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2 D Transformation 2

The document discusses the transformation of a unit square using a transformation matrix, resulting in a parallelogram and detailing how the area of the transformed figure relates to the determinant of the transformation matrix. It also covers combined transformation matrices for various sequences of transformations, including scaling, reflection, rotation, and translation. Additionally, it explains the process of rotating about an arbitrary point and reflecting through an arbitrary line, providing problems for practical application.

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Ashish Sah
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21 views5 pages

2 D Transformation 2

The document discusses the transformation of a unit square using a transformation matrix, resulting in a parallelogram and detailing how the area of the transformed figure relates to the determinant of the transformation matrix. It also covers combined transformation matrices for various sequences of transformations, including scaling, reflection, rotation, and translation. Additionally, it explains the process of rotating about an arbitrary point and reflecting through an arbitrary line, providing problems for practical application.

Uploaded by

Ashish Sah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transformation of a Unit Square

Consider a unit square with position vectors 𝑂 [0 0], 𝐴[1 0], 𝐵 [1 1], 𝐶 [1 1]

𝑎 𝑏
Let [𝑇] = [ ] be the transformation matrix.
𝑐 𝑑
Applying [𝑇] on the position vectors of the unit square OABC, we get,
𝑂 0 0
𝐴 1 0 𝑎 𝑏
[ ] [𝑇] = [ ][ ]
𝐵 1 1 𝑐 𝑑
𝐶 0 1
0 0 𝑂′
𝑎 𝑏 𝐴′
=[ ] = [ ′]
𝑎+𝑐 𝑏+𝑑 𝐵
𝑐 𝑑 𝐶′

Thus, the transformation of a unit square under [𝑇] is a parallelogram 𝑂′𝐴′𝐵′𝐶′.


The area of the parallelogram 𝑂′𝐴′𝐵′𝐶′ is,
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂(𝑶′ 𝑨′ 𝑩′ 𝑪′ ) = 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂(𝑶𝑸𝑩′ 𝑺) − 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂(△ 𝑶𝑨′ 𝑪) − 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂(△ 𝑶𝑪′ 𝑹) − 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂(𝑨′ 𝑷𝑸𝑩′ ) − 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂(𝑹𝑺𝑩′ 𝑪′ )

= 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐

= 𝑑𝑒𝑡[𝑇]

Thus, area of the transformed figure = (Area of the original figure) x det [T]
Combined / Concatenated Transformation Matrix
Definition: If a finite sequence of transformations says 𝑇1, 𝑇2, 𝑇3, … … . . 𝑇𝑘 are
applied on an object, then it can be accomplished by a single transformation matrix,
[𝑇] = [𝑇1 ][𝑇2] … … . . [𝑇𝑘 ] called as the combined or concatenated transformation
matrix.
Problems:
1. Find the combined transformation matrix for the following sequence of
transformation: First scaling in x and y direction by 2 and 3 units respectively:
followed by reflection through x – axis: followed by a 180° rotation about the
origin, Apply this sequence on the point 𝑃 [−1 1].

2. Find the concatenated transformation matrix for the following: First shearing in
x and y directions by -2.4 and 1.1 units respectively, followed by a rotation
about the origin through an angle 20° . Apply this onto the point 𝑃 [−1 3].

3. Find the combined transformation matrix for the following:


i. First a 70° rotation about the origin.
ii. Followed by shearing in y – direction by -1.1 units.
iii. Followed by uniform scaling by a factor 3.
Apply this on the triangle with vertices 𝐴[1 3], 𝐵 [2 − 1] & 𝐶[−1 − 1]
4. Find the combined transformation matrix for the following:
i. Scaling in both x and y coordinates by factor 2 and 1/3 respectively.
ii. Reflection through the line 𝑦 = −𝑥.
iii. Rotation about the origin through an angle 25° .
°
iv. Rotation about the origin through an angle 𝜋⁄5 in clockwise direction.

Apply it on the point 𝑃[1.5 − 3]


Problems:
3 1
1) If we apply transformation matrix [𝑇] = [ ] on a square, then we get a
2 2
parallelogram of area 64 𝑐𝑚2. Find the length of each side of the original square.
Homogeneous Coordinates:
Consider a point in 2 – dimensional plane with position vector
[𝑋] = [𝑥 𝑦]. The homogeneous coordinate of a non – homogeneous point with position
vector [𝑥 𝑦] are [𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ ℎ], where h is any real number 𝑥 ′ = ℎ𝑥, 𝑦 ′ = ℎ𝑦.
i.e. [ℎ𝑥 ℎ𝑦 ℎ].
In particular, if ℎ = 1 then the homogeneous coordinate of a point 𝑃[𝑥 𝑦] = [𝑥 𝑦 1]

Translation: Consider the general 3 × 3 transformation matrix


𝑎 𝑏 𝑝
[𝑇] = [ 𝑐 𝑑 𝑞 ]
𝑚 𝑛 1
Where the 2 × 2 submatrix on the upper left have exactly the same effect as that by a
general 2 × 2 transformation matrix i.e., scaling, reflection, rotation and shearing. The
1 × 2 submatrix at the bottom produces the effect of translation in x and y directions
by m and n units respectively.
The standard transformation matrix for translation is
1 0 0
[𝑇] = [ 0 1 0]
𝑚 𝑛 1
Which produces translation in x – direction by m units and in y – direction by n units.

Problems:
1. Find the combined transformation matrix for the following sequence of
transformations: Reflection through the line 𝑦 = −𝑥, followed by shearing in x
and y – direction by 3 and -4 units respectively, followed by translation in x and
y – direction by -1 and -2 units. Apply it on the point 𝑃[3 − 8].
2. Find the combined transformation matrix and apply the sequence on the line
segment between the points 𝐴[2 − 1] and 𝐵[1 − 3]. First translate in y –
direction by -3 units and then rotate about the origin through an angle −65°.
3. Show that the combined two-dimensional transformation first reflection about x
– axis and then about the line 𝑦 = −𝑥 is identical to rotation about the origin by
an angle 𝜃 = 270°.

Rotation about an arbitrary point


Consider an arbitrary point 𝑃[𝑥 𝑦] in the plane. The rotation about an arbitrary point
P is accomplished by the following sequence of transformations:
1. Translate the point 𝑃[𝑥 𝑦] to the origin 𝑂[0 0] i.e., translating in x – direction
by -x units and in y – direction by -y units respectively.
Thus, the transformation matrix is,
1 0 0
[𝑇1] = [ 0 1 0]
−𝑥 −𝑦 1
2. Rotate the point about the origin through an angle 𝜃.
Thus, the transformation matrix is,
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 0
[𝑇2] = [− sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 0]
0 0 1
3. Apply inverse translation i.e. translate the point back to the original position.
Thus, the transformation matrix is,
1 0 0
[𝑇3] = [0 1 0] = [𝑇1]−1
𝑥 𝑦 1
Thus, the transformation matrix for rotation about an arbitrary point is,
[𝑇] = [𝑇1][𝑇2][𝑇1]−1

Problems:
1) An object is rotated about the point 𝑃[−1 2] through an angle 𝜋 𝑐 . Find the
transformation matrix.

2) Find the combined transformation matrix for a 30° rotation about the point
𝑃[−1 1]. Apply this rotation onto the ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 with 𝐴[2 1], 𝐵 [−2 3], 𝐶[−3 1].
3) Rotate the line segment between the points 𝐴[3 5] and 𝐵[4 1] about the point
𝑃[2 1] through an angle 90° .

Reflection through an Arbitrary line 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄


If a line L does not pass through the origin, then reflection of an object is done as
follows:
1. Select a point 𝑃[𝑥 𝑦] on line L. Translate the line L and the object in such a way
that the line passes through the origin.
Thus, the transformation matrix is,
1 0 0
[𝑇1] = [ 0 1 0]
−𝑥 −𝑦 1
2. Rotate the resulting line about the origin such that the resulting line coincides
with x – axis or y – axis by an angle 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑚)
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 0
[𝑇2] = [− sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 0]
0 0 1
3. In step (2) if the resulting line coincides with x – axis, then take reflection of the
object in x – axis.
Thus, the transformation matrix
1 0 0
[𝑇3] = [0 −1 0]
0 0 1
In step (2) if the resulting line coincides with y – axis, then take reflection of the
object in y – axis.
Thus, the transformation matrix
−1 0 0
[𝑇3] = [ 0 1 0]
0 0 1

4. Apply inverse rotation about the origin.


[𝑇4] = [𝑇2]−1
5. Apply inverse translation.
[𝑇5 ] = [𝑇1]−1

Problems:
1. Reflect the ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 through the line 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 where 𝐴[−2 − 3],
𝐵 [−10 − 6], 𝐶[−15 − 10].
2. Find the concatenated transformation matrix for reflection through the line 𝑦 =
−4. Apply it to the point 𝑃[−1 2].
3. Reflect the square with vertices 𝑂 [0 0], 𝐴[2 0], 𝐵 [2 2], 𝐶[0 2] through the line
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4 = 0
4. By using combined matrix of transformation reflect the triangle 𝑦 = 5 given that
𝐴[1 3], 𝐵 [2 4], 𝐶[3 5].

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