HARDWARE FOR loT

1. What are the different sources ofloT? (2023-24)

Different Sources of loT

(1) Sensors. and,Actuators
Devices. that collect
i o# anironmentl
:
data or perform actions, i
Wearables Smartdevices like fitness trackers that
monitor health metrics.
:
Isitshe s(8) Smart Appliances Home deviçes such as smart
-18:sfridges and thermostats. ts tth ii
(4) Connected Vehicles.Carswith sensors.for
*ii bn Pertormance and,safety datar;t. naiE
(S,Ec5), Industrial Equipment : Machinery.sotised for
monitoring and optimizing operations.
(6) Environmental Momtoring iODeices tracking
ylui Te conditions like air and water quality.
79h (7)) Smart Cities: Infrastrücture: Systems for
iOiYIf managing urban services and utilities.
j0tip(8) »Honne. Automation Systems: Integrated' systems
ids32 managing home environments.
for ih;: 4 t

2. Explain the purpose of actuators with examples.

(2023-24)
i3rg
Purpose of Actu ators
Actuators are, devices that convert control signals into
physical action., Their primary purpose, is, to perform a
dt mechanical movement or çontrol a physical process based

i)
'r
on commands from a control system. Hdere are some of its
Ky purposes
Motion
with examplesthe,h -ti
Control, :Actuators- movecomponents or
A-tt bur: 18ystems ta achieve desired physical pósitioning Or

t
isS
1:38(i
(2)
.:
Example
position

Automation
improving
: Electric motors
tool&iorparts::
in-robotic
3inilo-vt1
Actuatörs automate'
efficiency and áccracy in
}
arms that

repetitive tasks,
varióus systems.
1s1RlluExample':Servo'motors in aütomated g

manufacturing lines for precise assembly operations.

 KPH forAKTU-MCA
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INTERNET OF THINGS B.3]
: Actuators. adjut
(3) Regulation and Adjustment or flow to maintain
position. speed. nature of participatory sensing enhances the volume
variables like
and variety of data available.
system performance. control
vehicles that data from many users helps in
Example :Throttle actuators in Crowdsourcing
creating a more and detailed picture of
accurate
engine speed. control
Control Actuators environmental conditions, social phenomena, or
(4) Operational
response to commands from sensors health trends, which can be valuable for research and
mechanisms in
or control systems. decision-making.
systms that
Example :Solenoid valves in irrigation (3) Real-Time Monitoring and Feedback : IoT
open or close to regulate water flow. devices continuously send data to the cloud or a
: Actuators often work in
(5) Feed back Systems central system where it can be processed and
feedbackloops for
conjunction with sensorg to create
analyzed in real-time. Users and stakeholders can
dynamic control.
to adjust receive immediate feedback based on the collected
Example :HVAC systems-use actuators data.
dampers based on temperature sensor inputs.
Real-time monitoring allows for quick responses

3. Discuss participatory sensing technology gnd its to changes or issues, such as environmental hazards

components. (2023-24) or public health concerns, and supports dynamic

adjustments IoTsystemsor services.
to
Purticipatory Sensing (4) Applications and Use Cases : Environmental
Participatory sensing technology in IoT involves
Monitoring :Participatory sensing can track air
leveraging the collectivecapabilities of individual devices
quality, noise levels, and other environmental factors
and users tw gather and share data about the environment data from various users' devices. This
using
or personal context. This approachtaps into the ubiquitous pollution
information helps in understanding
presence of IoT devices, such as smartphones,wearables,
patterns and environmental changes and collect data
and other sensors, to create a distributed and collaborative
from users devices can
urban planning
inform
neteri fr da clection and analysis.
decisions, optimize trafic management, and improve
nuoarticipatory Sen sing in loT on real-world usage and
(1) Bistri bt. d :
Collection: Individuals usetheir
iaLa
public services based
conditions. Health-related data, such as symptoms or
IoT-enaled aices to collect various types of data, to track disease
activity levels, can be monitored
such as tnvironmental conditions, location, or health valuable
outbreaks or health trends, providing
metrics. These devices are equipped with
sensorsthat
insights for public health initiatives.
continuously
surroundings.
monitor and record data from their
(5) Privacy and Security Considerations : It ensures

This distributed approach allows the privacy and security of participants' data is
for extensive
and diverse data collection from crucial. This involves implementing robust
different geographic
anonymization techniques, and
and
locations secure
contexts, offering a richer and more encryption,
comprehensive dataset than data storage and transmission protocols. Protecting
centralized collectior
methods. access and ensuring
user data from unauthorized
(2)
Crowdsourcing and information is handled responsibly
Collaboration :.. Data i that personal
gathered from a large broader
number of participants build trust and encourages
contribute their device-generated
who helps
data to a central participation in sensing activities.
repository or processing system. The
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uI Components
of
Participatorýi
Participalory
Sensing Technology
sensing stechnology
:
im:IoT involves
that.work together
to collect
| M20
Processes

information,
raw data to
identify patterns AEtIends
13EiL
generate actionable

ana çpovide
components the tfeedback ér repogts.
tif tri several key data. These
components ensure
and analyze and t6) User Thterfáce and Feedback : The interface
in suukransmit, gensrgsystems
of participatory
functioning Here are the hrough which with the participatory
„Bigffective
applications,
and use, cases. gers
vrious. sensing system.. This can mobile apps,
iRs ttoFenable web
main components: *These.,arethe Jol-enabled dashbardsyofvisualization tools.
Sensors and_ bEyoV.mather data from
with sensors ESteve TIAA zsalowg,ugergtogiewdata, reesive MOtifications or
.
i i0 DiC:}:

-
devices equipped
he'envionment
smartphones
ser.
or
rExamples include
the
wearables 1ikeitnes
trackers), 8nart
8: -Bn09it£ insights, and provide feedback ór ädditienal input.
ringo7)ad Privac andbSeeurity Mechanisnhg tTechniques
and efiVironmental sensórs.
t-home devices,
such as ot b9rrstsr 91añdsprötocósto potect üser datand ënsre secure
I13) hi
ofvidata,
Collect»variousItVpesIti or
air qualityb location,
humidity,
temperature,
1s icusisiln37:.
seKIqES1 Aphysiological
ebusser {2): Data Collction
metries,u 9mit-{ssA
includes the
Frameworkishi
the data
sidsdtoq 9d
Safeguards
itimanÉT 03 89/SW OIoE Perot3
and sensitive information,
data proteetion regulations,
baee gst srte3Tefcompliange.
software., and. protpcals,thatiMangge or M1La,HSer ot d>ri ;:
0tri h9tslengAdbulc3 uSt
collection
pltforms
process, t inyolvespplications

that interface with,the, sensorsto collect

(8) Data Sharing and Integration Mechanisms for :
.Ssimrni0Tnd process data. bRgn srlT l3sharingdata withextemah systemms-ofintegrating it
a Coordinatës"" data' multiple
1u:: :::f:3: co hanidleg idata 'tdrape, '4hdpensures data
gathefngorom odi gaibuloaiwith
hns yon9upfisiof
oher data sources. This ah invölve APls, data
hniques, and intetroperability standards .
ri iaccufac art céisisteñcy! $JRh giESJ
no1!ulio(3)
53nb sti
Communication NetworkgTherinfrastructure
enables: data:transmissionsbetweènu devices
that
and
.
todo mo "0 nsEHhänesthe
970q 1 90f0Titépfiaonwith

collaborative
utilitý öf the data by enabling
other systems, facilitating
SLrhsunnorting
esearch, decision

erra estens,This, can inçlude wirèless networks making processes.

noi?
311i11: 11
(ksi4:atooth,9r, cellula, 4efwgrks)and cloud
4. uu8tate the Eei91re its

f3 Fa:'hi:t,e transfer of data,from sensors to a

ori SrigIn9as! T0319V 028-24)

SeR9EIb
sldsulsy
do:cteProessing
4)"Data Storage nd Management"°Systems
tA3titoibho)

real-tine cr batch processing.

and
databases üsed toStor the 'collecteddata securely.
syStm, allowing for
bn

TI9f
applicato areas?

Working of RFID

bas aetrinçiple iGenerally,RPD Mses

0) :1ios!f
/1i10:

9eeh S)
radio ,wAYesto perform

AIDC function. AIDC standsforAutomatic ldentification

e91IA1? i1 :This0aniinclude éloudstorágSOltions Gànd data
voilidterandoDataiCapturestechniologys whiehcperfortis object
9rl3 tuojdentifièation and collection and mapping'of the data. An
S10Mnages- latgernýolums of datayoensures data radio waves
TUE antenna is a device which converts powerinto
bns ntegrY,, andproyides acqessq forrsanalysis and 31 Jwhicaé dsedtor conmtnicatidibetwéénHéadéf and tag
.
4niij1 aa
.:algorithms
rocessing and Analyis: Software tools and
that analyze, the çolleçted data
9919I19(
REID'
detects
rétrieve'the'information

thetag
from RFID tag
the datainto the
1lterscq:T to extract i3iqiupy-
meaningful,insights. This,can' pI9cessogr, Package, storage
and
include real-time to viioBmay,(4ncude,one
analvtics, machine and receiver unit.
Tearninmodefs and statistical transmitter
analysis tools5 ZIte1) i13iord sqivitisq
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[B.7]

GSM 5. How digital sensors are different from analog

Aurdino
sensor8? (2023-24)
RFIDRFID Reader and LCD
Accessory Shiel
Difference belween Analog nd Digital Sensors
Properties Analog Sensors Digital Sensors
Buffer
Motor Output Signal Continuous voltage or Discrete binary signal
current signal (0s and 1s)

(Figure: RFID System) Signal Range Provides a continuous Provides discrete

Working of RFID System

: Every RFID system range of values values within a range

consists of three components:

a scanning antenna, a Accuracy Can have lower Generally higher

When the scanning accuracy due to noise accuracy

transceiver and a transponder. -NoIse Immunity More susceptible to Better noise immunity
they are referred to
antennaand transceiver arecombined, noise interference
two types. of
as an RFID reader or interrogator. There are May external
The RFID Signal reuire external Built-in or
RFID readers- fixed readers and mobile readers. Conditioning conditioning conditioning may be
can be portable
ader is a network-connected device that present
transmit
urmanently attached. It uses radio waves
to the bythe number
Resolution Limited by Limited
the tag sends ADC ADC
-ignals that activate the tag. Once activated, resolution of of bits in

where it is translated into

wave back to the antenna,
Can be more Easier integration with
data. Integration

The transponder is in the RFID tag itself. The read. challenging to digital systems

integrate
including the
range for RFID tags varies based on factors Compatibility with Compatibility
with
Compatibility
type of tag, type of reader, RFID frequency and
older systems modern systems
interference in the surrounding environmentor from other Communication Direct analog output Digital output through
RFID tags and readers. Tags that have a stronger power interfaces like UART,
source also have a longer read range. SPI, I2C, etc.

Temperature Digital cameras,

Appliculion Areas of REID Application sensors,

Examples pressure sensors, light motion sensors,

RFID technology and can b applied in
is versatile sensors proximity sensors,

numerous fields andsome areas are given below: accelerometers

(1) Inventory Management : RFID helps in tracking

inventory in real-time, reducing errors, and 6. Explain wireless sensor networks with their

increasing efficiency. (2023-24)

(2) Asset Tracking :Companies can monitor their
applications.
Explain wireless sensor network architecture
(2022-23)
assets' location and status, preventing lo8s and and its applications.
optimizing utilization.
(3) Supply Chain Management : Enhances visibility Sensor Network (WSN)
Wireless
of
and accuracy in tracking products throughout the A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a network and
supply chain. sensors that monitor
spatially dispersed and dedicated
(4) Retail : Enables efficient stock management, the environment and
theft record the physical conditions of
a central location. The
prevention, and. improved customer the collected data to
experience forward
three cross
through smart shelves and automated architecture of a includes five lavers and
WSN
checkouts.
(5) Healthcare : Used for patient tracking, the application layer, transport
equipment layers. The five layers are layer.
management, and ensuring the authenticity data link layer, and physical
of layer, network layer,
medications.
 INTERNET OF THINGs
B.81 KPHforAKTU-MCA [B.9](or a)

lun.Thethrae roda layers arpower managormeht, mnoons

conditions. Since
communicate with
all the ma
each. other
arewirless
through,
e they
wifi (or
:Xhánagement,and task management. Bluetooth.
is bult (2) A WSN
Nhewireleaseneorpalwoclkarchited conetata of seyeral nodes and routrs
wthNoc thtuaed to obeerehe srroindings like 4s
well as coordinator.
temperature, humidity, pressure, position, 'yibration, (3) Sensers are attached with end nodes. Each router can
ieound, etc. These nodes can be used in various real-time also be caled as end node.
applications to perform various tasks like smart detecting,
(4) Routers are responsible for routing the,data packeta
stat discovery of neighbor riode., data processing and storage, from end nodes to the coordinator nodes. Coordinator
2 data collection, target tracking, monitor and controlling, node conhects the WSN- to the internet. The
aynchronization, node localization, and effective routing
Coordinator node ean be anotherArdaiho,raspberry
lifr between the base station and nodes. pi or anyother Iof DIY device.
wSNs are used in range of applications,
a wide (5) It collects thedata from all the nodes.
including environmental industrialprocess
monitorihg, (6) WSNs. are enabled by
wireless communication
to.t tControl, healthcare, home automation, and smart cities. In protocols such as IEEE802.15.4.
environmentalmonitoring, WSNs cn be used to monitor (7) It can also be enabled by ESP 8266 and ZigBee.

agy air and water quality, weather conditions, and inatural (8) ZigBee Bluetooth module isbased on EEES02,15.4.
disasters. In industrial proces8 cohtrol, WSNs can þe used It operates at2.4 GH
frequency. It offers datarate up
to monitor equipment performance, detect faults, and to 250 KB/s 'andranges from I0 to 100 métêrs
optimize production procésse. In healthcare, can be WSN depending upon, power.output and environmental
used to monitor patients remotely, track medication conditions. In
WSN, the devices can reconfigure
adherencE, and improve patient outoomes. In home themselves i.e. new nodesican be added to the
networks and software can be updated automaticaly
automation,WSNs can be ueed to control lighting, heating, 1]
Ft ánd cooling eystems, as well assecurity systems.In smart
whenever they, willbe. connected to the internet.
(9)Ex. of Wireless sensor network: Weather monitoring
TA: cities, WSNs can be used to moitor traffic, air quality, and motsture
system,-Indoor air quatity monitoríng, soiT
other environmental factors to improve quality. of life in
monitoring, 8urveillance system, smart grids,
4619rban

:
arede.
1g machine prognosis and diagno6is.
Types of Wireless Sensor Networks :Depending
on the
What iswirelesssensor network? (2022-23) the typesi of networks are decided so ha
Eplain the characleriaticsf oirelesssensor environment,
underground, on tand:
-network. those can be deployed underwater,
ry 022-23)
and so on. Different types WSNs incude:
s i ()

of
Explain Wireless Sensornetwoks. WSNe ::
: 70eu 1?1Tyqif
(1)Terrestrial
(2)1Underground WSNs
s'bi7:i
i,

i.
SensyrNetuorhs
Wirele%y bg). 41921151
( (3) Underwater WSNs: L29{ (£)
A Wirelens eenwor etwork can be defined as a {i 11eifs
network of devicen thatcan eomnunseate the intotmation (4)Multimedia WSNg-
(5) Mobile WSNs
gathered from The
monitored field through wireless linka.
Classification of Wireless Sensor Networks
The data is forwarded through multiple nodes, and with a
classificatio of WSNscan be done based on theápplicatio)
gateway, the data is connected to other networks like but its characteristics mainly
change based on the type.
The
.
wireless Ethernet.
Generally,
Characteristícs:
WSNs areclassified into different, categories
o1 ( Wirelews sengor network.compriges of. distributed .- 4/'t,
devices, wireless ensors. Thee devjcep
with sensor. 1:/11 t. ::1 j.ifii. .el,13111j:
s/hd i. „ir aré used to monitor the environment
and physical
 KPH forAKTU-MOCA
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(B.11)

(1)
(2)
Static & Mobile
Deterministic & Nondeterministk
(5) Gyroscopes
velocity and
: These sensors measure angular
are used in drones, robots,
& Multi Ba tion and gaming
(8) Single Base Station controllers.
(4) Static Base Station & Mobile Basiot (6) Humidity Sensors : These sensors measure
(6) Single-hop & Multi-hop WSN humidity and are used in HVAC systems,
(6) Self-Reconfigurable & Non-Self ('onfigurable greenhouses, and museums to maintain optimal
(7) Homogeneous & Heterogeneous humidity levels.

Wireless Sensor Networks Applications : (7) Flow sensors :These sensors measure the ilowW rate
of liquids and gases and are used in water
Transportatiot
and logistics
Industrial
management, oil and gas, and chemical processing
Smart buildings appications
industries.
(e.g. Indoor
Precision
climate control)
and
(8) Chemical Sensors :.These sensors detect the
agriculture

animal tracking, presence of specifc chemicals and are used in

Snart grids environmental monitoring, food safety, d medical
and energy Applications
of wireless sensor Environmenta diagnosis.
control systems
networkS monitoring These sensors are integrated into devices like

Health care
smartphones, dòorbells, thermostats. and even cars
(health monitoring. Urban terrain and refrigerators to capture important data that can
medical and
diagnostics) tracking
civilstructure
be shared in real-time with users. Increasingly. eties,
Security and)
monitoring
municipalities,and buildings are also using devices
surveillance /(Entertainment
with IoT sensors to monitor, analyze, and manage
resources, weather, traffic and heating and cooling
(Figure)
systems.
8. Diseus8 the different types of sensors used in loT
network? DefineActuator. (2022-23)
(2022-23) Describethe uses of actuatorsin devices.
(2021-22)
The
Internet of Things (IoT) is a
network of devices What is Actuators?
that are connected to the internet and
can communicate
with each other. IoT.sensor's play a critical role
in Actuators
capturing important data that can be
shared in real-time Devices, which is a contrast to sensors. It transforms
with users.
electrical signals into physical movements. Both
sensors
Here are some of the most commonly
used lo'T sensors : and that convert one form of
(1) Temperature Sensors These sensors.measure:
temperature and are used in smart
: actuators are transducers
energy to another. The exchange of data
is the most
thermostats, important key factor in IoT. Hence, sensors and actuators
refrigerators,and HVAC systems.
play a vital role here.
(2) Pressure Sensors :
These sensors measure
and are used in industrial pressure
applications such as Discuss the issues in scaling up the softuware for
10.
monitoring pipelines and tanks. (2022-23)
(3) large scal IOT devices.
Proximity. Sensors : These
sensors detect.the
presence of nearby objccts and are devices can be
used in automated Scaling up software for large-scale IoT
doors, elevators, and
p:rking systems. challenging due to several factors. Here are some of the.
Accelerometers scaling up software
(4) These sensors issues that need to be addressed when
acceleration and are used in
measure
wearables, medical alert for large-scale IoT devices :
devices, cameras, and,cars to track
activity.
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1Sycalability, : Scalability. is: one themost. erucial
of.

S:GIiteria you- should, look :for when:consideving an and providing crops with the exact amount of water they
enterprise IoT solution. When it comes1to loT, need. However, the vast network of connected devices
and
SWES SCalability, isn't just}about growingyoirbdeployment. sensors, projected to be more than 20 billion over the next
-Telt's impossible to saleloT without alsoloonsitering decade, poses a real threat of harming the environment.
Ístdactors ikesecurity;: cellular coveragejcertifications, Manufacturing all these devices means expending both
and your supplyof devices. eigvoi vtthiuud energy and raw materials. In maný cases, they will replace
2) Cömplexity- loT inolvesi à: complex tehholbgy an older version of devices. Eventually, every device will

133swstack, iand few éompanies: have anthe ineeded need to be retired and disposed of, further fueling e-waste
2i4: hardware,software,and 'connectivityiRpertise in and ending up in landfills.
house. For example, some companieshävestrong Perhaps the biggest environnmental concern regarding
9d: hardware backgroundand änabifty to iñtagrate al LoT is the amount of energy used by the massive
fni bthe mecháhicat iand electönie leleiñentsiBütthey data centers that these devices will connect to.

Igi1ack the expertis t büild" "Confiected" user Transferring data has an environmental cost. Itmay not be
experience. Others specialize. in software and web expensive per unit, but with such great volumes being
Ni! developmert but don't fülyrundefstand the transmitted, the total soun adds up to something really
tl intticacis of IT device managemet orconnectivity. significant.

IE3 With gapsin either direction,"scalabiity, becomes To reduce the environmental cost of internet service
.-lcomplicatedand proiect' failure 3eloSibihty for IoT devices, manufacturers need to change their own
(3) Security'Securitic
atina&uIiiu
OcerH,.n the practics cleaner; lower energy
to use manufacturing
9Y6 Hiternet
ofThings(ToT)asit involves chain as well.
21gensitive Äafad
As
ne protection of
and systemsfrom unauthorized:.access,
processes and influence their entiré supply
loT devices should be
to drive change in the industry.
theft, or damage. Despite all the buzz around LoT. minimal power to extend battery life.
designed to consume
(2Co9erns over lackiuster 8errity:Contpuetecast and IoT companies should consider using renewable energy
shadow gverlarge-sçale depoymentg,ti sdinsas sources to power their data centers. Governmentscan also
(4.c Gost.: Many businesses planning to leverage IoT regulations that encourage the
play a role by implementing
acrossthe board are often bogged down,byothe high materials and energy-efficient
use of sustainable
cost-of scaling-and in-demonstrating-
cear-business manufacturing processes.
value during PoC. to reduce greenhouse
The IoT has the potential
(5) Data Flow Because data flow and system démand of connected devices and
emissions, but the vast network
10-/Wil To
ebbiand:flow,
large-ecale ioT.deploymentaneeda of harming the environment.
sensors poses a real threat
0 stack that can provide the relásticitybto
srsoftware service for IoT
cost of internet
reduce the environmental
THeuperform well duringthe ulls and peaks Newerctoud to change their own practices
devices, manufacturers need
aI0j architecturessuch as microservices and: suppórting processes and
manufacturing
to use cleaner, lower energy
technologies like Kubernetes effectively manage this chain as well, to drive
change
influence their entire supply
issue..
be designed to consume
in the industry. IoT devices should
.0f and IoT companies
battery life,
11. Discugs environment cost minimal power to extend
ofsinternèt) lserviee for energy sources to power
1OT device and itsthe sotution? consider using renewable
(2022-23)
should
datacenters. Governments
can also play role by a
their use of
encourage the
t The Internet regulations that
of Things (lo'I) hasothepotentiallto implementing manufacturing
signiicantlyrediuce greenhouse emnissions iby monitoring sustainable materials and energy-efficient

air quality, pollution levels,. optimizing ap

appliance processes
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13. Discuss different categories of sensors. Image Sensors: These are developed on the baeic
(2021-22)
of the complementary
metal oxide semiconductor
Explain Classification ofSensors. (CMOS) technique. These are widely used in to video
surveillance, biometrics, and traffic
Classification Sensors can also be Done on the
of Motion Detectors : Motion
management.
detectors are based on
Basis of Different Areas: the infrared, ultrasonic, and
microwave/radar
(1) Classification Based on Application :Sensors are
technology. These are used insecurity
purposes.
chosen on the basis of application where they need to (5) Classification Based on Property : The sensors
be implemented, such as industrial process control, are also classified on the basis of the property of the
measurement and automation, automobiles,
physical parameter. A few examples are as follows :
consumer electronics, aircraft, and medical products. Temperature Thermocouples, thermistors,
As with the change in application, the selection
resistance temperature ic'ectors (RTDs)
criteria changes, so the application needs to be Flow Therma! :pg, differential pressure.
considered.
electromagnetic, position: displacement, etc.
(2) Classification Based on Power or Energy Pressure : Fiber optic, inearvariable differential
supplyRequiremnent: transformer(LVDT), liquid-based manometers.
elastic
Active Sensor:Active sensors are those where a vacuum, electronic Level sensors: Ultrasonic radio
power supply is required to measure the physical frequency, radar, thermal displacement, etc.
quantity, e.g., temperature sensor, ultrasonic sensor. Proxjmity and Displacement :Capacitive, LVDT,
and light-dependent resistor (LDR).
Passive Sensor :Sensors that do not need a power. Biosensors :
magnetic, photoelectric,ultrasonic
Electrochemical, resonant mirror.
supply are called passive sensors, and they measure surface plasmonresonance
the parameters, e.g., radiometers film photography. Image :Charge-coupled devices, CMOS
(3) Classification Based on Output of Sensor: Gas and Chemical :Semiconductor, conductance,
Digital Sensor :The output of sensor is in binary or infrared,electrochemical
digital form, which can be directly processed through Acceleration :Accelerometers, gyroscopes
a controller or processor.
Analog Sensors : The output of a sensor is in the 13. Explain the Radio Frequency Identification
form of a continuous signal. An (RFID)technology. (2021-22)
analog-to-digital
converter is required to read the sensor by
microcontroller or processor. RadioFrequency lden tification (REID)
(4) Classification Based on the Type of Sensor: RFID is a wireless communication technology that is

There are several sensors available with different used in the precise identification of objects. This
applications. Sensorscan be categorized on the technology, unlike ubiquitous UPC bar-code technology.
basis
of types of sensors. A few does not require contact or line of sight for communication
types of se 1sors are
discussed as follows: but uses radio-frequency waves to transfer identifying

technology named
:
Accelerometers Accelerometers are based
on the
information between tagged objects. RFID data can be read
through the human body, clothing and non-metallic
"microelectromechanical sensor."
They can be used in dynamic materials, it provides means or automatic and effective
systems.
Bioensors : Biosensors identifcation, enhancing the speed of information flow by
are based on the
electrochemical technology. overcoming the limitations of other manual data collection
They can be used for
medical care devices,"water methods.
testing, food testing, etc.
 [B.16) KPH for AKTU-MCA

INTERNET OF TAINGS
14.
What is relation between WSN. and IoT? Explain (B.17]

with example. (2021-22) In this regard, we hav. studied and analysed different loT
hardwaré platforms offering diverse
WSN as a Subsetof lo T hardware capabilities.
support, security,
than WSN. In other development infrastructure, and
loT existsat a higher level communities
WSNis often a technology used within an loT
words, (1) Arduino : Arduino was developed by Massimo
a mesh network, Banzi
system.A large collection of sensors, as in Et Al. in Ivrea, Italy. Arduino is a
simple electronics
can be used to individually gather dataand send data prototyping tool with open-source hardware and
through a router to the internet in an loT system. software. Arduino is essentially a
Microcontroller
It's also important to note that the term "wireless development board using which you can Blink LEDs,
sensor network" is not nearly as encompassing as "the accept inputs from Buttons, read data from Sensors,
internet of things." WSN conssts of a network of only. control.. Motors and many other "Microcontroller"
wirelesS sensors. If the network was to ilude a wred related tasks. The most popular Arduino board is the
sensor, it could no longer be labeled a "wireea aNr Arduino UNO, which is based on ATmega328P
network." This is unlike IoT. Essentially any devxe that Microcontroller from Atmel (now Microchip). Coming
connects to the internet can be considered an,loT deve. to the software side of Arduino. all Arduino boards
An "loTsystem"can therefore be interpreted asa group of can be programmed in (' and C++ programming
many IoT devices. languages using a special software called Arduino
Examples : IDE. The Arduino IDE consists of all the toolchains

(1) A temperature
fridge with the capability of sending and programming
for editing source code. compiling

reading is unlikely to use a wireless

to the internet on the Arduino board.
the Microcontroller
sensor network but it IS an IoT device. (2) Raspberry Pi: The Raspberry Pi was developed by
(2) A large collection of sensors used to monitor Eben Upton at the University of Cambridge in the
United Kingdom with the aim of teaching and
precipitation on an acre of land is likely to be
considered a "wireless sensor network" if in fact all improving programming skills of students in
the sensors are wireless. This system may or may not developing countries. While Arduino
be connected to an loT system. Microcontroller based development board, the
Raspberry Pi is a Microprocessor (usually an ARM
15. Cortex a Series) based board that acts as a computer.
Compare the
features f Intel Galileo,
As Raspberry Pi is essentially a full computer, it can
Raspberry and BeagleBone boards for theloT
run an Operating System. The Raspberry Pi
applications. (2021-22)
Foundation, the organization which is responsible for
Explain overvieu of various 10T supported
designing and developing Raspberry Pi SBC, also
Hardware platforms.
provides a Debian based Linux Distribution called

the Raspberry Pi OS (previously known as the

IoT platforms play a crucial role for fast
Raspbian 0S).Another important thing about
establishment and deployment of -IoT products. These (omputer,you
Raspberry Pi is, as it is a Linus basNed
platforms emerged as a major component in the using everal Programming
can develop software
development of IoT solutions and help IoT systens by HTML. ete.
Languages like C, C++, Python. Java.
providing built-in packages,
development environment, (3) Intel Galileo frequently referred to as
:Intel galileo
and tools to aid businesses,
developers, and users. IoT Galileo is a hghty
a "reliable ally" of Arduino, Intel
hardware platform is the amalgamation of a larger than a
integrated board that's just
little
embedded
hardware, communication interface, and is equipped with
software eredit card. The microcoOmputer
development environment for a complete loT solution. at speeds of
Intel® QuarkTM SoC X1000, operating
 KPH forAKTU-MCA
Mb .
[B.18]

with up to 8 INTERNÉT OF THINGS B.19]

up to 400 MHz, a motherboard also hax
The device
flash memory and 256 RAM. What do you mean by RFID based EPC network?
the 100Mb
capacity. 17.
VLAN available with
port
PCI express slots, 239RS
microSD card and mini 128 IoT, which basically combined with the
to connect up to is
USB 2.0 ports with a possibility technologies of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and
a very light.
devices. This platform works
with
and a standard environment of Electronic Product Code (EPC), is simply described as a
distribution of Linux
as its own real-time system to identify and share specific things
Arduino., Intel Galileo has such features
exchange without SPI attributes. Until today, these technologies are still the key
USB controller and data

components.Another cool feature is that there is an techniques in application of IoT.

to be stored on an RFID tag, the EPC is a
expansion slot for PCI Express for Wi-Fi, Bluetooth Designed
and 3G installation. Intel Galileo supports th. unique number that identifies a specific itemin the supply
data such
Arduino IDE. chain. The EPC can be associated with dynamic
:
(4) Beagle Bone The BeagleBoard is a low-power and as the origination point of an item or the
by
date
Auto
of its
ID and
open-source single-board computerproduced by Texas production. EPC standard is developed
Instruments in association with Digi-Key and MIT and EPC global, it has better
sponsored by
Newark elementi4. The BeagleBoard was also market.With this
in the
compatibility and more recognized
designed with open source software development in data can be shared over
standard, real-time RFID-related
mind, and as a way of demonstrating the Texas
the Internet.
Instrument's OMAP3530
(5) ARM
32-bit
: system-on-a-chip.
Cortex-M The ARM Cortex-M is a group of
RISC ARM processor cores licensed by 18. Explain why, there is need for sensors.
Arm
Holdings. These cores are optimized for
Sensors are Omnipresent :They embedded
low-cost and in our
(1)
energy-eficient integrated circuits, which have been
bodies, automobiles, airplanes, cellular telephones,
embedded in tens of billions of
consumer devices. plants, industrial plants and
Though tey are most often the radios, chemical
main component of
CHien onroller chps, sometimes countless other applications.
they are embedded being used for
inside other types of chips too. (2) Sensors in industrial applications
The ARM Cortex-M and.in
family are ARM process control, monitoring, and safety,
microprocessor cores, which are There
designed for use a
microcontrollers, ASICs, ASSPs,
FPGAs,and SoCs. Cortex-M
medicine being used for diagnostics,

critical care, and public health.

cores are monitoring,
as dedicated commonly used diagnostics in
microcontroller chips, but also
are (8) Sensorscan improve the world through
"hidden" inside of
SoC chips as power performanceof energy
medical applications; improved
controllers, VO management and solar power;
controllers, system
sources like fuel cells and batteries
screen controllers, touch
controllers, smart and security, for people;
sensors controllers. battery controllers, and improved health and safety
space and improved
sensors for exploring
16. Explain WoT. monitoring.
environmental

The Web of
Things (WoT)is a 19. What are Criteria to Choose a Sensor?
describes a future computing concept
where everyday that be addressed,
integrated with the objects are fully few features that need to
Web. The There are a
are as
the "things" to have prerequisite
for WoT is be selected. The features
for along with the sensor to
enable communication with embedded
the computer
Weh systems that follows:
 KPH for AKTU-MCA
[B20] INTERNET OF THINGS
(B.21]

(1) Accuracy
22. Elucidate sensor technology
(2) Cost for sensing the real
world using analog and digital
(3) Range of communication sensors, and.
examplesforsensing devices forloTand M2M?
(4) Repeatability
(5) Resolution Sensor Technology
(6) Environmental constraints Sensor technology is a technology
used for designing
(7) Data calibration sensors and associated electronic
readers, circuits and
devices. A.sensor can sense a change in
physical
Explain briefly Generation of Sensors. parameters, such as temperature, pressure, light, metal,
20.
smoke and proximity to an object. Sensors can also sense
(1) First Generation : The first-generation sensors acceleration, orientation, location, vibrations or smell.
were associated with electronics. Most of the organic vapours or gases. A microphone senses thevaise
were based on silicon structure. Few and changes in the sound, and is used to record voce or
structures
on a 'music.
sensors had the facility of analog amplification
microchip. A sensor converts physical energy like heat, sound,
was strain, pressure, vibrations and motion into electrical
(2) Second Generation: This generation of sensors
nature with MEMS element combined with energy. An electronic circuit connects to the input at a
analog in
sensor. The circuit receives the output of the sensor. The
nak mphfiat-on These had the facility of an
output is according to the variation in phy sical condition.A
analg t...hgtallVerter on one microchip. smart sensor includes the electronic circuit within itself,
(3) ThirdGeneration :This generation of sensors had a and includes computing and communication capablies.
combination of sensor element, analog amplification, :
Sensingthe Real World Sensor is an electronc device
in a circuit that senses a physical nvironment or
and analog-to-digital converter with the on-chip
digital intelligence and temperature compensation. wndtion. The sensor sends signals to an electronic circuit,
-.whwh interconnects to a serial port interface at a
(4) Fourth Generation :This generation ofsensors had
mercontroller or controlleror computing device.
8. adiatioual feature of memorycell for calibration Analog Sensors :Analog sensors use a sensor and an
aid tünperature compensation, along with the associated electronic analog circuit. Analog sensors

(5) Fifth Generatiox :

leatures of the thiri generation.

This is generation of intelligent

sensors with the capability of communication.
generate analog outputs asper the physical environmental
parameters, such as temperature, strain, pressure, force,
flex, vapours, magnetic field, or proximity. Resistance. of
the sensing componentmay show measurable changes with
What is the difference between Arduino and surrounding pressure or strain or magnetic field or
humidity.
Raspberry Pi?
Digital Sensors : A specific electronic component or
The main difference between
circuit gives digital outputl or 0 (on-offstate) or output
of
them is: Arduino is ls and 0s as a binary number(corresponding to a set of
microcontroller board, while Raspberry Pi is on-off states).
microprocessor based mini
computer (SBC). The Examples of Sensors : Sensors can sense temperatur
Microcontroller on the Arduino board humidity, acceleration, object distance, orientation angl
contains the CPU,
RAM and ROM. All the additional hardware on with respect to a fixed direction,magnetic object proximity.
Board is Arduino
for power supply, programming and touch and gestures of users, motion sound, vibrations,
Connectivity. IO shocks, electric current and environment conditions.
 INTERNET OF THINGS
KPH for AKTU-MCA (B.23]

[B.22)
Configuralion
User iniormation
Sensing its Applications
23. Explain Participatory Contextual data
andArchitecture. Autornated capture
Personal
ireal-tme HealthWellness
histonc)
where by
Time-location trace data stream
process (GPS/GSMW-Fi
is the
Participatory
sensing
mobile
+ time) Location
Proxmiy Sustainability
úse evermore-capable GIS data
individuals and
Modifiers
communities Activity

collect and analyse

systematic (acoelerotneter, Social context
services to
phones and cloud technology
Spatial

in convergence of
discovery. The Context
Scientific Advocacy
data for use that is
Media.
models democracy

with a citizenry Prompted manual

and analytical innovation and online capture
using mobile phones
increasingly comfortable to Media audio,
stage for this technology image.r ontext) User
social networking sets the personazation
Tags
aspects of our daily lives.
dramatically impact many audio, menu)
use data from a

(text,
Applications,
Server
Participatory sensing
applications Device Device/server analysis, acton
with its capture processing processing
gathered in collaboration
mobile sensornode
data gathering activities
and (Figure)
owner/operator. Both explicit
being
are envisioned, with both Participatory Sensing in Action
background capture tasks
network provided feedback.
(1) Participate People can initiate a Participatory
adjusted through local and

:
will enable these and Sensing.
Participatory sensing tools Exercise for a Variety of Reasons :The first step
data collection that similarly individuals
other organizations to initiate is to organize the participants-whether
to the planning of their own
connect people (and their data) acting alone or a large group acting in concert-to
environments. determine the goals and data collection plan.
(2) Mobile Personal Data Devices Using,
General user Roles for such Network
Assisted,
collect data
mobile-phones, participants
Goal-Oriented Data Gathering :
automatically (e.g., location logging)or manually (e.g.
(1) Initiators, who create campaigns and
specify data
taking pictures).
collectionchallenges; (3) UbiquitousWireless Transfer : Data are moved
users who participate in from in the world Via wireless
(2) Gatherers, mobile anywhere
that may be network infrastructure
pportunistic data gathering
(4) Data Processing in the Cloud : Data from a
triggered, user-initiated or continuously captured, and
variety of sources and locations are collected
tagged and shared using the mechanisms described that were previously
processed to reveal patterns
above; invisible.

(3) Evaluators, who verify and classify collected data on (5) Learn and Act : Participatory Sensing systems
digest the results of analyses into simple
behalf of the campaign;
visualizations that can be shared and used to make
(4) Analysts, who process, interpret and present data
change.
and conclusions.

Common architectural components for participatory 24. Explainwhat is Sensorsand its Working.
sensing applications, including mobile device data capture,
A sensor is an that detects changes
appliance
in

personal data stream storage, and leveraged data

or other quantities. So, it produces an
physical, electrical,
processing.
[B.24] KPH forAKTU-MCA
electricalor optical signal output as an acknowledgrment
of the change in that specific quantity. So, a Sent
module or chip that observes the changes happening in the
physical world and sends feedback to the microcontroler or
microprocessor. Excitation (Power supply) and Grounding
must be provided to the sensor for the proper working.
Power Analog
Supply Values

Sensors

Voltage/C
Ground
urrent O/P

Input Signal Output

Sensor Conditioning
unit

(Figure)
. may
In signal conditioning unit, the output of the
sensor be amplified, filtered or modified to the
desired output voltage. For example, if we consider a
microphone it detects the audio signal and converts to
the output voltage (is in terms of millivolts) which
becomes hard to drive an output circuit. So, a signal.
conditioning unit (an amplifer) is used to increase
the signal strength. But the signal conditioning may
not be necessary for all the sensors like photodiode,
LDR etc.