June 10th, 2020

 Prescriptive Code Compliance

◦ Evaluate building in relation to codes of record for
construction elements, egress, alarm, and suppression
 Performance Based Code Compliance
◦ NFPA 101 performance based code compliance
◦ Design fires
◦ Egress analysis
◦ ASET vs. RSET
◦ Hangar asset protection

3
  Aircraft Maintenance Hangar
◦ Two Stories
◦ 19,000 sf Hangar
◦ 17,000 sf Support Office and Accessory Assembly
spaces
◦ 7,000 sf Storage Space

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
  UFC 1-200-01 – DOD Building Code – 2016
◦ International Building Code - 2015
◦ NFPA 101: Life Safety Code (LSC) – 2015
 UFC 3-600-01: Fire Protection Engineering for
Facilities - 2016
 UFC 4-211-01: Aircraft Maintenance Hangers -
2017
 NFPA 409: Standard on Aircraft Hangars – 2016

15
 ◦ Use and Occupancy
 Occupancy Type S-1
 Occupancy Type B
◦ Construction Type - II-B
◦ Nonseparated Occupancy for IBC Compliance

16
  Most Restrictive Occupancy (S-1)
Group Construction Allowable # of Allowable Sprinklered
Type Stories Height Allowable
Area Aa

S-1 II-B 3 75 62,625 ft2

Provided II-B 2 57 56,986 ft2

17
  Fire Resistance Ratings for Building Elements
Building Element Fire Resistance Rating (Hours)
Primary Structural Frame 0
Bearing Walls – Exterior 0
Bering Walls – Interior 0
Nonbearing Walls and Partitions – Exterior 0
Nonbearing Walls and Partitions – Interior 0
Floor Construction and Secondary Members 0
Roof Construction and Secondary Members 0

 Fire Resistance for Exterior Walls Based on

Separation Distance
Fire Separation Distance (ft) Type of Construction Fire Rating (Hours)

X≥30 All 0

18
  Incidental Use:
◦ Stationary Battery Storage – 1 Hour
 UFC 4-211-01
◦ 1 Hour Fire Barrier Between Hangar and Support Areas
◦ 2 Hour Fire Barrier Between Hangars
◦ Fire Foam Suppression Room – 1 Hour
 Stair Enclosure – 1 Hour
 Elevator Hoist – 1 Hour
 Vertical Shafts – 1 Hour

19
20
 Element Rating Class LSC Section

Exits/Exit Access Interior Wall A or B 38.3.3.2.1

& Ceiling

Interior Wall & Ceiling A, B or C 38.3.3.2.2

Exit Enclosure Floor I or II 38.3.3.3.2

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Category LSC Requirement Provided Compliant LSC Reference
with LSC

# Exits Provided 8 15 YES 7.4.1

Common Path of Travel 100/20 45’3”/13’4” YES 38.2.5, 40.2.5

12.2.5, 38.2.5,
Dead-end Corridor 100/50/20 0/15/0 YES
42,2,5

12.2.6, 38.2.6,
Travel Distance 250/300/250/400 99’9”/142’1”/91’11”/77’6” YES
40.2.6, 42.2.6

29
Space Max Diagonal 1/3 Max Diagonal Distance Between Compliant LSC Reference
Distance Distance Exits with LSC

First Floor 199’11” 66 94’5” YES 7.5.1.3.3

Second Floor 199’3” 66 87’11” YES 7.5.1.3.3
Hangar Bay 1 150’7” 50 82’2” YES 7.5.1.3.3

Hangar Bay 2 150’7” 50 82’2” YES 7.5.1.3.3

Heritage Room 215 57’1” 19 37’10” YES 7.5.1.3.3

Large Mission 42 14 27’4” YES 7.5.1.3.3

Briefing 235

30
 Water Supply from
Fire Pump in
Adjacent Facility

High Expansion
Foam Risers

Wet Sprinkler Riser

Preaction
Sprinkler Risers
31
  High Expansion Foam From
Ceiling Generators
 Preaction Sprinkler System:
◦ 0.2 gpm over 5,000 Sq Ft. – 500
gpm hose allowance

32
  Wet pipe sprinkler covers business and storage
occupancies, a mixture of Light and Ordinary Hazard:
◦ Light Hazard: 0.1 gpm over 1,500 Sq Ft – 250 gpm hose
allowance
◦ Ordinary Hazard: 0.2 gpm over 2,500 Sq Ft – 250 gpm hose
allowance

33
34
35
36
  Office/Shop
◦ Waterflow Alarm
◦ Manual Pull Stations
◦ Smoke Detection at Fire Alarm/MNS Panels
◦ Elevator Shaft Smoke Detection
◦ Elevator Door Smoke Detection for Elevator
Recall
 Hangar
◦ Infrared Flame Detection (Triple IR)
 8 ft Above Finished Floor
◦ Linear Heat Detection to Arm Preaction
Sprinkler
◦ Manual Foam Release with Deadman Abort
Switches

37
38
39
  Two Detectors Required for Release
 (UFC 4-211-01 5-6.3)

40
  FA/MNS
◦ Speakers
◦ Strobes
◦ Text Signs
◦ On-site Messages
◦ Postwide Messages
◦ Local PA
 Transmission to central station
◦ Radio transmission to/from central station

41
  Duct Smoke Detectors
◦ Provide shutdown of associated air handler and
supervisory signal to Alarm Panel and central station

42
  Objectives for B Occupancy
◦ ASET>RSET
 NFPA 101 objectives
◦ Design Fire Scenario 1 – Occupancy Specific Fire
 Tenability Criteria from SFPE Handbook 5th Ed.
◦ CO – 1,400 ppm (Table 63.28)
◦ Temperature - <60°C (Table 63.20)
◦ Visibility – 10 m (Table 63.5) Large enclosures/travel distances
 Hangar Objectives
◦ Asset Protection of Aircraft

43
 Floor 1 Floor 2

44
  Two Aircraft
 Combined Approx. 16,750 kg of JP-8 (Kerosene
Derivative)
 9,500 ft2 Hagar Area
 Depth of Fuel – 0.7mm (Table 65.1 SFPE JP-8
Value)
 Asset Protection is Goal, Life Safety Secondary
Based on Function of Space

45
  Triple IR Detection
◦ Two Detectors Activated to Release
◦ 5 seconds to activate
 High Expansion Foam (HEF) System
◦ Required by UFC to cover 90% of silhouette of aircraft
within 60 seconds.
 Within 65 seconds the aircraft will have HEF under
silhouette.
 Preaction Sprinkler with Linear Heat Detection

46
  HRR

 Fuel Depth Correction for Small Depths

47
  Flame Spread over liquid

μ σ(TS) σ(Tig) Δ δ(Calc)

8.70E-04 Pa∙s 0.025 N/m 0.009 N/m 0.25 m 0.001533 m

ṁ"∞ Κβ Δhc V (calc)

0.039 kg/m2s 3.5 m-1 43.2 MJ/kg 0.133 m/s

48
  What is the maximum size generated in 65
seconds?

 D=14.4 Meters
 Represents 30 Gallon spill
49
50
  Heskestad Correlation

 6.7 Meters

51
52
53
  Bottom of Aircraft ~ 1 m
 Bottom of Wing ~ 2.5 m
 Flame Height at 65 seconds ~ 6.7 m
 HEF coverage of silhouette < 65 seconds

 Flame from under aircraft pool fire will impinge

upon aircraft body.

54
  4 Workstations
 9 ft ceiling

55
 NIST SP-1021 Cook
County Administration
Building HRR Experiments

HRR - Single Workstation

3500

3000

2500
HRR (kW)
2000

1500

1000

500

0
60
0

1020
1080
1140
1200
1260
1320
1380
1440
1500
1560
1620
1680
1740
1800
120
180
240
300
360
420
480
540
600
660
720
780
840
900
960
Time (s)
Q (kW)

56
SFPE T A.39 % of Workstation ys (g/g) yco (g/g)
Wood 80% 0.015 0.004
Plastic (ABS) 15% 0.105 -
Foam (Polystyrene) 3% 0.2 0.06
Fabric (Nylon) 2% 0.075 0.038
Weighted Avg 0.035 0.006

57
  Sprinklers activate 72 seconds after ignition as
shown by FDS model.
 Sprinkler Properties
◦ RTI = 50 ms1/2
◦ Tact = 165°F

58
59
60
  29 Cabinets
 9 ft ceiling
 1.3 m across aisle

61
 SFPE HandBook 5th Ed.

2000 HRR - Single Wardrobe 19mm Particle Board

1800
1600
1400
HRR (kW)

1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
40
80
0

1000
1040
1080
1120
1160
1200
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
400
440
480
520
560
600
640
680
720
760
800
840
880
920
960
Time (s)

62
 SFPE T A.39 % of Cabinet ys (g/g) yco (g/g)
Wood 80% 0.015 0.004
Plastic (ABS) 5% 0.105 -
Foam (Polystyrene) 5% 0.2 0.06
Fabric (Nylon) 10% 0.075 0.038

Weighted Avg 0.035 0.01

63
64
  330 seconds

65
  Not Exceeded

66
  Not Exceeded

67
68
69
  186 Seconds

70
  Occupants:
◦ Able body
◦ Alert
◦ Trained in response to alarms
 Assume 1 minute of pre-movement time.
◦ SFPE Table 64.5, Most values are below 1 min for mean
◦ Other occupants that need to provide shutdowns have safety
factor built in due to clogs at stair entrances.
 Notification Time (Ignoring Pull Stations):
◦ Sprinkler Activation Time: 72 Seconds
◦ Alarm Delay: 30 seconds
 Egress time: 186 seconds
 Total RSET: 348 seconds

71
  Available Safe Egress Time: 330 Seconds

 Required Safe Egress Time: 348 Seconds

 ASET<RSET with very conservative

assumptions

72
  Prescriptive design complies with codes of record.

 B Occupancy Performance based design shows

that ASET < RSET. This can be rectified by using
less conservative criteria.

 Hangar Asset Protection

◦ Pool Fire under aircraft impinges upon aircraft
surface.

73
74
 Space # Exits Occupa Exits Compliant LSC
Provided nts Required with LSC Reference

Floor 1 8 247 2 YES 7.4.1

Floor 2 3 307 2 YES 7.4.1
Heritage Room
2 57 2 YES 7.4.1
215
Large Mission
2 66 2 YES 7.4.1
Briefing 235
Space Common Path Common Compliant LSC
(ft) Path Limit with LSC Reference
(ft)
First Floor Business 43”1” 100 YES 38.2.5.3.1
First Floor Storage 34’10” 100 YES 42.2.5
Hangar 0 100 YES 40.2.5.1
Second Floor Business 45’3” 100 YES 38.2.5.3.1
Heritage Room 215 13’4” 20 YES 12.2.5.1.2
Large Mission Briefing 0 20 YES 12.2.5.1.2
235
Space Dead-end Dead-End Corridor Compliant with LSC Reference
Corridor (ft) Limit (ft) LSC
Flight Corridor 252 15 50 YES 38.2.5.2.1
NW Corridor 250 5 50 YES 38.2.5.2.1
Large Mission 0 20 YES 12.2.5.1.3
Briefing 235
Support Tool 0 100 YES Table 42.2.5
Storage 129
Space Travel Travel Compliant LSC
Distance (ft) Distance Limit with LSC Reference
(ft)
First Floor Business 107’ 300 YES 38.2.6.3
First Floor Storage 77’6” 400 YES Table 42.2.6
Hangar 91’11” 250 YES 40.2.6.1
Second Floor 142’1” 300 YES 38.2.6.3
Business
Heritage Room 215 68’ 250 YES 12.2.6.2(1)
Large Mission Briefing 99’9” 250 YES 12.2.6.2(1)
235

75