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Stats. Adv. 2 Assignment

The document outlines key concepts in hypothesis testing, including definitions of null and alternative hypotheses, significance levels, P-values, and types of errors. It explains various statistical tests such as Z-tests, T-tests, ANOVA, and their applications based on sample size and variance knowledge. Additionally, it covers concepts like confidence intervals, margin of error, and distributions used in statistical analysis.

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15 views5 pages

Stats. Adv. 2 Assignment

The document outlines key concepts in hypothesis testing, including definitions of null and alternative hypotheses, significance levels, P-values, and types of errors. It explains various statistical tests such as Z-tests, T-tests, ANOVA, and their applications based on sample size and variance knowledge. Additionally, it covers concepts like confidence intervals, margin of error, and distributions used in statistical analysis.

Uploaded by

ritikaagarwal508
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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STATISTICS ADVANCE 2 ASSIGNMENT

THEORY:
1.​ What is hypothesis testing in statistics?​

○​ A method used to make decisions or inferences about a population


based on sample data. It tests whether a claim (hypothesis) about a
population parameter is supported by evidence.​

2.​ What is the null hypothesis, and how does it differ from the
alternative hypothesis?​

○​ Null Hypothesis (H0H_0): Assumes no effect or no difference


(e.g., "There is no difference between two groups").​

○​ Alternative Hypothesis (HAH_A or H1H_1): Suggests an effect


or difference exists (e.g., "There is a significant difference between
two groups").​

3.​ What is the significance level in hypothesis testing, and why is it


important?​

○​ The significance level (α\alpha) is the probability of rejecting the


null hypothesis when it is true (Type 1 error).​

○​ Common values are 0.05 (5%) or 0.01 (1%), which indicate the
level of confidence in the test.​

4.​ What does a P-value represent in hypothesis testing?​


- The probability of obtaining the observed data, or more extreme, if the
null hypothesis is true.​
○​ A low P-value (typically < 0.05) suggests strong evidence against
H0H_0.​

5.​ How do you interpret the P-value in hypothesis testing?​

○​ If P≤αP \leq \alpha, reject H0H_0 (significant result).​

○​ If P>αP > \alpha, fail to reject H0H_0 (no significant evidence).​

6.​ What are Type 1 and Type 2 errors in hypothesis testing?​

○​ Type 1 Error (α\alpha): Rejecting H0H_0 when it is actually true


(False positive).​

○​ Type 2 Error (β\beta): Failing to reject H0H_0 when it is false


(False negative).​

7.​ What is the difference between a one-tailed and a two-tailed test in


hypothesis testing?​

○​ One-tailed test: Tests for an effect in one direction (e.g., "greater


than" or "less than").​

○​ Two-tailed test: Tests for an effect in both directions (e.g.,


"different from").​

8.​ What is the Z-test, and when is it used in hypothesis testing?​

○​ A hypothesis test used when sample size is large (n≥30n \geq 30)
and population variance is known.​

○​ Common in comparing means and proportions.​

9.​ How do you calculate the Z-score, and what does it represent in
hypothesis testing?​
○​ Formula: Z=X−μσ/nZ = \frac{X - \mu}{\sigma / \sqrt{n}}​

○​ Represents how many standard deviations the sample mean is


from the population mean.​

10.​What is the T-distribution, and when should it be used instead of the


normal distribution?​

○​ A probability distribution used when sample size is small (n<30n


< 30) and population variance is unknown.​

○​ Used in T-tests for small samples.​

11.​What is the difference between a Z-test and a T-test?​

○​ Z-test: Used for large samples (n≥30n \geq 30) and known
variance.​

○​ T-test: Used for small samples (n<30n < 30) and unknown
variance.​

12.​What is the T-test, and how is it used in hypothesis testing?​

○​ A test for comparing means when population variance is unknown.​

○​ Types:​

■​ One-sample T-test: Compares sample mean to a known


population mean.​

■​ Independent (two-sample) T-test: Compares means of two


independent groups.​

■​ Paired T-test: Compares means of the same group before


and after treatment.​
13.​What is the relationship between Z-test and T-test in hypothesis
testing?​

○​ Both test differences in means, but Z-test is for large samples


with known variance, while T-test is for small samples with
unknown variance.​

14.​What is a confidence interval, and how is it used to interpret


statistical results?​

○​ A range of values likely to contain the true population parameter.​

○​ A 95% CI means "we are 95% confident that the true parameter
lies within this range."​

15.​What is the margin of error, and how does it affect the confidence
interval?​

○​ The margin of error (MOE) is the range within which the true
population value is expected to fall.​

○​ Larger MOE → wider CI, Smaller MOE → narrower CI.​

16.​How is Bayes' Theorem used in statistics, and what is its significance?​

○​ Used to update probabilities based on new evidence.​

○​ Formula:​
P(A∣B)=P(B∣A)P(A)P(B)P(A|B) = \frac{P(B|A) P(A)}{P(B)}
○​ Important in medical testing, machine learning, and spam
filtering.​

17.​What is the Chi-square distribution, and when is it used?​

○​ A distribution used for tests involving categorical data and


variance.​
18.​What is the Chi-square goodness of fit test, and how is it applied?​

○​ Tests if a sample distribution matches an expected distribution.​

○​ Used in categorical data analysis.​

19.​What is the F-distribution, and when is it used in hypothesis testing?​

○​ A probability distribution used in variance comparison tests.​

○​ Used in ANOVA and F-tests.​

20.​What is an ANOVA test, and what are its assumptions?​

○​ Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tests differences in means across


multiple groups.​

○​ Assumptions:​

■​ Normality: Data follows a normal distribution.​

■​ Independence: Observations are independent.​

■​ Equal Variance: Groups have similar variance.​

21.​What are the different types of ANOVA tests?​

○​ One-way ANOVA: Compares means of three or more groups.​

○​ Two-way ANOVA: Examines two independent variables.​

○​ Repeated measures ANOVA: Compares the same group over


multiple conditions.​

22.​What is the F-test, and how does it relate to hypothesis testing?

a) A test used to compare variances between two or more groups.


b)Used in ANOVA and regression analysis.

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