Orthonormal bases and Gram-Schmidt

ORTHONORMAL BASES

1. Verify that the vector set V = { v 1⃗ , v 2⃗ } is orthonormal if v 1⃗ = (1,0,0) and

v 2⃗ = (0,0, − 1).

Solution:

If the set is orthonormal, each vector has length 1.

| | v 1⃗ | |2 = v 1⃗ ⋅ v 1⃗ = 1(1) + 0(0) + 0(0) = 1 + 0 + 0 = 1

| | v 2⃗ | |2 = v 2⃗ ⋅ v 2⃗ = 0(0) + 0(0) − 1(−1) = 0 + 0 + 1 = 1

Both vectors have length 1, so now we’ll just confirm that the vectors are
orthogonal.

v 1⃗ ⋅ v 2⃗ = 1(0) + 0(0) + 0(−1) = 0

Because the vectors are orthogonal to one another, and because they
both have length 1, v 1⃗ and v 2⃗ form an orthonormal set, so V is
orthonormal.

2. Determine that the vector set V = { v 1⃗ , v 2⃗ } is orthonormal.

(3 3)
2 1 2
v 1⃗ = ,− ,−
3

1
 ( 2)
1 1
v 2⃗ = − ,0,
2

Solution:

If the set is orthonormal, each vector has length 1.

3 (3) 3 ( 3) 3 ( 3) 9 9 9
2 2 1 1 2 2 4 1 4
| | v 1⃗ | |2 = v 1⃗ ⋅ v 1⃗ = − − − − = + + =1

2( 2) 2( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
| | v 2⃗ | | = v 2⃗ ⋅ v 2⃗ = −
2
− + 0(0) + = +0+ =1
2 2 2

Both vectors have length 1, so now we’ll just confirm that the vectors are
orthogonal.

3( 2) 3 3 ( 2)
2 1 1 2 1 2 2 4
v 1⃗ ⋅ v 2⃗ = − − (0) − =− −0− =−
3 2 3 2 3 2

Because the dot product of the vectors is nonzero, V = { v 1⃗ , v 2⃗ } is not an

orthonormal set.

3. Convert x ⃗ = (−2,10) from the standard basis to the alternate basis

B = { v 1⃗ , v 2⃗ }.

2
 3 7

v 1⃗ = , v 2⃗ =
4
4
7 3
− 4 4

Solution:

Confirm that the set is orthonormal by first verifying that each vector has
length 1.
2

(4) ( 4 )
2
3 7 9 7 16
| | v 1⃗ | |2 = + − = + = =1
16 16 16

( )
2

( 4 )
3 7 7 9 16
| | v 2⃗ | | =
2
+ = + = =1
4 16 16 16

Confirm that the vectors are orthogonal.

4( 4 ) ( )
3 7 7 3 3 7 3 7
v 1⃗ ⋅ v 2⃗ = − = − =0
4 4 16 16

Because the vectors are orthogonal to one another, and because they
both have length 1, the set is orthonormal. And because the set is
orthonormal, the vector x ⃗ = (−2,10) can be converted to the alternate
basis B with dot products.

3 7
(−2) − (10)
[ x ⃗ ]B =
4 4
7
4
(−2) + 34 (10)

3
 5 7
− 32 −
[ x ⃗ ]B =
2
7 15
− 2
+ 2

3+5 7
−
[ x ⃗ ]B =
2
7 − 15
− 2

4. Convert x ⃗ = (−25,10) from the standard basis to the alternate basis

B = { v 1⃗ , v 2⃗ }.

3
− 45
v 1⃗ = , v 2⃗ =
5

− 45 − 35

Solution:

Confirm that the set is orthonormal by first verifying that each vector has
length 1.

(5) ( 5)
2 2
3 4 9 16 25
⃗
|| v 1|| = 2
+ − = + = =1
25 25 25

( 5) ( 5)
2 2
4 3 16 9 25
| | v 2⃗ | | = −
2
+ − = + = =1
25 25 25

Confirm that the vectors are orthogonal.

4
 5 ( 5) 5 ( 5)
3 4 4 3 12 12
v 1⃗ ⋅ v 2⃗ = − − − =− + =0
25 25

Because the vectors are orthogonal to one another, and because they
both have length 1, the set is orthonormal. And because the set is
orthonormal, the vector x ⃗ = (−25,10) can be converted to the alternate
basis B with dot products.

3 4
(−25) − (10)
[ x ⃗ ]B =
5 5

− 45 (−25) − 35 (10)

[ 20 − 6 ]
[ x ⃗ ]B =
−15 − 8

[ 14 ]
[ x ⃗ ]B =
−23

5. Convert x ⃗ = (−6,3,12) from the standard basis to the alternate basis

B = { v 1⃗ , v 2⃗ , v 3⃗ }.

2
− 13 2
3 3

v 1⃗ = − 13 , v 2⃗ = 2
3
, v 3⃗ = 2
3
2 2
3 3
− 13

Solution:

5
Confirm that the set is orthonormal by first verifying that each vector has
length 1.

(3) ( 3) (3)
2 2 2
2 1 2 4 1 4 9
| | v 1⃗ | |2 = + − + = + + = =1
9 9 9 9

( 3) (3) (3)
2 2 2
1 2 2 1 4 4 9
| | v 2⃗ | |2 = − + + = + + = =1
9 9 9 9

(3) (3) ( 3)
2 2 2
2 2 1 4 4 1 9
| | v 3⃗ | | =
2
+ + − = + + = =1
9 9 9 9

Confirm that the vectors are orthogonal.

3 ( 3) 3 (3) 3 (3)
2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 4
v 1⃗ ⋅ v 2⃗ = − − + =− − + =0
9 9 9

3 (3) 3 (3) 3 ( 3) 9 9 9
2 2 1 2 2 1 4 2 2
v 1⃗ ⋅ v 3⃗ = − + − = − − =0

3 (3) 3 (3) 3 ( 3)
1 2 2 2 2 1 2 4 2
v 2⃗ ⋅ v 3⃗ = − + + − =− + − =0
9 9 9

Because the vectors are orthogonal to one another, and because they
both have length 1, the set is orthonormal. And because the set is
orthonormal, the vector x ⃗ = (−6,3,12) can be converted to the alternate
basis B with dot products.

2 1 2
3
(−6) − 3
(3) + 3
(12)
[ x ⃗ ]B = − 13 (−6) + 23 (3) + 23 (12)
2 2 1
3
(−6) + 3
(3) − 3
(12)

6
 −4 − 1 + 8
[ x ⃗ ]B = 2 + 2 + 8
−4 + 2 − 4

3
[−6]
[ x ⃗ ]B = 12

6. Convert x ⃗ = (2,0, − 3) from the standard basis to the alternate basis

B = { v 1⃗ , v 2⃗ , v 3⃗ }.

1 2
0 −
3 6
1
v 1⃗ = , v 2⃗ = , v 3⃗ =
1 1
2
3 6
1
− 1 1
2
3 6

Solution:

Confirm that the set is orthonormal by first verifying that each vector has
length 1.
2 2

( 2) ( 2)
1 1 1 1 2
| | v 1⃗ | | = 0 +
2 2
+ − =0+ + = =1
2 2 2

2 2 2

( 3) ( 3) ( 3)
1 1 1 1 1 1 3
| | v 2⃗ | |2 = − + + = + + = =1
3 3 3 3

7
 2 2 2

( 6) ( 6) ( 6)
2 1 1 4 1 1 6
| | v 3⃗ | |2 = + + = + + = =1
6 6 6 6

Confirm that the vectors are orthogonal.

( 3) 2( 3) 2( 3)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
v 1⃗ ⋅ v 2⃗ = 0 − + − =0+ − =0
6 6

( 6) 2( 6) 2( 6)
2 1 1 1 1 1 1
v 1⃗ ⋅ v 3⃗ = 0 + − =0+ − =0
12 12

( 3)( 6) 3( 6) 3( 6)
1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
v 2⃗ ⋅ v 3⃗ = − + + =− + + =0
18 18 18

Because the vectors are orthogonal to one another, and because they
both have length 1, the set is orthonormal. And because the set is
orthonormal, the vector x ⃗ = (2,0, − 3) can be converted to the alternate
basis B with dot products.

1 1
0(2) + (0) − (−3)
2 2

[ x ⃗ ]B = −
1 1 1
(2) + (0) + (−3)
3 3 3
2 1 1
(2) + (0) + (−3)
6 6 6

8
 3
0+0+
2

[ x ⃗ ]B = −
2 3
+0−
3 3
4 3
+0−
6 6

3
2

[ x ⃗ ]B = −
5
3
1
6

9
PROJECTION ONTO AN ORTHONORMAL BASIS

1. Find the projection of x ⃗ = (−5,0, − 2) onto the subspace V.

2
5 0
[−1]
V = Span( 1 , 0 )
5
0

Solution:

Confirm that the set is orthonormal.

2 2

( 5) ( 5)
2 1 4 1 5
| | v 1⃗ | |2 = + + 02 = + +0= =1
5 5 5

| | v 2⃗ | |2 = 02 + 02 + (−1)2 = 0 + 0 + 1 = 1

2 1
v 1⃗ ⋅ v 2⃗ = (0) + (0) + 0(−1) = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0
5 5

Because the vectors are orthogonal to one another, and because they
both have a length of 1, the set is orthonormal.

So the projection of x ⃗ = (−5,0, − 2) onto V is

ProjV x ⃗ = A A T x ⃗

10
 2
0
5 2 1
0
[0 −1]
ProjV x ⃗ = 1
0 5 5 x⃗
5 0
0 −1

( 5) ( 5)
2 2 2 1 2
+ 0(0) + 0(0) (0) + 0(−1)
5 5 5

( 5) ( 5)
ProjV x ⃗ = x⃗
1 2 1 1 1
+ 0(0) + 0(0) (0) + 0(−1)
5 5 5

( 5) ( 5)
2 1
0 − 1(0) 0 − 1(0) 0(0) − 1(−1)

4 2
5
+0 5
+0 0+0
ProjV x ⃗ = 2
+0 1
+0 0+0 x⃗
5 5
0−0 0−0 0+1

4 2
5 5
0
ProjV x ⃗ = 2 1
0 x⃗
5 5
0 0 1

Applying the projection to x ⃗ = (−5,0, − 2) gives

4 2
5 −5
5
0
ProjV x ⃗ = 2
5
0 [0]
1
5
−2
0 0 1

11
 4 2
5
(−5) + 5 (0) + 0(−2)
ProjV x ⃗ = 2
(−5) + 15 (0) + 0(−2)
5
0(−5) + 0(0) + 1(−2)

−4 + 0 + 0
ProjV x ⃗ = −2 + 0 + 0
0+0−2

−4
[−2]
ProjV x ⃗ = −2

2. Find the projection of x ⃗ = (−66,33,11) onto the subspace V.

1 3
−
6 11

V = Span( )
1 1
6
, 11
2 1
− −
6 11

Solution:

Confirm that the set is orthonormal.

2 2 2

( 6) ( 6) ( )
1 1 2 1 1 4 6
| | v 1⃗ | |2 = + + − = + + = =1
6 6 6 6 6

12
 2 2 2

( 11 ) ( 11 ) ( 11 )
3 1 1 9 1 1 11
| | v 2⃗ | |2 = − + + − = + + = =1
11 11 11 11

6( 11 ) ( 6)( 11 ) 6( 11 )
1 3 1 1 2 1
v 1⃗ ⋅ v 2⃗ = − + − −

3 1 2
=− + + =0
66 66 66

Because the vectors are orthogonal to one another, and because they
both have a length of 1, the set is orthonormal.

So the projection of x ⃗ = (−66,33,11) onto V is

ProjV x ⃗ = A A T x ⃗

1 3
−
6 11 1 1 2
−
ProjV x ⃗ = x⃗
1 1 6 6 6
6 11 3 1 1
− −
2 1 11 11 11
− −
6 11

( 6) ( 11 ) ( 6) ( 11 ) ( 6) ( 11 )
1 1 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 2 3 1
− − − − − −
6 11 6 11 6 11

( 6) ( 11 ) ( 6) ( 11 ) ( 6) ( 11 )
ProjV x ⃗ = 1 1
+ 1
− 3 1 1
+ 1 1 1
− 2
+ 1
− 1
x⃗
6 11 6 11 6 11

( 6) ( 11 ) ( 6) ( 11 ) ( 6) ( 11 )
2 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1
− − − − − − − − −
6 11 6 11 6 11

13
 1 9 1 3 1 3
6
+ 11 6
− 11
−3 + 11

ProjV x ⃗ = 1
6
− 3
11
1
6
+ 1
11
− 13 − 11
1
x⃗
− 13 + 11
3
− 13 − 11
1 2 1
3
+ 11

65 7 2
66
− 66 − 33
ProjV x ⃗ = 7
− 66 17
66
− 14
33
x⃗
2
− 14 25
− 33 33 33

Applying the projection to x ⃗ = (−66,33,11) gives

65 7 2
66
− 66 − 33
−66
[ ]
ProjV x ⃗ = 7
− 66 17
66
− 14
33
33
2 11
− 14 25
− 33 33 33

65 7 2
66
(−66) − 66
(33) − 33
(11)
ProjV x ⃗ = 7
− 66 (−66) + 17
66
(33) − 14
33
(11)
2
(−66) − 14 25
− 33 33
(33) + 33
(11)

7 2
−65 − 2
− 3

ProjV x ⃗ =
17 14
7+ 2
− 3
25
4 − 14 + 3

14
 − 415
6

ProjV x ⃗ = 65
6

− 53

3. Find the projection of x ⃗ = (−6, − 3,6) onto the subspace V.

1
− 1
3 −
2
V = Span( )
1
3
, 0
1
1 −
2
3

Solution:

Confirm that the set is orthonormal.

2 2 2

( 3) ( 3) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 3
| | v 1⃗ | |2 = − + + = + + = =1
3 3 3 3 3

2 2

( 2) ( )
1 1 1 1 2
| | v 2⃗ | | =
2
− +0 + 2
− = +0+ = =1
2 2 2 2

3( 2) 3( 2)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
v 1⃗ ⋅ v 2⃗ = − − + (0) + − = +0− =0
3 6 6

15
Because the vectors are orthogonal to one another, and because they
both have a length of 1, the set is orthonormal.

So the projection of x ⃗ = (−6, − 3,6) onto V is

ProjV x ⃗ = A A T x ⃗

1 1
− −
3 2 1 1 1
−
ProjV x ⃗ = x⃗
1 3 3 3
0
3 1 1
− 0 −
1 1 2 2
−
3 2

( 3) ( 2) ( 3) ( 3) ( 2)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
− − − − − − (0) − − −
3 2 3 2 3 2

( 3) ( 2) ( 3) ( 3) ( 2)
ProjV x ⃗ = 1
− 1
+0 − 1 1 1
+ 0(0) 1 1
+0 − 1
x⃗
3 3 3

( 3) ( 2) ( 3) ( 3) ( 2)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
− − − − (0) − −
3 2 3 2 3 2

1 1
− 13 − 0 − 13 + 1
3
+ 2 2

ProjV x ⃗ = − 13 + 0 1
3
+0 1
3
+0 x⃗
− 13 + 1 1 1 1
2 3
−0 3
+ 2

5
− 13 1
6 6

ProjV x ⃗ = − 13 1
3
1
3
x⃗
1 1 5
6 3 6

16
Applying the projection to x ⃗ = (−6, − 3,6) gives

5
− 13 1
6 6
−6
ProjV x ⃗ = − 13 1
3
1
3
−3
1 1 5 6
6 3 6

5 1 1
6
(−6) − 3
(−3) + 6
(6)
ProjV x ⃗ = − 13 (−6) + 13 (−3) + 13 (6)
1 1 5
6
(−6) + 3
(−3) + 6
(6)

−5 + 1 + 1
ProjV x ⃗ = 2 − 1 + 2
−1 − 1 + 5

−3
[3]
ProjV x ⃗ = 3

4. Find the projection of x ⃗ = (−2,3,5) onto the subspace V.

3
0 10

[0]
V = Span( −1 , 0 )
1
10

17
Solution:

Confirm that the set is orthonormal.

| | v 1⃗ | |2 = 02 + (−1)2 + 02 = 0 + 1 + 0 = 1

2 2

( 10 ) ( 10 )
3 1 9 1 10
| | v 2⃗ | |2 = + 02 + = +0+ = =1
10 10 10

( 10 ) ( 10 )
3 1
v 1⃗ ⋅ v 2⃗ = 0 − 1(0) + 0 =0

Because the vectors are orthogonal to one another, and because they
both have a length of 1, the set is orthonormal.

So the projection of x ⃗ = (−2,3,5) onto V is

ProjV x ⃗ = A A T x ⃗

3
0
10 0 −1 0
[ 10 ]
ProjV x ⃗ = −1 0 3
0 1 x⃗
1 10
0
10

( 10 ) ( 10 )
3 3 3 3 1
0(0) + 0(−1) + (0) 0(0) +
10 10 10

( 10 ) ( 10 )
ProjV x ⃗ = −1(0) + 0 3
−1(−1) + 0(0) −1(0) + 0 1
x⃗

( 10 ) ( 10 )
1 3 1 1 1
0(0) + 0(−1) + (0) 0(0) +
10 10 10

18
 9 3
0+ 10
0+0 0+ 10
ProjV x ⃗ = 0+0 1+0 0+0 x⃗
3 1
0+ 10
0+0 0+ 10

9 3
10
0 10
ProjV x ⃗ = 0 1 0 x⃗
3 1
10
0 10

Applying the projection to x ⃗ = (−2,3,5) gives

9 3
10
0 10 −2
[5]
ProjV x ⃗ = 0 1 0 3
3 1
10
0 10

9 3
10
(−2) + 0(3) + 10
(5)
ProjV x ⃗ = 0(−2) + 1(3) + 0(5)
3 1
10
(−2) + 0(3) + 10
(5)

− 18 15
10
+0+ 10
ProjV x ⃗ = 0+3+0
6 5
− 10 +0+ 10

3
− 10
ProjV x ⃗ = 3
1
− 10

19
 5. Find the projection of x ⃗ = (0, − 13,4) onto the subspace V.

2
3
17
13
V = Span( )
3
2 , − 17
13
2
0 17

Solution:

Confirm that the set is orthonormal.

2 2

( 13 ) ( 13 )
3 2 9 4 13
| | v 1⃗ | |2 = + + 02 = + +0= =1
13 13 13

2 2 2

( 17 ) ( 17 ) ( 17 )
2 3 2 4 9 4 17
| | v 2⃗ | |2 = + − + = + + = =1
17 17 17 17

13 ( 17 ) 13 ( 17 ) ( 17 )
3 2 2 3 2
v 1⃗ ⋅ v 2⃗ = + − +0

6 6
= − +0=0
221 221

Because the vectors are orthogonal to one another, and because they
both have a length of 1, the set is orthonormal.

20
So the projection of x ⃗ = (0, − 13,4) onto V is

ProjV x ⃗ = A A T x ⃗

3 2
13 17 3 2
0
ProjV x ⃗ = x⃗
2 3 13 13
−
13 17 2 3 2
−
2 17 17 17
0
17

( 13 ) ( 17 ) ( 13 ) ( 17 ) ( 17 )
3 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2
+ + − (0) +
13 17 13 17 13 17

( 13 ) ( 17 ) ( 13 ) ( 17 ) ( 17 )
ProjV x ⃗ = 2 3
− 3 2 2 2
− 3
− 3 2
(0) − 3 2
x⃗
13 17 13 17 13 17

( 13 ) ( 17 ) ( 13 ) ( 17 ) ( 17 )
3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2
0 + 0 + − 0(0) +
17 17 17

9 4 6 6 4
13
+ 17 13
− 17
0+ 17

ProjV x ⃗ = 6
13
6
− 17 4
13
+ 179
0− 6
17
x⃗
4 6 4
0 + 17 0 − 17 0+ 17

205 24 4
221 221 17

ProjV x ⃗ = 24
221
185
221
6
− 17 x⃗
4 6 4
17
− 17 17

Applying the projection to x ⃗ = (0, − 13,4) gives

21
 205 24 4
221 221 17
0
[ 4 ]
ProjV x ⃗ = 24
221
185
221
6
− 17 −13
4 6 4
17
− 17 17

205 24 4
221
(0) + 221
(−13) + 17
(4)
ProjV x ⃗ = 24
221
(0) + 185
221
(−13) − 6
17
(4)
4 6 4
17
(0) − 17
(−13) + 17
(4)

24 16
0− 17
+ 17

ProjV x ⃗ = 0 − 185
17
− 24
17

0 + 78 16
17
+ 17

8
− 17
ProjV x ⃗ = − 209
17
94
17

6. Find the projection of x ⃗ = (−3,10, − 10) onto the subspace V.

3
19
0
1
V = Span( − )
3
19
, 10
3
1
10
19

22
Solution:

Confirm that the set is orthonormal.

2 2 2

( 19 ) ( 19 ) ( 19 )
3 3 1 9 9 1 19
| | v 1⃗ | |2 = + − + = + + = =1
19 19 19 19

2 2

( 10 ) ( 10 )
1 3 1 9 10
| | v 2⃗ | |2 = 02 + + =0+ + = =1
10 10 10

19 ( 10 ) 19 ( 10 )
3 3 1 1 3 3 3
v 1⃗ ⋅ v 2⃗ = (0) − + =0− + =0
19 190 190

Because the vectors are orthogonal to one another, and because they
both have a length of 1, the set is orthonormal.

So the projection of x ⃗ = (−3,10, − 10) onto V is

ProjV x ⃗ = A A T x ⃗

3
0
19 3 3 1
−
ProjV x ⃗ = − x⃗
3 1 19 19 19
19 10 1 3
0
1 3 10 10
19 10

23
 ( 19 ) ( 19 ) ( 10 ) ( 19 ) ( 10 )
3 3 3 3 1 3 1 3
+ 0(0) − +0 +0
19 19 19

( 19 ) ( 19 ) ( 10 ) ( 19 ) ( 10 )
ProjV x ⃗ = − 3 3
+ 1
(0) − 3
− 3
+ 1 1
− 3 1
+ 1 3
x⃗
19 10 19 10 19 10

( 19 ) ( 19 ) ( 10 ) ( 19 ) ( 10 )
1 3 3 1 3 3 1 1 1 3 3
+ (0) − + +
19 10 19 10 19 10

9 9 3
19
+0 − 19 +0 19
+0
ProjV x ⃗ = 9
− 19 +0 9
19
+ 1
10
3
− 19 3
+ 10 x⃗
3 3 3 1 9
19
+0 − 19 + 10 19
+ 10

9 9 3
19
− 19 19

ProjV x ⃗ = 9
− 19
109
190
27
190
x⃗
3 27 181
19 190 190

Applying the projection to x ⃗ = (−3,10, − 10) gives

9 9 3
19
− 19 19
−3
[−10]
ProjV x ⃗ = 9
− 19 109
190
27
190
10
3 27 181
19 190 190

9 9 3
19
(−3) − 19
(10) + 19
(−10)
ProjV x ⃗ = 9
− 19 (−3) + 109
190
(10) + 27
190
(−10)
3 27 181
19
(−3) + 190
(10) + 190
(−10)

24
 27 90 30
− 19 − 19
− 19

ProjV x ⃗ = 27
19
+ 109
19
− 27
19
9
+ 27 181
− 19 19
− 19

− 147
19

ProjV x ⃗ =
109
19

− 163
19

25
GRAM-SCHMIDT PROCESS FOR CHANGE OF BASIS

1. Use a Gram-Schmidt process to change the basis of V into an

orthonormal basis.

0 −2
[ 3 ] [−1]
V = Span( −4 , 3 )

Solution:

Define v 1⃗ = (0, − 4,3) and v 2⃗ = (−2,3, − 1).

V = Span( v 1⃗ , v 2⃗ )

The length of v 1⃗ is

| | v 1⃗ | | = 02 + (−4)2 + 32 = 0 + 16 + 9 = 25 = 5

Then if u 1⃗ is the normalized version of v 1⃗ , we can say

1 0
5[ ]
u 1⃗ = −4
3

So we can say that V is spanned by u 1⃗ and v 2⃗ .

V1 = Span( u 1⃗ , v 2⃗ )

26
Now all we need to do is replace v 2⃗ with a vector that’s both orthogonal
to u 1⃗ , and normal. If we can do that, then the vector set that spans V will
be orthonormal. We’ll name w 2⃗ as the vector that connects ProjV1 v 2⃗ to v 2⃗ .

w 2⃗ = v 2⃗ − ProjV1 v 2⃗

w 2⃗ = v 2⃗ − ( v 2⃗ ⋅ u 1⃗ ) u1 ⃗

Plug in the values we already have.

−2 −2 1 0 1 0
[−1] [−1] 5 [ 3 ]) 5 [ 3 ]
w 2⃗ = 3 − ( 3 ⋅ −4 −4

−2 −2 0 0
[−1] 25 [−1] [ 3 ] [ 3 ]
1
w 2⃗ = 3 − ( 3 ⋅ −4 ) −4

−2 0
[−1] 25 [3]
1
w 2⃗ = 3 − ((−2)(0) + (3)(−4) + (−1)(3)) −4

−2 0
[−1] 25 [3]
1
w 2⃗ = 3 − (−15) −4

−2 3 0
[−1] 5 [ 3 ]
w 2⃗ = 3 + −4

−2 + 0
w 2⃗ =
12
3− 5

−1 + 95

27
 −2
3
w 2⃗ = 5
4
5

So w 2⃗ is orthogonal to u 1⃗ , but it hasn’t been normalized, so let’s normalize

it.

(5) (5)
2 2
3 4
| | w 2⃗ | | = 2
(−2) + +

9 16
| | w 2⃗ | | = 4+ +
25 25

| | w 2⃗ | | = 5

Then the normalized version of w 2⃗ is u 2⃗ :

−2
1 3
u 2⃗ = 5
5 4
5

Therefore, we can say that u 1⃗ and u 2⃗ form an orthonormal basis for V.

−2
1 0
5[ ] 5
1
V2 = Span( )
3
−4 , 5
3 4
5

28
 2
−
0 5

V2 = Span( )
4 3
− 5 ,
5 5
3
4
5
5 5

2. Use a Gram-Schmidt process to change the basis of V into an

orthonormal basis.

1 −3
[1] [ ]
V = Span( −1 , 5 )
2

Solution:

Define v 1⃗ = (1, − 1,1) and v 2⃗ = (−3,5,2).

V = Span( v 1⃗ , v 2⃗ )

The length of v 1⃗ is

| | v 1⃗ | | = 12 + (−1)2 + 12 = 1+1+1 = 3

Then if u 1⃗ is the normalized version of v 1⃗ , we can say

3 1]
[
1
u 1⃗ = −1

29
So we can say that V is spanned by u 1⃗ and v 2⃗ .

V1 = Span( u 1⃗ , v 2⃗ )

Now all we need to do is replace v 2⃗ with a vector that’s both orthogonal

to u 1⃗ , and normal. If we can do that, then the vector set that spans V will
be orthonormal. We’ll name w 2⃗ as the vector that connects ProjV1 v 2⃗ to v 2⃗ .

w 2⃗ = v 2⃗ − ProjV1 v 2⃗

w 2⃗ = v 2⃗ − ( v 2⃗ ⋅ u 1⃗ ) u1 ⃗

Plug in the values we already have.

−3 −3 1 1
[ ] [ ] [ ] 3 1]
[
1 1
w 2⃗ = 5 − ( 5 ⋅ −1 ) −1
2 2 3 1

−3 1 −3 1 1
[ ] 3 [ ] [1] [1]
w 2⃗ = 5 − ( 5 ⋅ −1 ) −1
2 2

−3 1
[ ] 3 [1]
1
w 2⃗ = 5 − ((−3)(1) + (5)(−1) + (2)(1)) −1
2

−3 1
[ ] 3 [1]
1
w 2⃗ = 5 − (−6) −1
2

−3 1
[ ] [1]
w 2⃗ = 5 + 2 −1
2

30
 −3 + 2
w 2⃗ = 5 − 2
2+2

−1
[4]
w 2⃗ = 3

So w 2⃗ is orthogonal to u 1⃗ , but it hasn’t been normalized, so let’s normalize

it.

| | w 2⃗ | | = (−1)2 + 32 + 42

| | w 2⃗ | | = 1 + 9 + 16

| | w 2⃗ | | = 26

Then the normalized version of w 2⃗ is u 2⃗ :

−1

26 [ 4 ]
1
u 2⃗ = 3

Therefore, we can say that u 1⃗ and u 2⃗ form an orthonormal basis for V.

1 −1
[ ] 26 4 ]
[
1 1
V2 = Span( −1 , 3 )
3 1

1 1
−
3 26

V2 = Span( − )
1 3
3
, 26
1 4
3 26

31
 3. Use a Gram-Schmidt process to change the basis of V into an
orthonormal basis.

−2 −3 2
[−2] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]
V = Span( 1 , −1 , −1 )

Solution:

Define v 1⃗ = (−2,1, − 2), v 2⃗ = (−3, − 1,4), and v 3⃗ = (2, − 1,5).

V = Span( v 1⃗ , v 2⃗ , v 3⃗ )

The length of v 1⃗ is

| | v 1⃗ | | = (−2)2 + 12 + (−2)2 = 4+1+4 = 9=3

Then if u 1⃗ is the normalized version of v 1⃗ , we can say

1 −2
3[ ]
u 1⃗ = 1
−2

So we can say that V is spanned by u 1⃗ , v 2⃗ , and v 3⃗ .

V1 = Span( u 1⃗ , v 2⃗ , v 3⃗ )

We’ll name w 2⃗ as the vector that connects ProjV1 v 2⃗ to v 2⃗ .

w 2⃗ = v 2⃗ − ProjV1 v 2⃗

32
 w 2⃗ = v 2⃗ − ( v 2⃗ ⋅ u 1⃗ ) u1 ⃗

Plug in the values we already have.

−3 −3 1 −2 1 −2
[4] [ 4 ] 3 [−2]) 3 [−2]
w 2⃗ = −1 − ( −1 ⋅ 1 1

−3 1 −3 −2 −2
[ 4 ] 9 [ 4 ] [−2] [−2]
w 2⃗ = −1 − ( −1 ⋅ 1 ) 1

−3 −2
[4] 9 [−2]
1
w 2⃗ = −1 − ((−3)(−2) + (−1)(1) + (4)(−2)) 1

−3 −2
[4] 9 [−2]
1
w 2⃗ = −1 − (−3) 1

−3 1 −2
[ 4 ] 3 [−2]
w 2⃗ = −1 + 1

− 11
3

w 2⃗ = − 23
10
3

So w 2⃗ is orthogonal to u 1⃗ , but it hasn’t been normalized, so let’s normalize

it. The length of w 2⃗ is

( 3 ) ( 3) ( 3 )
2 2 2
11 2 10
| | w 2⃗ | | = − + − +

33
 121 4 100
| | w 2⃗ | | = + +
9 9 9

225
| | w 2⃗ | | =
9

| | w 2⃗ | | = 25

| | w 2⃗ | | = 5

Then the normalized version of w 2⃗ is u 2⃗ :

− 11
3
1
u 2⃗ = − 23
5
10
3

So we can say that V is spanned by u 1⃗ , u 2⃗ , and v 3⃗ . Then the vector w 3⃗ is

given by

w 3⃗ = v 3⃗ − ProjV1 v 3⃗ − ProjV2 v 3⃗

w 3⃗ = v 3⃗ − ( v 3⃗ ⋅ u 1⃗ ) u1 ⃗ − ( v 3⃗ ⋅ u 2⃗ )u2⃗

Plug in the values we already have.

− 11
3
− 11
3
2 2 1 −2 1 −2 2
[5] [ 5 ] 3 [−2]) 3 [−2] ([ 5 ] 5
1 1
w 3⃗ = −1 − ( −1 ⋅ 1 1 − −1 ⋅ − 23 )5 − 23
10 10
3 3

34
 11 11
− 3
− 3
2 2 −2 −2 2
[ 5 ] 9 [ 5 ] [−2] [−2] 25 [ 5 ]
1 1
w 3⃗ = −1 − ( −1 ⋅ 1 ) 1 − ( −1 ⋅ − 23 ) − 23
10 10
3 3

2 −2
[5] 9 [−2]
1
w 3⃗ = −1 − (2(−2) − 1(1) + 5(−2)) 1

− 11
3

25 ( 3 ) ( 3) ( 3 ))
1 11 2 10
− (2 − −1 − +5 − 2
3
10
3

− 11
3
2 5 −2
[ 5 ] 3 [−2] 5
2
w 3⃗ = −1 + 1 − − 23
10
3

10 22
2− 3
+ 15

w 3⃗ = −1 + 53 + 15
4

5 − 10 20
3
− 15

2
15

w 3⃗ = 14
15
1
3

35
So w 3⃗ is orthogonal to u 2⃗ , but it hasn’t been normalized, so let’s normalize
it. The length of w 3⃗ is

( 15 ) ( 15 ) ( 3 )
2 2 2
2 14 1
| | w 3⃗ | | = + +

4 196 1
| | w 3⃗ | | = + +
225 225 9

225
| | w 3⃗ | | =
225

| | w 3⃗ | | = 1

Then the normalized version of w 3⃗ is u 3⃗ :

2
15
1
u 3⃗ = 14
1 15
1
3

2
15

u 3⃗ = 14
15
1
3

Therefore, we can say that u 1⃗ , u 2⃗ , and u 3⃗ form an orthonormal basis for V.

36
 2
− 11
3 15
1 −2 1
3[ ] 5
V3 = Span( 1 , − 23 , 14
15 )
−2 10 1
3 3

− 11 2
− 23 15 15

V3 = Span( 1
3
2
, − 15 , 14
15 )
− 23 2
3
1
3

4. Use a Gram-Schmidt process to change the basis of V into an

orthonormal basis.

−3 −2 −5
[0] [2]
V = Span( 0 , 1 , 5 )
0

Solution:

Define v 1⃗ = (−3,0,0), v 2⃗ = (−2,1,2), and v 3⃗ = (−5,5,0).

V = Span( v 1⃗ , v 2⃗ , v 3⃗ )

The length of v 1⃗ is

| | v 1⃗ | | = (−3)2 + 02 + 02 = 9=3

37
Then if u 1⃗ is the normalized version of v 1⃗ , we can say

1 −3
3[ ]
u 1⃗ = 0
0

−1
[0]
u 1⃗ = 0

So we can say that V is spanned by u 1⃗ , v 2⃗ , and v 3⃗ .

V1 = Span( u 1⃗ , v 2⃗ , v 3⃗ )

We’ll name w 2⃗ as the vector that connects ProjV1 v 2⃗ to v 2⃗ .

w 2⃗ = v 2⃗ − ProjV1 v 2⃗

w 2⃗ = v 2⃗ − ( v 2⃗ ⋅ u 1⃗ ) u1 ⃗

Plug in the values we already have.

−2 −2 −1 −1
[2] [2] [0] [0]
w 2⃗ = 1 − ( 1 ⋅ 0 ) 0

−2 −1
[2] [0]
w 2⃗ = 1 − ((−2)(−1) + (1)(0) + (2)(0)) 0

−2 −1
[2] [0]
w 2⃗ = 1 − 2 0

38
 −2 −2
[2] [0]
w 2⃗ = 1 − 0

0
[2]
w 2⃗ = 1

So w 2⃗ is orthogonal to u 1⃗ , but it hasn’t been normalized, so let’s normalize

it. The length of w 2⃗ is

| | w 2⃗ | | = 02 + 12 + 22

| | w 2⃗ | | = 0+1+4

| | w 2⃗ | | = 5

Then the normalized version of w 2⃗ is u 2⃗ :

5 2]
[
1
u 2⃗ = 1

So we can say that V is spanned by u 1⃗ , u 2⃗ , and v 3⃗ . Then the vector w 3⃗ is

given by

w 3⃗ = v 3⃗ − ProjV1 v 3⃗ − ProjV2 v 3⃗

w 3⃗ = v 3⃗ − ( v 3⃗ ⋅ u 1⃗ ) u1 ⃗ − ( v 3⃗ ⋅ u 2⃗ )u2⃗

Plug in the values we already have

39
 −5 −5 −1 −1 −5 1 0 1 0
[0] [0] [ ] 5 2]
[
w 3⃗ = 5 − ( 5 ⋅ 0 ) 0 − ( 5 ⋅ 1 ) 1
0 0 0 5 2

−5 −5 −1 −1 1 −5 0 0
[0] [0] 5 [2] [2]
w 3⃗ = 5 − ( 5 ⋅ 0 ) 0 − ( 5 ⋅ 1 ) 1
0 0 0

−5 −1 0
[0] 5 [2]
1
w 3⃗ = 5 − (−5(−1) + 5(0) + 0(0)) 0 − (−5(0) + 5(1) + 0(2)) 1
0

−5 −1 0
[ 0 ] [2]
w 3⃗ = 5 − 5 0 − 1
0

−5 + 5 − 0
w 3⃗ = 5 − 0 − 1
0−0−2

0
[−2]
w 3⃗ = 4

So w 3⃗ is orthogonal to u 2⃗ , but it hasn’t been normalized, so let’s normalize

it. The length of w 3⃗ is

| | w 3⃗ | | = 02 + 42 + (−2)2

| | w 3⃗ | | = 0 + 16 + 4

| | w 3⃗ | | = 20

40
 | | w 3⃗ | | = 2 5

Then the normalized version of w 3⃗ is u 3⃗ :

2 5 −2]
[
1
u 3⃗ = 4

Therefore, we can say that u 1⃗ , u 2⃗ , and u 3⃗ form an orthonormal basis for V.

−1 1 0 0
[ 0 ] 5 [2] 2 5 [−2]
1
V3 = Span( 0 , 1 , 4 )

0 0
−1 1 2

[0]
V3 = Span( 0 , 5 , 5
)
2 1
−
5 5

5. Use a Gram-Schmidt process to change the basis of V into an

orthonormal basis.

−3 −1 5
V = Span( , −1 )
0 2
,
4 −2 0
0 0 2

Solution:

41
Define v 1⃗ = (−3,0,4,0), v 2⃗ = (−1,2, − 2,0), and v 3⃗ = (5, − 1,0,2).

V = Span( v 1⃗ , v 2⃗ , v 3⃗ )

The length of v 1⃗ is

| | v 1⃗ | | = (−3)2 + 02 + (−4)2 + 02 = 9 + 0 + 16 + 0 = 25 = 5

Then if u 1⃗ is the normalized version of v 1⃗ , we can say

−3
1
u 1⃗ =
0
5 4
0

So we can say that V is spanned by u 1⃗ , v 2⃗ , and v 3⃗ .

V1 = Span( u 1⃗ , v 2⃗ , v 3⃗ )

We’ll name w 2⃗ as the vector that connects ProjV1 v 2⃗ to v 2⃗ .

w 2⃗ = v 2⃗ − ProjV1 v 2⃗

w 2⃗ = v 2⃗ − ( v 2⃗ ⋅ u 1⃗ ) u1 ⃗

Plug in the values we already have

−1 −1 −3 −3
1 1
−(
4 )5
w 2⃗ =
2 2 0 0
⋅
−2 −2 5 4
0 0 0 0

42
 −1 −1 −3 −3
1
− (
4 ) 4
w 2⃗ =
2 2 0 0
⋅
−2 25 −2
0 0 0 0

−1 −3
1
w 2⃗ =
2 0
− (−1(−3) + 2(0) − 2(4) + 0(0))
−2 25 4
0 0

−1 −3
1
w 2⃗ =
2 0
− (−5)
−2 25 4
0 0

−1 −3
1
⃗
w2 =
2
+
0
−2 5 4
0 0

3
−1 − 5

w 2⃗ =
2+0
4
−2 + 5
0+0

− 85

w 2⃗ =
2
− 65
0

43
So w 2⃗ is orthogonal to u 1⃗ , but it hasn’t been normalized, so let’s normalize
it. The length of w 2⃗ is

( 5) ( 5)
2 2
8 6
| | w 2⃗ | | = − + 22 + − + 02

64 36
| | w 2⃗ | | = +4+ +0
25 25

| | w 2⃗ | | = 8

| | w 2⃗ | | = 2 2

Then the normalized version of w 2⃗ is u 2⃗ :

− 85
1
u 2⃗ =
2
2 2 − 65
0

So we can say that V is spanned by u 1⃗ , u 2⃗ , and v 3⃗ . Then the vector w 3⃗ is

given by

w 3⃗ = v 3⃗ − ProjV1 v 3⃗ − ProjV2 v 3⃗

w 3⃗ = v 3⃗ − ( v 3⃗ ⋅ u 1⃗ ) u1 ⃗ − ( v 3⃗ ⋅ u 2⃗ )u2⃗

Plug in the values we already have.

44
 8 8
5 5 −3 −3 5 −5 −5
1 1 1 1
w 3⃗ = −1 − ( −1 ⋅
4 )5
− ( −1 ⋅ 6 )
0 0 2 2
0 0 5 4 0 2 2 −5 2 2 −5
6
2 2 0 0 2
0 0

5 5 −3 −3 5 − 85 − 85
1 1 −1
− (
4 ) 4 8( 0 )
⃗
w3 = −1 −1 ⋅
0 0
− ⋅
2 2
0 25 0 − 65 − 65
2 2 0 0 2
0 0

5 −3
1
⃗
w3 = −1 − (5(−3) − 1(0) + 0(4) + 2(0))
0
0 25 4
2 0

− 85

8 ( 5) ( 5)
1 8 6
− (5 − + 2(0))
2
− 1(2) + 0 −
− 65
0

5 −3 − 85
1 1
w 3⃗ = −1 − (−15)
0 2
− (−10)
0 25 4 8 − 65
2 0
0

45
 8
5 −3 −5
3 5
⃗
w3 = −1 +
0
+
2
0 5 4 4 − 65
2 0
0

9
5− 5
−2
5
−1 + 0 +
w 3⃗ = 2
12 3
0+ 5
− 2
2+0+0

6
5
3
w 3⃗ = 2
9
10
2

The length of w 3⃗ is

( 5 ) ( 2 ) ( 10 )
2 2 2
6 3 9
| | w 3⃗ | | = + + + 22

36 9 81
| | w 3⃗ | | = + + +4
25 4 100

17
| | w 3⃗ | | =
2

Then the normalized version of w 3⃗ is u 3⃗ :

46
 6
5
3
1
u 3⃗ = 2
17 9
2 10
2

6
5
3
2
u 3⃗ = 2
17 9
10
2

Therefore, we can say that u 1⃗ , u 2⃗ , and u 3⃗ form an orthonormal basis for V.

6
−3 − 85 5
3
1 1 2
V3 = Span( )
0 2
, , 2
5 4 2 2 −56 17 9
0 10
0 2

6 2
4
− 5 17
− 35 5 2
1 3 2

V3 = Span( )
0 2 17
4
, 2 ,
3 9 2
5 − 10 17
0 5 2
2
0 2 17

47
 6. Use a Gram-Schmidt process to change the basis of V into an
orthonormal basis.

−2 −2 4
V = Span(
−1 )
−2 1 0
, ,
2 0
−2 −1 −1

Solution:

Define v 1⃗ = (−2, − 2,2, − 2), v 2⃗ = (−2,1,0, − 1), and v 3⃗ = (4,0, − 1, − 1).

V = Span( v 1⃗ , v 2⃗ , v 3⃗ )

The length of v 1⃗ is

| | v 1⃗ | | = (−2)2 + (−2)2 + 22 + (−2)2 = 4+4+4+4 = 16 = 4

Then if u 1⃗ is the normalized version of v 1⃗ , we can say

−2
1
u 1⃗ =
−2
4 2
−2

So we can say that V is spanned by u 1⃗ , v 2⃗ , and v 3⃗ .

V1 = Span( u 1⃗ , v 2⃗ , v 3⃗ )

We’ll name w 2⃗ as the vector that connects ProjV1 v 2⃗ to v 2⃗ .

48
 w 2⃗ = v 2⃗ − ProjV1 v 2⃗

w 2⃗ = v 2⃗ − ( v 2⃗ ⋅ u 1⃗ ) u1 ⃗

Plug in the values we already have.

−2 −2 −2 −2
1 −2 1
−(
2 )4
w 2⃗ =
1 1 −2
⋅
0 0 4 2
−1 −1 −2 −2

−2 −2 −2 −2
1
− (
2 ) 2
w 2⃗ =
1 1 −2 −2
⋅
0 16 0
−1 −1 −2 −2

−2 −2
1
w 2⃗ =
1 −2
− (−2(−2) + 1(−2) + 0(2) − 1(−2))
0 16 2
−1 −2

−2 −2
1
w 2⃗ =
1 −2
−
0 4 2
−1 −2

− 12
−2 1
−
w 2⃗ =
1 2
− 1
0
2
−1
− 12

49
 3
−2
3

w 2⃗ =
2

− 12
− 12

So w 2⃗ is orthogonal to u 1⃗ , but it hasn’t been normalized, so let’s normalize

it. The length of w 2⃗ is

( 2) (2) ( 2) ( 2)
2 2 2 2
3 3 1 1
| | w 2⃗ | | = − + + − + −

9 9 1 1
| | w 2⃗ | | = + + +
4 4 4 4

| | w 2⃗ | | = 5

Then the normalized version of w 2⃗ is u 2⃗ :

− 32
3
1
u 2⃗ =
2

5 − 12
− 12

So we can say that V is spanned by u 1⃗ , u 2⃗ , and v 3⃗ . Then the vector w 3⃗ is

given by

w 3⃗ = v 3⃗ − ProjV1 v 3⃗ − ProjV2 v 3⃗

50
 w 3⃗ = v 3⃗ − ( v 3⃗ ⋅ u 1⃗ ) u1 ⃗ − ( v 3⃗ ⋅ u 2⃗ )u2⃗

Plug in the values we already have.

− 32 − 32
4 4 −2 −2 4 3 3
1 −2 1 1 1
−(
2 )4
w 3⃗ = −( )
0 0 −2 0 2 2
⋅ ⋅
−1 −1 4 2 −1 5 − 12 5 − 12
−1 −1 −2 −2 −1
− 12 − 12

− 32 − 32
4 4 −2 −2 4 3 3
1 1
− (
2 ) 2 5 ( −1 )
w 3⃗ =
0 0 −2 −2 0 2 2
⋅ − ⋅
−1 16 −1 − 12 − 12
−1 −1 −2 −2 −1
− 12 − 12

4 −2
1
w 3⃗ =
0 −2
− (4(−2) + 0(−2) − 1(2) − 1(−2))
−1 16 2
−1 −2

− 32
3

5 ( 2) (2) ( 2) ( 2 )) − 1
1 3 3 1 1
− (4 −
2
+0 −1 − −1 −
2

− 12

51
 3
−2
4 −2 3
1 1
w 3⃗ =
0 −2 2
− (−8) − (−5)
−1 16 2 5 − 12
−1 −2
− 12

− 32
4 −2 3
1
w 3⃗ =
0 −2 2
+ +
−1 2 2 − 12
−1 −2
− 12

− 32
4 −1 3

w 3⃗ =
0 −1 2
+ +
−1 1 − 12
−1 −1
− 12

3
2
1

w 3⃗ =
2

− 12
− 52

The length of w 3⃗ is

52
 (2) (2) ( 2) ( 2)
2 2 2 2
3 1 1 5
| | w 3⃗ | | = + + − + −

9 1 1 25
| | w 3⃗ | | = + + +
4 4 4 4

| | w 3⃗ | | = 9

| | w 3⃗ | | = 3

Then the normalized version of w 3⃗ is u 3⃗ :

3
2
1
1
u 3⃗ =
2
3 − 12
− 52

Therefore, we can say that u 1⃗ , u 2⃗ , and u 3⃗ form an orthonormal basis for V.

3
− 32 2
−2 3 1
1 1 1
V3 = Span( )
−2 2 2
, ,
4 2 5 − 12 3 − 12
−2
− 12 − 52

53
 3
− 1
− 12 2 5
2
3
1
− 12
V3 = Span( )
2 5 6
, ,
1
2
− 1
− 16
2 5
− 12 − 1 − 56
2 5

54
55