By the end of presentation learners will be able

to:
 Discuss the historical development of nursing
theories.
 Identify different scholars and their theories.
 Discuss different types of theories.
 Describe different non nursing theories and
models.
 In the early part of nursing’s history,
knowledge was extremely limited and
almost entirely task oriented.
 Role of nurses were questioned; what
they do, for whom, where and when were
determined.
 The professionalization of nursing has been
and is being brought about through the
development and use of nursing theory.
 Brought leading scholars and theorists to
discuss and debate on issues regarding
nursing science and theory development.
 Environmental theory
 Pure fresh air
 Pure water
 Effective drainage
 Cleanliness
 Light(especially direct sunlight)
Any deficiency in one or more of these
factors could lead to impaired functioning
of life processes or diminished health status.
 "Patients are to be put in the best
condition for nature to act on them, it is
the responsibility of nurses to reduce
noise, to relieve patients’ anxieties, and
to help them to sleep."
 As per most of the nursing theories,
environmental adaptation remains the
basis of holistic nursing care.
Nursing need theory
 Modern Nursing Nightingale /The 20th century
Nightingale
 ― The unique function of the nurse is to assist the
individual, sick or well, in the performance of
those activities contributing to health or its
recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would
perform unaided if he had the necessary
strength, will or knowledge. And to do this in such
a way as to help him gain independence as
rapidly as possible"
1. Breath normally.
2. Eat and drink adequately.
3. Eliminate body wastes.
4. Move and maintain desirable postures.
5. Sleep and rest.
6. Select suitable clothes-dress and
undress.
7. Maintain body temperature within
normal range by adjusting clothing and
modifying environment
8. Keep the body clean and well groomed
and protect the integument
9. Avoid dangers in the environment and
avoid injuring others.
10. Communicate with others in expressing
emotions, needs, fears, or opinions.
11. Worship according to one’s faith.
12. Work in such a way that there is a sense
of accomplishment.
13. Play or participate in various forms of
recreation.
14. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity
that leads to normal development and
health and use the available health
facilities.
Interpersonal theory
 Focuses on the interpersonal processes
and therapeutic relationship that
develops between the nurse and client.
 4 phases of Nurse- patient relationship
1. Orientation
2. Identification
3. Exploitation
4. Resolution
21 Nursing Problems Theory
1. To maintain good hygiene and physical
comfort
2. To promote optimal activity: exercise, rest,
sleep
3. To promote safety through prevention of
accident, injury, or other trauma and through
prevention of the spread of infection
4. To maintain good body mechanics and
prevent and correct deformity
5. To facilitate the maintenance of a
supply of oxygen to all body cells
6. To facilitate the maintenance of
nutrition for all body cells
7. To facilitate the maintenance of
elimination
8. To facilitate the maintenance of fluid
and electrolyte balance
9. To recognize the physiologic responses of
the body to disease conditions—
pathologic, physiologic, and compensatory
10. To facilitate the maintenance of
regulatory mechanisms and functions
11. To facilitate the maintenance of sensory
function
12. To identify and accept positive and
negative expressions, feelings, and
reactions
13. To identify and accept interrelatedness of
emotions and organic illness
14. To facilitate the maintenance of effective
verbal and nonverbal communication
15. To promote the development of
productive interpersonal relationships
16. To facilitate progress toward achievement
and personal spiritual goals
17. To create or maintain a therapeutic
environment
18. To facilitate awareness of self as an
individual with varying physical, emotional,
and developmental needs
19.To accept the optimum possible goals in
the light of limitations, physical and
emotional
20. To use community resources as an aid in
resolving problems that arise from illness
21. To understand the role of social problems
as influencing factors in the cause of illness
Theory of Goal Attainment
 King has interrelated the concepts of interaction,
perception, communication, transaction, self,
role, stress, growth and development, time, and
space into a theory of goal attainment.
 Nursing is a process of action, reaction, and
interaction whereby nurse and client share
information about their perceptions in the nursing
situation. The nurse and client share specific
goals, problems, and concerns and explore
means to achieve a goal.
Self care deficit theory
 People should be self-reliant and
responsible for their own care and others
in their family needing care.
 Composed of three interrelated theories:
(1) The theory of self-care
(2) The self-care deficit theory, and
(3) The theory of nursing system
 Nursing is an art through which the
practitioner of nursing gives specialized
assistance to persons with disabilities
which makes more than ordinary
assistance necessary to meet needs for
self-care.
 The nurse also intelligently participates in
the medical care the individual receives
from the physician.
System model
 It provides a comprehensive flexible holistic
and system based perspective for nursing.
 Human being is viewed as an open system
that interacts with both internal and external
environment forces or stressors.
 The human is in constant change, moving
toward a dynamic state of system stability or
toward illness of varying degrees.
The Conservation Model
 Nursing’s role in conservation is to help the person
with the process of ―keeping together‖ the total
person through the least expense of effort. Levine
proposed the following four principles of
conservation:
 The conservation of energy of the individual
 The conservation of the structural integrity of the
individual.
 The conservation of the personal integrity of the
individual.
 The conservation of the social integrity of the
Adaptation model (RAM)
 RAM is one of the widely applied nursing
models in nursing practice, education
and research.
 Nursing goals are to promote adaptation
for individuals and groups in the four
adaptive modes, thus contributing to
health, quality of life, and dying with
dignity.
1. Physiologic-physical mode
2. Self-concept-group identity mode
3. Role function mode
4. Interdependence mode
Theory of human caring
 Caring can be effectively demonstrated
and practiced only interpersonally.
 Caring consists of carative factors that
result in the satisfaction of certain human
needs.
 Effective caring promotes health and
individual or family growth.
The Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship
 The role of the nurse is to find out and meet
the patient's immediate need for help.
 The patient's presenting behavior may be a
plea for help, however, the help needed may
not be what it appears to be.
 Therefore, nurses need to use their
perception, thoughts about the perception,
or the feeling engendered from their thoughts
to explore with patients the meaning of their
behaviour.
The Aspects of Care, Core, Cure
 The theory contains of three
independent but interconnected circles:
 The core: The person or patient to whom
nursing care is directed and needed.
 The care : The attention given to patients
by the medical professionals
 The cure: The attention given to patients
by the medical professionals.
 Theories can also be categorized as: –
 "Needs "theories.
 "Interaction" theories.
 "Outcome "theories.
 "Humanistic theories"
 These theories are based around
helping individuals to fulfill their physical
and mental needs.
 Needs theories have been criticized for
relying too much on the medical model
of health and placing the patient in an
overtly dependent position.
 These theories revolve around the
relationships nurses form with patients.
 Such theories have been criticized for
largely ignoring the medical model of
health and not attending to basic
physical needs.
 These portray the nurse as the changing
force, who enables individuals to adapt
to or cope with ill health (Roy 1980).
 Outcome theories have been criticized
as too abstract and difficult to
implement in practice (Aggleton and
Chalmers 1988).
 Humanistic theories developed in response to
the psychoanalytic thought that a person’s
destiny was determined early in life.
 Humanistic theories emphasize a person’s
capacity for self actualization .
 Humanists believes that the person contains
within himself the potential for healthy and
creative growth.
 The major contribution that Rogers added to
nursing practice is the understanding that
each client is a unique individual, so person-
centered approach now practice in Nursing.
Need theorists Interaction theorists Outcomes theorists
• Abdellah •King • Johnson
• Hendersn • Orlando • Levine
• Orem • Peterson and • Rogers
Zderad • Roy
• Paplau
• Travelbee
• Wiedenbach
 Systems model
 Basic Human Needs model
 Health and Wellness Models
 Stress and Adaptation
 Developmental Theories
 Systems theory may be considered as a
specialization of systems thinking and a
generalization of systems science.
 Many nursing theorists have drawn from
systems theory.
– Neuman's Systems Theory
– Rogers 's Theory of Unitary Human Beings
– Roy's Adaptation Model
– Imogene King's Theory of Goal Attainment
– Orem Self-care Deficit Theory
– Johnson's Behavior Systems Model
 https://www.slideshare.net/Sreevid
yaVS/over-view-of-nursing-theories