PURE YEAR

1
 -
OPIC I Algebraic Expressions

Index Laws

Can
·

use indicies laws to simplify powers of the same Surds

They irrational numbers but can be simplified

·

bases are ,

·
amxa" = amth axb = ab

·
am - an = am
- n
a - b = =
·
lahy" = amn =
·

(ab)" =
anbr 3) &(5 5) -
= 55 -
54)(2 53)(5+5) -
= 10 + 25 -
55 -
3

1) x xx5 = x 2)2r x3r2 Gr53)6x5 = 3x2 = = 3x2 = 7 -

35

4) (3x43 = x" = 27x = x" : 27x 5) 55-2e + Fay = 55 -

2xx5 + 75 = 55 -
45 + 75 = 8%

Expanding Brackets Rationalising Denominators

I
(x+ a)(+) =
If
·

= x + ak + bx + ab a then multiply both by : a

1) (x + 3)(x + 2) = x + 7x + 102)(x -
y) = (x y)(x y)
- - = x -

2xy + y2 ·

It atto then multiply both by a -5 : a

3) (x 4)(x+3)(+ 1)-
= (x -
x - 12)(x+ 1) = x" -
13k -
12
·

It atto then multiply both by atta :

a+

atb
b

1) 2) :

Factorising 4) " =
425 :
25

Opposite of expanding
·

brackets

1) 33+ 9 = 3 (01+3)2)3x2 -

9xy = 3x(x -

3y)

3) x -
Sx -6 = br 6)(2+1)
-
4) 6x" -
1122-10 = (3x + 2)(2x 5) -

3) x = 2S = (x + S)(x 5)6)x3 - + 3x" -

10x =
x(x) + 3x 10) -

=
((x + 5)(x 2) -

Negative & Fractional Indicies

ama

a ()m =

a
-m
= am
I

-m
a
=
ma)h

a = a

a = 1

1) i =
( = x
3
= x 2)(3)5 =

3) zx =
2x3 -
x
-"
=
3 -

in 4)9 = 5 =
3

5) 25
-* = (: (t)" -

6) Given that y
: to isy" Hosi)" =
= to

ii) 4y" = 4(52)" =

4(16x2) =
64x2 :
TOPIC 2 QUADRATICS

Solving Quadratic Equations Quadratic Graphs

To Solve quadratic equations : + ax + bx + c -

all + bx + c

Y
When > = 0
Completaa
( -
p , q)
1. write as + bat =
0
when x=0 &
quadrata
roots op
ax" + bx + c = 0
. Factorise
2 leftSides
ch
&
X

. Set each factor

3 to =
0 & Solve tol ind value
of Xr X

X * 32

1) x -
2x - 15 = 0 (2 S)(x + 3) = 0 -
: x = 5
,
-
3 X
roots of quadratic
M
value of when
ax" + bx + c = 0
complete the
Square
2) x2 = anx -
9x = 0x ( x 9) -
= 0 : x = 0 ,
9 e .
. a(x + p)
g +a

( -
p , q)

3) x" -
Sort 18 = 2 + 3xx22 -
8x + 16 = 0(x -
4) : x =
4 1) -So+ 4

4) (2x 3) -
= 25 2x- 3 : Es x = 35 : x = -
1 ,
4 When i" - Sorty = 0 (x -

4) (x -
1) = :
0 = 4,

when 42 So + y(x - 2) = -
+ 4 =
k -
z)" & -

·
Con solve quadratic equations using the quadratic formula

4x
x
bib
-
=

1) 3-
7
= 0 : k=

(
*

Completing The Square

x2 + bx = (x + z) - The Discriminant

1)(" + 8x = (x + 4)2 - 162)2x2 + 12x = 2[x" + 6x] = 2[(x +3)" 9] -

b2 -
49c

=
2(x + 3)"-18 Shows how many roots f(x) has :

ax + bx + c = (x +) + (c - -

It b2 Yas > O : has 2 roots

1) 3x2 + bx + 1 = 3(x" + 2x] + 1 =

3[(x + 1) -
13 + 1 =
3(x + 1) -
2
-

It b2- Yac = 0 : has I not

2) x2 + 8, + 10 bitus2 - 16 + 10 (2+ 4)" 475 b" Yac10 O

6
If has roots
-
= 0 = 0 - =0 x = -
:

3) 2x" -
8x + 7 = 0 2[x -
4x] +z = 0 2 [(c 2)2 - - 43 +7 = 0

2(x - 2) -
1 =
01 = 2 1)f(x) = x + kx + 9 has equal roots

: b" -
Yazzo k" -
4x1x9 = 0 k -
36 =0 K= 36

Functions k = =50 . k = 6. -
6

2) Range
·

When linding the roots of a lunction do f(x) =o in which (C + Gat = 0 has 2 distinct roots

1) f(x) = 2x -
10
g(x) = x -
9 b2 Yaco : 42 4x1xk 16-4k > 0 4K16K24

a) ((5) =
0 g(10) : 9)

6)f(x) =
g(x) : · 2x -
10 = x2 - 9x2 -
2x + 1 (x - 12 : x = /
Modelling Quadratics

2)f(x) x2 used situations a) Initial height of

·

= 6 -
5 in real-life the tower is 12 25 . m

al (x + 3) 9 -
5 = ( + 3)" -
14 6) 12 25
. + 14 76 .
-
4 . 9E2E =
-14 .
71 (14 7)"
.
-
4X-4 9x 12 25. .
t =
-0 . 679 ,
3 . 68 Sea
2X -
4 9 .

6) f(x) = :
0 (2 + 3) 14 =0 C = -
3 IT4 2) -
4 972
. + 14 77
. + 12 25
.
= 0
-

4 .
9(t + 37] + 12 25 .
= 0 -
4 .
9((t + z) - 5) + 12 25
.
=0

3) f(x) = x + (x" -
8 let n = x n + 7n -
8(n + 8)(n 1) -
23 275-4 9(t
.
.
- E)A =
23 275 .
,
B = 4 9
.
,
c = E

:. n = -
8 ,
13 =
-
8 ,
1 d) Max height =
23 275m .

x = -
2
,
1 Time : Sec
TOPIC 3 EQUATIONS & INEQUALITIES

Linear Simultaneous Equations Linear Inequalities Inequalities On Graphs

·
Can be used to solved one set of values that has I unknowns
·
The solution of
on inequality ist h e set of all real numbers · The values o f for which the curve :
flot) is below the curve
y

by elimination or substitution that make the inequality .

true
y
=
g(x) is f(x) <
g(x)

S
1) 1) 3(x -
5) 5- 2(x 8) -
322- 1535- 2x + 16 5x36 (137 2 .
·

The values o f for which the

curve y :
flor) is above the curve

4) x -
5(2) =
4 4x = 1 4 x = E ·

Can represent this on a number line

y
=
g(x) is f(x) >
g(x)

2x y = 1-

70 e y= f(x)
2) 4x +
2y =
30 y = 2x -
1 : 4x + 2(2x 1 - = -
30 i

4x + 4x - 2= -
30 8x = -
28x = - E 7410
y = g(x)

z( - E) 8 Can lind of
·

1 1 8 for which 2 inequalities

y =z y set
=
= =
values are true
-

y a
-

together ; can use a number live D

Quadratic Simultaneous Equations D3x -

5(1 + 8 & Sxxx -
S a 12 + 4 = C 12 41-12
- 6-6)( + 2 ) = 6, 2 We ,
2

Simultaneous equations with 1 linear & 1 quadratic equation can have up 46 5 . x) -

2 6) x(6 & x> -
2 ::
-
2(1)
O &

to 2
pairs of solutions
iii
2y 3
z
103
(+ = :

1) c + bay = -
2(6 . 5 Regions

(2 + 3x)3) 10 x" : + E =
10 2x" + 9x-3x2 = 20
·
If yalkx) then represents area under the curve y = f(x)

- x2 + 9x -
20 = 0 x2 - 9x + 20 = 0 (x2-S) (x -
4) = 0 < = 5, 4 Quadratic Inequalities ·

It yof(x) then represents area above the curve y

=
f(x)

y = f(x)

Flut
I
when < = 5 : : - ·
To solve quadratic inequalities :
y

x = 4 :
y=
-
z 1) Rearrange so that the right-hand side of the inequality is O
exec

2) Solve the
corresponding quadratic equation to
find the

Simultaneous Equations On Graphs Critical values

·
It yellas or yella) then represent as a dotted line

The Solutions pair of simultaneous equations represents the 3) Sketch It

to the graph of the quadratic lunction
y > llsi) yef(x) Hen represent as solid line
·

a or a

points of intersection of their graphs 4) use the sketch lind

to the required set of values 1
2x + 3y = S

1) ba y 2x + 3(x- 23) ax" ax2 - + 7 yy(x

-6
=
23 3x 23 8 + bx + > 0 u)(x + 1
: = + bx + c o yc
-

y = -

I ...
7
y = x" 3x 4
x = - -

:
y
= 3(7) 23 2
y
-
= -

(7. 2) -

Ficaf0 Exia]nE : > b] 2y +x = 14

·
Can use the discriminant tolind out how many intersections - [( : x b]
-
I 4

there are
·

When its >b have to multiply bya to get

a
quadratic

b2 -
49c > O b2 4ac = 0 b2 YacO - 1) 26x22 2x2 -
600 2x(2-3)0

D Ex : < >0] n [x : < 23]

k(2
-

2) y = 2x+ 1 = + 2(2x + 1 +k -
2 = 0 O 3 O(x(3

kx" + 4x+ 2 +k 2 - = 0kx" + 4x + k = 0 b2 -

4ac = 0 : 2) 3 -
5x -
2x- 20 2x + 5x -
30 (2x -
1)(x + 3) 30

4" -
YxkXk =0 16 -
4k = 0 4k= 16 k2 =
4 k = 12 but k>0 :: k=2 -x : x -
3] -Ex : ( []

b) 2x" + 2y = 0 & y = 2x+ 1 : 2x + 2(2x +1) = 0 2x" + 4x + 2 = 0

*
x23 or >
-
3 12

(22 + 2x + 1 = 0 62712 : 6 = -1 whe < = + ::

y = 2) 1) +
-
= -
) ( ,
-
1)
TOPIC 4 GRAPHS & TRANSFORMATIONS

Cubic Graphs Points Of Intersection Rellection

f(x)
·
= ax + bx + xx + d
·

The x-coordinate at the point of intersection of the

·

The graph -f(x) is a reflection of l(s) the X-

curve
y on
= =
y
ta
-
a

with equation y = f(x) & y = g(s)) solutions to axis

are the the ; all y values are now negative

The f(-x) is
·

equation (() g(x) reflection of l(0) the

=
graph y = a
y
= on
y-axis ; all

It p is root of the lenction166) 1) He values are

a Hen the graph now negative

touches

(x-a) :
or

a
crosses

crosses
the x-axis

X
at the point (p 0),

· 3 -
3

3x = 0x(x
- = 05(1-2)

- 3) =0
:
(5

x
-

=
30

0
=

,5
222

y 24
=
-
x)
- b
y
= f(x)

(x-a)" : a touches
X
10 03 ,
& (5 ,
3-35) & -5 3 + 35) , -
a
a

X y=
-
f(x)
-- D
(x-a) : a is a point of
inflections
y = (x 2)
-

1) y
= (x -
23 Translating Graphs
*
X -
g

The y /x) + a is a translation of y : /G bythe

·

graph :

2) y (x 12 (c+ = -

1)x x

Y
vector (a)

The graph y fo + a)
·

= is a translation of y : /(s) by the vector

Y = ((x) +a

(09) y = f(x+ a)
y = l(x)
y = e(x a)
-

Quadratic Graphs

f(x) = ast" + bx3 + 2x" + dx + e

y-intercept
=

y ((x)
= a
-

-x *
Nots

1) 2) y x(x + 2) (3 x)
·

y
= (2+ 1)(x + 2)(x 1)(x - -
2) = -
When you translate a function , any asymptotes are also

translated x a
=
-
X4

= 10)
y = ((x)
+a

-
= a
y

y= ((x+al

3) y (x 12(x 3) = - -

It
Stretching Craphs

Reciprocal Graphs The

·

graph of y
: alls) is a stretch of y flot
:
by a Scale of

The graph y
=& y
: has asymptotes at = 0 & a
vertically ; y values are stretched

y: 3 The
of Class of y flot by Scale of
·

y = 0 y-
=

graph y
= is a stretch : a

a horizontally ; s values are stretched

y = af(x)
= l(ax)
y
y = f(x)

I
y =
E y= -

y = y y= -
,

y = -

z
TOPIC 5 STRAIGHT LINE GRAPHS

y mx + a
=

·
The gradientm of a live
joining the coordinates ( , y1) Modelling With Straight Lines

to calculated 2 quantities
the Coordinate (x y1) directly they increase at the Some
·

, can be : are
proportional when

yz y
-
/

m =
222 -
X ,
rate ,
the graph will start at the Origin
y = kx

The of straight lie

·

equation a can be written as :

k

3- meet
Y = ma + I

gradient

·
It can also be written as ax + by + c = 0

·
Can use a linear model to show the relationship betweenI

Equations Of Straight Lines variables : &y

·
The equation of a line with gradient in that p a ss e s Can be modelled as = asith
y

Have isn't always

·

through the point (1 ,

y ,) can be written as :
to make assumption&f He model correct

y
-

y)
= m(x -
x ,)

(x ,
y
(32 ,, y 1 ) y -

y
*
x -
x,

Paralles & Perpendicular Lines

·
Parrallel lines have the same gradient

Perpendicular
·

lines Meet at a
right angle to

each other , the gradient will be -

In is the

gradient of the line is m

The
gradients of 2
·

product of perpendicular lines

is -1 = mx
-
m = -
1

Length & Area

Tolind between ( ) &

·

the distance , ,
y1

(2 ,
ya),
use the formula :

(xz ) + (yz 3
d x, y
-
- ,
=
 TOPIC 6 CIRCLES

Midpoints & Perpendicular Bisectors Circles & Triangles

A
·

The midpoint ( through the

of a live segment with endpoints , yi) & (12 , yal circle the passes vertices of a triangle is called a circumcircle of the triangle

is+ Yi , ·
The perpendicular bisector of each side of the triangle intersect at the centre of the circle ,
this is called the

· (x2) Y2)
Centre of circle
7
s
circuncentre Find the lacation of the perpendicular bisectors of 2 chords
· x2r
+ yet e

Find
·

the coordinate of the points of intersection of the perpendicular bisector

(xi < yi)

·
The perpendicular bisector of a line Segment AB is a straight line

that is perpendicular to AB & pass through the midpoint of AB

·
If the inside the circle is right angle triangle hypothesis is the
triangle the diameter
a Hen

PGM
If
&
= 90' then R Lies on the circle with diameter DQ
+ Midpoint P

B ·
The angle in S emicircle
a is always a right angle

Equation Of A Circle

The equation of a circle with centre at 10 0),

is +
y = r

The equation of a circle with centre at (a , b) is (x-al + Ly - b) r =

The equation of a circle can be written in the form :

x +
y + 2fx + 2gy + c = 0

(2 + 2) -
22 + (y + g)" g -
+ c = 0

= ( + 2) + (y + g) 22 =
+ g -
c

where Centre =
(-f -g) ,
& radius =+g -
c

Intersections Of StraightL ires & Circles

A
·

straight line can intersect a circle once , by just touching the ,

circle or

twice

I
·

paint of no points of
Intersection intersection

·
2pointso

Use Tangent & Chord Properties

A targent of the
·

to a circle is perpendicular to the radius circle at

the point of intersections

Radius Tangent
7

The perpendicular bisector of a chord will through the centre of a circle

go

Centre of Circle

· 1

Jor MidpointO f As
·

A
 7 ALGEBRAIC METHODS
TOPIC (atb)(a b) - = at - b2

Algebraic Fractions
·
To proveo n identity you should
:

Start with the expression on one side of the identity

-

Manipulate that expression algebraically until it matches the other side

·
When simplifying an algebraic traction ,
where possible the Numerator & denominator
- show every step of your algebraic working

& then cancel commonlactors

(x Methods Of Proof
+a ka-b
-b) = =

1)
Zut = 4
=E
S Proof by exhaustion is
·
=
using every example to show why a mathematical statement is true
+3

1
2) 8x" -

< + 6x =
2x4x -2x
2x
+ 3) =
2x4x-2x
2x
+ 3 = 4-2

3) ==t For odd numbers : (2n + 1)" 4n" + 4n + 14(n2 + n) + 1 multiple of 4 ten add 1
=
:
,

For even numbers : (2n)" =

42 4(n2) :· multiple of 4

Dividing Polynomials

Con divide Prove doesn't

·

an
algebraic polynomial equation by a common factor by counter-example is when an example work for Statement
the

(x +
p) 1)

x + 5x -
2

1) x + 2x2 17x + 6 <

31 ↓A 2&3 are prime numbers
-
-

x -
3

5x2 -
17x

-
Sx" -15x 2 +3 = 5
,
5 isn't on even number : Statement isn't true
-
2x + 6
- -
2x + 6
O

Factor Theorem

·
Factor theorem States that if f(x) is a polynomial then :

It t(p >= 0 (x-p) factor of f(x)

-

the is a

It (x2-p) is a factor of f(x) ,

then e(p) = 0

1) Show that (1-2) is a factor of3 + Cc" -

4x- 4

& (x) x3 =
+ (2 -
4x 4 -

wher x -2 = 0 .. ((2) = 0

Mathematical Proof

·
A theorem is a statement that has been proven

·
A mathematical Statement (or Conjecture) is Statement that has to
a a
yet

be
proven

·
Can prove a Mathematical Statement is true by deduction. This means

Starting from knownlacts or definitions ,

then using logical Steps to reach the

desired conclusions

·
In a mathematical proof must
you
:

State assumption
any information using
-

or are
you

-
Show every step of your proof clearly
MakeS u e that every step follows logically from the previous Step
-

Make Sue you have covered all possible cases

Write a statement the end of working

of proof at your
 TOPIC 8 BINOMIAL EXPANSION

Pascals Triangle

Formedbyadding
adjacent pais of Member to find ke numbers
·

on the aa

The (n + 1) th now of pascals triangle gives the coefficients in the expansion of latb)"

Factorial Notation

·
x ! =
xXx -

1xx 2x -
... x1

Con lactorial notation & your in pascal's triangle quickly

·

use calculator tol i n d entries

"Dr or (r) where the number of

ways of choosing 'r'items how a group of 'n' items

· Ver =
(r) =
r
.Ch-r).

""
·

The r th entry in the nth now of Pascal's triangle is given by C =I

The Binomial Expansion

·
The binomial expansion is :

2nz!(a)" -(a (1)(b)

-

+... +
(a+ b) =
(1)(an) + (n)(a)v " (b) +

Solving Binomial Problems

·
In the expansion of latbl" the general term is given by (v) avory

Binomial Estimation

If the value of 12 is less than 1 ,

ther gets smaller asn gets larger. If ( is small then can sometimes
ignore large powers of 1 to approximate a fuction or estimate a value

+ ((" +...
"

28(1)
8

a 1-?" = (1)(1* + 10119) - + -

=
1 -
2 5x.
+ 2 .
8125x2 -
1 . 875x3 +...

b) 0 975" .
= 1-

0 .
975 : -" -
0 025.
= - = 0 . 1 : 1-2 . 510 1) + 2
.
. 8125(0 .
12 - 1 875(0
. .
" = 0 . 77625

: 0 .
9750 7763(4dp) .
 TOPIC 9 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS

The Losine Rule

·

y = fan 0 : -

repeats 180 crosses (1-axis a t -180 ; 360 ;

0 : 180
every , .., , ...

· a = b2 + c -
2bcxcos(A) -

No min & max values

A
Vertical asymptotes -90
-

at 1 =..., 90 ; 270
,
C , ..

B
Ja
tan (0) = + an (p + 180) = + an (0 + 360)

(b2+
S
tan(0)

A = cos-1

39 s
boo 1 70 s o 9 0 0
o i
to 270
.

The Sine Rule

· SinA SinB Se =

Transforming Trigonometric Graphs

Sin 0 = Sin (0-180 ·

y = Sucosta is translated by the vectora

los(ota) is translated by the vector o

y
=

-I

x 180 -
>2

ate(d) is stretched vertically by of

·

y :
a scale a

Area Of Triangles ·

y
= Sin(a0) is stretched horizontally by a scale of a

Area = Jabxsin(C)

ac
-cos(O)
·

y =
is reflected on the x-axis
C

D
·

y = tan(-0) is reflected on the y-axis

Solving Triangle Problems

Can use sine & cosine rules along with Pythagorus theorem & right-angle ·Asymptotes are also translated

trig(SOn CAN TOA) to Solve triangle problems

GraphsOf Sine , Cosine & Tangent

·
These graphs are periodic &
they repeat hemselves after a certain interval

Y = Sin D : -

Repeats every 360 , crosses the 1-axis at ...,

-180 : 0180' ,
360..

Max & is 10-1

-

Min

Sind : Sir(0-180) = Sin (0 + 300)

Sin(0)

I
1-

"80-90 o
180 250
300
300-200
do

·
los8 :
-repeats every 360 crosses the x-axis at -90 90 270 ,
y
=
...,
.
, , ,

-
Has max & min at 191

Los (0) cos(0 360)

= - =
cos (0 + 360)

-
360
-

270-180

For 100

un
10
-
 TOPIC 10 TRIG IDENTITIES & EQUATIONS

Angles In All 4 Quadrants Harder Trig Equations

·
Can use a wit circle with its centre at the origin to help you understand the t r i g When Sin no =
k , LOS no = k or tanno=k ,
the doman of 0203360 changes

ratios ; has a radius of 1 1) COS 30 = 0 766.

,
0204360

" +o

30 0 : 30

.awaspudhthonot
T x = = 1080

-
-acute age COSx = 0 .
766 0 1 < 1080

·
x = los" (0 766) .
= 40 320:, 400 680 , 760;
, ,
1040

0 =
13 3: .

,
107' ,
133 .
3 , 227 ; 253 ,
347
:

3rd 4th 2) Sin(+ 60) = 0 3 . 02360

>+ 60 =
y 60 -3+68 : 420

Ex a
Values c
Of Trig t
Ratios Sin
y
= 0 .
3 60 2 y1420

Sin" (0 3) = 17 5; 162 5 377 5

y
= . .
,
. .

&
loso1
Sin so so x =
102 . 5 ; 317 .
5

tano
O is To
Equations & Identities

Can Solve SinO cos O tano & may give I sets of solutions
, ,

Trig Identities 1) 2 cos"0-cos0-1 = 0 00 = 360

· tan O-Si (2coso + 1)(coso-1) = 0

·
Sio + cos20 =

1 20050 = -I Los 0 = 1

Can
·

rearrange equation CoSP = - Los 0 = 1

cos" (E) O cost

= Suto
a O = :

0 120 240.8
:

=
,
=
0 360,

2)
cos"O Siho = I-tan 0 = 0. , 120 ,
240 ,
360

(cos' Sizollos"O-Sina
(II(Lossi a
o + =

los"o

2) Zos" + &Sinc = 3 sin" - 18022180

=
1 - Sno =
1-tan

2(1-Six) + 9 Six = 3 Su s

Simple Trig Equations 2 - Isin2 + 9sic- 3 S i = O

·
Solutions to Sir O : k & cos0 = K only exists when -
14k21 -
Ssix + 9Suc + 2 = 0 = Ssntx -
9Six -
2

Solution to tan
O-p exists for all values of p (5Snc + 1)(Sinx-2) = 0 Succ = - Sus
= 2

using lost ,
sirt or tan" gives the principle value (angle x = Si
-
( -
-) Not Possible

1) 01300 ,
cos=cost =
30 % 330 x = -
168 5 .
-
11 5.
%

2) 002360 ,
sin o : coso Stand

tan (5) = 0 =
60; 240
 TOPIC 11 VECTORS

Vectors Position Vectors ModellingWith Vectors

A vector has magnitude& Position giving position of point Vectors both & direction
·

both relative quantities have magnitude

·

direction the
·
Vectors are vectors a , :

Represented using a direct live Segment to a lised Origin -Velocity

If Po = Rs then the live SegmentPQ & RS are

equal in A coordinate P(p , a) has a position vector of Op =
pitaj = @ -

Displacement

AB
=OB-o
length & Force
·

parallel
-

are

AB -BA the line AB is equal in

·
The of is scalar ; has size but
length , parallel magnitude
·

Segment S vector quantity

=
as a a
T

B
C
& in the opposite direction to BA no direction :
O

Speed

Triangle law Solving Geometric Distance

-

lor Vector addition Problems

·
:

A= AB
+
FPA b=
·

If the point P dividesh e line Segment AB in the ratio X: N ,

then i =
North j :
East

Xin AB
~ C

Op Or + D
an
=

- On + X * OB-on a) 2 + 3 =
5km
B A
N

X
Subtracting b)0 7 2km A
·

a vector is equivalent to adding a negative .

&
P
9

Vector N
T
N
B
A
&
3km
·

Adding the vectors PG & &P gives the zero rector o

⑧

Any rector parallel to the rector 'a' may be written

·

If &
a b are 2 non-parallel vectors & patab = ra + Sb
, ·
B

as Xa
,
were X is a non-zero scalar ten p= r & q = S OB =
2i-3jkm

1 c) OB = 22 +
2
3 = 3 61 km
. 13se)

Representing Vectors AB = -O + OB =
b -a 9) 90 + tan" 3 = 14)
:

·
Can be represented as a colomn vector : ai + bj Ap = 5b- a

were a Op = E + Ap = a +
-

(a + -b = za + zb

op za + -b
authb
=

an
2) -C

·
To multiply a column rector by a Scalar , multiply Ac =
c - a OB = a+

each component by te scalar :

X = Op = O + Ap = X Or

·
To add 2
C olumn vectors , add the a components & the
op = a + p(c -
a) = x(a + c)

y components Separately
8 + 5 = is =
a +
mc -

pa
= x + xa

a-pa =
Xa :
1-p = x

Magnitude & Direction PC

=
XC : N
= X =
z So p is the midpoint

·
Con use pythagoras to calculate the magnitude of a vector of both diagnos: Hey bisect each other

For vector : a=
xity;= 'I 191 =ty"

The unit rector is in the direction of a given vector

= l . =
Magnitude-direction form &
·

is the angle between the vector

one of the coordinate axes

 TOPIC
12 DIFFERENTIATE

Gradients ofCurves Gradients Tangents & Normals Sketching Gradient Functions

I
The gradient of The tangent of l(s) the point with y = e(x) y l'(x)
=
the
· ·
the cure
constantly changes c u re y
= at
-

Cuts the x-axis

·
The gradient of a cure at a given point is defined as the Coordinate (a , llas) has the equation
:
Max or Min

l'(a)(x
Touchesa
point y - ((a) a) Point of
=
gradient of the targent to the cure at that -
Inelection

The
targent just
·

The normal point with Positive

Abovea
y f(x)
·

touches to the cure : at the gradient

⑧

Below the
Ct-axis
Coordinate (a ,
ecal) has equations :
Negative gradient
Vertical

Finding The Derivative y - l(a)

= 2(a)( -
a Vertical Asymptotes
Asymptote

Horizontal Asymptote
Normal
to the x-axis
The function , or derivative of Horizontal Asymptote
gradient
·
curre
y
= l'(x)
ay

a
is written a s '() Tangent
y ((x) or a
=

-x
X
Differentiating fromI t Principles
·

etl-ec
l'(x) = nim h

The gradientfunction can be used tohind the Increasing & Decreasing Functions

The Modelling
·

gradient of the curve for any value of 1 Suction ( (x) is increasing on the interval a
,
b With Differentiation

de
of l'()30 for all values of o such that a < < b ·
di represents the change of y
with respect a
to

Differentiating x" The

luction interval [c , b ]
·

((x) is decreasing on the can

change Hese variables to represent real-life quantities

For all real values nd

of for a constant 'a :
if f'(l)) = 0 for all values of Such that a b 13

If f(x) = < Hen e'(x) = noch

-
= 4T
when : 5 =
314cm3

If y() = " then de non- Second Order Derivatives 2)

It fix an"ten &'(x) nas"-1 Differentiating a)

·

function f(x) twice gives the

·
= = a
y
=
you U
Y

If yar ten
=nach- Second order derivative , " ( or
a A =
xyx3 + 2xx =
3xy + 2x

2'() axe"(x) d (n)(n 1)axu

- -

3y 2x2 54 y
54
= = = : -
+ = =
y

(254 5
Differentiating 54x 2x3
=
Quadratics V = x = = 18x -

y
-

Have to differentiate one-at-a-time Stationary Points 6) =

18-2x" when a =
0
18-2x = 0 2x = 18
,
x = +3

For quadratic curve with equation y

= ax + boat ·
Has gradientO (270 : x = 3 V =
18(3)
-

3(3)" = 36m3

the derivative is give a

as
=
2ax + b ·

Eith Local Max or Min or point of inflection 2) &- 4 wa = 3 = -12 -

1200 : Max

Max

I ↑
&

Pointon
o

Differentiating functions with 1 or More Terms

Min

Need to each term into thel o m as ·

Can use second derivative to determine nature of
rearrange
·
a

Differentiateh e terms one-at-a-time Stationary point

·

·
If y = ((x) +g(x) ten = e' (x) Eg'a ·

It l "Casso the point is a local min

·
It l "(a)0 Hen point is a local max

It l "Cal =
o Her could be either

Have to look at point each side to determine point of

inflection
 TOPIC 13 INTEGRATION

Integrating sh Area Under The (C-Asis

nixv
*
·
It =
Hen
y
= +2 ,
nE -
1 ·
When the area bounded by a curve & Hex-axis is below the

It l(x) = x ten f(x) = mixh +

+ c , n = -
1 x-axis , Sy dis gives a
negative value

It ax
=
l'() = koh Her
y
= e(x) = nic +
+ 2
, n = 1Dy = x(x 1(x + 3)
- S

·
When integrating polynomials , apply the rule of y= x + 2x -
3xSix3 + 2x2 -
3x)dx = [tx zx + -

zx7]2

integration Separately to each term

-
[f( -
31" + 5) - 3) =( - -

3)] 4 =

da =
-xy = - So(y)dx = [tx zx) + -

zx7]

[G()" =(13 Ex] +

- = -
E

Indefinite Integrals 4 + =
4

·
Se'cdx =
f(x) + c

·
Saudi +, ne - Areas Between Cures & Lines

·
Se(x) +
g(x)dx = Se(x)dx + Sg()dx ·

Can use definite integration together with areas of trapeziums

1) S(x + x
=
+ 5x
-

2)dx = x3 -
2x - 5x + c & triangles lid
to more complicatedareas on
graphs

1)

Finding Functions 2 = 4x -
x x" -
3x = 0 = ((x 3)- : x = 0. 3

To lid the constant of integration 'c' : So -

x + 4x)dx = [ 5(3
-
+ 2x7]3 =
9

Integrate thefunction Area on triangle 33 =

4 5 .
9-4 . 5 = 4 5 . unit?

-Substitute the values (x y) of

, a point on the curre , or

He value of the lenction at a given point f(x) = K

, into the

integratedfunction

Solve the lind

equation to a

Definite Integrals

Can Calculate an integral between 2 limits

go ~
ax + bx + c =
[ax + 24 + x

jek)dx [f(x)] = =
e(b) xca) -

S? "
1) - 1au = [E" -x]: [5(5)* 5]- [ -
1

=
1 662 (3ap)
.

Area Under A Curve

·
The area between a positive curve ,
the sc-axis & He lines

= a & c = b is given by : Area-Say)dx ,

where y = ext

is the equation of the curve

Area

a b
 14 EXPONENTIALS & LOGS
TOPIC

Exponential Functions
·
en = In(ex) =

f(x) at Logarithms Loge(x)

·
·
=
y
= is an exponential function = Inc

3 a
y = a

Loga(n) =, a = n att 1) e = 5 Coge (5) = : Ind

X I
1) logy (8) = 4 2) 27 = 128 : Log : 1128) : 7 2 ) /n = b loge :
3 x = e
Sx

e2 +
b
InE 3
-

=
3) = 7
Loge (7) : Ex + 3 InF = Ec +y
-3
a
y=

Law Of Logarithms 4) e? + Se = 14 let n = e n2 + 5n -

14 =
0 (n + 7) (n -
2) = 0 n = e = -
7 ,
2

Logan
·
+ logay :
Legally Loge(2) = x =
In 2
Sx

3 a

logax-Logay :
Loga's 3) 2 In + 1 = 5 ,
Inx = 2, loge = 2
,
x = en
Sx

Loga (F +loga
·

=
x
a
y=
-

log a Loga x" -Logal Logs & Non-Linear Data

=
=

Logalah 1 Logs be used to managed explore non-linear in data

·
trends
·
=
can

y= e Loga (1) D Case 1 : all

·

y
= =

·
For all real values o f & K : 1) 2 logg 3 + 3logs2 =

Logs 9 +
logs & 1) Log y =
Logan

If flo =
y
: e" then l'(x) = =
ev =
logs 72 2) Log y
=
Loga +
nlog

·
It ((x) =
y
= ektenl'(x) = a =
kekx 2) loga =

Logab-Logala") =
Loga)- 4 Y =
Mc + C . .
Gradient = n

y-intercept =
Loga
logy
1) e( e4 ec) 4e"2)y betd beise Logs (a + 11) logz(x-5) is
* =
= : = 3) = 2 logy
= 2

logax

= y = 9 (+ 1 = 9x -45 ,
8x 56 =
, x = 7
Sloga

Exponential modelling Case 2 :

y : ab

·
Can use e to model situations Such as population Solving Equations Using Logs 1) log y
:
log ab

of increase is 1) 3" 20 logy (20) x= 2 727 2) log y log +

Clog b
growth , where the rate proportional to the size
= =
a
. :

Gradient =
Logb
2)5x
1 logs b Y
|+
of the population at
any given moment = 6) Logg 61 = (x - = = Mx + C Y-intercept =
Loga
logy a

e
"
can be used to model decay where the rate 31 52-1215" + 20 = 0
y
= ,

XLoga

>
x
of decrease is proportional to the number of atoms let n = 3" n2 -
12n + 20 = 0 (n-10) (n - 2) =
0

5"
loga
remaining n 10
= =
,
2

1) ·

Whenever ((x) =
g(xi) ,
Loga ((x2) =
Logag((1)

0 000X15 "
1)
*
a) Logy" Log 2
- .

at t =
15 p =
160e =
146 . 2
mg
m = 2 =
clogb = (x + 1) Log 2

b) Initial m
xlogb-clog2
density is 160
mg (log3 xlog2 = +
log2 :
log

00
C 90 Log og2
.

=
0 k= 0 96 (logb-Log2 Log2
.
- = =
... .

d) Decaying exponential

·.
Working With Natural Logs

The of Inc is
·

graph y
= a reflection of the

graph y e"
: in the line y =

y = ex
7
O
= x
y

y = Ins
'