Data Visualization on Crimes in India Dataset

1st Rishav Chandel 2nd Subhodip Rudra

MT2023058 MT2023103
Data Visualization Data Visualization
International Institute of Information Technology International Institute of Information Technology
Bangalore, India Bangalore, India
rishav.chandel@iiitb.ac.in subhodip.rudra@iiitb.ac.in

I. I NTRODUCTION These tasks offer a comprehensive view of crime patterns

In this paper, we will perform data visualization on crimes and the justice system’s effectiveness, providing insights for
in India, spanning various years and crime categories. The data-driven policy recommendations to improve public safety
visualizations will include trends across different states, crime and the judicial process in India.
types, and justice system parameters, such as arrests and
convictions. Through charts, graphs, and comparisons, we aim IV. AUTHOR C ONTRIBUTION
to uncover patterns, disparities, and potential correlations in
the data. The insights gained will help better understand crime Crime Trends and Distribution Visualization
dynamics and support data-driven policy recommendations. Rishav Chandel: Responsible for the analysis and visu-
II. DATASET D ESCRIPTION AND S TRUCTURE alization of crime trends and distribution across states and
demographic categories.
The dataset offers a comprehensive overview of crimes in
India from 2001 to 2014 and covers a wide range of crime- Law Enforcement and Justice System Visualization
related data in India, categorized into multiple sections: Subhodip Rudra: Responsible for visualizing the role of law
Crime Reporting & Disposal: Includes data on Indian enforcement and the judicial system, including the processing
Penal Code (IPC) crimes, Special & Local Laws (SLL), and and outcomes of criminal cases.
specific sections for crimes against SCs, STs, and children. Both authors have contributed significantly to the prepara-
Arrests & Court Disposals: Tracks the number of persons tion and finalization of the visualizations and report.
arrested under various crime categories, including IPC and
SLL, and the judicial outcomes of these arrests. Juvenile Of-
V. TASK - I : C RIME T RENDS AND D ISTRIBUTION
fenders: Focuses on juveniles apprehended, their backgrounds,
V ISUALIZATION
and related judicial outcomes.
Police Strength & Casualties: Detailed statistics on actual
For Crime Trends and Distribution Visualization, we will
and sanctioned police strength, including gender and rank-
focus on overall crime trends, regional crime hotspots, specific
based breakdowns, as well as casualties and natural deaths.
crime types by state, and demographic factors like age and
Property Crimes: Data on property stolen and recovered,
gender of victims and offenders. This targeted approach will
classified by crime head and nature of property.
provide a clear and actionable understanding of crime patterns
Crime Against Women: Detailed breakdown of crimes
within the scope of our study.
committed against women, arrests made, and legal actions.
Special Sections: Includes data on recidivism, anti-
corruption cases, human rights violations by police, custodial Question A: How the crime rate has changed across
deaths, and more. different states & over the years.
This dataset provides insights into crime trends, judicial
efficiency, police resources, and societal impacts, offering a This analysis provides a visualization of crime data from
holistic view of the criminal justice system in India. 2001 to 2014 across states and Union Territories, highlighting
trends and patterns in overall crime rates. It uncovers key in-
III. TASK OVERVIEW AND O BJECTIVES sights into regional crime fluctuations and distribution, offering
We will focus on two key tasks: Crime Trends and Dis- a clear view of crime dynamics to aid in understanding and
tribution Visualization and Law Enforcement and Justice policy-making.
System Visualization. The first task will explore crime trends, 1. Insights on Total IPC Crimes by State/UT : The
geographical distribution, and demographic factors. The sec- analysis below shows the total number of IPC crimes reported
ond will analyze how law enforcement and the judiciary handle in various states and UTs in India, providing a snapshot of
these crimes, including arrests and convictions. crime volumes and state comparisons.
 • Stable Early 2000s: Crime rates were stable from 2002
to 2005, suggesting effective management or reporting
consistency.
• Impact of Urbanization: The sharp rise from 2010 to 2014
may reflect urbanization or socio-economic changes or
political factors.
• Strategy Update Needed: The continuous increase in
crime underscores the need for enhanced law enforcement
and prevention strategies.

3. IPC Crime Trends Across States: Growth and

Changes Over Time : The analysis highlights key trends
in IPC crime growth across various states, noting significant
Fig. 1. Crimes committed under IPC across States increases, declines, and stable periods from 2001 to 2014.

• Regional Variations: Central and western India have

higher crime volumes compared to northeastern and
smaller states.
• Union Territory Differences: NCT of Delhi has signifi-
cantly higher crime rates than other UTs like Chandigarh
and Puducherry.
• Northeastern States: Northeastern states show relatively
low crime numbers, possibly due to smaller populations
and regional differences.
• Smaller States: Low crime figures in Lakshadweep and
Daman & Diu could reflect smaller populations or
potential under-reporting.
2. Insights on Total IPC Crimes over the years : The
data shows an increasing trend in IPC crimes from 2001 to
2014, indicating a rise in reported incidents over time.

Fig. 3. Sharp and Notable Growth in Crime

Fig. 2. Crime Trend in India year-wise 2001-10 • Sharp Increases: Delhi (NCT) and Madhya Pradesh
experienced significant surges in crime rates, particularly
• Post-2012 Acceleration: Significant rise in crime rates af- from 2012 to 2014.
ter 2012 suggests changes in social dynamics or reporting • Steady Growth: Assam and Bihar saw consistent in-
practices. creases in crime rates over the years.
• 2013-2014 Surge: The spike between 2013 and 2014 • Substantial Increases: Kerala and Rajasthan had notable
indicates a possible real increase or improved reporting. growth in crime rates.
 Fig. 4. States with Decline and Drops in Crimes

• Declining Trends: Chandigarh and Lakshadweep expe-

rienced decreases in crime rates.
• Sudden Drops: Andaman & Nicobar Islands saw a
significant drop before rising again.
• Stable Regions: Nagaland and Sikkim maintained rela-
tively stable crime rates.
Fig. 5. Culpable Homicide v/s Homicide
• Red Alert States:
– Delhi (NCT): Dramatic increase in crime rates. • Yearly Variations: There was a peak in both total mur-
– Madhya Pradesh: Sharp rise in 2014. ders and culpable homicides around 2003, followed by
– Kerala: Continuous high growth. stabilization.
Story : The analysis reveals that central and western • Proportional Analysis: The proportion of culpable homi-

states, especially Delhi (NCT), have the highest crime rates, cides to total murders remains stable with minor fluctua-
while northeastern and smaller states report lower numbers. tions.
There has been a notable increase in IPC crimes from 2001 2. Murder Distribution
to 2014, with a sharp rise post-2012. States like Delhi and
Madhya Pradesh saw significant surges, while Assam and
Bihar experienced steady growth. Declines in crime were
observed in Chandigarh and Lakshadweep, with fluctuations
in Andaman & Nicobar Islands. The findings highlight
the need for targeted crime prevention and enhanced law
enforcement.

Question B: How do murder rates vary by age and

gender?

This analysis delves into homicide data from India spanning

from 2001 to 2010, with a particular focus on understanding
the patterns and trends in murder incidents. By examining
various aspects of the data, including regional disparities,
yearly trends, and demographic distributions of victims, we
aim to uncover insights into the nature and distribution of
Fig. 6. Heatmap for per year each state murder cases
violent crimes across different states and time periods.
1. Murder on the basis of Intention
• High Crime Rates in Major States: Uttar Pradesh and
• Total Murders: The number of total murders remains Bihar have the highest crime totals, suggesting either
relatively stable, ranging between 32,000 and 36,000 an- higher crime rates or more comprehensive crime reporting
nually, without a significant upward or downward trend. in these areas.
• Culpable Homicides: Culpable homicides show a slight • Significant Crime in Key States: Maharashtra, Madhya
increase from 3,367 in 2001 to 3,782 in 2010, maintaining Pradesh, and West Bengal also report substantial crime
a smaller proportion compared to total murders. numbers, indicating notable crime activity in these states.
• Low Crime in Smaller Regions: Union territories and • Highest Victim Count in 18-30 Years: The 18-30 years
smaller states show very low crime numbers, which may age group consistently has the highest number of victims,
reflect either genuinely low crime rates or potential issues peaking at 36,012 in 2002 and dropping to 29,758 in
with crime reporting. 2009.
• Diverse Crime Patterns: The wide range of crime totals • Significant Variability in Other Age Groups:
across states highlights variability in crime patterns and
reporting practices, underscoring the need for tailored
crime prevention and reporting strategies. – Upto 10 Years: Victim numbers fluctuate between
1,094 in 2002 and 1,454 in 2010.
3. Gender Wise Murder Victims – Upto 10-15 Years: Peaks at 932 in 2007, with a low
of 710 in 2003.
– Upto 15-18 Years: Shows substantial variability,
peaking at 4,218 in 2001 and dropping to 1,118 in
2002.

• Fluctuations in Older Age Groups: Upto 30-50 Years:

Peaks at 30,454 in 2001 and drops to 26,062 in 2006.
• Summary: The 18-30 years group represents the most
consistently high victim count, while other age groups
exhibit more pronounced fluctuations

Story : The total number of murders has remained stable,

fluctuating between 32,000 and 36,000 annually, with a slight
Fig. 7. Murder Distribution over Years on Gender increase in culpable homicides. Regional crime data reveals
high totals in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar compared to lower
• Higher Incidence of Male Victimization: The total num- numbers in smaller regions, indicating variability in crime
ber of male victims consistently exceeds that of female rates and reporting practices.
victims, highlighting a greater impact of crimes on males.
• Declining Male Victimization: Male victim numbers de-
creased from 30,266 in 2001 to 25,166 in 2010, showing
a gradual decline over the years.
• Fluctuating Female Victimization: Female victim num-
bers showed minor fluctuations, with a slight overall
increase from 8,370 in 2001 to 8,742 in 2010.
• Persistent Gender Gap: The significant disparity between
male and female victim numbers persists, reflecting on-
going differences in crime impact between genders.
4. Annual Age Distribution of Victims

Fig. 8. Age Distribution of Victims per Year Fig. 9. Top and Lowest Murder Victims States
 • Prevalent Low Education: A significant number of juve-
nile offenders are illiterate or have education only up to
primary level.
• High Proportion in Lower Categories: Most offenders fall
into lower educational categories, with 126,516 having
education only up to primary.
• Limited Higher Education: Only a small fraction, 25,460,
have reached matriculation or higher secondary levels.
• Education’s Role: The data suggests that lower educa-
tional attainment is common among juvenile offenders,
indicating potential for educational interventions to re-
duce delinquency.

2. Impact of Economical Factors on Juvenile Offenders

:

Fig. 10. Per Age Group Top States with Murder Victims

Gender analysis shows a persistent disparity, with male

victims consistently outnumbering female victims, though
male victimization has decreased over time while female
numbers have slightly increased. The 18-30 years age group
consistently has the highest number of victims, with other age
groups showing significant variability, underscoring the need
for targeted crime prevention efforts.
Fig. 12. Percentage of Each Economical Category for Juvenile Offenders
Question C: What are the current trends in juvenile
offenders?
We are analyzing juvenile offenders by focusing on three • Prevalence in Low Income: Most juvenile offenders come
key factors: economic conditions, educational opportunities, from households with an annual income up to Rs 25,000,
and family background. This study aims to understand how indicating a strong link between low economic status and
each factor influences juvenile behavior and contributes to juvenile delinquency.
offending. By examining these elements, we seek to identify • Minimal High Income: Few offenders are from higher in-
effective intervention strategies and support systems. come brackets, suggesting that severe economic hardship
1. Impact of Educational Factors on Juvenile Offenders is a more significant factor.
: • Middle Income Presence: Some offenders are from
middle-income ranges, showing that economic challenges
affect various income levels.
• Economic Impact: Lower economic status is a major
factor among juvenile offenders, emphasizing the need
to address economic issues to mitigate juvenile crime.

3. Impact of Family Backgrounds on Juvenile Offenders

:

• Stable Living Arrangements: Most juvenile offenders live

with their parents, indicating that the home environment
alone may not fully explain delinquency.
• Guardianship Issues: Juveniles living with guardians
might face stability or supervision issues, which could
Fig. 11. Percentage of Each Educational Category for Juvenile Offenders influence delinquent behavior.
Fig. 13. Percentage of Each Family Background Category for Juvenile Fig. 14. Propery Stolen Cases
Offenders

• Uttar Pradesh followed with 559970 cases, making it

• Impact of Homelessness: Although fewer, homeless ju- another state with a substantial theft problem.
veniles face significant risk factors, highlighting the need • Madhya Pradesh (733524) and Tamil Nadu
for stable living conditions to reduce delinquency. (431864) also reported high numbers of property
• Need for Context: Further analysis is needed to under- theft, highlighting a pattern of theft-related crimes in
stand how family dynamics, economic conditions, and these states.
individual circumstances contribute to juvenile offending. • Smaller regions like Andaman & Nicobar Island
(3662) and Daman & Diu (2056) reported significantly
Story : Juvenile offenders predominantly come from low lower theft cases.
educational backgrounds, with a significant number being
illiterate or only having primary education, suggesting that
educational interventions could help reduce delinquency. Most
offenders also hail from households with very low incomes,
underscoring a strong link between economic hardship and
juvenile crime, while only a small fraction come from higher
income brackets. Despite most offenders living with their
parents, those in guardianship situations or homeless face
additional risk factors, pointing to the need for comprehensive
support systems. Addressing educational deficiencies, eco-
nomic challenges, and unstable living conditions could be
crucial in mitigating juvenile offending.

Question D: How does the property stolen vary across

different states in India?
Fig. 15. Property Recovered Cases
This analysis examines property crime trends across Indian
states, focusing on geographic and temporal patterns. Key
metrics such as stolen and recovered property cases and their I NSIGHTS FOR C ASES P ROPERTY R ECOVERED
values are visualized using maps and time series plots, reveal-
ing regional variations and fluctuations over the years. This • Maharashtra led in property recovery with 473186
approach identifies patterns in recovery rates and economic cases recovered, although it still faced a large gap com-
impacts across India. pared to the stolen cases.
Insights for Cases Property Stolen • Andhra Pradesh recovered 332510 cases out of
642822, reflecting a strong recovery rate.
• Maharashtra reported the highest number of property • Tamil Nadu recovered 342148 cases, performing rela-
theft cases at 1376814, indicating a significant issue tively well in comparison to other states with high theft
with theft. numbers.
• Haryana (133320) and Gujarat (166644) saw mod- • Uttar Pradesh recovered 13,879.05M INR in prop-
erate recoveries, though still falling short of their stolen erty, showing substantial recovery efforts.
cases. • Andhra Pradesh and Haryana recovered property val-
ued at 8,320.97M INR and 9,005.06M INR respec-
tively, highlighting strong recovery performance.
• Smaller regions like Lakshadweep (1.59M INR) and
Daman & Diu (81.54M INR) had much smaller recov-
eries.

Fig. 16. Value of Property Stolen

Insights for Value of Property Stolen

• Maharashtra reported an enormous total of
197,405.12M INR in property stolen, the highest
among all states.
• Uttar Pradesh followed with 23,856.48M INR, also
experiencing high losses from theft.
• Gujarat (66,430.80M) INR and Madhya Pradesh
(31,059.07M) INR had significant theft losses, sug-
gesting high-value targets for criminals.
• Lakshadweep (9.86M) INR and Daman & Diu
(375.25M) INR reported the lowest value of property
stolen.
Fig. 18. Top State with Cases recovered

Insights from Cases of Property Stolen and Recovered

• Andhra Pradesh exhibited substantial recovery efforts

with 28,134 recovered in 2002 and 39,696 in 2010,
showing a trend of increasing recovery over the years.
• Maharashtra consistently reported high values of prop-
erty recovered, peaking at 55,920 in 2010. Despite high
recovery values, the stolen property figures were also
significant.
• Tamil Nadu had notable recovery rates, especially in
Fig. 17. Value of Property Recovered 2002 with 38,526 and in 2003 with 37,516, reflecting
strong recovery performance over the years.
Insights for Value of Property Recovered • Smaller regions such as Lakshadweep and Daman &
• Maharashtra recovered property worth 24,278.69M Diu show relatively lower figures for property recovered.
INR, the highest in terms of value, but still far short of For instance, Lakshadweep recovered only 10 in 2001
the total stolen. and 6 in 2010.
 Fig. 21. Lowest Recovery States

Key Insights from Value of Property Stolen and Recov-

ered
• Rising Trend in Property Crimes: The value of property
stolen increased significantly across states between 2001
and 2010. For instance, Maharashtra experienced a rise
from approximately 8 billion INR in 2001 to over 47
billion INR in 2010.
• Variation in Recovery Rates: Property recovery rates

Fig. 19. High Fluctuation between Recovered and Stolen Cases vary widely by state. States like Maharashtra and
Haryana show higher recovery rates, while smaller states
such as Manipur and Lakshadweep have much lower
recovery rates, often below 5%.
• Uttar Pradesh displayed significant fluctuations in re- • State-Specific Anomalies: Madhya Pradesh saw a sharp

covery values with a peak of 19,692 in 2008 and a spike in the value of property stolen in 2010 (16.5 billion
low of 12,726 in 2003, indicating variable recovery INR), while Maharashtra recorded the highest recovery
performance. (9.4 billion INR) during that year.
• Karnataka demonstrated high property recovery with • Regional Patterns: Northern states like Haryana and

20,586 in 2010, the highest among the states for that Delhi show more stable recovery rates, while southern
year. states such as Karnataka exhibit greater fluctuations in
• Haryana showed strong recovery efforts with 16,212 crime recovery.
recovered in 2010 and an increasing trend over the years. • Overall Growth: Across most states, both the value

• West Bengal had notable recovery amounts, peaking at of property stolen and recovered grew consistently over
9,602 in 2009, with generally high values throughout the decade, indicating a rise in property crimes and
the period. improvements in law enforcement efficiency.
Story : The data from 2001 to 2010 reveals that Ma-
harashtra faces the highest incidence of property theft and
the largest monetary losses, though its recovery efforts, while
significant, still fall short of covering the stolen amounts. Uttar
Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh also report high theft figures
and notable recovery challenges. Smaller regions like Lak-
shadweep and Daman & Diu, while experiencing fewer theft
cases, show limited recovery capacity. Overall, there is a rising
trend in property crimes across states, with varied recovery
rates, highlighting the need for improved law enforcement
strategies, particularly in managing and reducing theft losses
and enhancing recovery efforts.
Question E: What do the trends in anti-corruption cases
and property seizures from 2001 to 2010
show?
In this analysis, we explore anti-corruption efforts over the
Fig. 20. Highest Recovery States years 2001 to 2010. The data visualizations include time series
graphs that track the number of cases registered, investigated,
and brought to trial, along with the total value of property
seized during this period. By analyzing these trends, we aim
to gain insights into the effectiveness and progression of anti-
corruption measures throughout the decade.

Fig. 23. Value of Property Seized

• The year 2003 also saw a significant increase in property

recovery, rising to Rs 131.32 million from Rs 71.34
million in 2002, almost doubling the amount seized.
• The year 2004 followed this upward trend, with the
Fig. 22. Time Series Graph of Cases Registered, Investigate and Trial value of property seized increasing to Rs 163.83 million,
marking consistent growth in recovery efforts.
• There is a general upward trend in the value of property

Key Insights from Anti-Corruption Data (2001-2010) recovered from 2001 (Rs 83.91 million) to 2010, reflect-
ing increased recovery efforts in later years.
• The total number of cases registered each year shows a Story : The data reflects a generally increasing trend in
generally increasing trend, starting from 2990 in 2001 and the number of anti-corruption cases registered, investigated,
peaking at 3822 in 2010, reflecting a growing number of and sent up for trial between 2001 and 2010, indicating
reported anti-corruption cases. growing efforts to address corruption. Investigations consis-
• The number of cases investigated each year remains tently outpaced registered cases, suggesting that many cases
significantly higher than the number of cases registered, from prior years carried over into subsequent investigations.
indicating that investigations often include cases from Additionally, the value of property recovered or seized showed
prior years. The highest number of cases investigated was notable fluctuations, with significant peaks in 2003, 2007, and
in 2010, with 8925 cases, compared to 7009 in 2001. 2010, highlighting heightened recovery efforts in those years.
• The number of cases sent up for trial fluctuates over the Overall, both case handling and property recovery efforts
decade, with a notable spike in 2003, where 4000 cases demonstrated growth over the decade, pointing to increasing
were sent to trial, the highest during the observed period. enforcement and anti-corruption actions.
However, this number stabilizes afterward, reaching 2990
by 2010. VI. TASK - II : L AW E NFORCEMENT AND J USTICE
• In general, there is a positive correlation between the S YSTEM V ISUALIZATION
number of cases registered, investigated, and sent up for Analyzing Law Enforcement and Justice System effective-
trial, with all three metrics showing an upward trend over ness complements crime trend analysis by assessing how
the years. well crimes are addressed. This includes evaluating arrests,
convictions, and case disposals to identify system strengths
Key Insights from Property Recovered/Seized Data and gaps. Insights gained can guide improvements in resource
(2001-2010) allocation and justice practices for better public safety and
accountability.
• The value of property recovered or seized shows a
fluctuating trend over the years, with significant peaks Question A: How efficient is the crime disposal process
in certain years. The highest value recorded was in 2010, in India?
with approximately Rs 350.15 million, representing the Disposal Efficiency assesses how effectively cases are pro-
maximum recovery during the period. cessed by law enforcement and the judiciary, focusing on
• A notable increase occurred in 2007, where the value of Conviction Rate, Acquittal Rate, and Release Rate to evaluate
property seized surged to Rs 296.34 million, more than case handling success.
doubling from the previous year (Rs 146.98 million in 1. Conviction Rate : The conviction rate measures the
2006). percentage of cases leading to convictions out of all disposed
cases, reflecting the effectiveness of the justice system in
securing convictions.

 
Number of Convictions
Conviction Rate = × 100 (1)
Total Cases Disposed

• Wide Disparities: Conviction rates vary significantly,

from 4.94% in Daman & Diu to 95.51% in Uttarak-
hand.
• Regional Efficiency: High rates in states like Mizoram
and Nagaland contrast with lower rates in Assam and
Bihar.
Fig. 25. Acquittal Rate State-wise in India 2012-14

• Need for Reform: High acquittal rates in some states may

require reforms to improve prosecution and evidence.
• Effective States: Low acquittal rates in Uttarakhand and
Uttar Pradesh may highlight effective judicial practices.
3. Release Rate : The release rate indicates the percentage
of individuals released before trial, often due to insufficient ev-
idence or procedural issues, reflecting potential inefficiencies
in the investigation or judicial process.
 
Number of Releases
Release Rate = × 100 (3)
Total persons arrested

Fig. 24. Conviction Rate State-wise in India 2012-14

• UT Advantage: Union Territories generally have higher

conviction rates than states.
• Need for Reform: States with low rates, such as Daman
& Diu and Bihar, may need judicial reforms.
• Best Practices: High conviction rates in Uttarakhand
and Uttar Pradesh suggest effective judicial practices
worth replicating.

2. Acquittal Rate : The acquittal rate indicates the per-

centage of cases where individuals are declared not guilty,
reflecting insufficient evidence or weak prosecution.
Fig. 26. Release Rate Statewise in India 2012-14


Number of Acquittals
 • Wide Variation: Release rates vary significantly across
Acquittal Rate = × 100 (2) regions, from 0.00% to 51.97%.
Total Cases Disposed
• High Release States: Manipur, Meghalaya, and Tamil
Nadu have high release rates, suggesting different judicial
• Wide Variation: Acquittal rates range from 4.46% to practices.
95.06%, showing disparities in judicial outcomes. • Low Release States: Bihar, Haryana, and Madhya
• Regional Patterns: High rates in Assam, Bihar suggest Pradesh show low release rates, possibly due to stricter
issues in prosecution or evidence. practices.
• UTs vs. States: UTs generally have lower acquittal rates, • UT vs. State: Union Territories have lower release rates
indicating potentially more effective judicial processes. than states, indicating possibly more efficient processing.
 • Improvement Areas: States with low release rates should 3. Crime and Police Strength in Small UTs : Territories
check for undue impacts on rights, while high release like Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep have
states should balance case management. low crime rates and small police forces. For instance:
Story : The analysis highlights wide variations in judicial • Andaman reported 658 crimes in 2001 with a police
outcomes across India, with some states showing high con- strength of 2,792, rising to 882 crimes in 2008.
viction rates and others lagging. Disparities in acquittal and • Lakshadweep maintains minimal crime (fewer than 100
release rates suggest differences in prosecution and judicial cases) with a small force of around 300 officers.
practices. Union Territories generally outperform states in
convictions and have lower acquittal and release rates. States
with low rates should consider reforms, while high-performing
states may offer practices worth emulating to improve overall
judicial effectiveness.
Question B: How does police strength impact crime
rates?
This section examines how police strength affects crime
rates across states and UTs, aiming to understand if more po-
lice personnel correlates with lower crime rates or if other fac-
tors are involved. The analysis will identify patterns between
police numbers and crime figures to assess the effectiveness
of police deployment.
1. Overall Crime Trend (2001–2008) : Crime rates vary
across states and UTs. Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh Fig. 28. State-by-State Analysis (From Left Top : West Bengal, Uttarakhand,
consistently show high crime rates, while smaller states like Puducherry, Jammu & Kashmir), Blue - Crime Incidence, Red - Police
Sikkim and Mizoram report much lower figures. Large pop- Strength
ulation states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra
Pradesh exhibit consistently high crime volumes. 4. High Crime States :
2. Correlation between Police Strength and Crime Rates • Uttar Pradesh consistently tops crime figures, with
: Some high-crime states haven’t seen proportional growth in police strength around 156,000 in 2001, dropping slightly
police forces. For example: by 2008, yet crime rates remain high.
• Madhya Pradesh saw crime increase from 181,741 in • Maharashtra saw over 170,000 crimes annually, with
2001 to 202,386 in 2007, but police strength remained police strength rising from 131,000 in 2001 to over
stagnant around 76,000. 149,000 by 2007, reflecting efforts to curb rising crime.
• Bihar experienced fluctuating police strength
(45,000–60,000), yet high crime persisted.
• In contrast, Delhi has a stable balance between crime
rates and police strength, though it consistently reports
high crime for its size.

Fig. 29. State-by-State Analysis (From Left Top : Andhra Pradesh, Delhi,
Daman & Diu, Karnataka), Blue - Crime Incidence, Red - Police Strength

5. Notable Year-to-Year Variations:

• 2006 marked a notable rise in crimes for many states,
Fig. 27. State-by-State Analysis (From Left Top : Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh,
Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Lakshadweep), Blue - Crime Incidence, Red - Police especially Madhya Pradesh, which saw a jump from
Strength 189,172 in 2005 to 194,711 in 2006.
 • Delhi experienced a decrease in 2003 (from 54,384 in
2001 to 47,404), followed by an upward trend in later
years.

6. Impact of Geography: Northeastern States like Naga-

land and Mizoram report lower crime numbers, though these
figures might reflect under-reporting or unique local dynamics
compared to central and southern India.

Fig. 31. State-by-State Analysis (From Left Top : , Kerala, Sikkim, Tamil
Nadu, Jharkhand), Blue - Crime Incidence, Red - Police Strength

Fig. 30. State-by-State Analysis (From Left Top : Madhya Pradesh, Bihar,
Gujarat, Punjab), Blue - Crime Incidence, Red - Police Strength

7. Southern States: Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu

report high crime rates due to large populations. In both states,
police strength increased over time.

• Andhra Pradesh: From 77,846 officers in 2001 to 81,264

in 2008, with a corresponding crime rise from 130,089 Fig. 32. State-by-State Analysis (From Left Top : Odisha, Chhattisgarh,
to 179,275. Meghalaya, Rajasthan), Blue - Crime Incidence, Red - Police Strength
• Tamil Nadu: Crimes increased from 154,801 in 2001 to
172,754 in 2008, with periodic growth in police strength. Data analysis shows variability, suggesting no direct cau-
sation between police strength and crime reduction. A deeper
8. Underutilized Police Strength: In some states, high statistical analysis, such as regression, is needed to control for
police numbers don’t correlate with crime rates. For example, other variables and better understand these dynamics. Local
Punjab had over 70,000 officers but reported fewer crimes context and policing strategies also play a crucial role in
(around 28,000–35,000), possibly indicating over-allocation in shaping crime trends.
low-crime areas.
9. Policing Effectiveness: States or UTs with rising police
strength and stagnant or rising crime rates raise concerns about Question C: How are police force needs assessed against
law enforcement effectiveness. attacks on police?
10. Inconsistent Police Strength Allocation : States like
Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh saw inconsistent police strength This analysis focuses on police strength requirements by
growth despite rising crime. Chhattisgarh had around 12,000 year and state, and the frequency of attacks on police per-
police in 2001, but crime surged to over 45,000 by 2007. sonnel. It aims to identify staffing gaps, regional needs, and
the risks faced by officers, crucial for policy-making and
Story : The relationship between police strength and crime improving public safety.
rates is complex and varies by region. While increased police
1. Analysis of Police Strength Data (2001-2010) :
presence sometimes correlates with lower crime rates, this
is not always the case, as other factors like socio-economic • Overall Growth: Both actual and sanctioned police
conditions and local policies significantly influence outcomes. strength rose steadily from 2001 to 2010.
 • Potential Causes: Recruitment delays, high attrition, and
regional challenges contribute to gaps in police strength.
• Strategic Focus Needed: High-population and high-crime
states like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh require immediate
attention to address staffing shortages and improve law
enforcement capabilities.
3. Analysis of Year-wise Trends in Attacks on Police
Personnel:

Fig. 33. Actual vs Sanctioned Police Strength in INDIA 2001-10

• Gap Between Actual and Sanctioned Strength: Sanctioned

strength consistently exceeded actual strength, indicating
recruitment challenges.
• Increasing Gap Over Time: The gap between sanctioned
and actual strength widened significantly by 2010.
• Sharp Rise in Sanctioned Strength: A notable increase in
sanctioned strength from 2007 suggests higher security
demands. Fig. 35. Police Injured and Killed 2001-10
• Steady Increase in Actual Strength: Actual police strength
rose consistently, though it did not fully match sanctioned • Overall Increase in Incidents: Injuries and fatalities
numbers. among police personnel show an upward trend from 2001
to 2010.
2. Study of Police Strength Data State-wise :
• Fluctuations in Casualties: Fluctuations in Casualties:
Fatalities varied yearly, with peaks in 2009 and a drop in
2010.
• High and Low Points: 2009 had the highest injuries and
fatalities, while 2004 had the lowest injuries but high
fatalities.
• Growing Concern: The rising number of injuries high-
lights the need for better safety measures and protective
protocols for police personnel.
4. Study of State-wise Trends in Attacks on Police
Personnel:

Fig. 34. Police Requirement Rate State-wise in India 2001-10

• High Variability Across States: Significant variation exists

in the percentage of actual police strength relative to
sanctioned strength across states.
• Understaffed States: Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Lak-
shadweep face severe under-staffing, impacting law en-
forcement effectiveness.
• Better Fulfillment States: Nagaland and Madhya
Pradesh have higher fulfillment of sanctioned strength,
indicating more efficient recruitment or retention. Fig. 36. Attacks on Police State-wise in India 2001-10
• Mid-range States: States like Assam and West Bengal
show moderate fulfillment with room for improvement. • High Incidence in Major States: Maharashtra, Uttar
 Pradesh, and Kerala report the highest attacks on police, • Increasing Trial Completions: The rise in completed trials
indicating high conflict or criminal activity. over time reflects more cases being processed, possibly
• Significant Incidents in Naxal Areas: Chhattisgarh and due to improved judicial processes or increased case
Jharkhand have high attack numbers, likely linked to filings.
Naxalite activities. • Opportunities for Improvement: Fluctuating conviction
• Low Incidence in Smaller Regions: Union Territories rates highlight the need for better evidence collection,
report few to zero attacks, suggesting lower crime rates case preparation, and legal representation to enhance
or police conflict. outcomes.
• Regional Disparities: Variation in attack numbers across
2. Analysis on Acquittal Rate Trends :
states reflects differences in socio-economic conditions
and local law enforcement effectiveness.
• Need for Targeted Interventions: States with high attack
numbers may need enhanced security measures and sup-
port systems for police personnel.
Story : The analysis from 2001 to 2010 shows that while
both actual and sanctioned police strength have increased,
the gap between them has widened, indicating ongoing re-
cruitment challenges. High under-staffing in states like Bihar
and Uttar Pradesh impacts law enforcement effectiveness,
while states like Nagaland and Madhya Pradesh show better
fulfillment. Police personnel injuries and fatalities have risen,
with significant fluctuations and peaks in 2009. Major states
and Naxal-affected regions report high numbers of attacks,
highlighting the need for targeted interventions and improved Fig. 38. Time Series of Year and Acquittal Rate
safety measures. Addressing these gaps and focusing on high-
attack areas are crucial for enhancing police effectiveness and
safety. • Rising Acquittals: An increase in the number of acquit-
tals over the years suggests more individuals are being
Question D: How have registration, investigation, and acquitted, despite more cases being resolved.
conviction rates for corruption cases evolved • Stable Acquittal Rates: The acquittal rate remains consis-
over time? tent, indicating that the proportion of acquittals relative
to completed trials is steady.
This project visualizes trends in corruption case metrics, in-
• Need for Investigation: The rising number of acquittals
cluding registration, investigation, trial, seizures, and pending
calls for a closer look at factors like changes in legal
cases, to assess the effectiveness of anti-corruption efforts and
standards or evidence quality to understand and address
judicial outcomes.
the underlying causes.
1. Study on Conviction Rate Trends :
Story : The data reveals a growing number of acquittals
despite more cases being resolved, with the acquittal rate
remaining stable over time. This trend suggests that while
judicial throughput has improved, the increase in acquittals
may reflect issues with legal standards or evidence quality.
Additionally, conviction rates show significant fluctuations,
which could indicate varying effectiveness in prosecution and
case handling. The rise in trial completions points to a more
efficient judicial process, yet the inconsistencies in conviction
rates highlight the need for enhanced evidence collection and
legal preparation to improve overall outcomes.

Question E: What are the trends in juvenile convictions

Fig. 37. Time Series of Year and Conviction Rate and acquittals over time

• Fluctuating Conviction Rates: Significant year-to-year This section visualizes trends in juvenile convictions, acquit-
variation in conviction rates suggests changes in legal tals, and pending cases over time to assess the effectiveness of
standards, evidence handling, or prosecution effective- the juvenile justice system and identify areas for improvement.
ness. 1. Analysis on Juvenile Conviction Rate :
 Fig. 39. Juvenile Conviction Rate Year-wise Fig. 41. Juvenile Pending cases Year-wise

• Lowest Pending Cases: The fewest pending cases were

• Fluctuating Conviction Rates: Conviction rates varied recorded in 2010, with 10,810, indicating reduced back-
significantly, peaking at 77.36% in 2002 and dropping log or increased case resolutions.
• Cyclical Pattern: The data shows periods of increase
to 55.71% in 2001.
• Stable General Trend: After 2002, rates remained above and decrease in pending cases, with notable peaks and
65%, showing relative stability with some fluctuations. troughs.
• Trend in Mid-2000s: Higher pending cases were observed
• Early 2000s Peak: Higher conviction rates in the early
2000s suggest changes in judicial processes or reporting in the mid-2000s, with a gradual rise toward the end of
standards over time. the decade, followed by a significant drop in 2010.
Story : The juvenile justice data shows key trends over
2. Inspection on Juvenile Acquittal Rate : time, with conviction rates peaking at 77.36% in 2002 and
stabilizing above 65% thereafter, reflecting consistent judicial
outcomes. Acquittals remained extremely low, with a peak of
just 0.0074% in 2009. The number of pending cases fluctuated,
peaking at 14,553 in 2009 before dropping to 10,810 in 2010.
These insights underscore the evolving dynamics of juvenile
justice and the need for continuous evaluation of judicial
effectiveness and case management strategies.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Jaya
Sreevalsan Nair, whose guidance and support were invaluable
throughout this project. Our appreciation also goes to the
Teaching Assistants of Data Visualization course, whose
collaboration and insights greatly enhanced the quality of this
work. Special thanks to International Institute of Informa-
Fig. 40. Juvenile Acquittal Rate Year-wise tion Technology, Bangalore for providing the resources and
data necessary for this analysis.
L IST OF A BBREVIATIONS
• Low and Stable Acquittal Rate: Generally below 0.01%, Abbreviation Definition
with a peak of 0.0074% in 2009. IPC Indian Penal Code
• Minimal Acquittals: Few juveniles are acquitted relative SLL Special & Local Laws
to total cases, indicating a high conviction rate. UT Union Territory
• Judicial Implications: Low acquittal rates reflect stringent SC Scheduled Castes
judicial processes or a high conviction rate. ST Scheduled Tribes
NCT National Capital Territory
3. Study on Juveniles Whose Cases Are Pending Dispos-
als : R EFERENCES
[1] Kaggle - Crime in India Dataset
• Fluctuating Backlog: The number of pending juvenile [2] Kaggle - India GIS Data
[3] India Map Files were collected from Igismap
cases has fluctuated, peaking at 14,553 in 2009.