 Example 1 (page 22)

A single-phase lateral provides service to three distribution transformers as shown in the following
Figure. The energy in kWh consumed by each customer during a month is known. A load survey
has been conducted for customers in this class, and it has been found that the customer 15-min
maximum kW demand is given by the equation:
kWdemand = 0.2 + 0.008 kWh (kW)

1) Determine for each transformer the 15-min noncoincident maximum kW demand, and
using the Table of Diversity Factors in Table 2.2 ( or Fig 2.8), determine the 15-min
maximum diversified kW demand.
kVA Selected
max. for Trans.
max.nonc. diversifed Trans. KVA
Trans. Feeders kWh kW demand demand PF=0.9
1 1523 12.4
T1 2 1645 13.4 25
Greater
3 1984 16.1 than rating
66.584 30.26545 33.6 (135%)
4 1590 12.9
5 1456 11.8
6 1235 10.1
T2 7 1587 12.9 37.5
Greater
8 1698 13.8 than rating
(105%)
9 1745 14.2
81.56 35.46087 39.4
10 2015 16.3
11 1765 14.3
12 2098 17
T3 13 1856 15
14 2058 16.7 50
Greater
15 2265 18.3 than rating
117.4 48.91667 54.4 (109%)
16 2135 17.3
17 1985 16.1
18 2103 17

DF5 =2.2 DF6 =2.3 DF7 =2.4

Based upon the 15-min maximum kW diversified demand on each transformer and an assumed
power factor of 0.9, the 15-min maximum kVA diversified demand on each transformer would
be:

The kVA ratings selected for the three transformers would be 25, 37.5, and 50 kVA, respectively.

2) Determine the 15-min noncoincident maximum kW demand and 15-min maximum

diversified kW demand for each of the line segments.

 Segment N1 to N2: “sees” 18 feeders1 to 18DF18=2.86

 Segment N2 to N3: “sees” 13 feeders6 to 18 DF13=2.74

Segment N3 to N4: “sees” 7 feeders 12 to 18 DF7=2.4

Note:
Max. diversifed demand of segment N1-N2 = 92.8kW
Max. diversifed demand of T1= 30.26545 30.3 kW
According to KCL at constant voltage: Max. diversifed demand of segment N2-N3 = 92.8-30.3=62.5 kW
But according calculation the Max. diversifed demand of segment N2-N3 was 72.6. This mean that (KCL)
is not obeyed when the maximum diversified demands are used. The explanation for this is that the
maximum diversified demands for the line segments and transformers do not necessarily occur at the same
time.

 Transformer Load Management

 A transformer load management program is used for determining the loading on distribution
transformers based upon kWh supplied by the transformer during a peak loading month.
 The program is primarily used to determine when a distribution transformer needs to be changed
out owing to a projected overloading condition.
 It is used for feeder analysis.
 The transformer load management program relates the maximum diversified demand of a
distribution transformer to the total kWh supplied by the transformer during a specific month.
 Analysis based load survey “linear regression”

 Metered Feeder Maximum Demand

 The major disadvantage of allocating load using the diversity factors is that most utilities would not have a
table of diversity factors.
 The major disadvantage of the transformer load management method is that a database is required that
specifies which transformers serve which customers. This database is not always available.
 The meter of feeders in substation give either the total three-phase maximum diversified kW or kVA
demand and/or the maximum current per phase during a month.
 An “allocation factor” (AF) can be determined based upon the metered three-phase kW or kVA demand
and the total connected distribution transformer kVA.

Where,

kVAtotal kVA rating = Sum of the kVA ratings of all distribution transformers.

- The allocated load per transformer is then determined by:

- Modern substations will have microprocessor-based metering that will provide kW, kvar, kVA, power
factor, and current per phase.
- The following four different methods have been presented for allocating load to distribution transformers:

• Application of diversity factors

• Transformer load management
“Are used if the purpose of the analysis is to determine as closely as possible the maximum
demand on a distribution transformer”
 • Load survey
• Metered feeder maximum demand
“When the total feeder is to be analyzed, the only method that gives good results is that of allocating load
based upon the kVA ratings of the transformers”.

 Example 2 (page 27)

Assume that the metered maximum diversified kW demand for the system of previous Example
is 92.9 kW. Allocate this load according to the kVA ratings of the three transformers.

The allocated kW for each transformer becomes:

 Application of Diversity Factors

Example 3 (page 28)

For the system in Example 1, assume the voltage at N1 is 2400 V, and compute the secondary
voltages on the three transformers using the diversity factors. The system in Example 1 including
segment distances is shown in the following Figure. Assume that the power factor of the loads is
0.9 lagging. The impedance of the lines are: z = 0.3 + j0.6 Ω/mile.

Where:
1ft = 0.3048m
1mile = 1.60934 km
1mile= 5280ft
The maximum diversified kW demands were computed. Using the 0.9 lagging power factor, the
maximum diversified kW and kVA demands for the line segments and transformers are:

𝑃 𝑃 2
𝑺 = 𝑃 + 𝑗𝑄 = −1 √
∠(cos 𝑃𝐹) = 𝑃 + 𝑗 ( ) − 𝑃2
𝑃𝐹 𝑃𝐹

Convert transformer impedances to ohms referred to the high-voltage side.

Compute the line impedances:

Calculate the current flowing in segment N1–N2:

Calculate the voltage at N2:

 Load Allocation Based upon Transformer Ratings

When only the ratings of the distribution transformers are known, the feeder can be allocated based upon the
metered demand and the transformer kVA ratings.

Example 4 (page 32)

For the system in Example 1, assume the voltage at N1 is 2400 V, and compute the secondary voltages on the three
transformers allocating the loads based upon the transformer ratings. Assume that the metered kW demand at N1 is
92.9 kW.
The impedances of the line segments and transformers are the same as in Example 3. Assume the load power factor
is 0.9 lagging, and compute the kVA demand at N1 from the metered demand:

Problems: 1, 2, 3