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CHAPTER 29 STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY

Our Solar System

SECTION 29.1 Overview of Our Solar System
In your textbook, read about early ideas.
Write the letter of the term from Column B next to its matching item in Column A.

Column A Column B
g 1. Motion of a planet moving in the opposite direction a. aphelion
of the normal direction of planetary motion as observed
from Earth b. astronomical unit
a 2. Point in a planet’s orbit when it is farthest from
c. eccentricity
the Sun
e 3. Nicolaus Copernicus’s model of the solar system d. ellipse
in which the planets orbit the Sun
d e. heliocentric
4. Oval shape centered on two points instead of one point
f 5. Point in a planet’s orbit when it is closest to the Sun f. perihelion
c 6. Defines a planet’s elliptical orbit as the ratio of g. retrograde
the distance between the foci and the length of
the major axis
b 7. Unit of measure that is the average distance between
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

the Sun and Earth (1.4960
108 km)

In your textbook, read about gravity and orbits.

Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.

acceleration center of mass distance force

Isaac Newton masses Moon universal gravitation

English scientist (8) Isaac Newton developed an understanding of gravity by

observing the motion of the (9) Moon , the orbits of the planets, and the

(10) acceleration of falling objects on Earth. He learned that two bodies attract each

other with a (11) force that depends on their (12) masses

and the (13) distance between the bodies. This is called the law of

(14) universal . He also determined that each planet orbits a point between
gravitation
itself and the Sun. That point is called the (15) center of mass .

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SECTION 29.2 The Terrestrial Planets

In your textbook, read about Mercury and Venus.
Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. The four inner planets of our solar system are
a. gas giant planets. c. terrestrial planets.
b. interplanetary asteroids. d. meteorites.
2. The closest planet to the Sun is
a. Venus. b. Mercury. c. Mars. d. Earth.
3. How many times bigger than Mercury is Earth?
a. two times b. three times c. four times d. five times
4. The surface of Mercury is similar to the surface of
a. Earth. b. the Moon. c. Venus. d. Mars.
5. Observations of Mercury suggest that it was originally much larger, with a mantle
and crust similar to that of
a. Earth. b. the Moon. c. Venus. d. Mars.
6. The brightest planet in Earth’s nighttime sky is
a. Mercury. b. the Moon. c. Venus. d. Mars.
7. One day on Venus is equal to how many days on Earth?
a. 243 days b. 43 days c. 143 days d. 4 days
8. In the 1960s, radar measurements showed that the surface of Venus is very hot and that it is
a. rotating quickly. b. orbiting quickly. c. rotating slowly. d. orbiting slowly.

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9. Venus’s spin is an example of
a. retrograde motion. b. backward rotation. c. retrograde rotation. d. backward motion.
10. The atmosphere of Venus is mostly
a. nitrogen and oxygen. c. oxygen.
b. sodium. d. carbon dioxide and nitrogen.

In your textbook, read about Earth and Mars.

For each statement below, write true or false.
true 11. Earth’s distance from the Sun and its nearly circular orbit allow water to
exist on its surface as a solid, liquid, and gas.
false 12. Earth’s atmosphere is moderately dense and is composed of 78 percent
oxygen and 21 percent nitrogen.
true 13. The wobble in Earth’s rotational axis is called precession.
true 14. Mars is referred to as the red planet as a result of its high iron content
and reddish appearance.
false 15. Mars’s atmosphere is similar to that of Venus, and it has a strong greenhouse effect.
false 16. The southern hemisphere of Mars is dominated by sparsely cratered plains.

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SECTION 29.3 The Gas Giant Planets

In your textbook, read about Jupiter and Saturn.
Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. What percentage of all planetary matter in the solar system is in Jupiter’s mass?
a. 40% b. 60% c. 50% d. 70%
2. Galileo discovered Jupiter’s
a. rings. c. four major satellites.
b. 12 smaller satellites. d. Great Red Spot
3. Elements in the Jovian atmosphere remain in
a. only liquid form. c. only gas form.
b. both gas and liquid forms. d. gas, liquid, and solid forms.
4. The form of hydrogen that has properties of both a liquid and a metal is
a. liquid metallic hydrogen. c. liquid hydrogen.
b. magnetic hydrogen. d. electric hydrogen.
5. Jupiter spins once on its axis in a little less than
a. 5 hours. b. 12 hours. c. 10 hours. d. 2 hours.
6. Low, warm, dark-colored, sinking clouds in Jupiter’s atmosphere are known as
a. belts. c. zones.
b. the Great Red Spot. d. rings.
7. Jupiter’s four moons are composed of
a. clouds. b. ice and rock. c. hydrogen and oxygen. d. ice.
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8. What is Jupiter’s Great Red Spot?

a. a surface ocean c. an atmospheric storm
b. a large moon d. an ice cap
9. Which of Jupiter’s moons is almost completely molten inside?
a. Io b. Europa c. Ganymede d. Callisto
10. Saturn’s average density is lower than that of
a. helium. b. hydrogen. c. water. d. methane.
11. The ringlets and open gaps in Saturn’s rings are caused by the gravitational effects of
a. Saturn. c. Saturn’s moons.
b. Jupiter. d. the Sun.
12. Many astronomers hypothesize that Saturn’s rings were formed from
a. debris left over from the formation of Saturn and its moons.
b. debris left over when a moon was destroyed by a collision.
c. debris that escaped from Jupiter’s gravitational pull.
d. asteroids attracted by Saturn’s gravitational pull.
13. Saturn’s largest moon is named
a. Io. b. Titan. c. Europa. d. Ganymede.

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SECTION 29.3 The Gas Giant Planets, continued

In your textbook, read about Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto.
For each statement, write true or false.
true 14. Uranus was discovered accidentally in 1781.
false 15. Today, we are certain that Uranus has no moons and 15 rings.
false 16. Most of Uranus’s atmosphere is composed of helium and hydrogen,
which causes its atmosphere to reflect blue light back into space.
false 17. Uranus has a large, solid core that extends almost to the
planet’s surface.
true 18. The rotational axis of Uranus is tipped over so far that the north pole
almost lies in its orbital plane.
false 19. The existence of Neptune was predicted before it was discovered based
on small deviations in the motion of Saturn.
true 20. Uranus’s tilt and its great distance from the Sun result in seasons on
Uranus that last about 21 Earth years.
true 21. Until 1994, Neptune had a persistent storm, the Great Dark Spot, with
characteristics similar to Jupiter’s Great Red Spot.
false 22. Neptune’s largest moon, Triton, has a retrograde orbit, which means it
orbits like every other satellite in the solar system.

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true 23. Triton has nitrogen geysers and a thin atmosphere.
true 24. Neptune’s six rings are composed of microscopic dust particles, and
parts of its outermost rings appear much brighter than other parts.
false 25. Scientists hypothesize that the clumps in Neptune’s rings do not spread
evenly because of Neptune’s gravitational effect.
true 26. Pluto is not classified as a terrestrial planet because of its low density
and small size.
false 27. Pluto is larger than Earth and is made of ice.
false 28. Like Earth’s Moon, Pluto has no atmosphere.
false 29. The orbit of Pluto is a perfect circle.
true 30. Pluto and its moon Charon are in a synchronous rotation with
each other.
true 31. Pluto’s properties more closely resemble those of the gas giants’ large
moons than of the other planets.

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SECTION 29.4 Formation of Our Solar System

In your textbook, read about collapsing interstellar clouds and Sun and planet formation.
Write the letter of the item in Column B next to its matching item in Column A.

Column A Column B
e 1. Gas and dust from which stars and planets form a. inner planets
d 2. Rotating disk of dust and gas that formed the Sun
b. tungsten
and planets
c 3. Solid bodies hundreds of kilometers in diameter that c. planetesimals
merged to form the planets
f d. solar nebula
4. Believed to be the first large planet to develop
b 5. One of the first elements to condense in the early e. interstellar cloud
solar system
a f. Jupiter
6. Lacking in satellites because of proximity to the Sun

In your textbook, read about asteroids.

For each statement, write true or false.
false 7. Asteroids orbit the Sun and range from a few kilometers to about
100 kilometers in diameter.
true 8. Most asteroids are located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter in
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the asteroid belt.

true 9. Asteroids are thought to be planetesimals that never formed planets.
true 10. A meteoroid is a broken fragment of an asteroid or other
interplanetary material.
false 11. A meteor is a meteoroid that bypasses Earth’s atmosphere.
true 12. A large meteorite will cause an impact crater when it collides with
Earth.

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Stars
SECTION 30.1 The Sun
In your textbook, read about the properties of the Sun and the Sun’s atmosphere.
Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.

chromosphere corona gaseous ions mass

photosphere solar eclipse solar system solar wind

The Sun is the largest object in our (1) solar system . Its (2) mass
controls the motions of the planets. The center of the Sun is very dense. The high temperature
at its center causes the solar interior to be (3) gaseous throughout.
The visible surface of the Sun is called the (4) photosphere . It is the lowest layer
of the Sun and is approximately 400 km in thickness. The average temperature is 5800 K.
Above the visible layer is the (5) chromosphere . It is approximately 2500 km in
thickness and has a temperature of nearly 30 000 K at the top. Without special filters, this layer
is visible only during a (6) solar eclipse .
The top layer of the Sun’s atmosphere is the (7) corona . It has a temperature
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

range of 1 million to 2 million K. Gas flows outward from this layer at high speeds and forms
the (8) solar wind . It is made up of charged particles, or (9) ions ,
which flow outward through the entire solar system.

In your textbook, read about solar activity.

For each term in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B.
Column A Column B
c 10. Cooler areas on the surface of the photosphere that a. prominence
appear darker than the surrounding areas on the Sun
b. solar flares
e 11. A period of 22.4 years in which the number of sun-
spots on the Sun changes regularly and the Sun’s c. sunspots
magnetic field reverses d. coronal holes
d 12. Areas of low density in the gas of the corona from e. solar activity cycle
which particles escape
b 13. Violent eruptions of particles and radiation from the
surface of the Sun
a 14. Arc of gas ejected from the photosphere

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SECTION 30.1 The Sun, continued

In your textbook, read about the solar interior.
Use the terms below to label the diagram.
convective zone radiative zone core

15. radiative zone 16. convective zone

17. core

Answer the following questions.

18. What is fusion? Where does it take place in the Sun?

Fusion is the combining of lightweight nuclei into heavier nuclei. It takes place
within the core of the Sun.
19. What is fission?

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Fission is the opposite process of fusion. It is the splitting of heavy atomic
nuclei into smaller, lighter atomic nuclei.
20. How is Einstein’s theory of special relativity expressed? What does each letter stand for?

E
mc2. E is energy measured in joules, m is the quantity of mass that is

converted to energy measured in kilograms, c is the speed of light measured
in m/s.
21. What is the process that transfers the Sun’s energy from particle to particle?
Where does this process take place?

The process is radiation. It takes place in the radiative zone.

22. What is the process that carries the Sun’s energy the rest of the way to the Sun’s
surface? What carries the energy?

The process is convection. The energy is carried by moving volumes of gas.

23. How far, as a percentage, does the radiative zone extend to the photosphere?

The radiative zone extends approximately 86 percent of the way to the

photosphere.

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SECTION 30.3 Stellar Evolution

In your textbook, read about the basic structure of stars.
Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.

carbon helium hydrostatic equilibrium iron

luminosity magnesium mass neon
nuclear fusion oxygen silicon temperature
hydrostatic
For a star to be stable, it must have (1) equilibrium , which is the balance between gravity
squeezing inward and pressure from (2) nuclear fusion and radiation pushing outward. This
balance is governed by the (3) mass of the star. The (4) temperature
inside a star determines the star’s energy output, or (5) luminosity .
Stars on the main sequence produce energy by fusing hydrogen into (6) helium .
Once a star’s core has been converted into helium, it may react if the temperature is high enough.
If the temperature is high enough, (7) carbon can react with helium to form
(8) oxygen , then (9) neon , then (10) magnesium ,
and then (11) silicon . Other types of reactions can produce even heavier elements,
the heaviest being (12) iron .
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

In your text, read about stellar evolution and life cycles.

For each statement below, write true or false.
false 13. As a star ages, its internal composition changes as a result of rising
temperature.
true 14. As nuclear fuel runs out, a star’s internal structure and its mechanism
for producing pressure change to counteract gravity.
true 15. The formation of a star begins with a cloud of interstellar gas and dust
called nebula.
false 16. A nebula collapses on itself as a result of its high temperature.
true 17. As a nebula contracts, its rotation forces it into a disk shape with a hot
condensed object at the center, which will become a new star.
true 18. A new star often illuminates the gas and dust surrounding it.

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SECTION 30.3 Stellar Evolution, continued

In your textbook, read about the Sun’s life cycle.
Answer the following questions.
19. How many years does it take a star with the mass of the Sun to convert all the
hydrogen in its core? To what is the hydrogen converted?

About 10 billion years; its hydrogen is converted to helium.

20. What happens to a star when it becomes a red giant?

When the hydrogen in the core is gone, the star has a helium center and outer layers
made of hydrogen-dominated gas. Some hydrogen continues to react in a thin layer
at the outer edge of the helium core. The energy produced at this level forces the
outer layers to expand and cool. Then the star loses gas from its outer layers.
21. A star of the Sun’s mass never becomes hot enough for carbon to react, and the star’s
energy production is at an end. What happens to the outer layers? What is this star called?

The outer layers expand and are driven off by pulsations. The core of the star
becomes exposed as a small, hot object about the size of Earth. It is then a
white dwarf.

In your textbook, read about life cycles of massive stars.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement.
22. A star that begins with a mass 8 to 20 times that of the Sun’s mass will
a. undergo the same evolution as the Sun.
b. become a white dwarf.
c. end up with a core too massive to be supported by pressure and come to a violent end.
d. remain at the same stage and not evolve.
23. The resistance of a star’s core to being squeezed halts the collapse of the core and
the core becomes a
a. supernova. b. neutron star. c. red dwarf. d. protostar.
24. During a supernova,
a. infalling gas remains trapped in the core.
b. the core continues to fuse helium.
c. the resistance of electrons being squeezed counteracts gravity and supports the core.
d. the entire outer portion of the star is blown off in a massive explosion.
25. A star that starts with more than about 20 times the Sun’s mass will
a. become a neutron star.
b. continue to fuse iron in its core.
c. end up with a smaller mass.
d. collapse forever and become a black hole.

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Galaxies and the Universe

SECTION 31.1 The Milky Way Galaxy
In your textbook, read about discovering the Milky Way.
For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B.

Column A Column B
e 1. Stars in the giant branch of the H-R diagram that a. Cepheid variables
pulsate in brightness because of the expansion and
contraction of their layers b. luminosity
c 2. Stars that have periods of pulsations between 1.5 hours
and 1 day, and on average, have the same luminosity c. RR Lyrae variables

a 3. Stars with pulsation periods between 1 day and more d. Sagittarius

than 100 days
b 4. By measuring a star’s period of pulsation, e. variable stars
astronomers can determine this.
d 5. Direction of the center of the Milky Way is toward
this constellation.

In your textbook, read about the shape of the Milky Way.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

For each statement below, write true or false.

true 6. Radio waves are used to map the Milky Way because they can penetrate
the interstellar gas and dust without being scattered or absorbed.
true 7. The Milky Way’s galactic nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear bulge that
sticks out of the galactic disk.
false 8. Measurements of star luminosity at different distances provide a hint of
the Milky Way’s spiral arms.
true 9. Around the Milky Way’s nuclear bulge and disk is the halo, where the
globular clusters are located.
false 10. Astronomers mapped the emission wavelength of nitrogen gas in space
to conclusively determine the existence of spiral arms in the Milky Way.
false 11. Five major spiral arms and a few minor arms were identified in the
Milky Way.
true 12. The Sun is located in the Milky Way’s minor arm Orion at a distance of
28 000 ly from the galactic center.
false 13. In its 4.5-billion-year life, the Sun has orbited the galaxy approximately
100 times.

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SECTION 31.1 The Milky Way Galaxy, continued

In your textbook, read about the mass of the Milky Way.
Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.

2.6 million 100 billion center dark matter galaxy

gas clouds stellar remnants halo supermassive black hole

The mass located within the circle of the Sun’s orbit through the galaxy is about
(14) 100 billion times the mass of the Sun. Because the Sun is of average
mass, astronomers have concluded there are about 100 billion stars within the disk
of the (15) galaxy .
Astronomers have found evidence that much more mass exists in the outer galaxy. The
stars and (16) gas clouds that orbit in the outer disk are moving faster than
they would if the galaxy’s mass were concentrated near the (17) center
of the disk. Evidence indicates that as much as 90 percent of the galaxy’s mass is
contained in the (18) halo . This mass is not observed in the form
of normal stars, and astronomers hypothesize that some of this unseen matter is in the
form of dim (19) stellar remnants , such as white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black
holes. The remainder of this mass, usually called (20) dark matter , is a mystery.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Studies of the motion of stars that orbit close to Sagittarius A* indicate that this area
has about (21) 2.6 million times the mass of the Sun, but is smaller than our
solar system. Astronomers believe that Sagittarius A* is a (22) supermassive
black hole
that glows brightly because of the hot gas surrounding it and spiraling into it.

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SECTION 31.2 Other Galaxies in the Universe

In your textbook, read about discovering other galaxies.
Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. The question about other objects existing in the sky was answered by Edwin Hubble in 1924.
What did he discover in the Great Nebula in the Andromeda constellation?
a. Cepheid variable stars c. RR Lyrae variables
b. a supernova d. a black hole

2. Disklike galaxies with spiral arms are divided into which of the following two subclasses?
a. normal spirals and flat spirals c. flat spirals and barred spirals
b. normal spirals and barred spirals d. loose spirals and flat spirals

3. Galaxies that are not flattened into disks and do not have spiral arms are called
a. dwarf galaxies. c. elliptical galaxies.
b. barred elliptical galaxies. d. nebular galaxies.

4. Galaxies that do not fit into the spiral or elliptical classifications are called
a. dwarf galaxies. b. Hubble galaxies. c. barred galaxies. d. irregular galaxies.

In your textbook, read about groups and clusters of galaxies.

For each statement, write true or false.
false 5. Most galaxies are spread evenly throughout the universe.
true 6. The Milky Way belongs to a small cluster of galaxies called the Local Group.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

false 7. The Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy are two of the smallest
members of the Local Group.
false 8. When galaxies move away from each other, they form strangely shaped
galaxies or galaxies with more than one nucleus.
false 9. Studies of clusters of galaxies provide astronomers with the strongest evidence
that most of the matter in the universe is visible and accounted for.

In your textbook, read about the expanding universe, active galaxies, and quasars.
For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B.
Column A Column B
e 10. Feature in the spectra of galaxies that indicates that a. active galactic nuclei
they are moving away from Earth
b b. Hubble constant
11. About 70 km per second per megaparsec
d 12. Extremely bright galaxies that are often giant c. quasars
elliptical galaxies emitting as much or more energy in d. radio galaxies
radio wavelengths than in wavelengths of visible light
c 13. Starlike objects with emission lines in their spectra e. redshift
a 14. Provide important clues for astronomers to study the
origin and evolution of the universe

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SECTION 31.3 Cosmology

In your textbook, read about models of the universe.
Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.

2.735 K background noise Big Bang Cosmic Background Explorer

compressed radiation Doppler cosmic background radiation
cosmology density expanding matter steady-state

The study of the universe, including its current nature, its origin, and its
evolution is called (1) cosmology . The fact that the universe is
(2) expanding implies that it had a beginning. The theory that the
universe began as a point and has been expanding ever since is called the
(3) Big Bang theory. Not all astronomers agree that the universe
had a beginning. The (4) steady-state theory proposes that the uni-
verse looks the same on large scales to all observers and that it has always
looked that way. Supporters of this theory propose that new
(5) matter is created and added to the universe. Therefore,
the overall (6) density of the universe doesn’t change.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

According to the more accepted theory, the Big Bang Theory, if the universe
began in a highly (7) compressed state, it would have been very hot,
and the high temperatures would have filled it with (8) radiation .
As the universe expanded and cooled, the radiation would have been shifted by
the (9) Doppler effect to lower energies and longer wavelengths.
In 1965, scientists discovered a persistent (10) background noise in
their radio antenna. The noise was caused by weak radiation called the
(11) cosmic . It appeared to come from all directions in
background radiation
space and corresponded to an emitting object having a temperature of about
(12) 2.735 K , which is close to the temperature predicted by the
Big Bang theory. An orbiting observatory called the (13) Cosmic ,
Background Explorer
launched in 1989, mapped the radiation in detail.

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SECTION 31.3 Cosmology, continued

In your textbook, read about the Big Bang model.
Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
14. What are the three possible outcomes for the universe?
a. open universe, closed universe, and flat universe
b. expanding universe, closed universe, and flat universe
c. open universe, closed universe, and static universe
d. open universe, barred universe, and flat universe
15. All three possible outcomes for the universe are based on the premise that the rate
of expansion has
a. remained the same since the beginning of the universe.
b. slowed down since the beginning of the universe.
c. increased since the beginning of the universe.
d. doubled since the beginning of the universe.
16. The total amount of matter in the universe is expressed in terms of the
a. critical density of matter. c. average density of matter.
b. average critical density of matter. d. absolute density of matter.
17. Observations of visible galaxies reveal a(n)
a. average density equal to critical density.
b. average density much less than critical density.
c. absolute density greater than average critical density.
d. critical density much less than average density.

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18. Evidence suggests that the universe contains a great amount of
a. visible matter. b. invisible matter. c. mystery matter. d. dark matter.
19. By measuring redshifts of the most remote galaxies, it is possible for astronomers to
determine the
a. Doppler shifts. c. expansion rate of long ago.
b. absolute magnitudes. d. apparent magnitudes.
20. The universe began as a fluctuation in a vacuum and expanded very rapidly for a
fraction of a second, according to the
a. inflationary universe model. c. deceleration model.
b. steady-state model. d. flat universe model.
21. When the rate of expansion of the universe is known, it is possible to calculate the
a. date the universe will end. c. distance to each galaxy.
b. date the universe began. d. age of the universe.
22. Based on the best value for H that has been calculated, the age of the universe is
hypothesized to be about
a. 1.3 billion years. c. 13 billion years.
b. 13 million years. d. 13 trillion years.

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GeoDigest

Beyond Earth
Complete the table below by filling in the missing information. Choose from the words
and phrases below. One choice will be used twice.

interior corona Earth ring system Sun

gas giant planet chromosphere tectonics highlands and maria Venus
Jupiter photosphere the Moon terrestrial planet

Planet or Body Characteristics Group

Moon • no atmosphere or erosion planetary satellite

• 1. highlands and maria

2. Sun • mostly made up of hydrogen and helium star

• atmosphere has three layers:

3. photosphere
4. chromosphere
5. corona
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• 6. interior
consists of radiative and convective zones

• fusion takes place within the core

Mercury • surface similar to surface of terrestrial planet

7. the Moon
8. Venus • extremely hot surface as a result of 9. terrestrial planet
greenhouse effect

10. Earth • has liquid water and life terrestrial planet

Mars • may once have had active 12. terrestrial planet

11. tectonics
13. Jupiter • largest and most massive planet gas giant planet

Saturn • extensive 14. ring system 15. gas giant planet

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For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B.

Column A Column B
d 16. Visible light, radio waves, infrared radiation, ultraviolet a. parallax
radiation, X rays, and gamma rays
b. steady-state theory
f 17. Result of Earth’s tilt on its axis and its changing
position in its orbit c. active galactic nucleus

h d. electromagnetic radiation
18. A surface feature of the Sun
a e. mass
19. Apparent shift in a star’s position
e 20. A star’s internal structure is determined by this. f. seasons

g g. the Milky Way

21. A nuclear bulge, a disk, and a halo are among its
characteristics. h. prominence
c 22. Energetic objects or activities at the core of a galaxy
b 23. Explanation proposing that the universe will always
be the same

Use the terms below to complete the analogies so that the terms in the second part of
the sentence have the same relationship to each other as do the terms in the first part
of the sentence.

volatile Earth refracting solar eclipse white dwarfs

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24. A lunar eclipse is to the Earth’s shadow as a solar eclipse is to the
Moon’s shadow.

25. A mirror is to a reflecting telescope as a lens is to a refracting telescope.

26. A comet is to the Sun as the Moon is to Earth .

27. Refractory elements are to terrestrial planets as volatile elements

are to gas-giant planets.

28. Stars more than 20 times the Sun’s mass are to black holes as sunlike stars are

to white dwarfs .

202 Unit 8 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Study Guide for Content Mastery