the offer clear? Explore the Indian Contract Act further through these
consent. Did you know? The Indian
engaging resources:
Was acceptance communicated properly? Contract Act, enacted in
Books: "The Indian Contract Act" by Pollock and Mulla: 1872, was among the earliest
Was the consideration lawful and of value? Offers detailed insights into the Act with practical pieces of legislation to unify
examples. "Principles of Contract Law" by Avtar Singh: A commercial practices in
Did both parties provide free consent? simplified guide, perfect for students learning contract law British India. It has stood the
for the first time. test of time as a vital tool for
economic and social
Learn through Multimedia: Watch ‘Legal Eagle’ or ‘Law for transactions in independent
All’ on YouTube for animated, fun explanations of contract India.
law concepts.
Explore the podcast ‘Law Simplified’ for insightful episodes on famous contract law cases.
Dive Deeper with Visual Media: Documentaries such as "Contracts in Action" show how
legal agreements shape our daily lives, from business deals to personal transactions.

Exercises and Activities:

Solve the puzzle based on the terms commonly used in a contract. Make use of the clues
given below.

Answers:
1. CONTRACT
2. OFFER
3. OFFEREE
4. CONSIDERATION
5. FREE CONSENT
6. MINOR
7. LEGAL OBJECT

Based on the understanding attempt the following quiz questions:

1. What is the minimum requirement for a valid contract?
o a. Written agreement
o b. Offer and acceptance
Clues o c. Legal representation
1. An exchange of promises enforceable by law. o d. Verbal agreement
2. The first step in creating an agreement. 2. Which of the following is not an essential element of a valid contract?
3. The person to whom an offer is made. o a. Lawful object
4. Something of value exchanged in a contract. o b. Capacity of parties
5. Consent obtained without force or fraud. o c. Emotional connection
6. A person below 18 years of age. o d. Free consent
7. The purpose of a contract must not be unlawful. 3. What is the primary purpose of lawful consideration?
 o a. To ensure clarity in the terms of the contract ● What I need to do to know more about this topic:
o b. To establish a fair exchange of value ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
o c. To define performance standards
___________________________________________________________________________
o d. To document the agreement
4. Which section of the Indian Contract Act defines a contract?
Summary:
o Section 2(h)
In this chapter, we have:
o Section 3
● Understood the significance of the Indian Contract Act, 1872.
o Section 4
● Learned about the essential elements of a valid contract.
o Section 2(b)
● Analyzed the application of these principles through a case study.
Here are the correct answers:
1. b. Offer and acceptance
2. c. Emotional connection
3. b. To establish a fair exchange of value
4. Section 2(h)

Let’s document a basic agreement between two parties for selling a used item ( sell a
used car, bag or wardrobe). Include terms of offer, acceptance, and consideration.

Self-reflection:
● What I learned in this lesson:
_
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
● What I want to know more about:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Title: Summarizing Cases
___________________________________________________________________________
 "If you can’t explain it simply, you don’t understand it well enough."

1.1 Recap and Review

In this lesson we will be dealing with the case relating to the Contract Act which you have
Lesson 6 and 7 already studied in previous class, lets recapitulate Contract act by answering the questions Contract
given below:
– Albert Einstein
a) What makes a contract valid and enforceable:
What is this lesson about ___________________________________________________________________________
In this chapter, we will: ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
● Develop the knowledge and skills to proficiently summarize legal cases ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
● Demonstrate the ability to extract key facts
b) Do you believe it's necessary to have a written contract for every agreement? Explain
● Identify relevant legal principles, and articulate concise case summaries
your reasoning.
___________________________________________________________________________
Keywords: Legal Research Skills, Legal Principles, Case Summarisation Techniques, Client ___________________________________________________________________________
Consultation, Legal Writing, Basics of Contract Act. ___________________________________________________________________________
Where are we in this unit: ___________________________________________________________________________
c) Imagine you are entering into a partnership with a friend to start a small business.
Lesson 5 Lesson 6 Lesson7 Lesson 8 Lesson 9 Lesson 10
List and reflect on at least three provisions of the Contract Act you would prioritize
to ensure a fair agreement.
___________________________________________________________________________
In this lesson, you will research and summarize relevant cases to assist the lawyer in the trial
___________________________________________________________________________
of Sharma v. Kumar and through process of summarizing legal cases you will enhance your
___________________________________________________________________________
critical thinking skills in analysing complex legal issues and identifying key legal principles.
___________________________________________________________________________
Towards the end of the lesson, you will assess your accuracy and clarity in legal research and
___________________________________________________________________________
writing.

1.2 Case at Hand

There are 6 sections in this lesson. These are:
Summarizing cases Helps lawyers focus on the key facts, legal issues, and reasoning behind
1.1 Recap and Review
the decision. It saves time when analysing multiple cases. Summarizing cases enhances
1.2 Case at hand understanding of legal principles and their application. It enables them to share and explain
1.3 Let’s Collaborate legal cases concisely to others.
1.4 Curiouser and curiouser
1.5 Exercise and activities Summarizing cases can be a time taking task, for this lawyers may ask their assistants to
1.6 Self-reflection summarize cases relevant to their present case. Today, you are going to assist the lawyer in
representing Mr. Sharma(plaintiff) in the trial of Sharma v. Kumar. Read the below given
case carefully:
___________________________________________________________________________
 Case: Sharma v. Kumar to create legal relations, and competency of parties. Mr. Sharma can rely on this case to
establish the validity and enforceability of the contract between him and Mr. Kumar.
The plaintiff, Mr. Sharma, entered into a contract with the defendant, Mr. Kumar, to
purchase a vintage car for ₹5,00,000. The plaintiff paid ₹1,00,000 as earnest money, with Issue: Intention to Create Legal Relations
the remaining amount to be paid upon delivery of the car. However, the defendant failed to
deliver the car on the agreed-upon date and subsequently sold it to another buyer for a 2. Balfour v. Balfour (1919): This case established that agreements between spouses in
higher price. The plaintiff sued the defendant for breach of contract and sought specific domestic situations are not legally binding contracts. In Mr. Sharma's case, it can be argued
performance or damages. that his contract with Mr. Kumar was not of a domestic nature, and therefore, should be
___________________________________________________________________________ considered legally enforceable.

Based on the classroom discussion and your understanding of the contract law try to answer 3.Lalman Shukla v. Gauri Datt (1913): This case emphasizes that for a promise to be
the following questions: enforceable, the promisor must have intended the promise to be acted upon. Mr. Sharma
can argue that Mr. Kumar's acceptance of the earnest money indicated his intention to fulfil
a) Is the contract between Mr. Sharma and Mr. Kumar valid?
the contract.
___________________________________________________________________________
Issue: Offer and Acceptance
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ 4. Dickinson v. Dodds (1876): This case highlights the principle that an offer can be revoked
at any time before acceptance is communicated. Mr. Sharma can argue that Mr. Kumar's
b) Summarize the key actions taken by Mr. Sharma:
sale of the car to another buyer after accepting the earnest money constituted a breach of
___________________________________________________________________________
contract.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Issue: Consideration
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Hadley v. Baxendale (1854): This case established the principle that damages for breach
of contract should be reasonably foreseeable at the time the contract was made. Mr.
c) Summarize the key actions taken by Mr. Kumar:
Sharma can argue that it was foreseeable for Mr. Kumar that failing to deliver the car would
___________________________________________________________________________
result in financial loss for Mr. Sharma.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Issue: Breach of Contract and Damages
___________________________________________________________________________
6. Satyabrata Ghose v. Mugneeram Bangur & Co. (1954): - This case established the
principle of anticipatory breach of contract in Indian contract law. It held that if one party to
d) What remedies can Mr. Sharma avail if this is a breach of contract?
the contract repudiates the contract before the performance is due, the other party can
___________________________________________________________________________ treat the contract as breached and sue for damages immediately.
___________________________________________________________________________
7. Keshavlal Lallubhai Patel v. Lalbhai Trikumlal Mills Ltd. (1965): - In this case, the
___________________________________________________________________________
Supreme Court held that when a party commits a breach of contract, the innocent party is
___________________________________________________________________________
entitled to claim damages for losses suffered as a result of the breach. This reinforces Mr.
___________________________________________________________________________
Sharma's right to seek damages for the defendant's failure to deliver the car.
Issue: Specific Performance
Precedent Cases
8. Raj Rani v. Prem Adib (1947): This case established the doctrine of specific performance
Based on the facts of Mr. Sharma's case, the following precedent cases were identified by in Indian contract law, wherein the court may compel a party to perform their obligations
the lawyer: under the contract if damages are an inadequate remedy. Mr. Sharma could argue for
specific performance of the contract to compel Mr. Kumar to deliver the vintage car as
Issue: Validity and Enforceability of Contract
agreed.
1. Gherulal Parakh v. Mahadeodas Maiya (1959): In this case, the Supreme Court outlined
Research the questions given below to strengthen our case:
the requirements for a valid contract, including offer, acceptance, consideration, intention
 e) What other cases can the lawyer cite to strengthen our arguments in the upcoming ___________________________________________________________________________
trial of Sharma v. Kumar? ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
1.3 Let’s Collaborate
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Exchange your case summaries with your partner and using the rubrics given below assess
the case summaries of your partner:
f) Write down the summary of relevant cases to help the lawyer represent the plaintiff:
Criteria Description Points Points
The summary should include:
Given
- Case title and citation.
- Facts of the case, including the parties involved and the nature of the contract. Relevance to Present Demonstrates a clear understanding of the 20
- Legal issues raised in the case. Case legal issues in “Sharma v. Kumar” and
- Arguments presented by both parties. selects cases that are directly relevant to
- Court's decision on each legal issue and the reasoning behind it. those issues.
___________________________________________________________________________ Accuracy of Summary Provides accurate and comprehensive 20
___________________________________________________________________________ summaries of the selected case law,
___________________________________________________________________________ including key facts, legal issues,
___________________________________________________________________________ arguments, and court decisions.
___________________________________________________________________________ Analysis of Legal Analyses how the legal principles applied 25
___________________________________________________________________________ Principles in the selected case law relates to the
___________________________________________________________________________ facts and issues present in “Sharma v.
___________________________________________________________________________
Kumar”.
___________________________________________________________________________
Clarity and Organization Presents information in a clear, organized 15
___________________________________________________________________________
manner that is easy to follow and
___________________________________________________________________________
understand.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Depth of Research Demonstrates thorough research by 15
___________________________________________________________________________ including relevant and impactful case law
___________________________________________________________________________ that enhances our legal arguments and
___________________________________________________________________________ strategies.
___________________________________________________________________________ Adherence to Deadline Submits the summaries on time as per the 5
___________________________________________________________________________ specified deadline.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Feedback
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Note down the feedback given by your partner.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ The Paper Chase (1973), directed by James Bridges
___________________________________________________________________________ Timestamp: ~00:10:00 to 00:18:00
___________________________________________________________________________ This scene will help you realise the importance of a case summarization, and how it helps in
___________________________________________________________________________ explaining a case to general public.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Video
___________________________________________________________________________
This video by Quimbee provides a brief summary of the case of Hadley v.
___________________________________________________________________________
Baxendale (1854), which helped form the foundation of the American law of
___________________________________________________________________________ contract damages.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Online Database
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Indian kanoon
___________________________________________________________________________ It is a free search engine where you will have access to Indian law
information, including judgments from Supreme Court and High Courts.
Reflecting on the feedback given by your partner write down the changes that you would
like to make in your work: Web Article
___________________________________________________________________________
Arpita Tripathy, Lalman Shukla v. Gauri Dutt (1913)
___________________________________________________________________________
This article provides for a detailed analysis of the landmark judgement of
___________________________________________________________________________
Lalman Shukla v. Gauri Dutt.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ One Legal, 10 Tips on how to read and summarize a case effectively
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Research papers
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Published in Wiley Higher Education, Balfour v Balfour [1919]
___________________________________________________________________________ This chapter contains brief summary of the case, including legal issues, facts
___________________________________________________________________________ presented and the judgement by the court.
___________________________________________________________________________
Saptadip Nandi Chowdhury, Case Comment: Dickinson vs Dodds
___________________________________________________________________________
Published in Jus Corpus Law Journal, this paper includes all the relevant
___________________________________________________________________________
information about the case Dickinson vs Dodds revolving around breach of
___________________________________________________________________________ contract.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Digital Repository
India Code: Digital repository of laws: A system of Laws for Communication
Is a digital repository of all Central, State & Union Territory
1.4 Curiouser and curiouser: enactments/legislations, and their subordinate legislations that are in force
You can refer to these resources to further your research on this topic: with up-to-date content.

Movie
1.5 Exercise and Activities ___________________________________________________________________________
a) Why is it important to summarize the legal cases concisely and comprehensively? Satyabrata Ghose v. Mugneeram Bangur & Co. & Anr.
___________________________________________________________________________ In the records of Indian contract law, Satyabrata Ghose v. Mugneeram Bangur & Co. &
___________________________________________________________________________ Anr. stands as a landmark case that delved deep into the intricacies of contractual
___________________________________________________________________________ obligations, the impact of governmental actions, and the application of legal principles in
___________________________________________________________________________ resolving disputes. This case, arising from the High Court of Judicature at Calcutta,
___________________________________________________________________________ involved a contractual disagreement between a land development company and a
___________________________________________________________________________ purchaser, enveloping the essence of frustration of contracts under Indian law. The
___________________________________________________________________________ dispute revolved around a tract of land owned by a company situated near the Dhakuria
Lakes in Greater Calcutta. The company, with aspirations of residential development,
b) What did you find most challenging about summarizing a legal case? Why? embarked upon the Lake Colony Scheme No. I, dividing the land into plots for sale.
___________________________________________________________________________ Prospective buyers, including Bejoy Krishna Roy, eagerly entered into agreements with
the company, paying a token amount as earnest money with the promise of completing
___________________________________________________________________________
the purchase upon the completion of necessary infrastructure.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
However, the harmony of these agreements was disrupted by governmental requisition
___________________________________________________________________________ orders issued during the struggles of wartime in November and December 1941. The
___________________________________________________________________________ company, faced with the difficult reality of governmental intervention, informed Roy of
___________________________________________________________________________ the situation, offering two alternatives: cancellation of the contract or delayed
conveyance post-war. Roy's nominee, the plaintiff, rebuffed these options, insisting on
the enforcement of the contract. This disagreement accelerated a legal battle that
c) Below is summary of the case, Lalman Shukla v. Gauri Datt (1913), research for the case traversed through the corridors of justice.
and fill in the blanks to complete the summary.
The legal battle unfolded in three stages. Initially, the trial court ruled in favour of the
plaintiff on October 10, 1947, affirming the validity of the contract. Undeterred, the
In ________ (Year), Lalman Shukla was sent by ________ (Name of the uncle) to search for defendant company appealed to the District Judge, hoping for a reversal of fortunes.
his missing ________ (Relation). During the search, ________ (Name of the uncle) made a However, their hopes were dashed on February 25, 1949, as the District Judge upheld
public offer for a ________ (amount) reward to anyone who could find and return his the trial court's decision. Faced with mounting legal setbacks, the defendant mounted a
missing relative. Finding the Nephew: Lalman Shukla eventually found the missing nephew final stand before the High Court, arguing vehemently for the frustration of the contract
and brought him back to ________ (Location). Request for Reward: due to governmental requisition orders. To their relief, the High Court agreed to their
After returning the nephew, ________ (Name of the claimant) requested the reward from stance, leading to the dismissal of the plaintiff's suit.
________ (Name of the defendant), who had made the offer. Denial of the Reward:
________ (Name of the defendant) refused to pay the reward, arguing that there was Thus, this legal journey culminated at the highest level of the Indian judiciary, the
Supreme Court. Here, the justices meticulously dissected the nuances of contract law,
________ (Reason). In ________ (Year), ________ (Name of the claimant) filed a lawsuit
scrutinizing the applicability of English legal principles and the ramifications of
against ________ (Name of the defendant) for breach of contract, claiming the reward as
governmental actions on contractual obligations. After thorough deliberation, the
agreed. The court ruled in favor of ________ (Name of the defendant), stating that there Supreme Court delivered a momentous verdict, overturning the High Court's decision.
was ________ (Reason for judgment), and the contract was not enforceable. The court The apex court reasoned that the requisition orders did not render the contract
established that for an unilateral contract (where a reward is offered for an act), the person impossible to perform, thereby nullifying the argument of frustration. Consequently, the
performing the act must be ________ (Key requirement) before or at the time of the act to judgments of the lower courts were reinstated, and the plaintiff emerged triumphant,
constitute acceptance. vindicated in their pursuit of contractual justice.

This case stands as a testament to the resilience of legal principles in navigating complex
d) Concisely summarize the case given below including the key facts, legal issues, contractual disputes. Through its rigorous examination of contractual obligations,
arguments, and court decisions. governmental actions, and legal precedents, the case explains the intricacies of
frustration of contracts under Indian law. In essence, it underscores the pivotal role of
 the judiciary in safeguarding the sanctity of contracts and upholding the principles of What If Twist: Based on your understanding of the case and Contract act try to answer the
justice. following
___________________________________________________________________________ 1. What if Mrs. Carlill had not informed the company that she was using the product?
Could the company argue that no acceptance of the offer was communicated, and therefore
___________________________________________________________________________ no contract existed? Give reason for your answer.
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ 2. What if Mrs. Carlill bought the smoke ball from a third-party retailer, not directly from the
___________________________________________________________________________ company? Could the company argue that the contract did not apply to her because she was
___________________________________________________________________________ not their direct customer?
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ f) Below given is the case, Mohori Bibee v. Dharmodas Ghose. Read the case carefully and
___________________________________________________________________________ answer the questions given below:

e) Given below is the case of Carlill v. Carbolic Ball Co., Summarize the case concisely in the Case: Mohori Bibee v. Dharmodas Ghose (1903)
space given. Dharmodas Ghose, a minor, mortgaged his property to a moneylender, Brahmo Dutt,
_________________________________________________________________________________ through his agent, to secure a loan of ₹20,000. At the time of the transaction, Dharmodas
1 Case: Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. (1893) Ghose was a minor (under 18 years of age). The moneylender’s agent was aware of
The Carbolic Smoke Ball Company placed an advertisement claiming that their product, the Dharmodas's minority at the time of the agreement. Only ₹8,000 of the loan was advanced
"smoke ball," could prevent influenza. They promised to pay £100 to anyone who used the to Dharmodas. Later, Dharmodas filed a suit, claiming that the mortgage was void because
product as instructed and still contracted the flu. To show their seriousness, the company he was a minor and not legally competent to contract.
stated that they had deposited £1,000 in a bank as proof of their intent. Mrs. Carlill used the
smoke ball as directed, yet she caught the flu and sued the company for the promised £100. Arguments Presented by the Parties:
The company argued that the advertisement was a mere sales puff and not a legal offer. The Plaintiff’s Argument (Dharmodas Ghose):
court disagreed, ruling that the advertisement constituted a unilateral offer to the public,
which Mrs. Carlill accepted by performing the required actions. The court held the company 1. Under Section 11 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, a person who is a minor is
liable, stating that a valid contract existed due to the clear terms of the offer and Mrs. incompetent to enter into a valid contract.
Carlill’s fulfilment of the conditions. 2. Since Dharmodas was a minor, the mortgage deed was void ab initio (from the
beginning).
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ 3. The plaintiff was entitled to have the mortgage deed declared void and
___________________________________________________________________________ unenforceable.
___________________________________________________________________________ Precedents Presented by Plaintiff:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
 B) Was your judgement different from the court judgement, if yes why do you think the
● Subramania Ayyar v. Saravana Ayyar (1883): Held that a minor's contract is void
court ruled the way it did.
under the law.
___________________________________________________________________________
● A minor cannot be estopped from claiming minority as a defense, even if he has ___________________________________________________________________________
received benefits under the agreement. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Defendant’s Argument (Brahmo Dutt’s Agent): ___________________________________________________________________________
1. Dharmodas misrepresented his age at the time of the agreement, causing the ___________________________________________________________________________
defendant to act in good faith.
2. Equity demands that Dharmodas should return the ₹8,000 he had received as part of 1.6 Self-reflection
the loan, even if the contract is declared void.
a) What I learned in this lesson:
3. The contract should be considered voidable, not void, as Dharmodas had benefited
from it. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Precedents Presented by Defendant:
b) What I want to know more about:
● Kedar Nath v. Shamlal (1898): Argued that restitution must follow in cases where
___________________________________________________________________________
one party has benefited from the contract.
___________________________________________________________________________
● English precedent: Leslie v. Sheill (1914), where it was stated that a minor cannot be
compelled to repay the benefits but may be barred from retaining them unjustly. c) What I need to do to know more about this topic:

A) If you were the judge, based on the facts of the case and the precedents presented by ___________________________________________________________________________
both the parties, what would be your judgement? Give reason for your answer. ___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Summary:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ In this chapter, we have:
Actual Judgment: The Privy Council ruled in favor of Dharmodas Ghose and declared the ● Developed the knowledge and skills to proficiently summarize legal cases
mortgage deed void ab initio. ● Demonstrated the ability to extract key facts
● Identified relevant legal principles, and articulated concise case summary
1. Under Section 11 of the Indian Contract Act, a minor’s contract is void and
unenforceable.
2. The court held that even though the minor had benefited, the law does not allow
restitution in cases involving minors, as it would indirectly enforce a void contract.
3. The moneylender’s awareness of Dharmodas's minority further weakened their case.
 1.1 Case Summarization
Lesson 8
In last lesson you assisted the lawyer in the case: Sharma v. Kumar and summarized relevant
Title: Summarizing Cases precedent cases let's recall the steps involved in the process of case summarization:
"Laws, like houses, lean on one another." Steps of Case Summarization
– Edmund Burke
Read the case carefully
What is this lesson about
In this chapter, we will:
● Develop the knowledge and skills to proficiently summarize legal cases Identify the key facts
● Demonstrate the ability to extract key facts
● Identify relevant legal principles, and articulate concise case summaries
Keywords: Legal Research Skills, Legal Principles, Case Summarisation Techniques, Client Determine the legal issue
Consultation, Legal Writing, Basics of Air Act
Where are we in this unit:
Identify relevant laws and
precedents
Lesson 5 Lesson 6 Lesson7 Lesson 8 Lesson9 Lesson10

Summarize the
arguments from both
In this lesson, you will research and summarize relevant cases in order to assist the lawyer in sides
the trial of Suman v. EcoTech Industries Pvt. Ltd., in the process of summarizing legal cases
your critical thinking skills in analyzing complex legal issues and identifying key legal Note the court's decsions/
principles will also be enhanced. outcomes

There are 7 sections in this lesson. These are: Identify the reasoning
behind the judgement
1.1 Case Summarization
1.2 Recapitulating Air Act
1.3 Suman vs. EcoTech Industries Pvt. Ltd. Write case summary
1.4 Let’s Collaborate
1.5 Curiouser and curiouser
1.6 Exercise and Activities
1.7 Self-reflection In this lesson we will be dealing with the case relating to the Air act of 1981 which you have
already studied in previous class. Let's recapitulate air act with a fun activity of filling in the
blanks.
1.2 Recapitulating Air Act ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
You have studied Air Act (1981) in class 11th, recalling the basics of Air Act fill in the blanks:
Based on the classroom discussion and your understanding of the Air Act try to answer the
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was passed in the year __________
following questions:
(1981/1976) to address air pollution and protect public health. The Act was enacted by the
Government of __________ (India/USA) to combat the rising pollution levels in urban areas. a) Did the factory violate the Air Act by neglecting pollution control measures?
The __________ (Central Pollution Control Board/State Pollution Control Board) was ___________________________________________________________________________
established under this Act to set standards for air quality and to monitor pollution levels. ___________________________________________________________________________
The Act gives powers to the State Pollution Control Boards to enforce air quality standards
at the __________ (national/state) level. Under the Act, industries are required to install b) Did the management fail in providing a safe working environment?
__________ (pollution control devices/cleaning devices) to minimize emissions of harmful ___________________________________________________________________________
pollutants like __________ (sulphur dioxide/nitrogen dioxide). The Act empowers the ___________________________________________________________________________
government to close industries that fail to comply with the prescribed __________
(limits/rules) for air quality. The Air Act was one of the first major steps taken by the c) What remedies are needed to address these violations and protect workers' health?
government to address environmental concerns in the country, and it was amended in ___________________________________________________________________________
__________ (1987/1991) to strengthen its provisions. If any person or industry violates the ___________________________________________________________________________
Act, they may face penalties such as __________ (fines/jail terms). The primary aim of the ___________________________________________________________________________
Act is to prevent the __________ (deterioration/improvement) of air quality. ___________________________________________________________________________

Precedent Cases
1.3 Suman vs. EcoTech Industries Pvt. Ltd.
Based on the facts of Ms. Suman’s case, the following precedent cases were identified by
You are going to assist the lawyer in representing Ms. Suman in the trial of Suman vs.
the lawyer:
EcoTech Industries Pvt. Ltd. Read the below given case carefully:
1. M.C. Mehta v. Union of India (1987)/ Shriram Food & Fertilizer v. Union of India:
This landmark case involved the closure of polluting industries in Delhi to combat air
Suman vs. EcoTech Industries Pvt. Ltd. pollution. The Supreme Court emphasized the importance of strict enforcement of
Suman, the president of a worker's union representing the employees of a manufacturing environmental laws and held that the right to a clean environment is a fundamental
plant, notices that several workers are falling ill due to the poor air quality within the factory right under Article 21 of the Constitution.
premises. Concerned about the health and safety of the workers, she investigates further 2. Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India (1996): In this case, the Supreme
and discovers that the factory management has been neglecting proper maintenance of Court addressed pollution caused by tanneries in Vellore, Tamil Nadu. The court held
pollution control equipment, leading to excessive emissions of harmful pollutants. that the precautionary principle and the polluter pays principle are integral to
Realizing that the factory's emissions not only pose a threat to the environment but also
environmental protection and directed the closure of industries operating without
endanger the health of the workers, Suman decides to take legal action. As the plaintiff, she
proper pollution control measures.
files a case against the factory management, alleging violations of the Air (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act and negligence in ensuring a safe working environment for the 3. Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v. National Ganga River Basin Authority and
employees. Ors. (2015): The Supreme Court, in this case, addressed pollution caused by
Pen down the key facts of the case in the space given below: industries in the Ganga River basin. It emphasized the need for industries to obtain
___________________________________________________________________________ environmental clearances before commencing operations and highlighted the
___________________________________________________________________________ responsibility of regulatory authorities to enforce environmental laws effectively.
___________________________________________________________________________ 4. Bichhri Village Case / Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v. Union of India,
___________________________________________________________________________ (1996): In Bichhri village, Rajasthan, industries producing chemicals and hazardous
___________________________________________________________________________ substances were found to be discharging untreated waste, leading to severe
___________________________________________________________________________ groundwater and soil contamination.
___________________________________________________________________________
 5. Taj Trapezium Case (MC Mehta v. Union of India, 1986): This case focused on air ___________________________________________________________________________
pollution around the Taj Mahal due to industrial emissions in the Taj Trapezium ___________________________________________________________________________
Zone. The Supreme Court ordered the closure of industries using coal and coke, as ___________________________________________________________________________
well as the implementation of strict pollution control measures to protect the iconic ___________________________________________________________________________
monument and its surroundings. ___________________________________________________________________________
6. Virender Gaur v. State of Haryana (1994): This case involved pollution from brick ___________________________________________________________________________
kilns in Haryana. The Punjab and Haryana High Court directed the closure of illegal ___________________________________________________________________________
brick kilns operating without environmental clearances and instructed authorities to ___________________________________________________________________________
take stringent action against violators, emphasizing the need for regulatory ___________________________________________________________________________
compliance to protect the environment. ___________________________________________________________________________
7. Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar (1991): In this case, the Supreme Court addressed ___________________________________________________________________________
pollution caused by hazardous industries in Bihar. The court reiterated the right to a ___________________________________________________________________________
clean environment as a fundamental right and emphasized the duty of the state to ___________________________________________________________________________
protect and improve the environment, setting a precedent for strict enforcement of ___________________________________________________________________________
environmental laws nationwide. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Research for the questions given below to strengthen our case.
___________________________________________________________________________
a) What other cases can the lawyer cite to strengthen our arguments in the upcoming ___________________________________________________________________________
trial of Suman vs. Eco Tech Industries Pvt. Ltd.? Mention any three. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
b) Write down the summary of cases that you mentioned above, to help the lawyer ___________________________________________________________________________
represent Ms. Suman: ___________________________________________________________________________
The summary should include: ___________________________________________________________________________
- Case title and citation. ___________________________________________________________________________
- Facts of the case, including the parties involved and the nature of the contract. ___________________________________________________________________________
- Legal issues raised in the case. ___________________________________________________________________________
- Arguments presented by both parties. ___________________________________________________________________________
- Court's decision on each legal issue and the reasoning behind it.
___________________________________________________________________________ 1.4 Let’s Collaborate
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Exchange your case summaries with your partner and using the rubrics given below assess
___________________________________________________________________________ the case summaries of your partner:
___________________________________________________________________________ Criteria Description Points Points
___________________________________________________________________________
 Scored Reflecting on the feedback given by your partner write down the changes that you would
Relevance to Present Demonstrates a clear understanding of the 20 like to make in your work:
Case legal issues in “Suman v. EcoTech ___________________________________________________________________________
Industries Pvt. Ltd.” and selects cases that ___________________________________________________________________________
are directly relevant to those issues. ___________________________________________________________________________
Accuracy of Summary Provides accurate and comprehensive 20 ___________________________________________________________________________
summaries of the selected case law, ___________________________________________________________________________
including key facts, legal issues, ___________________________________________________________________________
arguments, and court decisions. ___________________________________________________________________________
Analysis of Legal Analyses how the legal principles applied 25 ___________________________________________________________________________
Principles in the selected case law relates to the ___________________________________________________________________________
facts and issues present in “Suman v. ___________________________________________________________________________
EcoTech Industries Pvt. Ltd.”. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Clarity and Organization Presents information in a clear, organized 15
___________________________________________________________________________
manner that is easy to follow and
___________________________________________________________________________
understand.
___________________________________________________________________________
Depth of Research Demonstrates thorough research by 15
___________________________________________________________________________
including relevant and impactful case law ___________________________________________________________________________
that enhances our legal arguments and ___________________________________________________________________________
strategies. ___________________________________________________________________________
Adherence to Deadline Submits the summaries on time as per the 5 ___________________________________________________________________________
specified deadline.
1.5Curiouser and curiouser
Feedback
Web Article
Note down the feedback given by your partner
by Vani Khandelwal, Right to Wholesome Environment: Evolution and
___________________________________________________________________________ Application.
___________________________________________________________________________
This article deals with the right of people to have a safe and healthy
___________________________________________________________________________
environment around them. The article begins with a brief on Article 21 as it guarantees
___________________________________________________________________________
personal life which in turn includes the right to a wholesome environment. A few case laws
___________________________________________________________________________
have been discussed in brief to understand the ambit of the article. The next part of the
___________________________________________________________________________
article deals with an introduction on the right to a wholesome environment. The evolution
___________________________________________________________________________
of the same has been depicted through various case laws and formation of various laws.
___________________________________________________________________________
Role of judiciary has also been discussed in the article in depth.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
by Kunal Sahu Environmental Justice Prevails: Analysing the landmark
___________________________________________________________________________
M.C Mehta v. Union of India- Oleum Gas Leak Case.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ The case of M.C. Mehta vs. Union of India, commonly known as the
___________________________________________________________________________ Oleum Gas Leak case, is a significant landmark judgment by the Supreme
Court of India that dealt with a deadly industrial accident involving the
release of oleum gas from a factory in Delhi. M.C. Mehta, an environmental activist, filed a ___________________________________________________________________________
public interest litigation (PIL) seeking compensation for the victims and appropriate ___________________________________________________________________________
measures to prevent similar accidents in the future.
c) Do you think stricter regulations, cleaner technologies, or public awareness
campaigns are the most effective solution? If not, what other measures should be
by Aishwarya Agrawal, Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v Union of India. taken by the government and the citizens to ensure elimination of air pollution?

This article includes the detailed case analysis of Vellore Citizens Welfare ___________________________________________________________________________
Forum v Union of India, including the courts judgement. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Blog
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Union Carbide Corporation v. Union of India, AIR 1998 SC 1531: Case Study ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
YouTube Video ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
How To Read, Understand and Summarise Legal Cases Quickly
by Gareth Evans ___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

1.7 Self-reflection
Book
Legal Writing and Analysis by Linda H. Edwards a) What I learned in this lesson:
This book is a comprehensive guide to legal writing and includes sections on how to
___________________________________________________________________________
summarize cases effectively. It covers not only the content but also the format and structure
___________________________________________________________________________
of a legal case summary.
b) What I want to know more about:

1.6 Exercise and activities ___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
a) Identify companies that have been implicated in violations of the Air (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. c) What I need to do to know more about this topic:

___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

b) In your opinion, how should industries balance economic growth with their
Summary:
responsibility to reduce air pollution?
In this chapter, we have:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ● Developed the knowledge and skills to proficiently summarize legal cases
___________________________________________________________________________ ● Demonstrated the ability to extract key facts
___________________________________________________________________________ ● Identified relevant legal principles, and articulated concise case summaries
___________________________________________________________________________
 Lesson 9
Title: Summarizing Cases
What is this lesson about
Answers: Fill in the blanks In this chapter, we will:
1) 1981 ● Develop the knowledge and skills to proficiently summarize legal cases
2) India ● Demonstrate the ability to extract key facts
3) Central Pollution Control Board ● Identify relevant legal principles, and articulate concise case summaries
4) State
Keywords: Legal Research Skills, Legal Principles, Case Summarisation Techniques, Client
5) Pollution control devices,
Consultation, Legal Writing, Basics of Air Act
6) Sulphur dioxide
7) Limits Where are we in this unit:
8) 1987
9) Fines Lesson 5 Lesson 6 Lesson7 Lesson 8 Lesson 9 Lesson 10
10) Deterioration

In this lesson you will assess your accuracy and clarity in legal research and writing with the
help of your peers. Consider your growth throughout this process. You will develop specific
knowledge and skills in summarizing legal cases.
There are 4 sections in this lesson. These are:
1.1 Recap and Review
1.2 Curiouser and curiouser
1.3 Exercise and Activities
1.4 Self-reflection
1.1 Recap and Review
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
Summarizing legal cases helps condense complex judgments into key elements: facts, legal
issues, arguments, judgment, and significance. It develops analytical skills by focusing on
1.2 Curiouser and curiouser
essentials, using clear language, and highlighting impacts. This practice aids in
understanding how legal principles are applied and how cases shape law and society.
Did You Know
Based on your understanding of summarizing cases match the following: Many case summaries follow the IRAC method:
● Issue: What legal question was addressed?
Steps of Summarizing a Legal Case: Action taken
● Rule: What law or precedent was applied?
Identify the Case Title and Citation A. The judge or court’s interpretation of the
● Analysis: How did the court reason its decision?
law and the principles applied in the decision-
● Conclusion: What was the final decision?
making process.
Summarization often distinguishes between the ratio decidendi
State the Facts of the Case B. The name of the case and the legal (binding legal principle) and obiter dicta (non-binding remarks).
citation, which helps identify the case and This distinction helps understand what parts of the case are
where it can be found in legal databases. legally enforceable.
Define the Legal Issues or Questions C. A brief summary of the events and actions
that led to the legal dispute, including the
parties involved. 1.3 Exercise and Activities
Summarize the Court’s Decision (Holding) D. The final judgment of the court, which
resolves the legal issues and gives a decision Ques 1. You have to explain the details of this case to a common man, for the reason
in Favor of one party. summarise this case concisely in comprehensible language.
Explain the Court’s Reasoning (Rationale) E. The specific legal principles, laws, or ___________________________________________________________________________
statutes that the court refers to in making its
decision. Case: Vellore Citizens' Welfare Forum v. Union of India (1996)
Identify the Legal Precedents or Statutes F. The remedy or consequence awarded to
The Vellore Citizens' Welfare Forum v. Union of India case (1996) was filed as a public
Used the party who prevails in the case, such as
interest litigation (PIL) by the Vellore Citizens' Welfare Forum, a group of concerned citizens,
damages, injunctions, etc.
before the Supreme Court of India. The case arose due to the severe environmental
State the Outcome or Remedy G. The central legal question or issue the
pollution caused by the tannery industries in Tamil Nadu, which were discharging untreated
court must decide, often relating to whether
effluents directly into the Palar River. The Palar River, a vital water source for the region,
a law has been violated or rights have been
became heavily contaminated with harmful substances such as chromium, a toxic metal
breached.
used in leather production. This untreated discharge severely affected the quality of water,
making it unsafe for the local population, which depended on the river for drinking,
irrigation, and other daily uses. The forum argued that the tannery industry was violating
environmental protection laws, particularly the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
In the last lesson you researched and summarized cases for Suman v. EcoTech Industries
Act, 1974, and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
Pvt. Ltd., based on your research, answer the following:
The petitioners claimed that the continued pollution was not only violating the fundamental
a) Major findings of the cases, and how they are relevant to our case
right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution, but also adversely affecting public health
and the environment. The forum sought judicial intervention to enforce pollution control
measures and direct the tannery industries to take responsibility for their actions.
______________________ ______________________ ______________________
______________________ ______________________ ______________________
______________________ ______________________ ______________________
______________________ ______________________ ______________________
______________________ ______________________ ______________________
______________________ ___________________ ___
In its judgment, the Supreme Court recognized the detrimental impact of untreated
2. Case Background: Swami
effluents on public health and the environment. The Court invoked the "Polluter Pays Kesavananda Bharati, the head of a
Principle", which holds that the polluting party must bear the cost of environmental religious mutt in Kerala, challenged
damage. The Court ordered the tannery industries to stop discharging untreated waste into the Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1969,
the Palar River and to install effluent treatment plants (ETPs) to treat the water before which affected the property owned
release. The industries were also directed to adopt cleaner technologies and comply with
by the mutt.
environmental standards. The Court made it clear that the government had a duty to
enforce these standards and ensure compliance by the industries. The ruling marked a 3. Basic Structure Doctrine
turning point in how environmental issues were addressed in India, emphasizing the Established: The judgment
importance of sustainable industrial practices and the government’s responsibility to established the "Basic Structure
protect public health and natural resources. Doctrine," protecting key features of
the Constitution such as judicial
___________________________________________________________________________
review, rule of law, and democracy.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ 4. Petition Filed: Kesavananda Bharati
___________________________________________________________________________ filed a writ petition under Article 32,
___________________________________________________________________________ claiming the Kerala Land Reforms
___________________________________________________________________________ Act violated his fundamental rights
___________________________________________________________________________ under Articles 25, 26, and 31.
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Scope of the Case Broadens: The
___________________________________________________________________________
focus of the case shifted from land
___________________________________________________________________________
reforms to the broader question of
___________________________________________________________________________
whether Parliament could amend
___________________________________________________________________________
fundamental rights under Article
___________________________________________________________________________
368.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ 6. Hearing Begins: The case was heard
___________________________________________________________________________ by a 13-judge bench, the largest
___________________________________________________________________________ ever in the history of the Supreme
___________________________________________________________________________ Court, over 68 days.
Ques 2. By far we have learnt how to summarize cases and identify key facts of the case. 7. Review of Previous Cases: The court
Let’s use our knowledge to arrange the events of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala analyzed earlier precedents,
(1973) case in chronological order based on the timeline of the case. including:
○ Shankari Prasad v. Union of
India (1951): Parliament
Jumbled Timeline Correct Chronological Order could amend any part of the
Constitution.
1. Judgment Delivered: The Supreme ○ Golaknath v. State of Punjab
Court ruled on April 24, 1973, that (1967): Parliament could not
Parliament has the power to amend amend fundamental rights.
the Constitution but cannot alter its
"basic structure." 8. Significance: The doctrine became a
safeguard for democracy and a
 1. Maneka Gandhi v.
limitation on Parliament’s powers,
Union of India
ensuring the Constitution's core
principles remain intact.

2. Vishaka v. State of
Rajasthan
Ques 3. Below given are brief summaries of four legal cases, for each case write an easy
explanation of facts and legal issues of the case, predict the judgement of the case and
compare it with the actual judgement. 3. Shah Bano Case
Case 1: Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)

● Facts: Maneka Gandhi’s passport was impounded without explanation, raising questions
4. Navtej Singh Johar
about the right to personal liberty.
v. Union of India
● Legal Issue: Is the right to personal liberty under Article 21 limited only to procedure
established by law, or does it include fairness and reasonableness

Case 2: Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan (1997)

a) What factors influenced your judgment prediction? Did you rely more on the facts, the
● Facts: The case arose after a horrific instance of workplace harassment and highlighted the legal principles, or both?
absence of laws to protect women in workplaces.
● Legal Issue: Can the court create guidelines to protect women from workplace harassment
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
in the absence of legislation?
___________________________________________________________________________
Case 3: Shah Bano Case (1985) ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
● Facts: Shah Bano, a Muslim woman, sought maintenance after her divorce under Section ___________________________________________________________________________
125 of the Criminal Procedure Code, which applies universally. Her husband argued that
Muslim personal law did not require him to provide maintenance. b) How confident were you in your prediction of the judgment? Did your reasoning align
with the outcome?
● Legal Issue: Should a secular law (CrPC) override personal religious laws when it comes to
___________________________________________________________________________
maintenance rights?
___________________________________________________________________________
Case 4: Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018) ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
● Facts: This case challenged Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, which criminalized ___________________________________________________________________________
consensual same-sex relationships. The petitioners argued that it violated fundamental ___________________________________________________________________________
rights to equality, privacy, and dignity.

● Legal Issue: Should consensual same-sex relationships be decriminalized under the

1.3 Self-reflection
Constitution?
a) What I learned in this lesson:
Fill the table given below:
___________________________________________________________________________
Case Name Summary of Facts Your Predicted Actual ___________________________________________________________________________
Judgement Judgement
b) What I want to know more about:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Lesson 10
Title: Writing Clearly and Concisely
c) What I need to do to know more about this topic: “Law and language are tools of justice. Simplicity in both is the key to
___________________________________________________________________________ accessibility.”
___________________________________________________________________________ — Justice P. N. Bhagwati
___________________________________________________________________________ What is this lesson about
In this chapter, we will:

● Demonstrate the skill of crafting concise and clear written expressions,

● Utilize techniques that avoid unnecessary verbosity

Summary:
● Effectively communicate complex legal concepts
In this chapter, we have:
● Developed the knowledge and skills to proficiently summarize legal cases Keywords: Clarity, Legal Jargon, Conciseness, Simplification Techniques
● Demonstrated the ability to extract key facts
● Identified relevant legal principles, and articulated concise case summaries Where are we in this unit:

Lesson 5 Lesson 6 Lesson 7 Lesson 8 Lesson9 Lesson10

Clear writing contributes to ensuring equitable access to justice for all individuals, regardless
of their legal expertise. For that in the lesson we will be practicing some techniques to write
Answer Key: Match the following clearly, concisely, to effectively communicate complex legal concepts in clear and
comprehensive language to the general public
1. Identify the Case Title and Citation → B
2. State the Facts of the Case → C
There are 7 sections in this lesson. These are:
3. Define the Legal Issues or Questions → G
1.1 Legal Writing
4. Summarize the Court’s Decision (Holding) → D 1.2 Legal Essay on Contract
1.3 Elements of Legal Writing
5. Explain the Court’s Reasoning (Rationale) → A
1.4 Techniques for simplifying legal text
6. Identify the Legal Precedents or Statutes Used → E 1.5 Curiouser and curiouser
1.6 Exercise and activities
7. State the Outcome or Remedy → F
1.7 Self-reflection
 f) Can you think of any examples where unclear or vague legal language might have
hindered someone's ability to understand their rights or obligations?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
1.1 Legal Writing ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Based on your experience in previous lessons try to answer the following questions: ___________________________________________________________________________
g) How can legal professionals maintain precision in their writing while also making it
a) Legal writing should be: accessible to a broader audience?
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
b) Why do you think clarity and conciseness are crucial in legal writing?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ 1.2 Legal Essay on Contract
___________________________________________________________________________ "The Significance of Consideration in Contract Law: A Pillar of Validity and Enforcement"
c) What do you think is the importance of specificity to legal language? How do we "In the realm of contract law, the doctrine of consideration stands as a cornerstone
make sure that we are referring to the exact facts, rules and principles most relevant principle, outlining the essential element necessary for the formation of a valid contract.
to the issue at hand? Consideration, as construed under the provisions of the Contract Act, embodies a reciprocal
___________________________________________________________________________ exchange of value between contracting parties, wherein each party confers a benefit upon
___________________________________________________________________________ the other, or incurs a detriment, as inducement for the agreement. It is imperative to
___________________________________________________________________________ recognize that mere nominal consideration, devoid of practical value or mutuality, fails to
___________________________________________________________________________ satisfy the necessities of contractual validity. Courts, in adjudicating disputes concerning the
___________________________________________________________________________ adequacy or sufficiency of consideration, adhere to established jurisprudence, emphasizing
___________________________________________________________________________ the necessity of bargained-for exchange and the absence of duress or unconscionability. The
application of the consideration doctrine underscores the contractual intent of the parties
d) In what ways does using plain language in legal documents help to reduce fear or and safeguards against empty promises devoid of enforceability. Thus, the doctrine of
intimidation associated with the law? consideration serves as a linchpin in contractual relations, fostering certainty, equity, and
___________________________________________________________________________ enforceability in the realm of commercial transactions."
___________________________________________________________________________
Based on the above essay answer the following questions:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ a) Did you understand the meaning of the given passage? If not, what parts of the
passage were confusing or not easy to understand?
e) How might unclear legal language contribute to unequal power dynamics within the
___________________________________________________________________________
legal system? What role does clear writing play in ensuring equitable access to justice for
___________________________________________________________________________
all individuals, regardless of their legal expertise?
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
 b) Can you think of any easy synonyms that can replace those legal terminology? ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
1.3 Elements of Legal Writing
Legal documents pose challenges due to presence of below given elements:
1.4 Techniques for simplifying legal text
1. Jargon and legal terminology: Legal documents often contain specialized terminology and
While simplifying legal texts, you can use the following techniques:
jargon that may not be familiar to individuals without legal training.
1. Simplify legal terminology: Replace complex legal jargon with simpler, everyday language
2. Complex sentence structures: Legal sentences can be lengthy and convoluted, containing
that anyone can understand. Break down complex terms into simpler ones.
multiple clauses and qualifiers that can obscure the main point.
2. Shorten and clarify sentences: Break down long sentences into shorter, more concise
3. Formal language: Legal writing tends to be formal and precise, using archaic language
ones. Clearly state the main point of each sentence without unnecessary qualifiers or
and Latin phrases that may be unfamiliar to non-lawyers.
convoluted language.
4. Specificity and precision: Legal documents require precise language to accurately convey
3. Use plain language and active voice: Replace formal and passive language with plain,
legal concepts and obligations, which can make them difficult to interpret without prior
active language that is easier to understand. Focus on conveying the message directly and
knowledge of the law.
clearly.
5. References to statutes and precedents: Legal writing often references statutes,
regulations, and case law, assuming the reader's familiarity with these sources of authority.
e) Employing the techniques of simplifying legal text, rewrite the essay given at the
6. Long paragraphs and dense text: Legal documents typically consist of dense paragraphs
starting of the lesson:
with little white space, making them visually overwhelming and difficult to navigate.
___________________________________________________________________________
7. Absence of plain language: Legal writing tends to prioritize precision over clarity, leading
___________________________________________________________________________
to verbose and obtuse language that can be difficult to decipher for non-experts.
___________________________________________________________________________
8. Impersonal tone: Legal documents often adopt an impersonal and detached tone, ___________________________________________________________________________
focusing on legal principles rather than personal anecdotes or emotions, which can make ___________________________________________________________________________
them less engaging for general readers. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
You have already red the essay. Now based on your understanding of the essay and ___________________________________________________________________________
elements of legal writing try to answer the following questions: ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
c) How many of the legal elements are present in the essay give above? ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

1.5 Curiouser and curiouser

d) What strategy would you imply to make legal text comprehensible to everyone You can also try these strategies to simplify legal texts:
without sacrificing accuracy?
a) Break down complex ideas using tables and bulleted lists: Look for opportunities to
break ideas into smaller, more digestible pieces. Both tables and bulleted lists are
 great ways to break up content. They make it easier for readers to scan and quickly ___________________________________________________________________________
find the information they need. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
b) Avoid Redundancy and Wordiness: Every word in your document should serve a
___________________________________________________________________________
purpose. Avoid redundant phrases like “each and every” or “basic fundamentals.”
___________________________________________________________________________
Instead, choose precise words that convey your meaning concisely.
___________________________________________________________________________
Use these resources to further your research on this topic: ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Book ___________________________________________________________________________
Bryan A. Garner, Legal Writing in Plain English c) Below are some key legal concepts, you have to explain them to your parents, for that
Explains how to write effectively and clearly in legal contexts. you can summarize them in 20 words or less.

Video 1. Rule of Law

Legal Writing Shorts: Simplifying Sentences by Iowa Law ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
This will help you understand the process of simplifying legal text, the
___________________________________________________________________________
nuances of legal writing and how to maintain formality in legal writing
while simplifying it. 2. Separation of Powers
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
1.6 Exercise and activities
a) Match the original phrases with their simplified versions:
3. Natural Justice
___________________________________________________________________________
Original Phrases Simplified Versions ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
1. In the event that Most 4. Presumption of Innocence
2. With reference to the matter in question If
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Has the ability to Because ___________________________________________________________________________
4. In light of the fact that Can ___________________________________________________________________________
5. At this point in time Now
6. For the purpose of For d) Rewrite the given texts to make them clearer and more concise:
7. A majority of About
8. Due to the fact that Because 1. In light of the fact that the claimant has, on multiple occasions, stated that they were
unaware of the obligations imposed upon them under the agreement in question, it is clear
that there exists a failure on their part to fully comprehend the legal ramifications of their
b) Select an essay from the Constitution of India and write its simplified version in the space actions.
given below:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. In the landmark case of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, the Supreme Court of
● Demonstrated the skill of crafting concise and clear written expressions
India deliberated upon and ultimately established the doctrine of the basic structure of the
Constitution, declaring that while the Parliament possesses the power to amend the ● Utilized techniques that avoid unnecessary verbosity
Constitution under Article 368, such power is not unlimited and cannot alter the
● Effectively communicated complex legal concepts
Constitution's fundamental framework.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ LESSON 11
___________________________________________________________________________
Title: What is an RTI?
3. In the landmark case of Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan, the Supreme Court established
guidelines to prevent sexual harassment at the workplace, filling the legislative vacuum in “It is the first responsibility of every citizen to question authority”
the absence of any specific law addressing the issue at that time. - Benjamin Franklin
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ What is this lesson about
___________________________________________________________________________ In this chapter, we will:
___________________________________________________________________________ -Demonstrate a nuanced understanding of the Right to information, encompassing its historical
context, key features, and impact through case studies.
- Critically analyse the delicate balance between transparency and concerns for national
1.7 Self-reflection
security or privacy in the context of RTI, considering exemptions to the RTI Act.
a) What I learned in this lesson:
Keywords: Definition and concept of RTI, Historical Context and Development, Role in fostering
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Transparency and accountability, Key features and impact of RTI, Exemptions to RTI.
___________________________________________________________________________
Where are we in this unit:

b) What I want to know more about:

Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson
11 12 13 14 15
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ In this lesson, we will develop an understanding of the concept of RTI, its features, historical
context of RTI and exemptions of RTI.

c) What I need to do to know more about this topic:

There are 7 sections in this lesson. These are:
___________________________________________________________________________ 1.1 Concept of RTI
___________________________________________________________________________ 1.2 Historical context and origin of RTI
___________________________________________________________________________ 1.2 Features of RTI
1.3 Understanding RTI and Its role in Democracy: Case reading Right to Information
1.4 Exemptions under the Right to Information Act:
Summary
1.5 Curiouser and curiouser
In this chapter, we have: 1.6 Activities and exercise
1.7 Self-reflection
 _____________________________________________________________________
1.1 Concept of RTI _____________________________________________________________________
The Right to Information (RTI) Act, enacted in India in 2005, is a landmark _____________________________________________________________________
legislation that empower citizens by granting them the right to access
information from public authorities. This act aims to promote transparency
● Is there any fundamental right to which the right to Information aligns with? How?
and accountability in the functioning of government bodies, thereby
fostering a more open and democratic society. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
1.2 Historical Background: _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
a) Freedom of Expression: The right to express oneself freely has been a cornerstone of _____________________________________________________________________
democratic societies for centuries. It is closely linked to the idea that individuals _____________________________________________________________________
should have access to information to participate effectively in governance.
b) Press Freedom: The rise of the free press in the 18th and 19th centuries played a ● What is the need of RTI in democratic country like India?
significant role in advocating for transparency and accountability in government.
_____________________________________________________________________
Journalists and media outlets became key players in exposing corruption and
_____________________________________________________________________
advocating for public access to information.
_____________________________________________________________________
c) International Declarations: Documents such as the Universal Declaration of Human
_____________________________________________________________________
Rights (1948) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)
_____________________________________________________________________
recognized the importance of freedom of information as a fundamental human right.
_____________________________________________________________________
d) Sweden's Freedom of the Press Act (1766) : Often cited as the world's first freedom
of information legislation, this law granted the public access to government
documents. It set a precedent for transparency in governance.
e) United States Freedom of Information Act (1966) : Enacted by the U.S. Congress, this ● How does RTI benefit citizens of India?
law aimed to promote transparency by allowing individuals to request access to _____________________________________________________________________
federal agency records. _____________________________________________________________________
f) Indian RTI Act (2005): India's Right to Information Act is one of the most progressive _____________________________________________________________________
pieces of legislation regarding access to information. It empowers citizens to request _____________________________________________________________________
information from public authorities, making government processes more _____________________________________________________________________
transparent and accountable.
g) Global Spread: Inspired by the successes of RTI movements in various countries,
similar laws and movements have emerged worldwide. Countries across continents 1.3 Features of RTI
have enacted legislation or adopted policies to promote transparency and access to (add in boxes )
information. Access to Information: Citizens have the right to request information from public authorities
regarding their functioning and decision-making processes.
● Where do you think this concept of RTI originated from?
Transparency: The RTI Act mandates public authorities to proactively disclose certain types
_____________________________________________________________________ of information to the public to ensure transparency in governance.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Applicability: The act applies to all levels of government – central, state, and local bodies, as _____________________________________________________________________
well as non-governmental organizations that receive substantial funding from the _____________________________________________________________________
government. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Procedure: To obtain information, citizens need to submit a written application to the _____________________________________________________________________
designated Public Information Officer (PIO) along with the prescribed fee. The PIO must
respond within a specified time frame. ● How would you feel if such a place in your community was threatened?

Exceptions: Certain types of information, such as those pertaining to national security, _____________________________________________________________________
personal privacy, and commercial confidentiality, are exempt from disclosure under the act. _____________________________________________________________________
Appeals Process: If the applicant is unsatisfied with the response received or if their request _____________________________________________________________________
is denied, they have the right to file an appeal with higher authorities, such as the _____________________________________________________________________
Information Commission. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
SCENARIO _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Sara, heard about a controversial Government project to build a new _____________________________________________________________________
highway through a protected forest in her community. She concerned
about the environmental impact and lack of community consultation. If
● How does Sara's action contribute to making the government more transparent and
you were part of this community, what alternative actions would you
accountable?
take to address this issue and ensure the voices of the community are
_____________________________________________________________________
heard? (Add in box)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
What would you done if you were in Sara’s place
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Add cloud
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
What did Sara do? (Add in box) _____________________________________________________________________
She submitted a formal request to the government, seeking detailed information about the _____________________________________________________________________
project plans, environmental assessments, and records of community engagement. Upon _____________________________________________________________________
receiving the documents, Sara discovered that the government was moving forward with
the project despite incomplete environmental studies and limited input from local residents.

● Why did Sara file an RTI application regarding the government project? 1.4 Unveiling Truths: Citizens in Action: A Journey Through RTI Case Studies
In a world where every voice matters, some courageous individuals and groups dare to ask
_____________________________________________________________________
questions, uncover truths, and bring change. These are the stories of everyday heroes who
_____________________________________________________________________
refused to turn a blind eye to the issues around them, using the Right to Information (RTI) _____________________________________________________________________
Act as their shield and sword. Let’s embark on a journey through their inspiring cases: _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(Add all case studies in separate boxes) _____________________________________________________________________
Case Study 1: Potholes and Priorities _____________________________________________________________________
In a quiet small town, Mrs. Gupta grew tired of bumpy roads and endless promises from the _____________________________________________________________________
municipal corporation. Where was all the money going? She decided to dig deeper, filing an _____________________________________________________________________
RTI application to reveal the truth behind the so-called “road repairs.” What she discovered _____________________________________________________________________
would shake the foundations of her town's administration. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Case Study 2: Breathing in Accountability
Choked by smog and suffocated by silence, a group of environmental activists decided
● What role does RTI play in balancing competing interests and objectives of
enough was enough. With every breath, they demanded cleaner air and answers. Filing an
RTI, they sought details from the state pollution control board about the steps taken—or government?
not taken—to combat the toxic air pollution enveloping their city. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Case Study 3: School Funds under Scrutiny _____________________________________________________________________
In a district where classrooms crumbled and children dreamed of a better future, Mr. Rahul _____________________________________________________________________
couldn’t ignore the discrepancies in school infrastructure funding. Suspecting foul play, this _____________________________________________________________________
advocate for education rights turned to the RTI Act. His quest for transparency unearthed _____________________________________________________________________
shocking details that demanded accountability. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Case Study 4: Green Guardians Unite _____________________________________________________________________
When whispers of an industrial project began to spread, a group of residents living near the _____________________________________________________________________
proposed site felt uneasy. What would happen to their land, air, and water? Suspecting that _____________________________________________________________________
crucial information about the project’s environmental clearance was being hidden, they
joined forces, using the RTI Act to shine a light on the truth. In a democratic system, the Right to Information (RTI) Act plays a pivotal role in empowering
citizens to hold authorities accountable and ensuring transparency in governance. By
accessing critical information, individuals can question decisions, monitor public spending,
These stories showcase the power of informed citizens who refused to stay silent. With and contribute to the democratic process. However, while the RTI Act aims to foster
courage and the RTI Act as their ally, they not only uncovered hidden truths but also paved openness, it also recognizes the need to protect sensitive information that, if disclosed,
the way for accountability, justice, and change. could compromise public interest or national security. To strike a balance between
transparency and confidentiality, the Act outlines specific exemptions where information
cannot be shared. Let us delve into these exemptions to understand the boundaries of the
RTI and why they are essential.
● Find common reasons to file RTI in above case studies.
_____________________________________________________________________ 1.5 Exemptions under the Right to Information Act
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
 Column A Column B
Information related to Cabinet papers and
personal privacy deliberations
1. RTI Act, 2005 A. Protects confidential information
related to national security
Cabinet papers and
deliberations Information that could 2. Public Information Officer (PIO) B. Provide information to citizens under
harm the competitive the RTI Act

3. 30 Days C. Time limit for providing information

Exemptions under the Right to
Information Act: under RTI
While the RTI promotes
transparency, certain 4. Central Information Commission (CIC) D. Right to access government records
categories of information may
be exempt from disclosure.
These exemptions include
5. Objective of RTI Act E. Process to challenge denial of
information under RTI
1.6 Curiouser and curiouser
6. Fee for filing RTI F. Nominal amount charged for
You can explore the topic further by going through these additional resources.
submitting an RTI request
Book: “Right to Information Act, 2005: an overview” by Lexis Nexis
Provide student friendly explanation of the RTI Act, key provision and its Application. 7. Appeal G. Promote transparency and
Suitable for understanding the basis and legal aspect in a structured manner. accountability

8. Exemptions under Section 8 H. Apex body for RTI implication in India

nd
Article: The article is written by samriddhi Mishra of 2 semester of National
Law University Odisha, an intern under legal vidhiya. This article seeks to ● Is there any other legal provision that helps us to seek information on certain
understand Right to Information Law in different countries around the world. matters?
_____________________________________________________________________
Documentary and films: power to people – RTI (carrot film). This film lifts the veil _____________________________________________________________________
of ignorance and exposes what has been happening for 30 years right before our _____________________________________________________________________
eyes. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Case studies: Students employ RTI to bring change: some school children _____________________________________________________________________
launched the campaign against smoking and sale of tobacco products at public _____________________________________________________________________
places by filing applications under the right to information (RTI) Act 2005.
● Imagine you could ask any government office for information about something
As you read and explore independently, also think about how these readings help you
understand the objective of the unit and the lesson. If you have any doubts or interesting important to you. What would you ask and why?
thoughts, don't forget to share and discuss them in class with your teachers and peers. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
1.7 Exercise and Activities: _____________________________________________________________________
MATCH THE FOLLOWING _____________________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
● How does the process of filing RTI applications help maintain accountability and
_____________________________________________________________________
transparency in government systems?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________ ● How can the RTI Act empower marginalized sections of society? Provide examples to
_____________________________________________________________________ support your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Let’s check your understanding through the below sentences. Mark correct or _____________________________________________________________________
Incorrect. _____________________________________________________________________
a) The information was denied because it was deemed to be in the public
domain.____________ 1.6 Self-reflection
b) The denial was due to the applicant's inability to provide sufficient
identification.__________
● What I learned in this lesson:
c) The denial occurred because the requested information was only available in foreign
languages.__________ _____________________________________________________________________
d) The grounds for denial were that the applicant had previously requested too much _____________________________________________________________________
information.__________ _____________________________________________________________________
e) The information was denied because it related to an ongoing _____________________________________________________________________
investigation.__________ ● What I want to know more about:
f) Information was withheld because the government only shares documents during
_____________________________________________________________________
elections.________
_____________________________________________________________________
g) The information was denied because it was stored on outdated technology like
_____________________________________________________________________
floppy disks._________
_____________________________________________________________________
h) The denial occurred because the information was only accessible during public
holidays._________ ● What I need to do to know more about this topic:
i) Information was refused because the applicant did not include a photograph in the _____________________________________________________________________
request.__________ _____________________________________________________________________
j) Information was withheld because it was classified under the Official Secrets _____________________________________________________________________
Act.__________ _____________________________________________________________________
k) The reason for denial was that the information would lead to an unwarranted
invasion of privacy.__________
Answers
● A government department denies providing information under the RTI Act, claiming Match the following: 1-d, 2-b, 3-c, 4-h, 5-g, 6-f, 7-e, 8-a

it is confidential. How would you address this issue legally?

 Summary
- We have developed an understanding of the historical
context and origin of RTI, when the RTI Act was initiated in
India. Lesson 12
- We have discussed the main features of RTI and developed Title: Researching, Drafting and Filing an RTI
an understanding of RTI and its role in democracy also under
RTI Act.
What is this lesson about
In this chapter, we will
- Apply research skills to identify community issues, draft targeted RTI requests, and
navigate the online filing process, fostering accountability and informed citizenship.

Keywords: RTI Act, Research Skills, Issue Identification, Accountability and Informed
Citizenship, Online filing process

Where are we in the unit:

Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson

11 12 13 14 15

In this lesson, we will develop an understanding how to apply research skills to identify
community issues and how to draft RTI and online form filing process

There are 6 sections in this lesson. There are:

1.1 Research and topic identification
1.2 Drafting and filing an RTI
1.3 Curiouser and curiouser
1.4 Activities and exercise
1.5 Self-reflection

1.1 Research and Research and TTopic Identification

Research helps in recognizing areas where lack of transparency or accountability exists, such
as delayed public services, corruption, or misuse of funds. It ensures that the issues chosen
are significant and impact society. Reviewing laws and government policies provides a
framework for formulating effective RTI queries. It helps determine which issues require
immediate attention, such as delays in welfare schemes or environmental violations.
Research enables the framing of specific, clear, and actionable questions for the RTI
application. By studying publicly available information, research helps avoid asking for data
already in the public domain.
It helps in recognizing areas where lack of transparency or accountability exists, such as ● Mention Payment of Fees: RTI applications require a nominal fee of ₹10 (except for
delayed public services, corruption, or misuse of funds. Researching previous RTI
Below Poverty Line (BPL) applicants) also Mention how you are paying the fee (e.g.,
applications and their outcomes can highlight patterns and help identify gaps in information
Indian Postal Order, Demand Draft, or cash receipt).
dissemination.
● End with a Declaration: Sign the application and mention the date. Example: "I hereby

What are some common community issues that you think lack transparency or declare that I am a citizen of India."
accountability? ● Attach Supporting Documents (If applicable, attach copies of documents like a BPL
___________________________________________________________________________ certificate for fee exemption).
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Submit In-Person
___________________________________________________________________________ Hand-deliver the application to the office of the PIO. Request an acknowledgment receipt.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Submit Online
Visit the official RTI Online Portal (rtionline.gov.in) for central government departments. Fill out
___________________________________________________________________________
the online form, upload supporting documents, and pay the fee digitally.

How can access to information through RTI empower citizens to address these issues? Submit Through Post
___________________________________________________________________________ Send the application via Registered Post or Speed Post for proof of submission.
Keep a copy of the application and receipt for future reference
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Tracking and Follow-Up
___________________________________________________________________________ The PIO must reply within 30 days (48 hours for life and liberty issues).If you do not receive a
___________________________________________________________________________ response or are dissatisfied, you can:
___________________________________________________________________________ File a First Appeal with the Appellate Authority within 30 days of the response.
___________________________________________________________________________ File a Second Appeal with the State or Central Information Commission if necessary.

Can you identify certain issues for which RTI can be filed?
1.2 Drafting and filling and RTI (steps add in boxes)
filed?
Pick any one of the identified topics and initiate research on the same for filing an RTI.
Any citizen of India can file an RTI application and can ask Information related to public
(Add box here)
authorities, government policies, projects, services, or decisions but cannot ask Personal
information or matters affecting national security, sovereignty, or relations with foreign
countries.
● Start with Addressing the Public Information Officer (PIO). Mention their name and
designation, if known, or write "The Public Information Officer." Include the office What challenges might you face while identifying a relevant topic for RTI and how can
address of the public authority. research help overcome these challenges?
● Provide your name, full address, and contact details. This ensures the response reaches (Add box here for answer)
you. You are not required to mention the reason for seeking the information.
● Write a brief subject line like "Application under RTI Act, 2005" to highlight the
What makes this issue important or relevant to our community?
purpose. ___________________________________________________________________________
● Frame Questions Precisely and Use simple and direct language and Number your ___________________________________________________________________________
questions for clarity. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ 7. In case the requested information concerns life or liberty, it must be provided within
___________________________________________________________________________ _______ hours.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ 8. The RTI Act requires every public authority to appoint a/an _______ Information Officer.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ 9. Appeals regarding RTI requests can be filed to the _______ Information Commission.

10. The objective of the RTI Act is to promote _______ and accountability in the working of
1.3 Curiouser and curiouser public authorities.
You can explore the topic further by going through these additional resources:
11. If an RTI request is rejected, the applicant must be informed about the _______ for
Article: The movement for Right to Information in India – People’s Power for rejection.
the Control of Corruption by Harsh Mander and Abha Joshi.
12. The RTI Act provides for penalties of _______ rupees per day for delay in providing
RTI ACT 2005: An Act to provide for setting out the practical regime of right to information.
information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public.

Website: you can explore RTI success stories through given QR code. 13. The maximum penalty for non-compliance under the RTI Act can go up to _______
rupees.

As you read and explore independently, also think about how these readings help you 14. _______is/ are exempted from providing information under Section 8 of the RTI Act.
understand the objective of the unit and the lesson. If you have any doubt or interesting
thoughts don't forget to share and discuss them in class with your teachers and peers. 15. The preamble of the RTI Act emphasizes providing information to citizens to empower
them and ensure good _______.
1.4 Activities and exercise

Fill in the Blanks ● Why is it important for citizens to be informed about government policies and projects?
___________________________________________________________________________
1. The RTI Act was enacted by the Parliament of India in the year _______. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Under the RTI Act, any citizen of India can seek information from a/an _______ authority. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. The time limit for providing information under the RTI Act is _______ days. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. The RTI Act is applicable to the whole of India except the state of _______.

If you suspect corruption in the implementation of a welfare scheme, how can research help you
5. The fee for filing an RTI application is usually _______ rupees.
frame precise RTI questions?
(Add in box)
6. The RTI Act empowers citizens to inspect _______ and records maintained by public
authorities.
 10. Transparency
11. Reason
12. 250
13. 25000
14. Intelligence and security agencies
15. governance

Summary
1.6 Self - reflection In this chapter, we have:
- Developed understanding of research and its importance to
What I learned in this lesson: identify topic or issues for file RTI
___________________________________________________________________________ - Developed understanding of drafting and filing RTI
___________________________________________________________________________ - Discussed sample of RTI Application
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
What I want to know more about:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

What I need to do to know more about this topic:

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Answers
Fill in the blanks:
1. 2005
2. Public
3. 30
4. Jammu and Kashmir
5. 10
6. Documents
7. 48
8. Public
9. States and central
 ● Have you encountered any challenges or difficulties while conducting your research?
Are there any particular aspects of your topic that you find especially interesting or
surprising?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Lesson 13 _____________________________________________________________________
Title: Researching, Filing and Drafting an RTI _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
What is this lesson about
The Right to Information (RTI) Act empowers citizens to seek transparency and
In this chapter, we will: accountability from public authorities. Junaid’s journey highlights how one individual can
- Apply research skills to identify community issues, draft targeted RTI requests and address critical issues, such as improving healthcare quality, by utilizing this powerful tool.
navigate the online filing process fostering accountability and informed citizenship. Through his efforts, we learn the importance of being informed, proactive, and persistent in
addressing community challenges.
Keywords: RTI Act, Research Skills, Issue Identification, Accountability and Informed
Citizenship, Online filing process.
(Put case study in box)
Seeking Transparency: Junaid’s Journey to Improve Healthcare Quality
Where are we in this unit:
Junaid, a concerned citizen, has noticed
Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson
growing concerns about the quality of
11 12 13 14 15
healthcare services provided by the local
government-run hospital in his community.
He believes that there may be issues with
These are 5 sections in this lesson. These are:
the hospital's policies, budget allocation, and
1.1 Sample RTI Case
overall performance affecting the standard
1.2 Think and write
of healthcare available to the residents.
1.3 Curiouser and curiouser
Determined to address these concerns, Junaid decides to take action by filing a Right to
1.4 Exercise and activities
Information (RTI) request to obtain more information.
1.5 Self-reflection

Junaid begins by identifying the specific areas of concern regarding the hospital's healthcare
● Which issues have you selected for filing an
quality. He notes instances of inadequate facilities, reports of medical errors, and
RTI?
dissatisfaction among patients. To gather relevant information, Junaid conducts thorough
_____________________________________________________________________
research. He reviews the hospital's policies, budget allocations, and performance reports
_____________________________________________________________________
available online. He also consults local healthcare professionals and community members to
_____________________________________________________________________
gather additional insights.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Based on his research, Junaid frames specific questions to seek information from the
_____________________________________________________________________
hospital authorities. He formulates questions about the allocation of funds for healthcare
services, the implementation of healthcare policies, and measures taken to address quality
concerns.
 ___________________________________________________________________________
He identifies the department responsible for overseeing healthcare services at the hospital ___________________________________________________________________________
and ensures that his RTI application is addressed to the appropriate authority to facilitate a ___________________________________________________________________________
prompt response. He then prepares his RTI application, clearly stating his questions and the ___________________________________________________________________________
information he seeks from the hospital authorities. He follows the prescribed format for RTI ___________________________________________________________________________
applications and submits it through the designated channels, adhering to the stipulated ___________________________________________________________________________
guidelines.
4. How did Junaid identify the department responsible for healthcare services at the
Upon receiving the RTI application, the hospital authorities acknowledge receipt and initiate hospital?
the process of providing the requested information. However, Junaid understands that ___________________________________________________________________________
responses to RTI requests may not always be straightforward. He remains prepared for the ___________________________________________________________________________
possibility of receiving broad or ambiguous answers that may require further clarification. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
1.2 THINK AND WRITE _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________ DID YOU KNOW?
1. How did Junaid identify the issue concerning the local government-run hospital's __________________________________________ RTI was
healthcare quality? implemented by UPA
government, led by
___________________________________________________________________________ 1.3 Curiouser and curiouser
Prime Minister Dr.
___________________________________________________________________________ You can explore the topic further by going through these additional Manmohan Singh, in
___________________________________________________________________________ resources. 2005
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Documentaries and films: “Ek Cup Chya” (English: A Cup of Tea) is a Marathi film based on the
___________________________________________________________________________ Right to Information (RTI) Act. The film was the second project of activist producer Yeshwant Oak.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Report: Implementation of RTI Act faces several challenges. In this Report you can
explore some major key issues and constraints which are seen while
2. What research methods did Junaid use to gather information for his RTI application? implementation of RTI Act.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Judgements: let’s explore some judgement on RTI from the Government of India
___________________________________________________________________________ Institute of secretariat Training & Management Department of Personnel &
___________________________________________________________________________ training.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
As you read and explore independently, also think about how these readings help you
___________________________________________________________________________
understand the objective of the unit and the lesson. If you have any doubt or interesting
___________________________________________________________________________
thoughts don't forget to share and discuss them in class with your teachers and peers.
___________________________________________________________________________

1.4 Exercise and Activities

3. Based on the scenario, what questions do you think Junaid framed in his RTI application?

What are the essential elements that should be included in an RTI application?
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ What I want to know more about:
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
What can you do if the requested information is denied or delayed by the PIO? ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ What I need to do to know more about this topic:
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Summary
In this chapter, we have:
- Developed an understanding of RTI Application through
case studies and made conceptual clarity
If you were in the position of Junaid what would you do?

Your possible questions for RTI Expected responses

1.5 Self-reflection

What I learned in this lesson:

 it’s your key to empowerment’ helping you to understand how to ask the right
questions and demand answers you deserve. Let's dive into how this incredible
tool works and how it can make a real difference in your life and community.

● What new insights did you gain from reading the user manual about the RTI filing
LESSON 14 process?
Title: Researching, Drafting and filing and RTI 1. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
What is this lesson about
_____________________________________________________________________
In this lesson, we will: 2. _____________________________________________________________________
-Apply research skills to identify community issues, draft targeted RTI requests and navigate _____________________________________________________________________
the online filing process fostering accountability and informed citizenship. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Keywords: RTI Act, Research Skills, Issue Identification, Accountability and Informed 3. _____________________________________________________________________
Citizenship, Online filing process. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Where are we in this unit: _____________________________________________________________________

Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson ● What strategies does the user manual suggest for ensuring that RTI application meet the
11 12 13 14 15 character and content requirements?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
There are 7 sections in this lesson. There are: ___________________________________________________________________________
1.1 Online RTI filing process ___________________________________________________________________________
1.2 FAQs ___________________________________________________________________________
1.3 Administrative e process of handling RTIs ___________________________________________________________________________
1.4 RTI Application and Reply Sample
1.5 Curiouser and curiouser After reading the user manual, how confident do you feel about drafting a clear and concise RTI
1.6 Activities and exercise application? (Add in box 6-7 lines)
1.7 Self reflection

● Which website can we access to file our RTIs?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

1.1 Online form filing process

The RTI Act is your ticket to uncovering the truth, ensuring transparency and taking an
active role in shaping society. Now you can explore the RTI manual which isn’t just a guide-
 Assistant Public Information Officers for all the public authorities under the Government of
India.

⮚ What is the Fee for Seeking Information from Central Government Public Authorities?
Write the questions related to RTI process that are coming to your mind. A person who desires to seek some information from a Central Government Public Authority
1. _____________________________________________________________________ is required to send, along with the application, a demand draft or a banker’s cheque or an
_____________________________________________________________________ Indian Postal Order of Rs.10/- (Rupees ten), payable to the Accounts Officer of the public
2. _____________________________________________________________________ authority as fee prescribed for seeking information. The payment of fee can also be made By
_____________________________________________________________________ way of cash to the Accounts Officer of the public authority or to the Assistant Public
3. _____________________________________________________________________ Information Officer against proper receipt. However, the RTI Fee and the mode of payment
_____________________________________________________________________ may vary as under Section 27 and Section 28, of the RTI Act, 2005 the appropriate
4. _____________________________________________________________________ Government and the competent authority, respectively, by notification in the Official
_____________________________________________________________________ Gazette, make rules to carry out the provisions of this Act.

⮚ Is there any provision for exemption from Disclosure of Information?

1.2 Let’s go through some frequent questions people have regarding RTIs to seek if they Sub-section (1) of section 8 and section 9 of the Act enumerate the types of information
answer to your queries which is exempt from disclosure. Sub-section (2) of section 8, however, provides that
information exempted under sub-section (1) or exempted under the Official Secrets Act,
1923 can be disclosed if public interest in disclosure overweighs the harm to the protected
⮚ What is a Public Authority? interest.
A "public authority" is any authority or body or institution of self-government established or
constituted by or under the Constitution; or by any other law made by the Parliament or a ⮚ Is there any assistance available to the Applicant for filing an RTI application?
State Legislature; or by notification issued or order made by the Central Government or a If a person is unable to make a request in writing, he may seek the help of the Public
State Government. The bodies owned, controlled or substantially financed by the Information Officer to write his application and the Public Information Officer should render
Government or a State Government and non-Government organizations substantially him reasonable assistance. Where a decision is taken to give access to a sensorial disabled
financed by the Central Government or a State Government also fall within the definition of person to any document, the Public Information Officer, shall provide such assistance to the
public authority. The financing of the body or the NGO by the Government may be direct or person as may be appropriate for inspection.
indirect.
⮚ Is there any provision of Appeal under the RTI Act?
If an applicant is not supplied information within the prescribed time of thirty days or 48
⮚ What is a Public Information Officer? hours, as the case may be, or is not satisfied with the information furnished to him, he may
Public authorities have designated some of its officers as Public Information Officers. They prefer an appeal to the first appellate authority who is an officer senior in rank to the Public
are responsible to give information to a person who seeks information under the RTI Act. Information Officer. Such an appeal, should be filed within a period of thirty days from the
date on which the limit of 30 days of supply of information is expired or from the date on
⮚ What is an Assistant Public Information Officer? which the information or decision of the Public Information Officer is received. The
These are the officers at sub-divisional level to whom a person can give his RTI application or appellate authority of the public authority shall dispose of the appeal within a period of
appeal. These officers send the application or appeal to the Public Information Officer of the thirty days or in exceptional cases within 45 days of the receipt of the appeal.
public authority or the concerned appellate authority. An Assistant Public Information
Officer is not responsible for supplying the information. The Assistant Public Information ⮚ Is there any scope for second appeal under the RTI Act?
Officers appointed by the Department of Posts in various post offices are working as If the first appellate authority fails to pass an order on the appeal within the prescribed
period or if the appellant is not satisfied with the order of the first appellate authority, he
may prefer a second appeal with the Central Information Commission within ninety days is deemed refused Fee Intimation: If additional fees are required, the PIO will inform the
from the date on which the decision should have been made by the first appellate authority applicant of the fee details and calculations. The time taken to pay the fee is excluded from
or was actually received by the appellant. the 30-day response period. Applicants can review the fee decision and have the right to
appeal, details of which will be provided by the PIO. Special Assistance: Sensory disabled
⮚ Whether Complaints can be made under this Act? If yes, under what conditions? individuals will be provided appropriate assistance to access the information.
If any person is unable to submit a request to a Public Information Officer either by reason Fee Structure: The prescribed fee must be reasonable, and no fee is charged to individuals
that such an officer has not been appointed by the concerned public authority; or the below the poverty line. Information is provided free of charge if the public authority fails to
Assistant Public Information Officer has refused to accept his or her application or appeal for comply with the specified time limits Rejection of Request: If a request is rejected, the PIO
forwarding the same to the Public Information Officer or the appellate authority, as the case must communicate the reasons for rejection, the appeal period, and the appellate authority
may be; or he has been refused access to any information requested by him under the RTI details to the applicant. Form of Information: Information is provided in the requested
Act; or he has not been given a response to a request for information within the time limit format unless it would disproportionately divert the resources of the public authority.
specified in the Act; or he has been required to pay an amount of fee which he considers
unreasonable; or he believes that he has been given incomplete, misleading or false ● What do you think happens to an RTI application?
information, he can make a complaint to the Information Commission. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
⮚ What is Third Party Information? ___________________________________________________________________________
Third party in relation to the Act means a person other than the citizen who has made a ___________________________________________________________________________
request for information. The definition of third party includes a public authority other than
the public authority to whom the request has been made. ● Who do you think is responsible for handling RTIs?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
⮚ Is there any organization(s) exempt from providing information under RTI Act? ___________________________________________________________________________
Yes, certain intelligence and security organizations specified in the Second Schedule, are ___________________________________________________________________________
exempted from providing information accepting the information pertaining to the
allegations of corruption and human rights violations. ● How do you imagine the process of answering RTIs unfolds within government
departments?
1.3 Administrative process of handling RTIs ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Submission of Request: A person seeking information must make a request in writing or ___________________________________________________________________________
electronically in English, Hindi, or the official language of the area, along with the prescribed ___________________________________________________________________________
fee. The request should be directed to the relevant Central or State Public Information
Officer (CPIO/SPIO) or Assistant Public Information Officer (CAPIO/SAPIO).If a person is 1.4 RTI online Application sample and RTI Reply
unable to make a written request, the Public Information Officer (PIO) will assist in reducing
the oral request to writing. You can explore samples of online application form through QR code. It may give
Details Required: Applicants are not required to provide reasons for the request or personal you a better understanding of how it looks.
details beyond those necessary for contact. Transfer of Requests: If the information
requested is held by another public authority, the application will be transferred to the Receiving an RTI reply is like uncovering the hidden treasure of Information. It’s a
appropriate authority within five days, and the applicant will be informed of the transfer. movement when your efforts to seek the truth pay off. The reply you get isn’t just
Disposal of Request Time Frame for Response: The PIO must respond within 30 days of a response it’s a proof of transparency and your right as a citizen to demand
receiving the request. For information concerning the life or liberty of a person, the accountability. Now you can explore RTI reply so that you can understand how to interpret
response time is 48 hours. If the PIO fails to respond within the stipulated time, the request and utilise RTI reply effectively.
 ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

● Why is certain information excluded from the response?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
1.5 Curiouser and curiouser Did you know? ___________________________________________________________________________
Only three RTI ___________________________________________________________________________
You can explore the topic further by going through these additional applications can ___________________________________________________________________________
Resources. be filed in a
year by one
person.
Guidelines for RTI online Application 1.7 Self-reflection

● What I learned in this lesson:

___________________________________________________________________________
You Tube video: How to file RTI online – complete step by step process ___________________________________________________________________________
through YouTube video. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

As you read and explore independently, also think about how these readings help you ● What I want to know more about:
understand the objective of the unit and the lesson. If you have any doubt or interesting ___________________________________________________________________________
thoughts don't forget to share and discuss them in class with your teachers and peers. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
1.6 Exercise and Activities
Let’s recall! ● What I need to do to know more about this topic:
___________________________________________________________________________
● Why is it important for an individual to file an RTI and how does it benefit them? ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Summary

● Who is the appellate authority for this matter? In this chapter, we have:
___________________________________________________________________________ - Developed understanding of online RTI filing process
___________________________________________________________________________ - Discussed some FAQs
___________________________________________________________________________ - Developed understanding administrative e process
___________________________________________________________________________ of handling RTIs
- Discussed RTI sample and reply sample
 3. ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
______
4. ________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 15 ________________________________________________________________________
Title: Researching, Drafting and filing and RTI ______
5. ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
______
What is this lesson about 6. ________________________________________________________________________
In this chapter, we will: ________________________________________________________________________
-Apply research skills to identify community issues, draft targeted RTI requests and navigate ______
the online filing process fostering accountability and informed citizenship. 7. ________________________________________________________________________
-Demonstrate the ability to analyse and address neighbourhood concerns using the Right to ________________________________________________________________________
Information, culminating in individual RTI filing that showcase their research, RTI drafting ______
skills, and practical contributions to positive community change.

Keywords: RTI Act, Research Skills, Issue Identification, Accountability and Informed ● Can you share what questions you have prepared for your RTI application?
Citizenship, Online filing process. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Where are we in this unit: ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson _______________
11 12 13 14 15
1.1 Activity

In this chapter we will develop an understanding of the drafting RTI application.

ONLINE APPLICATION
We have already discussed the process of online RTI Application in previous lesson. Now you
There are 4 sections in this lesson. There are:
can request your RTI application through online mode on any issue of your choice. Don’t
1.1 Activity: Drafting RTI application online and offline
forget to share your experience with your class.
1.2 Curiouser and curiouser
1.3 Exercise and Activities
1.4 Self-reflection

Can you recall the steps involved in filing an RTI application online? (Add box for all steps)
OFFLINE APPLICATION
1. ________________________________________________________________________
Please review the Sample RTI Application provided below. After understanding its structure,
________________________________________________________________________
draft your own RTI Application on any issue of your choice.
______
2. ________________________________________________________________________
(Add box after sample)
________________________________________________________________________
______
 Article: This article is an analysis of the constitution of India and the RTI Act. You can
read it for a better understanding of constitutional provision for RTI act.

RTI Amendment Act: You can go through RTI amendment Act 2019 for more
updated information.

As you read and explore independently, also think about how these readings help you
understand the objective of the unit and the lesson. If you have any doubt or interesting
thoughts don't forget to share and discuss them in class with your teachers and peers.

1.3 Exercise and Activities

What challenges did you face while filing your offline or online RTI application? Which one
do you feel is better?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________

How do you feel about the clarity of your RTI questions now compared to before the
session?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________

How do you think the right to information has affected our community?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________

1.2 Curiouser and curiouser Home Task

You can explore the topic further by going through these additional Try to Collect some RTI files with response and critically analyse them.
DID YOU KNOW?
India enacted the
“freedom of
information Act,
2002” this is
1.4 Self-reflection

What I learned in this lesson: Lesson 16

___________________________________________________________________________ Title: What is a Notice?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ "Serving a legal notice is not an act of conflict but a pursuit of justice through rightful
communication."
___________________________________________________________________________
— Fali S. Nariman
____________
What is this lesson about
What I want to know more about:
In this chapter, we will:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ● Develop a holistic understanding of legal notices, encompassing their definition,
___________________________________________________________________________ purpose, strategic timing for issuance, and effective response mechanisms
___________________________________________________________________________ ● Enhance the proficiency in legal communication and dispute resolution
____________ Keywords: Legal Notice, Formal communication, dispute resolution, violation of legal rights
Where are we in this unit:
What I need to do to know more about this topic:
___________________________________________________________________________ Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson
___________________________________________________________________________ 16 17 18 19 20 21
___________________________________________________________________________
_________
___________________________________________________________________________ In this lesson you are going to learn what a legal notice is, its essential components, format
and purpose and importance. You will also learn how a nuanced comprehension of the
___________________________________________________________________________
purpose behind sending legal notices enhance one's strategic approach to dispute
___________________________________________________________________________
resolution and legal proceedings and how enhanced proficiency in legal communication,
___________________________________________________________________________
particularly concerning the issuance and response to legal notices, serve as a catalyst for
____________
promoting harmonious relationships and upholding the rule of law within society.

Summary
In this chapter we have: There are 5 sections in this lesson. These are:
- Develop understanding of the drafting RTI
application offline as well as online mode 1.1 Introduction to Legal Notice
- We have discussed challenges which we faced while 1.2 Drafting a Legal Notice
drafting RTI Application.
1.3 Curiouser and curiouser
1.4 Exercise and Activities
1.5 Self-reflection
 Legal notices help in resolving disputes by opening communication channels and providing a
structured way to address grievances. They maintain transparency in legal proceedings by
1.1 Introduction to Legal Notice
ensuring all parties understand their rights and obligations. Sending a legal notice empowers
a) What comes to your mind when you hear the term "legal notice"? Have you ever received individuals to assert their legal rights and seek remedies for grievances.
or heard about one?
When to Send a Legal Notice:
___________________________________________________________________________
Legal notices should be sent in response to breach of contract, nonpayment of dues,
___________________________________________________________________________
violation of legal rights, or other legal issues. Timely sending of legal notices is crucial to
___________________________________________________________________________
preserve legal rights and initiate statutory limitation periods for legal action. Failure to send
___________________________________________________________________________
a legal notice in relevant situations might lead to misunderstandings, delays, or unfairness in
b) What do you think is the difference between a regular letter and a legal notice? resolving disputes.
___________________________________________________________________________ e) Can you imagine two situations where you will send a legal notice?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
c) Why do you think people send legal notices instead of directly going to court? ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ f) Do you think it is necessary to reply to a legal notice, why?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
d) What could be some situations where sending a legal notice is necessary? ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Reply to a Legal Notice:
___________________________________________________________________________
Responding to a legal notice is essential to acknowledge and address the allegations or
___________________________________________________________________________
claims made against you. It contributes to maintaining transparency and fairness in legal
proceedings by engaging in constructive dialogue. Ignoring a legal notice can lead to adverse
legal consequences, including default judgments or further legal action.
In legal communication and dispute resolution, a crucial tool is the legal notice. It serves as a
formal communication between parties, informing them of legal rights, obligations, or
actions that need to be taken. Here's what you need to know:
1.2 Drafting a Legal Notice
Understanding Legal Notices:
Now that you have leant about legal notice, when to send one and why is it important to
A legal notice is a formal communication sent by one party to another, addressing legal reply to the one you receive. Let’s learn how to draft one.
matters. It differs from a regular letter by its formal nature and its focus on legal rights and
a) Why do you think it's important for individuals and organizations to understand how to
obligations. Legal notices are essential for initiating legal proceedings, resolving disputes,
draft a notice effectively?
and maintaining transparency. For example, imagine if you could write a letter to the
person, you're having a problem with, telling them how you feel and what you want to ___________________________________________________________________________
happen next. That's essentially what a legal notice does—it's a way of communicating your ___________________________________________________________________________
concerns in a formal way. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Importance of Legal Notices:
b) Do you think it's important for a legal notice to follow a specific format?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
c) Can you identify the key elements that should be included in a legal notice?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
d) Why do you think each of these elements is necessary for a legal notice to be effective?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Essentials for Drafting a Legal Notice:

You have discussed about the essentials for drafting a legal notice and format of a legal
1. Format: Follow a set format for drafting the legal notice. While there may not be a
notice, based on your understanding try to answer the following questions:
universally standardized format, there are common elements that should be included, such
as the sender's information, recipient's information, subject matter, statement of facts, e) Why is it important for a legal notice to include the sender's full name, address, and
relief sought, and a deadline for response or action. contact details?
2. Sender's Information: Include the sender's full name, address, and contact details. This ___________________________________________________________________________
ensures that the recipient knows who the notice is from and how to respond if necessary. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Statement of Facts and Grievances: Clearly outline the facts surrounding the issue at
___________________________________________________________________________
hand and the grievances of the sender. This helps provide context and clarity to the
___________________________________________________________________________
recipient about the reasons for the notice.
f) Why is it crucial for a legal notice to clearly outline the facts and grievances of the sender?
4. Relief Sought: Specify the relief or remedy sought by the sender. Whether it's a demand
for payment, cessation of certain activities, or any other form of redress, it should be clearly ___________________________________________________________________________
stated in the notice. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Drafted by a Lawyer: While it's not always mandatory, having a lawyer draft the legal
___________________________________________________________________________
notice can ensure that it adheres to legal standards and is effective in achieving its intended
___________________________________________________________________________
purpose. Lawyers are trained to navigate legal language and ensure that the notice is legally
enforceable. g) What are the advantages of having legal knowledge while drafting a legal notice?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
 ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
1.3 Curiouser and curiouser
d) Meera discovered that her published artwork was being used by a company without her
Web Article
permission.
Pearl Narang and Rahul Mahajan, Everything you must know about legal
___________________________________________________________________________
notice and its format
___________________________________________________________________________
This article covers various aspects related to legal notice, including the
e) Aditi has a misunderstanding with her sister over how to divide household chores. She
content, types, filing and what to do when you receive a legal notice.
considers sending a legal notice to resolve it.
___________________________________________________________________________
Shreyanshi Maheswari, How to send a legal notice ___________________________________________________________________________

This article talks about how to draft a legal notice and its reply along with its f) Vikram issued a cheque to a vendor, which bounced due to insufficient funds. The vendor
contents, procedure of filing, and formats of different legal notices. It also demands payment.
discusses in detail what is a legal notice and its purpose.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Video g) Ravi filed an RTI application seeking information about the delay in issuing his pension,
but the Public Information Officer (PIO) failed to respond within the 30-day timeframe.
How to draft a legal notice? Format and drafting tips by VLAWGISH
___________________________________________________________________________
This video has a detailed explanation of the format, structure, and the
___________________________________________________________________________
main body of a legal notice. Some important practical tips related to
drafting of a legal notice. h) Rahul provided digital marketing services to a company as per their agreement, but the
company refused to pay the agreed amount.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
1.4 Exercise and Activities
2. Answer the following questions:
1. Below given are some situations, based on your understanding of legal notice write
1) What is the primary purpose of a legal notice?
whether or not to send a legal notice and justify your reasoning.
a. To threaten the other party.
a) Rohan lent ₹50,000 to his friend Ajay, and Ajay refuses to pay it back despite multiple b. To formally communicate a grievance and demand a remedy.
reminders. c. To file a case directly in court.
d. To report the matter to the police.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ 2) Which of the following is NOT an essential component of a legal notice?
a. Details of the sender and recipient.
b) Kunal signed a contract with a catering company for his sister’s wedding, but they failed
b. The demand or relief sought.
to deliver the agreed services on time.
c. Threats of physical harm.
___________________________________________________________________________ d. Legal basis for the claim.
___________________________________________________________________________
3) Who can draft a legal notice?
c) A heavy storm damages Ramesh’s shop. He wants to send a legal notice to the weather a. Only a lawyer.
department for not issuing warnings. b. The sender themselves or a lawyer.
c. Only a judge. 14) How can a well-detailed statement of facts strengthen the sender's position in legal
d. Any person, even without legal knowledge. proceedings?
4) What happens if a legal notice is ignored by the recipient? ___________________________________________________________________________
a. The matter is automatically decided in favour of the sender. ___________________________________________________________________________
b. The sender can proceed with appropriate legal action. ___________________________________________________________________________
c. The legal notice becomes invalid. ___________________________________________________________________________
d. A police complaint is filed automatically.
15) Do you think it's necessary for a lawyer to draft a legal notice, or do you believe
5) Which of these is NOT a valid reason to send a legal notice? individuals should be able to draft their own notices? Why or why not?
a. Recovery of unpaid dues.
___________________________________________________________________________
b. Breach of contract.
___________________________________________________________________________
c. Disagreement over a personal opinion.
___________________________________________________________________________
d. Consumer grievances.
___________________________________________________________________________
6) What is the key benefit of sending a legal notice before initiating court proceedings? ___________________________________________________________________________
a. It provides evidence of attempts to resolve the matter amicably.
1.5 Self-reflection
b. It ensures the court will decide in favour of the sender.
c. It avoids any further legal formalities. a) What I learned in this lesson:
d. It serves as a warning to the other party to stop future actions.
___________________________________________________________________________
Write true or false for the following statements: ___________________________________________________________________________
7) A legal notice must always include the sender’s contact details. ______________ b) What I want to know more about:
8) A legal notice guarantees that the issue will be resolved without going to court. ___________________________________________________________________________
_____________ ___________________________________________________________________________
9) Sending a legal notice is mandatory before filing a civil suit in all cases. _____________ c) What I need to do to know more about this topic:
10) A legal notice can be sent anonymously if the sender wishes to stay confidential. ___________________________________________________________________________
_____________ ___________________________________________________________________________
11) The tone of a legal notice must remain formal and professional at all times.
_______________

Summary:
12) List the essential components of a legal notice.
In this chapter, we have:
___________________________________________________________________________
● Developed a holistic understanding of legal notices, encompassing their definition,
___________________________________________________________________________
purpose, strategic timing for issuance, and effective response mechanisms
___________________________________________________________________________
● Enhanced the proficiency in legal communication and dispute resolution
___________________________________________________________________________
13) Why is it important for a legal notice to be clear and concise?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Answers:
1) b
2) c
3) b Lesson 17
4) b Title: Drafting Legal Notice
5) c "The art of drafting a legal notice lies in being assertive without being aggressive, precise
without being verbose, and professional without losing the human touch."
6) a
– Anonymous
7) True
What is this lesson about
8) False
In this chapter, we will:
9) False
● Attain proficiency in drafting precise and legally sound notices, aligning with Indian
10) False
legal standards, including the Indian Contract Act.
11) True ● Demonstrate the ability to craft effective legal notices by incorporating essential
information, articulating facts clearly, and following prescribed drafting norms.
Keywords: Legal Notice Analysis, Language & Tone, Clarity & Specificity, Legal Actions &
Outcomes
Where are we in this unit:

Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson

16 17 18 19 20 21

In this lesson you are going to learn about the essential components that need to be
included in a legally sound notice under Indian law, and how do these components
contribute to its effectiveness. What strategies can be employed to ensure that legal notices
are drafted in a manner that minimizes ambiguity and maximizes their enforceability under
Indian law.

There are 6 sections in this lesson. These are:

1.1 Recap and Review
1.2 Legal Notice
1.3 Essentials of Legal Notice
1.4 Curiouser and curiouser
1.5 Exercise and Activities
1.6 Self-reflection for medical expenses. Despite promising to repay the loan, Smt. Kiran kept approaching Raj
Kumar for more financial help without fulfilling her initial commitment.
When Raj Kumar asked for the money back in October 2021, Smt. Kiran made excuses about
her health and asked for more time. Because of their family relationship and the pressure
1.1 Recap and Review from his wife Mrs. Ankita, Raj Kumar extended the deadline for repayment. However,
despite reminders and extensions, Smt. Kiran still hasn't repaid the loan.
a) What is a Legal Notice and why is it important?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Mr. Rajkumar decided to send a legal notice to Smt. Kiran, what information should Mr. Raj
___________________________________________________________________________
include in his legal notice?
b) What do you think is the primary purpose of a legal notice?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
c) What are some of the essential components of a legal notice?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
d) Why is it important for a legal notice to include the sender's full name, address, and
contact details?
___________________________________________________________________________ Legal Notice sent by Mr. Raj Kumar’s Attorney to Smt. Kiran.
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Through Speed Post
DATED: 29/09/2023
e) Why it is necessary for a person to respond to the legal notice?
___________________________________________________________________________ Ref no:2548634
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ To,
___________________________________________________________________________
Smt. Kiran
House No 255,
1.2 Legal Notice
Kalyan Apartment
Below given is the situation of Smt. Kiran and Mr. Raj Kumar, read it carefully:
Near Lal Chowk
___________________________________________________________________________
Gokulpuri 110094
Smt. Kiran borrowed money from her son-in-law, Raj Kumar, back in November 2020. At the
time, Raj Kumar lent her the money in good faith because she said she needed it urgently
 LEGAL DEMAND NOTICE 7. Our client is in utter dismay to know that on the one hand, you, the addressee,
approached our client requesting granting you, the addressee, a friendly loan, and
Present Legal Demand Notice is being issued from this office, for and on behalf of our client
on the other hand, you, the addressee continuously refrained from paying the
Raj Kumar S/o Shri Ramesh, R/O #203 Ramesh Nagar 110015, for the recovery of
outstanding amount. Thus, our client has developed bad faith for you, the
outstanding amount to the tune of Rs. 2,76,000/- (Rupees Two Lakh Seventy-Six Thousand
addressee, and is thus constrained to issue the present legal notice.
only) along with interest @ 12 % per annum.
8. That the aforesaid act of refraining from paying the amount outstanding shows that
you, the addressee, have acted intentionally, wilfully, and knowingly in a pre-
Under the instructions from and on behalf of our client, Raj Kumar S/o Shri Ramesh, we do planned manner, with malicious intention to defraud our client and to cause
hereby serve upon you, the addressee with the following legal notice: unlawful loss to our client.
Our instructions are: 9. It is pertinent to mention here that our client has requested several times from you,
the addressee to make the said payment but despite making the said request,
1. That our client is a respectable citizen of this society residing at the above-
neither any payment has been made, nor any requests made by our client paid heed
mentioned address and had family relations with you the Addressee.
to.
2. That you the addressee is the mother-in-law of our client and having family relations
since March 2015. That from the month of November, 2020 you the addressee
approached our client and requested for a friendly loan, as you the addressee That you, the addressee, are liable, to pay to our client the outstanding amount to the tune
represented that you were in dire need of money for some medical treatment and of Rs. 62,470/- (Rupees Sixty-Two Thousand Four Hundred Seventy Only) along with interest
various medical tests advised by the doctor. Keeping in view the family relations, our @ 12 % per annum calculated from the date on which the amount became due within 15
client could not ignore the requests of you the addressee and our client advanced days from the date of receipt of this notice. We have instructions from our client that in
you a friendly loan. case payment is not made by you, the addressee, to our client within 15 days from the date
of receipt of this notice, our client shall be constrained to institute civil and criminal
3. That as per the information received from our client that time and again you, the
proceedings, at your own risk, costs, and consequences.
Addressee, approached our client and sought financial help from our client and
assured to repay the whole friendly loan amount soon. We further call upon you, the addressee, to pay Rs. 10,000/- towards legal charges borne by
our client for issuance of the present legal notice.
4. That in the month of October, 2021 when our client demanded his money back you,
the addressee, represented to our client that you are suffering from serious old age An office copy of the present legal notice has been retained in this office for future
ailments and urgently need money for treatment. That you, the addressee, seek reference.
more financial help from our client. That believing upon your representation and
considering close family relation and under the pressure of his wife Mrs. Ankita. our
client further transferred an amount in tune of Rs. 15,000/- on 08.10.2021 along Advocate
with Rs. 15,000/- paid in cash on 08.10.2021 to you the addressee. That you the
addressee assured our client that the whole loan amount in tune of Rs. 62,470/- will Xyz
be repaid within a year.
___________________________________________________________________________
5. That after the expiry of one year in November, 2022 when our client demanded his
money back as he was in dire need of money for paying the school fees of his child,
you the addressee sought an extension of three months for repaying the said
a) What are the key components of a legal notice, based on the sample provided? How do
friendly loan.
these components contribute to the effectiveness of the notice in conveying the message to
6. That as per the information received from our client that on persistent requests the recipient?
made to you the Addressee by our client, you the addressee did not pay any heed to
___________________________________________________________________________
the requests and persuasion of our client and avoided the requests of our client.
___________________________________________________________________________
That thus, you, the addressee, are continuing to refrain and evade your liability to
___________________________________________________________________________
pay the above-mentioned amount.
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Relief Sought
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
b) How did the language of the legal notice contribute to the seriousness of the situation
___________________________________________________________________________
and the urgency of the demand for repayment?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
c) Explore the consequences mentioned in the notice if the recipient fails to comply with the
demands within the stipulated timeframe.
___________________________________________________________________________ 1.4 Curiouser and curiouser
___________________________________________________________________________
Did you know?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ In India, serving a well-drafted legal notice is not just a formality but often leads to dispute
___________________________________________________________________________ resolution without court intervention. Studies show that over 40% of disputes are settled
amicably once a formal legal notice is issued, saving both time and legal costs!
Video
1.3 Essentials of Legal Notice
Legal notice| Legal notice for recovery of money by Legalvise
From the above given legal notice, write down the following essentials:
This video has a detailed explanation of how to draft a legal notice, when to
Sender's Information
send a legal notice and how to send a legal notice.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Statement of Facts and Grievances 1.5 Exercise and Activities
___________________________________________________________________________ a) Here are some sample notices and statements. These samples include some errors,
___________________________________________________________________________ identify those errors.
___________________________________________________________________________
1) Scenario: Breach of Contract for Service Delivery
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ To,
___________________________________________________________________________ ABC Pvt. Ltd.,
___________________________________________________________________________ Subject: Breach of Contract
___________________________________________________________________________
Dear Sir/Madam,
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ This is to inform you that the services agreed upon in our contract dated 10th October 2024
___________________________________________________________________________ have not been provided satisfactorily. Please rectify this.
Regards, 9. Details of specific relief sought (e.g., payment, replacement, refund).
John Doe 10. A polite, professional tone.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
c) A contractor, Mr. Ramesh, was hired by Mr. Suresh for a construction project under a
___________________________________________________________________________
written agreement. Mr. Suresh failed to pay ₹2,00,000 as per the agreed terms. Mr. Ramesh
___________________________________________________________________________
decided to send a legal notice to Mr. Suresh, below given is the content of in jumbled
___________________________________________________________________________
sections. Rearrange the sections in the proper order of a legal notice, based on the format
___________________________________________________________________________
you’ve learnt.
___________________________________________________________________________
1) You are hereby requested to pay the outstanding amount of ₹2,00,000 within 15 days
2) Scenario: Consumer Complaint About a Defective Product
from the date of receipt of this notice. Failing this, I will initiate legal proceedings against
To, you under the provisions of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, entirely at your risk, cost, and
ABC Electronics, consequences.
Address: XYZ Mall, Delhi.
2) As per our agreement dated 1st October 2024, I completed the construction work at the
Subject: Legal Notice for Selling a Defective Laptop agreed-upon location by 30th November 2024. Despite repeated reminders, you have failed
to pay the balance amount of ₹2,00,000, which was due on or before 15th December 2024.
Dear Sir/Madam,
3) Yours sincerely,
You have sold me a defective laptop, and I demand an immediate refund. If you don’t
Mr. Ramesh Verma
process my refund within 7 days, I will ruin your company’s reputation by filing complaints
Address: 123, Builder Street, Bengaluru
everywhere possible and posting negative reviews online.
Phone: 9876543210
Fix this problem now, or be ready for the consequences.
4) To,
Regards, Mr. Suresh Gupta
Rahul Sharma Address: 45, Green Valley Apartments, Bengaluru

___________________________________________________________________________ 5) Subject: Legal Notice for Non-Payment under the Contract Agreement
___________________________________________________________________________
6) Your failure to pay the agreed amount constitutes a breach of the contract dated 1st
___________________________________________________________________________
October 2024 and is actionable under the Indian Contract Act, 1872.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ 7) I, Mr. Ramesh Verma, a contractor by profession, am writing this notice to you in relation
___________________________________________________________________________ to the non-payment of ₹2,00,000 for services rendered under our agreement dated 1st
October 2024.
___________________________________________________________________________
b) Below given are some statements, categorize them as Essential or Incorrect for a legal
___________________________________________________________________________
notice:
___________________________________________________________________________
1. Recipient’s name and address. ___________________________________________________________________________
2. A summary of the facts related to the dispute. ___________________________________________________________________________
3. Timeframe for compliance (e.g., 15 or 30 days). ___________________________________________________________________________
4. Exaggerated threats like ‘I will destroy your reputation.’ ___________________________________________________________________________
5. Legal provisions supporting the grievance. ___________________________________________________________________________
6. Recipient's past unrelated disputes with other parties. ___________________________________________________________________________
7. Contact details of the sender (name, address, phone). ___________________________________________________________________________
8. Emotional appeals like ‘You’ve broken my trust.’ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ● Attained proficiency in drafting precise and legally sound notices, aligning with Indian
___________________________________________________________________________ legal standards, including the Indian Contract Act.
___________________________________________________________________________ ● Demonstrated the ability to craft effective legal notices by incorporating essential
___________________________________________________________________________ information, articulating facts clearly, and following prescribed drafting norms.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
d) What do you think is most important, and why?
___________________________________________________________________________ Lesson 18 and 19
___________________________________________________________________________ Title: Drafting Legal Notice
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ "Justice may be blind, but she has very sophisticated listening devices."
___________________________________________________________________________ – Edgar Argo
e) What consequences might arise if any essential component is missing? What is this lesson about
___________________________________________________________________________ In this chapter, we will:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ● Attain proficiency in drafting precise and legally sound notices, aligning with Indian legal
___________________________________________________________________________ standards, including the Indian Contract Act.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ● Demonstrate the ability to craft effective legal notices by incorporating essential
information, articulating facts clearly, and following prescribed drafting norms.

Keywords: Legal Notice Analysis, Language & Tone, Clarity & Specificity, Legal Actions & Outcomes
1.6 Self-reflection
Legal Jargon vs. Plain Language, legal notice effectiveness, actionable feedback
a) What I learned in this lesson:
Where are we in this unit:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson
16 17 18 19 20 21
b) What I want to know more about:
In this lesson you are going to learn how to draft a legal notice and how to reply to a legal
___________________________________________________________________________ notice, in the process you will get to know about the essential components that need to be
___________________________________________________________________________ included in a legally sound notice under Indian law, how do these components contribute to
c) What I need to do to know more about this topic: its effectiveness and what strategies can be employed to ensure that legal notices are
drafted in a manner that minimizes ambiguity and maximizes their enforceability under
___________________________________________________________________________ Indian law.
___________________________________________________________________________

There are 7 sections in this lesson. These are:

1.1 Recap and Review
Summary:
1.2 Legal Notice Format
In this chapter, we have:
1.3 Drafting a legal notice
1.4 Let’s Collaborate ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
1.5 Replying to a Legal Notice
___________________________________________________________________________
1.6 Curiouser and Curiouser ___________________________________________________________________________

1.7 Exercise and Activities d) Why is it important to specify a reasonable timeframe for the recipient to respond?

1.8 Self-reflection ___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

1.1 Recap and Review

Legal notices serve as formal communications used to assert legal rights, resolve disputes, 1.2 Legal Notice Format
or notify individuals or entities about legal actions or consequences. They are crucial in
Below given is the general format used for different kinds of legal notices, read it carefully
providing a structured and documented way to communicate intentions, grievances, or
and try to identify the important components.
demands in legal matters. In essence, legal notices help in initiating legal proceedings,
setting expectations, and ensuring compliance with legal obligations. ___________________________________________________________________________

Understanding the primary purpose of a legal notice is crucial for individuals and Through Speed Post
organizations. It serves as a formal communication tool to assert legal rights, resolve DATED:
disputes, and notify about legal actions or consequences. Effective drafting requires
identifying key elements such as sender information, grievances, and relief sought. Clarity Ref no:
and brevity are essential for ensuring comprehension and impact. Real-life situations To,
demanding legal notices include contract breaches or property disputes. Proficiency in
drafting empowers individuals to protect their rights. Adhering to a specific format
enhances credibility and effectiveness. While lawyers can provide expertise, individuals can LEGAL NOTICE
draft their own notices with knowledge and guidance.
Present Legal Notice is being issued from this office, for and on behalf of our client
Based on your understanding of legal notices, answer the following questions: __________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________Under the
a) How does a legal notice differ from other types of communication like emails or verbal instructions from and on behalf of our client, _________________________, we do hereby serve
warnings? upon you, the addressee with the following legal notice:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ 1. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
________________
b) Why is it important to have the legal notice reviewed by a legal professional?
2. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
c) How does a well-drafted notice strengthen a legal case if the matter proceeds to court? ________________
 4. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
________________
g) Why does it include details such as statements of facts, grievances, the relief sought, etc?
5. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________ h) Why do you think legal notice should use precise and concise language?
7. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
8. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________
1.3 Drafting a legal notice
9. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Given below are two situations: pick one of the scenarios and draft a legal notice.
________________
Situation 01
10. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Mr. Rajesh, a property owner, signed a contract with BuildWell Constructions in January
________________ 2022 for the construction of a commercial building, with an agreed completion deadline of
December 2022. The contract included a penalty clause for delays beyond the specified
timeline. By April 2023, only 60% of the work was completed, leading to financial losses for
An office copy of the present legal notice has been retained in this office for future reference. Mr. Rajesh as he had lined up tenants for early 2023. Despite several written and verbal
requests to expedite the work, BuildWell Constructions failed to make significant progress.
Mr. Rajesh now wishes to draft a legal notice seeking compensation for the breach of
Advocate contract and the associated financial losses.
___________________________________________________________________________ Situation 02
Mr. Ramesh, the landlord, rented his two-bedroom apartment to Mr. Ajay under a lease
agreement valid from March 2022 to March 2023. The agreement clearly stated that Mr.
Answer the following questions:
Ajay must vacate the property upon the lease's expiry unless an extension was mutually
e) Why while writing legal notice, we have to follow a certain format? agreed upon. Despite reminders sent in January 2023 and follow-up conversations in
February 2023, Mr. Ajay continued to occupy the property without consent past the lease's
___________________________________________________________________________
expiration. This has caused financial strain for Mr. Ramesh, who intended to move into the
___________________________________________________________________________
apartment with his family. Mr. Ramesh now seeks to draft a legal notice demanding that Mr.
___________________________________________________________________________
Ajay vacate the premises immediately.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
f) Why does it consist of the name of the sender and receiver?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Needs
___________________________________________________________________________ Improvement
___________________________________________________________________________ Criteria Excellent (4) Good (3) Fair (2) (1)
___________________________________________________________________________
thorough
___________________________________________________________________________
understanding and
___________________________________________________________________________
application of good basic poor
___________________________________________________________________________
relevant legal understanding understanding understanding
___________________________________________________________________________
principles and with minor with some and
___________________________________________________________________________
Principle precedents inaccuracies significant errors misapplication
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Feedback
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
1.4 Let’s Collaborate ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Exchange your completed drafts of the legal notice with your partner and use these rubrics ___________________________________________________________________________
to review their draft based on the given criteria, give them feedback on the improvements ___________________________________________________________________________
they can make in their draft. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Needs
___________________________________________________________________________
Improvement
Criteria Excellent (4) Good (3) Fair (2) (1) Rewrite the legal notice, incorporating your partner’s feedback.
Includes all Includes most Missing some ___________________________________________________________________________
components components components or Missing several ___________________________________________________________________________
correctly and in with minor improperly components and ___________________________________________________________________________
Structure proper order errors in order ordered poorly ordered ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Clear, concise, and Clear but
___________________________________________________________________________
detailed description somewhat Lacks clarity or
___________________________________________________________________________
of the issue and lacking in detail detail in some Vague and
___________________________________________________________________________
Content demands or conciseness parts unclear content
___________________________________________________________________________
Professional and Mostly Some Unprofessional ___________________________________________________________________________
Languag legally appropriate professional, inappropriate or inappropriate ___________________________________________________________________________
e language minor lapses language or tone language ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Proper use of
___________________________________________________________________________
format and Mostly proper
___________________________________________________________________________
Formatti alignment formatting with Some formatting
___________________________________________________________________________
ng throughout minor errors errors Poor formatting
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Legal Demonstrates a Demonstrates a Demonstrates a Demonstrates a
___________________________________________________________________________ notice and confirm the date of receipt to establish a clear timeline.
___________________________________________________________________________ Understand the Allegations: Carefully review the allegations or claims made in
the legal notice to ensure a thorough understanding of the issues raised.
Fact checking and Documentation: Verify the facts and gather all relevant
1.5 Replying to a Legal Notice documents, contracts, agreements, correspondence, and evidence related to
the matter before drafting your reply.
Exchange your legal notice with your partner (the student sitting next to you) and draft a Legal Analysis: Conduct a legal analysis of the situation to determine the
reply to the exchanged notice. validity of the claims made in the legal notice and assess your legal rights and
___________________________________________________________________________ obligations.
___________________________________________________________________________ Clear and Concise Response: Provide a clear and concise response to each
___________________________________________________________________________ allegation or claim raised in the legal notice, addressing them systematically
___________________________________________________________________________ and logically.
___________________________________________________________________________ Legal Basis and Authority: Support your response with references to applicable
___________________________________________________________________________ laws, statutes, regulations, contracts, or legal precedents that support your
___________________________________________________________________________ position.
___________________________________________________________________________ Counterclaims or Defences: Assert any counterclaims or defences you may
___________________________________________________________________________ have against the allegations raised in the legal notice, providing relevant
___________________________________________________________________________ arguments and evidence to support your position.
___________________________________________________________________________ Proposed Resolution: Offer a proposed resolution or course of action to
___________________________________________________________________________ address the concerns raised in the legal notice, demonstrating your willingness
to resolve the matter amicably.
___________________________________________________________________________
Politeness and Professionalism: Maintain a tone of politeness and
___________________________________________________________________________
professionalism throughout your reply, avoiding confrontational language or
___________________________________________________________________________
personal attacks.
___________________________________________________________________________
Accuracy and Completeness: Ensure the accuracy and completeness of your
___________________________________________________________________________
response, addressing all relevant issues raised in the legal notice and providing
___________________________________________________________________________
comprehensive explanations where necessary.
___________________________________________________________________________
Proofreading and Review: Proofread your reply carefully to eliminate any
___________________________________________________________________________
errors or inconsistencies, and consider having it reviewed by a colleague or
legal advisor before sending it out.

After writing the reply to your partners notice, read the following instructions carefully:
1.6 Curiouser and Curiouser
1. Go through the essentials of a ‘Reply to Legal Notice’ given below.
Movie
2. Cross check your prepared reply against the given checklist.
Kagaz (2021)
3. Place a tick next to the elements you have included in your reply and place a cross
against the elements you have missed. This movie highlights the critical role of legal notices and affidavits in seeking justice. Based
on the true story of Lal Bihari, who was falsely declared dead in government records, the
4. Tally your results with your partner.
film showcases his relentless 19-year legal fight to prove his existence. Through Bharat Lal’s
Essential Element Presen struggle, the movie emphasizes how legal tools like affidavits and notices are essential in
t challenging bureaucratic corruption, rectifying injustices, and reclaiming fundamental rights.
Prompt Response: Respond to the legal notice within the stipulated timeframe
Video
or as soon as possible after receiving it to avoid any negative implications.
Acknowledge Receipt: Begin your reply by acknowledging receipt of the legal How to draft effective Legal Notices by Lawctopus
https://youtu.be/WmD8pcsCsN0?si=JqiN-0BBOqouENxt a legal notice demanding an immediate apology, a public retraction of the false statements,
and compensation for the reputational damage caused. Write a legal notice on behalf of Mr.
This video has detailed explanation of the process of drafting a legal notice, whatall
Arvind.
considerations should be kept in mind while drafting a legal notice and how legal notices
play an important role in the process of legislation. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
1.7 Exercise and Activities ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
a) Ms. Anjali ordered a high-end smartphone from XYZ Electronics’ online store in June
___________________________________________________________________________
2023. Upon delivery, she discovered that the phone had significant hardware issues,
___________________________________________________________________________
including a malfunctioning camera and overheating. Ms. Anjali immediately contacted
___________________________________________________________________________
customer service, provided photographic and video evidence, and requested a replacement
___________________________________________________________________________
or refund. Despite promises from XYZ Electronics to address the issue, they have repeatedly
___________________________________________________________________________
delayed and, eventually, refused to replace or refund the item. Ms. Anjali now plans to send
___________________________________________________________________________
a legal notice demanding an immediate replacement or full refund of the purchase
___________________________________________________________________________
amount. Write a legal notice on behalf of Ms. Anjali.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ c) Below given is a legal notice sent by Mr. xyz for problem with his device that he
___________________________________________________________________________ purchased from ABC electronics. Read the notice carefully, identify the errors and rewrite
___________________________________________________________________________ the rectified notice in the space given below.
___________________________________________________________________________
xyz
___________________________________________________________________________
House11, Delhi-110000
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ To,
___________________________________________________________________________ ABC electronics
___________________________________________________________________________
Subject: About a Problem with My Product
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Dear Sir/Madam,
This is to inform you that I am very upset about the faulty mobile phone I purchased from
your store. The phone stopped working within just a few days. It’s totally unacceptable, and
b) Mr. Arvind, a well-known event planner, discovered that Mr. Sanjay, a former disgruntled
I want my money back immediately.
client, posted multiple false statements on social media in July 2023, alleging unethical
practices and fraud. These statements gained traction, leading to loss of clients and damage The phone I purchased cost me ₹20,000, which is a lot of money. I have contacted your
to Mr. Arvind’s professional reputation. Despite reaching out to Mr. Sanjay and requesting customer care many times, but nobody helped me. This behaviour is very unprofessional,
the posts be taken down, he refused to retract or apologize. Mr. Arvind now wishes to draft and I am warning you to take action immediately.
If you don’t refund my money within 3 days, I will have no choice but to take strong action. Summary:
Don’t make me go to court over this!
In this chapter, we have:
I hope you understand my frustration and fix this problem ASAP.
● Developed a holistic understanding of legal notices, encompassing their definition,
Sincerely, purpose, strategic timing for issuance, and effective response mechanisms
xyz ● Enhanced the proficiency in legal communication and dispute resolution
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ LESSON 20
___________________________________________________________________________ Title: What is an affidavit?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ What is this unit about:
___________________________________________________________________________ In this chapter, we will:
___________________________________________________________________________ - Develop an understanding of affidavits in the context of Indian law
___________________________________________________________________________ - Articulate their primary purpose
- Identify common situations in legal practices where affidavits are required
1.8 Self-reflection
Keywords: Affidavit, purpose of affidavit, components, legal requirements, primary use of
a) What I learned in this lesson:
affidavit.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Where are we in the unit

b) What I want to know more about:

___________________________________________________________________________ Lesson 20 Lesson 21 Lesson 22 Lesson 23
___________________________________________________________________________
c) What I need to do to know more about this topic:
In this lesson, we will develop an understanding of affidavits in the context of Indian law,
___________________________________________________________________________ articulate their primary purpose and identify common situations in legal practices where
___________________________________________________________________________ affidavits are required.

There are 9 sections in this lesson. There are:

1.1 What is an affidavit?

1.2 Components of affidavit
1.3 Sample Affidavit Signature of Affiant: _________________________
1.4 Blank affidavit template
1.5 Definitions, features and samples of other legal documents Name of Affiant (Printed): ________________________
1.6 Comparison chart template
1.7 Curiouser and curiouser Witness (if applicable): ___________________________
1.8 Activities and exercise
1.9 Self - reflection Notary Public (if applicable): ______________________

1.1 What is an affidavit?

● What do you understand by the term “Affidavit” based on the scenario described?
A written statement confirmed by oath or affirmation, used as Evidence in
court. Requires the affiant (person making the affidavit) to swear to the
truthfulness of the contents. Used in legal proceedings such as property _________________________________________________________________________
disputes, family law matters, etc. _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________
_________________________________________________________________________
Let's understand affidavit through a given scenario (add scenario in box) _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Imagine “You are a witness to a minor car accident that occurred on May 15, 2024, at the _________
intersection of MG Road and Brigade Road in Bangalore. Two vehicles, a red Maruti Suzuki Swift
and a blue Honda City, were involved. The Swift, driven by Mr. Rajiv Kumar, was heading north on
MG Road when it was hit by the Honda City, driven by Ms. Ananya Sharma, who failed to stop at a 1.2 Components of affidavits
red light. There were no injuries, but both vehicles were damaged. You are preparing an affidavit to
describe what you witnessed.” An affidavit is a sworn statement of facts made in writing, signed by the declarant, and
witnessed by an authorized person, such as a notary public or oath commissioner. The
AFFIDAVIT essential components of an affidavit include:
⮚ Title
Title: Affidavit of [Name of Affiant] in the matter of [Case Title/Number]
⮚ Declarant’s information
Introduction: I, [Name of Affiant], [occupation], residing at [Complete Address], do solemnly affirm
and state as follows: ⮚ Introduction

⮚ Statement of facts
Statement of Facts:
1. On [Date of Incident], at approximately [Time of Incident], I was present at the intersection of ⮚ Jurat
[Location].
2. I witnessed a red Maruti Suzuki Swift, driven by Mr. Rajiv Kumar, heading north on MG Road.
3. A blue Honda City, driven by Ms. Ananya Sharma, failed to stop at a red light and collided with the 1. Title: The document should have a clear title, such as "Affidavit," "Affidavit of [Name]," or
Swift. "Affidavit for [Purpose]."
4. The accident caused damage to both vehicles, but there were no injuries reported when I was
present at the scene of the accident. . 2. Declarant's Information: Name, age, gender, and address of the person making the
affidavit (the declarant).
Jurat: I solemnly declare and affirm under penalty of perjury that the foregoing statements are true
and correct to the best of my knowledge, information, and belief. 3. Introduction: A statement declaring that the person is swearing or affirming the truth of the
contents under oath (e.g., "I, [Name], do solemnly affirm/swear as follows...").
Date: [Date of Affidavit]
4. Statements of Facts: A numbered list of facts or declarations, written clearly and
concisely. Each fact should be specific, relevant, and truthful. It must not include opinions,
speculations, or assumptions.
● Choose any one scenario and prepare an affidavit accordingly.
5. Jurat: A concluding statement confirming that the contents of the affidavit are true to the
best of the declarant’s knowledge and belief (e.g., "I solemnly declare that the above
statements are true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief.") The affidavit must You are a neighbor who witnessed a property boundary dispute between Mr. Arjun Patel and
be signed by the declarant in the presence of an authorized officer and also mention the Mrs. Sunita Rao. On April 10, 2024, Mr. Patel was constructing a fence that Mrs. Rao
date and place where it was executed. claimed encroached on her property. The incident occurred in the early afternoon at their
adjacent properties on Lakshmi Road, Pune. Both parties argued about the boundary line,
and you were present during the heated exchange. You are preparing an affidavit to
describe what you witnessed.
Or
You are an employee at a local manufacturing company and witnessed an accident at the
workplace on March 5, 2024. Mr. Ramesh Singh, a fellow worker, slipped on a wet floor in
the production area and sustained a serious leg injury. The floor was wet due to a recent
cleaning, and there were no warning signs posted. You are preparing an affidavit to provide
a detailed account of the incident for the company's safety investigation.

1.3 Sample affidavit

1.4 Blank affidavit template

Title: Affidavit of __________________ in the matter of _____________________

Introduction: I, _____________________, _____________________, residing at
_____________________________________, do solemnly affirm and state as follows:
Statement of Facts:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________

Jurat: I solemnly declare and affirm under penalty of perjury that the foregoing statements
are true and correct to the best of my knowledge, information, and belief.
Date: _____________________
Signature of Affiant: _________________________
Name of Affiant (Printed): ________________________ Signature of Affiant: _________________________
Witness (if applicable): ___________________________ Name of Affiant (Printed): ________________________
Notary Public (if applicable): ______________________ Witness (if applicable): ___________________________
Notary Public (if applicable): ______________________

1.5 Definition, features and samples of other legal documents Declaration

Declaration: Title: Declaration of Employment Details

A formal statement, often without an oath, used to assert a fact or intention. Less formal than
an affidavit and may not be used in court as evidence. Commonly used in business and I, [Name of Declarant], [occupation], residing at [Complete Address], do hereby declare as
administrative contexts. follows:

Deposition: 1. I am employed at XYZ Technologies as a software engineer.

A sworn, out-of-court testimony given by a witness in the presence of legal counsel and 2. My annual salary is ₹10,00,000.
recorded for later use in court. Requires an oath and is part of the discovery process in 3. I have been employed with XYZ Technologies since January 5, 2020.
litigation. Used to gather information and testimonies before a trial.
I declare under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true and correct.
Statement:
A written account of facts or events, which may or may not be sworn. Less formal than Date: May 1, 2024
affidavits and depositions and often used in preliminary investigations. Used in police Signature of Declarant: _________________________
reports, insurance claims, and other non-judicial contexts. Name of Declarant (Printed): ________________________

Sample templates for Affidavit, Declaration, Deposition and Statement

Deposition
Affidavit
Title: Deposition of [Name of Deponent] in the Matter of [Case Title/Number]
Title: Affidavit of Witness in the Matter of [Case Title/Number] Introduction: The deposition of [Name of Deponent], taken at [Location], on [Date], beginning
Introduction: I, [Name of Affiant], [occupation], residing at [Complete Address], do solemnly at [Time].
affirm and state as follows:
Statement of Facts: Counsel Present:
1. On May 15, 2024, at approximately 2:00 PM, I was present at the intersection of MG Road - [Name], Attorney for Plaintiff
and Brigade Road in Bangalore. - [Name], Attorney for Defendant
2. I witnessed a red Maruti Suzuki Swift, driven by Mr. Rajiv Kumar, heading north on MG
Road. Sworn Testimony:
3. A blue Honda City, driven by Ms. Ananya Sharma, failed to stop at a red light and collided
with the Swift. Q: Please state your name for the record.
4. The accident caused damage to both vehicles, but there were no injuries reported at the A: My name is [Name of Deponent].
scene when I was present.
Q: Where were you on the afternoon of May 15, 2024?
Jurat: I solemnly declare and affirm under penalty of perjury that the foregoing statements A: I was at the intersection of MG Road and Brigade Road in Bangalore.
are true and correct to the best of my knowledge, information, and belief.
Date: May 16, 2024 Q: Did you witness the accident that occurred at that intersection?
A: Yes, I did.
Oath Required
Q: Can you describe what you saw?
A: I saw a red Maruti Suzuki Swift, driven by Mr. Rajiv Kumar, heading north on MG Road. A
Typical Usage
blue Honda City, driven by Ms. Ananya Sharma, failed to stop at a red light and collided with
the Swift. Both vehicles were damaged, but there were no injuries reported at the scene
when I was present.
(Continued Q&A)

Signature of Deponent: _________________________ 1.7 Curiouser and curiouser

Name of Deponent (Printed): ________________________ You can explore the topic further by going through these
Date: _________________________ additional resources
DID YOU
KNOW?
Affidavit term
comes from Latin
Statement Historical development of affidavit: If you want to
verb affidare
know more about the origin of the concept of an
which means “to
Title: Statement of Witness to Incident affidavit, you can explore the website provided pledge”
through QR code.
I, [Name of Witness], residing at [Complete Address], hereby state the following:

1. On March 5, 2024, at approximately 10:00 AM, I was in the production area at [Company As you read and explore independently, also think about how these readings help you
Name]. understand the objective of the unit and the lesson. If you have any doubt or interesting
2. I witnessed Mr. Ramesh Singh slip on a wet floor and fall. thoughts don't forget to share and discuss them in class with your teachers and peers.
3. The floor was wet due to a recent cleaning, and no warning signs were posted.
4. Mr. Singh sustained a serious leg injury and was taken to the hospital.

I affirm that the above statements are true to the best of my knowledge.
1.8 Activities and exercise
Date: March 6, 2024
Signature of Witness: _________________________
1. Imagine your school is organizing an international educational trip. The authorities
Name of Witness (Printed): ________________________
require an affidavit from your parents granting permission for you to travel. Why do you
think an affidavit is necessary in this situation?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
1.6 Comparison chart template ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Let’s compare all the legal terms on the basis of above understanding ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Feature Affidavit Declaration Deposition Statement
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Purpose ___________________________

Formality
2. If there is a mistake in your name on your school mark sheet and you need it corrected, ______________________________________________________________________
you might need to provide an affidavit. What purpose does the affidavit serve in this ______________________________________________________________________
scenario?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ 1.9 Self-reflection
______________________________________________________________________
__________________ ● What I learned in this lesson:
___________________________________________________________________________
3. A student who turned 18 wants to apply for a driving license but has no birth certificate.
___________________________________________________________________________
The transport authority asks for an affidavit to declare their age. Why is this affidavit
___________________________________________________________________________
legally significant?
______________________________________________________________________ _________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ ● What I want to know more about:
______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ ● What I need to do to know more about this topic:
______________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
______________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Why do you think an affidavit is considered a legally binding document, and what might _________
be the consequences if someone provides false information in an affidavit?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ Summary
In this chapter, we have:
______________________________________________________________________
- Developed understanding of affidavit and purpose
______________________________________________________________________
of affidavits
______________________________________________________________________ - Identified common situations and legal practice
______________________________________________________________________ where affidavits are required
______________________________________________________________________ - Done definitions, features and samples of other
legal documents.
 There are 5 sections in this lesson. There are:

1.1 Detailed steps for Drafting an Affidavit

1.2 Best practices for Drafting Affidavit
1.3 Curiouser and curiouser
1.4 Activities and exercise
1.5 Self-reflection

1.1 Detailed steps for drafting an Affidavit

Given Scenario:

“You lost your student ID and need to draft an affidavit to apply for a
replacement."

Title and Introduction:

Example Title: “Affidavit for Lost Student ID”

Introduction: “I, [Your Full Name], son/daughter of [Parent’s Name],

residing at [Your Address], do hereby solemnly affirm and declare as
follows:”

Personal Details of the Deponent:

LESSON 21 - Full Name: [Your Full Name]
Title: Drafting an Affidavit: Part 1 - Age: [Your Age]
- Address: [Your Address]
- Occupation: [Your Occupation/Student]
What is this lesson about:
In this lesson, we will: Statement of Facts:
- Develop ability to draft clear, concise and legally sound affidavits as required under the Example:
code of civil procedure, 1908 and the Supreme Court rules. 1. On [Date], I lost my student ID while traveling from [Location A] to [Location B].
- Develop ability to draft precise and relevant affidavits tailored to the specific needs of 2. I searched for the ID thoroughly in all possible locations but was unable to find it.
legal cases. 3. My student ID number is [ID Number].
4. I lodged an FIR/complaint with relevant authority for the loss of the ID on [date].
5. I need a replacement ID for [reason, e.g., access to school facilities].
Keywords: Affidavit, step of drafting Affidavit.
Signature and Attestation:
Where are we in this unit:
Example Closing Statement: “I affirm that the above statements are true to the best of my
knowledge and belief.”

Lesson 20 Lesson 21 Lesson 22 Lesson 23 - Signature: [Your Signature]

- Date: [Date]
- Notary/Authorized Person: [Space for notary’s signature and stamp]
1.2 Best Practices for Drafting Affidavits 10. Proper Attestation:
Best practices for drafting an affidavit are essential to ensure its legal - The affidavit must be signed by the deponent in the presence of a notary or other
validity, clarity and effectiveness. If best practices are not followed authorize person.
when drafting an affidavit, several negative consequences can arise - Ensure all signatures and stamps are correctly placed.
like rejection by the court, loss of credibility and misinterpretation etc.
Giving practices can help to decrease negative consequences. 11. Review and Proofreading:
- Thoroughly review and proofread the affidavit for any errors or omissions.
1. Clarity and Simplicity: - Consider having another person review it to catch mistakes you might have missed.
- Use clear and straightforward language.
- Avoid legal jargon or complex sentences that might confuse the reader. 12. Confidentiality and Privacy:
- Be mindful of any sensitive or confidential information.
2. Accuracy: - Ensure such information is handled appropriately according to legal and ethical
- Ensure all facts presented are accurate and verifiable. guidelines.
- Avoid conjecture or presenting your opinion as a fact.
- Double-check dates, names, addresses, and other specific details for correctness. By adhering to these best practices, we can draft affidavits that are clear, accurate, and
legally sound, enhancing their effectiveness in legal proceedings.
3. Chronological Order:
- Present facts in a logical, chronological sequence.
- This helps in maintaining a clear narrative and understanding of the events described.
1.3 Curiouser and curiouser
4. Relevance: You can explore the topic further by going through these additional
DID YOU
Relevant facts that directly support the purpose of the affidavit. Resources. KNOW?
- Avoid extraneous information that could distract or confuse the reader.
Three main type
of affidavit in
5. Personal Knowledge: You can better understand how to write an affidavit through a given India are Oral,
- The deponent should only state facts within their personal knowledge. YouTube video. Written and
- Avoid including hearsay or assumptions that the deponent cannot personally attest to. certified.
You can also explore how to make an affidavit online yourself. You
6. Format and Structure: can learn step by step from a given YouTube video.
- Follow a consistent and recognized structure:
Title
As you read and explore independently, also think about how these readings help you
Introduction (details of the deponent)
understand the objective of the unit and the lesson. If you have any doubt or interesting
Statement of facts
Signature and attestation thoughts don't forget to share and discuss them in class with your teachers and peers.
- Ensure the affidavit is neatly formatted and easy to read.

7. Legal Requirements:
- Comply with the legal requirements for affidavits as specified by the jurisdiction.
- This includes proper attestation by a notary or other authorized person. 1.4 Activities and exercise

8. Conciseness: ● Discuss the importance of precise language in drafting an affidavit. How might ambiguity
- Be concise and to the point.
affect its legal standing?
- Avoid unnecessary repetition or elaboration.
___________________________________________________________________________
9. Truthfulness: ___________________________________________________________________________
- Ensure the affidavit is truthful to the best of the deponent’s knowledge. ___________________________________________________________________________
- Emphasize the legal consequences of providing false information. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________
Summary
● Why is it necessary to tailor an affidavit to the specific requirements of the case or
jurisdiction? In this chapter, we have
___________________________________________________________________________ - Developed ability to draft clear, concise
and legally sound affidavits.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________

1.5 Self-reflection

● What I learned in this lesson:

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
LESSON 22
____________
Title: Drafting an Affidavit: part 2

● What I want to know more about:

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________ What is this unit about:
_____________________________________________________________________ In this chapter, we will:
_____________________________________________________________________ - Develop ability to draft clear, concise and legally sound affidavits as required under the
____________ code of civil procedure, 1908 and the Supreme Court rules.
- Develop ability to draft precise and relevant affidavits tailored to the specific needs of
legal cases.
● What I need to do to know more about this topic:
_____________________________________________________________________ Keywords: Affidavit, drafting, Peer review and Revision
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________ Where are we in this unit:
_____________________________________________________________________
____________
 ✔ All facts are relevant to the purpose of the affidavit.
✔ There is no extraneous or irrelevant information.
Lesson 20 Lesson 21 Lesson 22 Lesson 23
4. Signature and Attestation
The affidavit includes a proper closing statement affirming the truthfulness of the
statements.
There are 5 sections in this lesson. There are:
There is space for the deponent’s signature, date, and notary/authorized person’s
attestation.
1.1 Peer review checklist
1.2 Scenario for role play
1.3 Curiouser and curiouser Clarity and Language
1.4 Activities and exercise 5. Clarity
1.5 Self-reflection
The language used is clear and easy to understand.
There are no confusing or ambiguous statements.
1.1 Peer review checklist

6. Language and Grammar

Peer Review Checklist for Affidavits
Through a peer review checklist you will analyze and critique each other's drafts of affidavits. The affidavit is free of spelling and grammatical errors.
The goal is to improve your understanding of how to create precise, formal, and legally sound
documents, while also fostering teamwork and critical thinking skills.
Accuracy and Relevance

Name of student reviewing the affidavit: _________________________ 7. Accuracy

Name of student who drafted the affidavit: ___________________________ All personal details and facts are accurate and verifiable.
Dates, names, and addresses are correctly stated.
Instructions: Review your partner's affidavit carefully. Use this checklist to provide
constructive feedback on the clarity, completeness, and adherence to legal requirements.
Check each item that meets the criteria and provide specific comments where improvement is 8. Relevance
needed.
Only relevant information is included.

Structure and Organization Overall Impression

1. Title and Introduction
9. Completeness
The affidavit has a clear and appropriate title.
The introduction properly identifies the deponent (full name, parent’s name, address).
The affidavit is complete and covers all necessary components.
2. Personal Details of the Deponent No important information is missing.

The personal details section includes full name, age, address, and occupation/student 10. Legal Soundness
status. The information is accurate and complete.
The affidavit adheres to legal requirements.
3. Statement of Facts
The structure and format are appropriate for a legal document.
✔ The facts are presented in chronological order.
✔ Each fact is clear and concise.
Additional Comments: Provide specific feedback on strengths and areas for improvement
___________________________________________________________________________ Scenario 2: Legal Consultation for a Missed Exam
___________________________________________________________________________
Roles: Student (Deponent), Lawyer, Notary, School Administrator
___________________________________________________________________________ Situation: A student missed an important exam due to a medical emergency and needs to
_________ draft an affidavit to request a rescheduled exam date. The lawyer provides legal advice, the
notary attests the affidavit, and the school administrator reviews the request.
___________________________________________________________________________ Instructions:
___________________________________________________________________________ - The student explains the circumstances of the missed exam.
- The lawyer assists in drafting a clear and accurate affidavit.
______ - The notary attests the affidavit.
- The school administrator reviews the affidavit and decides on the rescheduling request.

Scenario 3: Affidavit for Lost Passport

Summary: Overall, how effective is the affidavit in achieving its purpose?
Roles: Traveler (Deponent), Lawyer, Notary, Passport Office Official
___________________________________________________________________________
Situation: A traveler lost their passport while abroad and needs to draft an affidavit to report
___________________________________________________________________________ the loss and request a replacement. The lawyer helps draft the affidavit, the notary attests it,
and the passport office official processes the request.
___________________________________________________________________________
Instructions:
_________ - The traveler describes the loss of the passport.
___________________________________________________________________________ - The lawyer ensures the affidavit is comprehensive and accurate.
- The notary attests the affidavit.
___________________________________________________________________________ - The passport office official reviews the affidavit and provides instructions for obtaining a
______ replacement passport.

Scenario 4: Witness Statement for Property Damage

Roles: Homeowner (Deponent), Lawyer, Notary, Insurance Agent

Situation: A homeowner needs to draft an affidavit describing property damage caused by a
recent storm to file an insurance claim. The lawyer assists with the affidavit, the notary
1.2 Role-Play Scenarios attests it, and the insurance agent reviews the claim.
Instructions:
In this activity you will make learning about affidavits both fun and practical through an - The homeowner describes the damage in detail.
interactive role-play. This activity is designed to help you understand not just the structure of - The lawyer helps draft a precise and accurate affidavit.
an affidavit but also its real-world application and importance in legal and official scenarios. - The notary attests the affidavit.
- The insurance agent reviews the affidavit and asks any necessary questions.
Scenario 1: Witness Statement for a Car Accident
Scenario 5: Parental Consent for School Trip
Roles: Witness (Deponent), Lawyer, Notary, Judge
Situation: A witness to a car accident is asked to provide an affidavit detailing what they saw Roles: Parent (Deponent), Teacher (Trip Organizer), Notary, School Principal
and heard. The lawyer helps the witness draft the affidavit, and the notary attests to the Situation: A parent needs to draft an affidavit giving consent for their child to participate in a
signature. The judge reviews the affidavit as part of a court case. school trip, including any medical information or instructions. The teacher helps provide
Instructions: relevant details, the notary attests it, and the principal reviews the consent.
- The witness describes the accident in detail. Instructions:
- The lawyer ensures the affidavit includes all relevant facts and is legally sound. - The parent provides consent and any necessary medical information.
- The notary attests the affidavit, ensuring the witness's signature is genuine. - The teacher helps ensure all relevant details are included.
- The judge reviews the affidavit and asks any clarifying questions. - The notary attests the affidavit.
- The principal reviews the affidavit and gives final approval for the trip.
 As you read and explore independently, also think about how these readings help you
Write your experience after role play understand the objective of the unit and the lesson. If you have any doubt or interesting
___________________________________________________________________________ thoughts don't forget to share and discuss them in class with your teachers and peers.
___________________________________________________________________________
______
1.4 Activities and exercise
___________________________________________________________________________
● What was the most common mistake or area for improvement observed during the peer
___________________________________________________________________________
review process?
______ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ______
______ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ______
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
____________ ______
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ● Did you find it easier to identify mistakes in others’ affidavits compared to your own?
______ Why do you think that is?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______
______
___________________________________________________________________________
1.3 Curiouser and curiouser ___________________________________________________________________________
______
You can explore the topic further by going through these additional Resources.
___________________________________________________________________________
DID YOU KNOW?
You can explore different types of affidavits which we use often in our Every candidate ___________________________________________________________________________
day to day life. You can check out a given website through QR Code participating in
for reference.
______
election in India is
required to submit an
affidavit along with
You can explore Order 19 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, their nomination ● Based on what you observed, what advice would you give to someone writing an
which outlines the use and admissibility of affidavits in civil cases. papers. This affidavit
Reflect on its purpose, how it simplifies court procedures, and the includes details such
affidavit for the first time?
situations in which affidavits are considered valid evidence. as criminal record, ❖ _____________________________________________________________________
assert, liabilities and _____________________________________________________________________
educational
______
 ❖ _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
____________
______
❖ _____________________________________________________________________ ● What I need to do to know more about this topic:
_____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
______ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
❖ _____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
____________
______

● What ethical considerations should be kept in mind when creating or verifying affidavits?

Summary
❖ _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________ In this chapter, we have

______ - Developed ability to draft clear, concise and

❖ _____________________________________________________________________ legally sound affidavits.
- Done peer review checklist for affidavit
_____________________________________________________________________
______
❖ _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
______ LESSON 23
Title: Drafting an Affidavit Part 3

1.5 Self-reflection

● What I learned in this lesson: What is this unit about:

___________________________________________________________________________ In this chapter, we will:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ - Develop ability to draft clear, concise and legally sound affidavits as required under the
code of civil procedure, 1908 and the Supreme Court rules.
___________________________________________________________________________ - Develop ability to draft precise and relevant affidavits tailored to the specific needs of
____________ legal cases.

● What I want to know more about:

___________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: Affidavit, Case Based Drafting, Final Review
___________________________________________________________________________
 ___________________________________________________________________________
Where are we in this unit: __________________

Lesson 20 Lesson 21 Lesson 22 Lesson 23 Scenario 2: Witness to a Burglary - A witness provides an affidavit describing the events
they observed during a burglary in their neighborhood.
___________________________________________________________________________
There are 5 Sections in this lesson. There are:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
1.1 Case scenario for drafting an affidavit ___________________________________________________________________________
1.2 Quiz on affidavit ___________________________________________________________________________
1.3 Curiouser and curiouser ___________________________________________________________________________
1.4 Activities and exercise
__________________
1.5 Self-reflection
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
1.1 Case Scenarios for Drafting Affidavits ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
In this activity, you will work with a given case scenario to draft an affidavit. Your task will ___________________________________________________________________________
involve analyzing the situation, identifying key facts, and structuring your affidavit in a clear, ___________________________________________________________________________
precise, and legally sound manner. This hands-on approach will help you understand the
__________________
importance of accuracy, formal language, and adherence to legal formats.
___________________________________________________________________________
Scenario 1: Tenant-Landlord Dispute - A tenant is filing an affidavit detailing the issues they ___________________________________________________________________________
have faced with their landlord regarding maintenance requests and unfulfilled promises. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ __________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Scenario 3: Medical Emergency During Travel - A traveler drafts an affidavit explaining a
__________________ medical emergency they experienced while on vacation, including the impact it had on their
plans and expenses.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________
__________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
__________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ __________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
__________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
__________________
Scenario 4: School Admission - A parent drafts an affidavit to support their application for ___________________________________________________________________________
their child's admission to a prestigious school, detailing their child's achievements and the
___________________________________________________________________________
family's circumstances.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Scenario 6: Car Accident Claim - A driver involved in a car accident drafts an affidavit
__________________ describing the accident, including the conditions, actions taken by each driver, and the
___________________________________________________________________________ resulting damage.
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
__________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ __________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
__________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
__________________
Scenario 5: Workplace Harassment - An employee provides an affidavit detailing instances ___________________________________________________________________________
of workplace harassment they have experienced, including dates, times, and descriptions of
___________________________________________________________________________
each incident.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
__________________ __________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Scenario 7: Proof of Residency - A person drafts an affidavit to provide proof of residency ___________________________________________________________________________
for a legal application, detailing their living situation and providing supporting information.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________ Scenario 9: Business Partnership Dispute - A business partner drafts an affidavit describing
___________________________________________________________________________ a dispute with their partner over financial mismanagement and unmet agreements.
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
__________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ __________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
__________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
__________________
Scenario 8: Lost Property at a Public Event - An attendee of a public event drafts an ___________________________________________________________________________
affidavit to report the loss of valuable property during the event, including details of the ___________________________________________________________________________
circumstances and description of the lost item.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ Scenario 10: Custody Agreement Violation - A parent drafts an affidavit describing violations
__________________ of a custody agreement by the other parent, including specific instances and the impact on
___________________________________________________________________________ the child.
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ 8. Affidavits should be written in a formal and professional tone, avoiding casual
___________________________________________________________________________ language. ( )
__________________
9. The statement of facts in an affidavit can be written in any order as long as all facts
___________________________________________________________________________
are included. ( )
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ 10. Revising an affidavit after receiving peer feedback is unnecessary if the original
___________________________________________________________________________ version is legally sound. ( )
___________________________________________________________________________
Answers:
__________________
___________________________________________________________________________ 1. True
___________________________________________________________________________ 2. False (The notary public verifies the identity of the person signing the affidavit, not the
___________________________________________________________________________ truthfulness of the statements.)
___________________________________________________________________________ 3. False (An affidavit should contain only facts that the deponent knows to be true.)
___________________________________________________________________________ 4. True
5. True
___________________________________________________________________________
6. False (All relevant facts must be included, even if they might not support the deponent’s
__________________ case.)
7. False (An affidavit generally needs to be signed in front of a notary public to be valid in a
legal proceeding.)
8. True
1.2 Quiz 9. False (The statement of facts should be presented in a clear, logical, and chronological
In this quiz, you'll test your understanding of affidavits by identifying whether the statements order.)
provided are true or false. Let’s see how much you know about this important legal 10. False (Revising an affidavit based on feedback can improve its clarity and effectiveness,
document. even if the original version is legally sound.)

1. An affidavit must always be written in the first person. ( )

2. The notary public is responsible for verifying the truthfulness of the statements in an
affidavit. ( )

3. An affidavit can contain opinions and personal beliefs. ( )

4. The introduction of an affidavit should include the deponent's full name, address, and
occupation. ( )

5. Affidavits can be used as evidence in court proceedings. ( ) 1.2 Curiouser and curiouser
You can explore the topic further by going through these additional Resources.
6. It is acceptable for an affidavit to omit relevant facts if they might negatively impact DID YOU
the deponent’s case. ( ) KNOW?
You can explore candidates’ affidavits available on the election In medieval
commission of India’s website. You will analyze important details England, affidavit
7. An affidavit does not need to be signed in front of a notary public if it is to be used in
like candidates’ educational qualifications assert liabilities and were often used
a legal proceeding. ( )
criminal records. This will help you understand the importance of in religious
transparency in election and how such information empowers voters to make context where
informed decisions. people swore
oaths on holy
text to affirm their
 7. What does the term "affiant" refer to?
As you read and explore independently, also think about how these readings help you a) The person who attests the affidavit
understand the objective of the unit and the lesson. If you have any doubt or interesting b) The court where the affidavit is submitted
c) The person who makes and signs the affidavit
thoughts don't forget to share and discuss them in class with your teachers and peers.
d) The lawyer representing the case

8. Which of these is a common use of an affidavit?

a) Filing an insurance claim
1.4 Activities and Exercise
b) Submitting a complaint in a police station
c) Declaring a change in name or marital status
Here is a quiz on understanding the affidavit that you can attempt for further practice!
d) Applying for a loan
1. What is an affidavit?
9. What is typically included in an affidavit?
a) A legal document used for financial transactions
a) Personal opinions of the affiant
b) A written statement confirmed by oath or affirmation, used as evidence in court
b) Verified and sworn statements of fact
c) A personal letter written to a friend
c) Hearsay evidence
d) A legal document for transferring property
d) Legal judgments
2. What is the primary function of an affidavit in legal proceedings?
10. Where must an affidavit be signed?
a) To establish the guilt of a person
a) In front of a notary public or an authorized official
b) To summarize evidence
b) At the affiant's home
c) To provide legal counsel
c) In a police station
d) To serve as a sworn statement of facts
d) In the presence of any friend or relative
3. Which of the following is required for an affidavit to be considered legally valid?
11. What is the primary purpose of an affidavit?
a) A notary's seal
a) To provide an informal declaration
b) A lawyer's signature
b) To make verbal agreements official
c) Witness testimony
c) To transfer property ownership
d) A digital signature
b) To record evidence for legal or official purposes
4. What happens if false information is provided in an affidavit?
12. Can an affidavit be amended after it has been signed and notarized?
a) The affidavit is disregarded
a) Yes, without any formal procedure
b) The person may be charged with perjury
b) No, it is final once signed
c) The case is dismissed
c) Yes, but only with a new affidavit stating the changes
d) There are no legal consequences
d) Yes, by erasing the incorrect statements
5. Who is authorized to attest an affidavit?
a) Any citizen
Answers:
b) A police officer
1- b) A written statement confirmed by oath or affirmation, used as evidence in court
c) A notary public, magistrate, or commissioner of oaths
2-d) To serve as a sworn statement of facts
d) A lawyer
3- a) A notary's seal
4-b) The person may be charged with perjury
6. Which of the following is NOT true about an affidavit?
5- c) A notary public, magistrate, or commissioner of oaths
a) It must be in writing
6- d) It can include false statements without legal consequences
b) It is signed voluntarily by the affiant
7- c) The person who makes and signs the affidavit
c) It is used as evidence in legal matters
8- c) Declaring a change in name or marital status
d) It can include false statements without legal consequences
9- b) Verified and sworn statements of fact
10- a) In front of a notary public or an authorized official
11- d) To record evidence for legal or official purposes
12- c) Yes, but only with a new affidavit stating the changes

1.5 Self-reflection

● What I learned in this lesson:

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________

● What I want to know more about:

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________

● What I need to do to know more about this topic:

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________

Summary
In this chapter, we have

- Developed ability to draft clear, concise and legally

sound affidavits as required under the code of civil
procedure, 1908 and the Supreme Court rules.
- Developed ability to draft precise and relevant
affidavits tailored to the specific needs of legal
cases.
- Done case based drafting