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R_Programming_Notes

The document discusses control structures and functions in R, including conditional statements like if, if-else, and switch, as well as loop types such as repeat, while, and for. It explains how to define functions, use lazy evaluation, and return values, including multiple returns using lists and recursive functions. Examples are provided to illustrate each concept.

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Rajani 2510
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5 views

R_Programming_Notes

The document discusses control structures and functions in R, including conditional statements like if, if-else, and switch, as well as loop types such as repeat, while, and for. It explains how to define functions, use lazy evaluation, and return values, including multiple returns using lists and recursive functions. Examples are provided to illustrate each concept.

Uploaded by

Rajani 2510
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT-II: R-Control Structures and Functions

Decision Making in R

R provides several conditional statements:

- if(condition) { ... }

- if-else

- if-else ladder

- switch(expression, case1, case2, ...)

Example:

```R

x <- 5

if (x > 0) {

print("Positive")

} else {

print("Non-positive")

```

Switch Statement

Used for selecting one of many options:

```R

x <- 2

result <- switch(x, "One", "Two", "Three")

print(result)
UNIT-II: R-Control Structures and Functions

```

Loops in R

There are 3 main loop types:

- repeat: Infinite loop, must be broken with break.

- while: Runs while condition is TRUE.

- for: Iterates over a sequence.

Examples:

```R

# repeat

x <- 1

repeat {

print(x)

x <- x + 1

if (x > 5) break

# while

x <- 1

while (x <= 5) {

print(x)

x <- x + 1
UNIT-II: R-Control Structures and Functions

# for

for (i in 1:5) {

print(i)

```

Loop Control Statements

- break: Exits the loop.

- next: Skips current iteration.

Example:

```R

for (i in 1:5) {

if (i == 3) next

print(i)

```

R Functions - Definition

Functions in R are defined using the function keyword.

Example:
UNIT-II: R-Control Structures and Functions

```R

add <- function(a, b) {

return(a + b)

print(add(2, 3))

```

Function Calls

Functions can be called using their name and arguments.

They support default values and named arguments.

Example:

```R

greet <- function(name = "User") {

print(paste("Hello", name))

greet("Alice")

greet()

```

Lazy Evaluation

R evaluates function arguments only when needed.

Example:
UNIT-II: R-Control Structures and Functions

```R

demo <- function(x, y) {

print(x)

demo(10)

# y is never evaluated

```

Return Statement

Used to return values from functions.

```R

square <- function(x) {

return(x^2)

print(square(4))

```

Multiple Returns

Use lists to return multiple values.

```R

calc <- function(a, b) {

return(list(sum = a + b, product = a * b))

res <- calc(2, 3)


UNIT-II: R-Control Structures and Functions

print(res$sum)

```

Recursive Functions

A function calling itself is recursive.

Example:

```R

factorial <- function(n) {

if (n == 1) return(1)

return(n * factorial(n - 1))

print(factorial(5))

```

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