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A BO U T T H E AU T H O R S

Manuel Molles

Manuel Molles is Professor Emeritus of Biology at the University of New

Mexico, where he has been a member of the faculty and Curator for the
Museum of Southwestern Biology since 1975. Presently, he and his wife
Mary Anne live in a cabin in the mountains of La Veta, Colorado, where
he writes full time and manages his 100-acre property. He received his
Bachelor of Science degree in fisheries from Humboldt State University
in 1971, and his Ph.D. in zoology from the University of Arizona in 1976.
His dissertation topic was “Fish Species Diversity on Model and Natural
Patch Reefs: Experimental Insular Biogeography.” Manuel has taught and
conducted ecological research in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Europe.
He was awarded a Fulbright Research Fellowship to do research on river
ecology in Portugal, and has been a visiting professor at the University of
Coimbra, Portugal, at the Polytechnic University of Madrid, Spain, and at
the University of Montana. Most recently, in 2014 Manuel was awarded the
Ecological Society of America Eugene P. Odum Award for “Excellence in
Ecology Education.”

(Courtesy of Manuel Molles)

Brendan Borrell
Brendan Borrell is a biologist and journalist who has written about
science and the environment for dozens of outlets, including Bloomberg
Businessweek, Outside, Nature, New York Times, Scientific American,
and Smithsonian. His reporting at home and abroad has given him a
firsthand view of some of the most pressing environmental issues of today.
He has visited the phosphate mines of Morocco, followed a rhino hunt in
South Africa, and taken a road trip through the expanding soy plantations
of central Brazil. Brendan received his Ph.D. in Integrative Biology from
the University of California, Berkeley, in 2006. For his dissertation research,
he studied the evolution, ecology, and physiology of nectar feeding in the
orchid bees of Costa Rica and Panama. His articles have received awards
from the American Society for Journalists and Authors, and his reporting
has been funded by the Alicia Patterson Foundation, the Pulitzer Center on
Crisis Reporting, and the Mongabay Special Reporting Initiative.

(Courtesy of Brendan Borrell)

AB OU T TH E A U TH OR S CONTENTS
W H Y I W ROT E T H I S B O O K

I wrote this book because I am concerned about the future of wild places and the welfare of humanity,
particularly the welfare of the next few generations who will inherit the world we leave.
I am motivated by a sense of urgency and mounting evidence that the time to establish a sustainable
relationship with Earth is fast running out. The roots of these concerns about the environment developed
early. I grew up on a family farm, where, from childhood, I was responsible for growing irrigated crops and
raising a wide variety of livestock. There, husbanding animals and tilling soil, I grew to appreciate a well-run
farm. However, my focus was not entirely on farming. There were wild places nearby where I was free to roam
when my farm chores and schoolwork were done. Our farm overlooked the Merced River in central California
at the transition between the flats of the Central Valley and the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. The headwaters
of the Merced River drain Yosemite Valley, that long-ago haunt of John Muir.
My father trained me to do all the farm chores, but he also taught me to appreciate wild nature, especially
the habits of birds—his first love. Likely because of these early influences, I would spend every available
moment on or in the Merced River. However, my knowledge of the place where I grew up was not limited
by what I saw in my ramblings, since my family had lived in the area since the mid-1800s. The stories of two
great uncles who arrived in northern California as young boys in 1865, three years before Muir began living
in Yosemite, were particularly exciting. Incredibly, one of them, Uncle Jim, was still active when I was a child.
Those early days were, he said, a time of extensive wetlands and abundant wildlife, of rivers teeming with
salmon, the ocean thick with whales, and most of the redwood forests still uncut. I never tired of those tales of
what once was, but they also filled me with a deep sense of what had been lost in less than a century. However,
I was also encouraged by the survival of unspoiled ecosystems near our farm, just an hour and a half drive
from San Francisco, which we called The City and where I learned to value culturally rich urban environments.
My hope is that through this text, I can contribute in some small way to a sustainable balance between wild
ecosystems, ecosystems managed for resource extraction, and urban ecosystems. It is my belief that a healthy
future for humanity depends on achieving such a balance.
The core of what appears on these pages—the organization, topics, tone, and language—is inspired by what
I have learned from the more than 10,000 students who attended my classes during my decades of teaching.
Whether in the field, laboratory, or lecture hall, it was these students who taught me what in a subject is
significant and how to communicate it. Through this text I hope to share a vision for sustainability with a new
generation of students who will be the keepers of humanity’s future.
I am also motivated by the feeling that my career would be incomplete without reaching out beyond my
academic publications to write this textbook, which I have written while living in mountains surrounded by
old growth, mixed conifer forest, abundant wildlife, and fishing for trout when I have a spare moment.

Manuel C. Molles
La Veta, Colorado

F EATU R ES L A U N C H PA D
B R I E F CO N T E N T S

Preface xiv

1 Introduction 1

2 Ecosystems and Economic Systems 31

3 Conservation of Endangered Species 59

4 Species and Ecosystem Diversity 93

5 Human Populations 125

6 Sustaining Water Supplies 155

7 Sustaining Terrestrial Resources 187

8 Sustaining Aquatic Resources 227

9 Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Energy 261

10 Renewable Energy 295

11 Environmental Health, Risk, and Toxicology 329

12 Solid and Hazardous Waste Management 357

13 Air, Water, and Soil Pollution 385

14 Global Climate Change 427

Appendix A Basic Chemistry A-1

Appendix B The Rock Cycle: Product of a Dynamic Planet B-1

Glossary G-1

Index I-1

A B OU T TH E A U TH OR S CONTENTS
 CO N T E N T S
Preface xiv 2.6 How we represent economic systems can have
environmental consequences 48
(Kelli-Ann Bliss/NOAA)

2.7 Unregulated use of resources can lead to a “Tragedy of

the Commons” 49

Solutions 50
Chapter 1 Introduction 1 2.8 Economics should include environmental costs and
benefits 50
Science 4
2.9 Property rights can lead to environmental
1.1 Environment is everything 4 preservation 52
1.2 Science uses a formal method to gather evidence about 2.10 Alternative paths to sustainability: Tragedy of the
how nature works 6 Commons revisited 53
1.3 Scientific evidence can reduce uncertainty about natural
phenomena 10

(Jim Peaco, Yellowstone

National Park, NPS)
1.4 The integrity of science depends on following a strict code
of ethical conduct 12

Issues 14
1.5 Human impact and environmental awareness began Chapter 3 Conservation of Endangered
long ago 14 Species 59
1.6 Human impact on the environment has become a
global issue 19 Science 62
3.1 Genetic diversity is essential to the evolution and survival
Solutions 21 of populations 62
1.7 Environmental ethics extends moral responsibilities to 3.2 Distribution and abundance are key indicators of
the environment 21 population security 67
1.8 Sustainability as a pragmatic solution to environmental 3.3 Populations change 68
woes 25 3.4 The life history of a species influences its capacity to
1.9 Environmental science provides a comprehensive recover from disturbance 71
framework for addressing environmental issues 26 3.5 Species interactions define biological communities 73

Issues 76
(Jean Michel Labat/

3.6 Habitat destruction and alteration are the most serious

Ardea.com)

threats to biodiversity 77
3.7 Invasive species threaten native species 78
Chapter 2 Ecosystems and Economic 3.8 Plant and wildlife trafficking are growing dangers to
Systems 31 species 79
3.9 Pest and predator control have pushed species to the brink
Science 34 of extinction 80
2.1 Ecosystems and economic systems are built on matter 34
Solutions 82
2.2 Energy makes matter move 36
3.10 National laws and international treaties protect
2.3 Energy flows through ecosystems, while matter recycles 39
endangered species 82
2.4 Economic systems and their currencies take several
3.11 Banning of a toxin and captive breeding brought peregrine
forms 43
falcons back from the brink of extinction 84
Issues 46 3.12 Population ecology provides a conceptual foundation for
wolf restoration 84
2.5 Energy fuels, and limits, the economy 47

F EATU R ES L A U N C H PA D
 X CO N TEN TS

3.13 Restoration of North American gray wolves has required 5.3 The age structure of a population gives clues to its growth
working through conflict 85 or decline 131
3.14 Wild populations are sources of significant economic Issues 134
benefits 88
5.4 Fertility ranges greatly among countries and
regions 134
(Cheryl Jaworowski/

5.5 Development varies widely among countries 136

5.6 Population growth and development generally increase
USGS)

environmental impact 137

Chapter 4 Species and Ecosystem 5.7 Developmental differences between populations create
migration pressures 139
Science 96
4.1 Species and ecosystem diversity are key elements of Solutions 142
biodiversity 96 5.8 Most nations have national policies aimed at managing
population growth 142
4.2 Geographic patterns and processes influence biodiversity 97
5.9 Human development is associated with lower fertility
4.3 Some species influence biodiversity much more than
and reduced emigration 147
others 103
5.10 The challenge: Achieve high development and
4.3 Some species influence biodiversity much more than
sustainable resource use 149
others 103
4.4 Ecological succession affects community composition
and diversity 106
4.5 Global species richness results from a balance between

(NASA)
speciation and extinction 108

Issues 110 Chapter 6 Sustaining Water Supplies 155

4.6 Habitat fragmentation reduces biodiversity 110
Science 158
4.7 Valuable services of ecosystems are threatened 112
6.1 The hydrologic cycle moves water around Earth 158
4.8 Many invasive species harm ecosystems 113
6.2 The El Niño Southern Oscillation causes periods of dry
years and wet years 161
Solutions 115
4.9 The number of protected areas has grown rapidly 116 Issues 162
4.10 Nongovernmental conservation complements 6.3 Access to adequate water supplies as a human
governmental programs 117 right 162
4.11 Sustaining biodiversity and ecosystem services requires 6.4 Humans already use most of the world’s accessible
active management 118 freshwater supplies 164
4.12 Integrating conservation with local communities can help 6.5 Groundwater is being depleted faster than it is
sustain protected areas 120 replenished 166
6.6 Managing water for human use threatens aquatic
biodiversity 168
(Jorg Hackemann/
Shutterstock)

Solutions 173
6.7 Water conservation can increase water use efficiency
Chapter 5 Human Populations 125 substantially 173
6.8 Reclamation and recycling are saving water
Science 128 throughout the world 175
5.1 Human population density varies significantly across 6.9 Desalination taps Earth’s largest reservoir of
Earth 128 water 178
5.2 The global population will grow into the middle of this 6.10 Conservation and restoration can protect aquatic
century 130 ecosystems and biodiversity 181

AB OU T TH E A U TH OR S CONTENTS
 XI

8.2 Nutrient availability influences primary production in

(Dudarev Mikhail/

marine environments 232

Shutterstock)

8.3 El Niño and other large-scale climatic systems affect

fisheries 236
Chapter 7 Sustaining Terrestrial
Issues 237
Resources 187
8.4 Tragedy of the Commons: Intensive harvesting has
Science 190 resulted in overexploitation of many commercially
important marine populations 237
7.1 Climate, biodiversity, and nutrients influence terrestrial
primary production 190 8.5 Dams and river regulation have decimated migratory
fish populations 241
7.2 Agriculture, forestry, and grazing systems are built on the
natural biomes 193 8.6 Aquaculture can pollute aquatic environments and
threaten wild fish populations 242
7.3 Soil structure and fertility result from dynamic
processes 194 Solutions 245
Issues 198 8.7 Saving global fish stocks requires careful management
and strong incentives 245
7.4 Industrial agriculture, which increased production, came
with environmental impacts 198 8.8 Biodiversity contributes to the productivity and stability
of fisheries 248
7.5 Common farming, grazing, and forestry practices deplete
soils 199 8.9 River restoration may be a key to restoring decimated
salmon populations 252
7.6 Deforestation and some forestry management practices
deplete soils and increase flooding danger 202 8.10 Aquaculture can provide high-quality protein with low
environmental impact 254
7.7 Irrigation can damage soils 205

(Dado Galdieri/Bloomberg
7.8 Intensive agriculture can cause pollution and promote
pesticide resistance 206

via Getty Images)

7.9 Genetically modified crops are sources of controversy
and agricultural potential 209

Solutions 213 Chapter 9 Fossil Fuels and Nuclear

7.10 Investing in local farmers, while increasing genetic and Energy 261
crop diversity, may be a sustainable approach to feeding
our growing population 213 Science 264
7.11 Sustainable farming, forestry, and ranching practices can 9.1 Fossil fuels provide energy in chemical form 264
reduce soil losses and improve soil fertility 215
9.2 Power plants and vehicles burn fossil fuels to
7.12 Sustainable irrigation requires careful management of generate electricity and movement 270
water and salts 220
9.3 Nuclear energy is released by atomic fission and
7.13 Integrated approaches to pest control can reduce pesticide fusion 272
pollution and evolution of pesticide resistance 221
Issues 274
9.4 Global energy use grows as energy shortages
(Bill Dewey, Taylor
Shellfish Farms)

loom 274
9.5 Fossil fuel extraction and use can harm the
environment 277
Chapter 8 Sustaining Aquatic 9.6 Nuclear power development comes with environmental
Resources 227 costs 281

Science 230 Solutions 284

8.1 Commercial fish populations are heavily harvested and 9.7 New laws and technology are cleaning up the oil
actively managed 230 industry 284

F EATU R ES L A U N C H PA D
 XII CO N TEN TS

9.8 Ecosystem restoration can mitigate the environmental 11.2 Bacteria, viruses, and parasites are spread through the
impacts of fossil fuel extraction 286 environment 334
9.9 Advances in nuclear power plant operation and design are
aimed at improving safety 288 Issues 339
11.3 Toxic substances move through the environment and can
(Andrew Henderson/National

accumulate in large concentrations 339

Geographic Creative)

11.4 Exposure to endocrine disruptors can affect the health of

humans and other organisms 340
11.5 Misuse and overuse have promoted resistance to
antibiotics and insecticides 342
Chapter 10 Renewable Energy 295
11.6 Infectious diseases spill over from wild species and
Science 298 continue evolving to evade our defenses 344
10.1 Solar energy can be used as a heat source and to
Solutions 346
generate electricity 298
11.7 We assess risk both qualitatively and quantitatively 346
10.2 Wind, water, and geothermal energy add to the renewable
energy portfolio 302 11.8 Risk management involves reducing environmental
hazards and controlling disease 348
10.3 Biomass fuels represent stored chemical energy 307

Issues 310

(USFWS photo by
10.4 Solar power remains costly and can damage the

Susan White)
environment 310
10.5 Wind turbines and transmission lines kill birds and
bats 312 Chapter 12 Solid and Hazardous Waste
10.6 Hydroelectric development can have multiple Management 357
environmental and social impacts 314
10.7 Biofuel development can reduce food supplies and harm Science 360
the environment 315 12.1 The “waste” generated by economic systems does not
occur in ecosystems 360
Solutions 317 12.2 Waste has diverse sources and properties and varies with
10.8 Smart solutions to issues associated with solar power level of economic development 361
are under development 317
10.9 Less damaging wind-generation strategies are under Issues 364
development 319 12.3 Municipal solid waste management is a growing
10.10 Downsizing can mitigate the impacts of hydroelectric problem 364
development 321 12.4 Hazardous waste generation is increasing and is often
10.11 Less damaging, more efficient biofuels are under handled unsafely 367
development as alternatives to oil-based fuels 323 12.5 New forms of hazardous waste are on the rise 369
12.6 Safe nuclear waste disposal requires long-term
security 370
(fotog/Getty Images)

Solutions 373
12.7 Modern waste management emphasizes reduced
disposal 373
Chapter 11 Environmental Health, Risk, and
12.8 Food waste and other biodegradable trash can be reduced
Toxicology 329 and repurposed 374
Science 332 12.9 Recycling and demanufacturing are critical to reducing
waste 376
11.1 Chemical hazards include toxic substances and
pollutants 332 12.10 Safe and secure long-term disposal is the last resort 378

AB OU T TH E A U TH OR S CONTENTS
 X III

Deseret News via AP)

Marie-Luce Hubert/
(Jean-Louis Klein &
(Geoff Liesik/The

Science Source)
Chapter 13 Air, Water, and Soil Chapter 14 Global Climate Change 427
Pollution 385
Science 430
Science 388 14.1 The atmosphere exerts key controls on planetary
13.1 Industry releases pollutants 388 temperatures 431

13.2 Humans produce a wide variety of pollutants 390 14.2 Scientists began building the basis for understanding the
greenhouse effect more than 200 years ago 432
13.3 Atmospheric and aquatic transport eventually move
pollutants around the planet 396 14.3 Global temperatures and atmospheric CO2 concentrations
have varied cyclically 434
Issues 400 14.4 Atmospheric CO2 appears to be the thermostat controlling
13.4 Air pollution exacts major health-related and economic global temperatures 437
tolls 400
Issues 440
13.5 Acid rain is a major source of damage to aquatic and
terrestrial ecosystems 402 14.5 Precise measurements reveal that fossil fuel burning is the
main cause of increased atmospheric CO2 levels 440
13.6 Persistent pollutants enter the human food
chain 404 14.6 As CO2 levels have risen in modern times, global
temperatures have increased significantly 443
13.7 Organic matter and nutrient pollution can disrupt local
and distant ecosystems 407 14.7 Rising temperatures have been accompanied by diverse
changes in the Earth system 445
Solutions 409 14.8 Climate change can lead to a wide range of societal
13.8 Environmental regulation and international treaties have costs 448
played important roles in reducing pollution in North
America 409 Solutions 452
13.9 Control measures have reduced emissions of pollutants 14.9 Developing a road map to reduce carbon emissions 452
and acid rain 412 14.10 Reducing greenhouse gas emissions provides new
13.10 New technologies can reduce indoor air economic opportunities 457
pollution 415 14.11 Restoring and enhancing carbon sinks could help balance
13.11 Soils and sediments contaminated by hazardous wastes the carbon budget 459
can be cleaned using a variety of techniques 416
13.12 There are many effective ways to reduce organic and Appendix A Basic Chemistry A-1
nutrient pollution 419
Appendix B The Rock Cycle: Product of a
Dynamic Planet B-1

Glossary G-1

Index I-1

F EATU R ES L A U N C H PA D
XXI IVV CO N TEN TS
PREFACE

A UNIQUE CHAPTER STRUCTURE

Each chapter is divided into three sections: Science, Issues, and Solutions.

“It clearly distinguishes between

the science and political, social and
economic choices required by the
problems. It is more congenial to my
teaching than any of my current or
recent texts, period.”
–BrianM ooney,
Johnson & Whales University

“I love this [science-issues-solutions]

approach. Science is the tool that lays
the foundation for what follows.”
–BarryP erlmutter,
College of Southern Nevada

Central Question: How can

we mitigate and adapt to the
environmental and social Explain the factors that control climate
impacts of climate change? and global temperatures.

(Jean-Louis Klein & Marie-Luce Hubert/Science Source) SCIENCE

Navigation bar clearly guides

students through each chapter,
using color to identify science,
issues, solutions.

AB OU T TH E A U TH OR S CONTENTS
 XV

XV

C H A P T ER 14

Global Climate Change

14.1–14.4 Science
Each chapter begins by explaining the basic
science relevant to the chapter’s topic, as a
foundation for the coverage to follow.

14.5–14.8 Issues
Students draw upon the science coverage
to get a better understanding of current
environmental issues.

14.9–14.11 Solutions
Each chapter concludes by asking students to
evaluate the success or failure of solutions (either
implemented or proposed) for environmental
Analyze the causes and impacts of Discuss thee local
locala and
and international
inter
internat
nation
ional
al tactics
tac
ctic
ticss
a warming global climate. that could m
mitigate
itiga
iti g e glob
gat global
g problems
lobal
al climate
climat
cli ma e change. e in different parts of the world.

ISSUES SO LU T I O N S

F EATU R ES L A U N C H PA D
 X VI PREFACE

A CENTRAL QUESTION SETS THE LEARNING GOAL FOR THE CHAPTER

428 CHAP T E R 1 4 G LOBAL CLIM ATE CH ANG E 429

SOME CONSEQUENCES OF A WARMER EARTH

(John McColgan, Bureau of Land Management, Alaska Fire Service)

shutdown of natural gas fields, interrupting the flow of of the environmental and economic consequences of climate
critical energy supplies. All told, wildfires in the United change. In fact, they have concluded that by mid-century,
States in 2012 burned more than 1.7 million hectares if present trends continue, the western United States would
(4.1 million acres). be subject to droughts worse than any occurring in the
Abnormally high temperatures in the United States previous 1,000 years. Human action has played a significant
had other impacts as well. For instance, cattle had so little role in changing Earth’s climate, particularly by increasing
healthy pasture that the USDA allowed ranchers to graze the concentrations of gases in the atmosphere that trap the
their cattle on conservation lands set aside for erosion Sun’s energy, leading to a temperature increase of almost 1°C
control and wildlife habitat. Approximately half of the since 1880. Climate scientists predict that climate change will
nation’s corn crop and one-third of the soybean crop include a higher frequency of heat waves, droughts, and other
had failed or were near failing—an episode that would weather extremes along with the loss of the polar ice caps and
play out in the global economy as an increase in food a rise in sea level.
prices. Reduced farm income would hurt a wide range of By the end of the 21st century, climate models suggest
businesses located in agricultural regions. that the temperature of Earth’s surface will rise another
2 to 3°C. “Warming of the climate system is unequivocal,
and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are
(USDA photo by Bob Nichols)
(Scott Hortop/Getty Images)

“Preservation of our environment unprecedented over decades to millennia,” wrote the authors
of the fifth assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel for
is not a liberal or conservative Climate Change (IPCC), published in 2014. “It is extremely
challenge, it’s common sense.” likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of
the observed warming.”
Heat waves are setting temperature records and impacting larger and larger areas around the world. High President Ronald Reagan, State of the Union address,
temperatures combined with drought have been conducive to large wildfires of unprecedented magnitude. January 1984) The good news is that once we recognize that we are
Drought has had severe impacts on agricultural production in regions such as the midwestern United States. significant contributors to climate change, there are steps we
can take to reduce the problem. However, as we address this
Climate scientists modeling future climates believe issue, we will need to avoid causing other forms of disruption,

Tracking Wildfires in the West that the summer of 2012 may provide a preview of some both environmental and economic.

Raging fires and extreme weather events could become

more common with a changing global climate Central Question
A t 7 a.m. on June 23, 2012, a jogger was running along
the Waldo Canyon Trail in the mountains above
in Colorado’s history, resulting in insurance claims of more
than $450 million. Although the fire may have been started How can we mitigate and adapt
Colorado Springs, Colorado, when he smelled smoke. He by an arsonist, another suspect has been singled out for its
veered off the trail to investigate and found a smoldering
fire in the woods. After he reported the fire to the local
rapid spread and devastating impact: climate change.
That year, the wildfire season in the West came on the
to the environmental and social
sheriff’s department, high winds and drought conditions in
the forest caused the fire to spread over 600 acres in several
heels of a period of unrelenting heat. During the 12 months
from August 2011 to July 2012, land temperatures in the
impacts of climate change?
hours’ time, leading to evacuations of several nearby 48 contiguous United States were the warmest in 117 years
communities. By the time firefighters finally contained of record-keeping. Across Colorado, wildfires blackened
the Waldo Canyon Fire, two and a half weeks later, it nearly 67,000 hectares (165,000 acres) and destroyed over
had burned 7,384 hectares (18,247 acres) and 346 homes, 600 homes. In Montana and New Mexico, they consumed
killing two people. It ranked as the most destructive fire another 529 homes. In Utah and Wyoming, they forced the

HOW CAN W E MIT I G ATE AND ADAPT TO TH E ENV IRONM EN TA L A N D S O C I A L I M PA C TS O F C L I M ATE C HA N GE ? SCI ENCE I SSUES S OLUTIONS

In each chapter, a case study introduces the student to the topic

and establishes the overall learning goal for the chapter. This
learning goal is called the Central Question.

“Using the Central Question as a theme through the chapter allows students to
keep a focus on a thesis statement, tying together the supporting information.
I find the Central Question very helpful in connecting concepts throughout the
chapter.”
–Terri Matiella, University of Texas, San Antonio

AB OU T TH E A U TH OR S CONTENTS
 X VI I

Neptune

Uranus
Mars
Saturn
Earth

Venus Jupiter
Mercury
(NASA/JPL)

FIGURE 14.1 Mars, approximately 228 million kilometers (km) from the Sun, is the smallest of the three planets discussed here. Earth
is approximately 78 million km closer to the Sun and twice the diameter of Mars. Venus is approximately the same size as Earth, around
40 million km, or 30%, closer to the Sun. However, the average temperature of Venus is more than 30 times higher than Earth’s.

HO W CA N WE MIT IG AT E AN D AD APT TO T H E EN VIRO N MENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE?

The Central Question is visible on every spread of the

chapter to help students keep it in mind as they read.

Central Question: How can we mitigate and adapt to the environmental

and social impacts of climate change?

14.1–14.4 Science 14.5–14.8 Issues 14.9–14.11 Solutions Answer the Central Question:
• What affect does the atmosphere have on • What is the primary cause of increased CO2 • What tactics can we take to reducing carbon
planetary temperatures? levels and how do we know? emissions?

• How did scientists learn about the greenhouse • What global physical effect results from rising • What new economic opportunities may arise
effect and its role on Earth? CO2 levels? from reducing greenhouse gas emissions?

• How do global temperatures and CO2 • What types of changes on Earth have • What role do carbon sinks play in balancing
concentrations vary over time? accompanied rising global temperatures? the carbon budget?

• Which atmospheric factor exerts the most • What societal costs have resulted from climate
control over global temperatures and how do change?
we know?

At the end of each chapter, students create an Active Summary as a

recap of the Science, Issues, and Solutions sections presented in the
chapter; it also prepares them to answer the Central Question.

“This layout has great value in terms of encouraging students to read, and it also
requires the student to answer questions along the way that feed back into the
Central Question. This lends itself to a curriculum based more on concepts and
discussion rather than simple fact recitation.”
–Megan Lahti, Arizona Western College

F EATU R ES L A U N C H PA D
X VI I I PREFACE

A Focus on Solutions
The topics and issues in environmental science can leave students feeling hopeless and
powerless about environmental issues. Because of the unique chapter structure, this text
emphasizes solutions—what has been done (and how well it worked) and what more can be
done (and how science can help us implement it).

14.9–14.11 Solutions

(AP Photo/Danny Wilcox Frazier) (Mark Henley/Panos Pictures)

(Greg Gibson/AP Photo)

Empowering Students
Following the Solutions section of each chapter, students work through a list of activities
they might try in order to directly engage with environmental science issues and feel that their
experience counts.

Climate Change and You cooling in summer (no cooler than 78° F). Save energy by walking or
bicycling whenever practical and safe, or use public mass transport.
Many consider climate and atmospheric change to be the most serious
If you operate a motor vehicle, you can try to maximize fuel economy
environmental challenge that our species has ever faced. Massive
by choosing a fuel-efficient one and keeping it well maintained.
releases of greenhouse gases resulting from the activity of a growing
human population have already warmed Earth and threaten to radically 씲 Support efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
disrupt the entire biosphere. The challenges posed by climate change
As a citizen, you can use your voice and vote to support transitioning
put our collective life and economic support systems at risk. In the face of
to renewable energy sources and reducing greenhouse gas
such a challenge, what can an individual do?
production. You can support local, regional, and national programs
“This [science-issues-solutions
fostering conservation agriculture and forestry practices that help framework] allows students to
씲 Follow the science.
sustain these natural carbon sinks. You can also support legislation
Although climate scientists are in overwhelming agreement on
understand the basis for the issues,
that levels a cost on carbon emissions associated with power
climate change and its causes, the deniers of climate change production and other industrial activity. As a consumer, you can go and then helps them look toward the
science present competing conclusions on the present state one step further and support clean energy initiatives offered by your future with a sense of hopefulness
and dynamics of Earth’s climate, as well as the societal and local electrical utility.
environmental stakes. The best way to sort your way through these and optimism [that] these issues can
competing narratives is to build on what you have learned in this 씲 Become involved.
be addressed, instead of leaving them
course by following developments in published science, paying In ways large and small, we can all be a force for constructive
particular attention to data associated with global temperatures, change. After completing this course in environmental science,
with a sense of ‘doom and gloom.’ ”
storm intensities, depth and frequencies of drought, sea level rise, you should have a broader understanding of the science, issues, –TerriM atiella,
and so forth. and potential solutions to today’s environmental challenges. More
important, you are better prepared to expand that base of knowledge University of Texas, San Antonio
씲 Conserve energy. far beyond where it is now. As you do so, let your informed voice
Collectively, we can alter the amount of energy produced simply be heard where appropriate and become involved individually and
by conserving energy. Energy utilities report that conservation by with organizations that reflect your knowledge and understanding of
consumers has already reduced energy demand in both the United the most pressing environmental issues, whether they be related to
States and Europe. A first step is to make sure that your residence climate change or the many other issues surveyed in this text. In the
is well insulated. If possible, you can also set your thermostat to end, because these issues reflect what we do or have done to the
reduce energy used for heating in winter (no higher than 68° F) and environment of our planet, all are interrelated.

AB OU T TH E A U TH OR S CONTENTS
 X IX

Critical Thinking and Problem Solving

Think About It questions after each chapter section ask students to analyze
what they’ve just read and apply it to new situations.

? Margin questions throughout the chapter help students engage with the issues
and can serve as lecture or discussion prompts.

Critical Critical Analysis questions at the end of each chapter require students to apply
Analysis higher-level Bloom’s skills to environmental issues and solutions.

INDEPENDENT CONFIRMATION OF LAND

TEMPERATURE RECORD

NASA GISS
1.0
Hadley / CRU
NOAA / NCDC
TEMPERATURE ANOMALY (°C)

Berkeley Earth
0.5 (light band indicates 95%
uncertainty interval)

0 A focus on data in each chapter

builds quantitative skills and
−0.5
mathematical reasoning.
−1.0

−1.5
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
YEAR
FIGURE 14.21 The Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature
(BEST) research group independently confirmed global warming
of temperatures over land using a much larger sample of
meteorological stations and controlling for urban heat island
effects. (Data from BEST, http://berkeleyearth.org/)

EARTH’S GROWING CARBON SINKS

400 Cumulative emissions

GLOBAL CARBON ACCUMULATION (PgC)

Atmospheric accumulation
300 Global uptake
Cumulative carbon emissions
200 totalled 350 PgC. However . . .

100
. . . only 158 PgC remained in
the atmosphere, because . . .
0

−100
. . . land and ocean carbon
sinks had taken up 192 PgC.
−200

−300
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
YEAR

FIGURE 14.40 The uptake of CO2 emissions by land and oceans doubled between 1960 and 2010, reducing the buildup of the
greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. (Data from Ballantyne et al., 2012)

F EATU R ES L A U N C H PA D
XX PREFACE

LaunchPad
LaunchPad gives instructors everything they need to quickly set up a course, shape the content of their
syllabus, craft presentations and lectures, assign and assess homework, and guide the progress of
individual students and the class as a whole. Meanwhile, LaunchPad is the students’ one-stop shop for
class preparation, homework, and exam prep.

Instructor Resources
The new standard in online course management, LaunchPad makes it easier than ever to
create interactive assignments, track online homework, and access a wealth of extraordinary
teaching and learning tools. Fully loaded with our customizable e-Book and all student and instructor resources, the
LaunchPad is organized around a series of prebuilt LaunchPad units—carefully curated, ready-to-use collections of material
for each chapter of Environment: Science, Issues, and Solutions.

LECTURE TOOLS
Lecture Slides
These slides combine art, classroom discussion questions, and descriptions of key concepts from the book for classroom
presentation.

Layered Slides
Slides for select figures deconstruct key concepts, sequences, and processes in a step-by-step format, allowing instructors to
present complex ideas in clear, manageable parts.

Optimized Art (Jpegs and layered slides)

Infographics are optimized for projection in large lecture halls and split apart for effective presentation.

Clicker Questions
Designed as interactive in-class exercises, these questions reinforce core concepts and uncover misconceptions.

ASSESSMENT
Activities use a game-like interface to guide students through a series of questions
tailored to their individual level of understanding.

Videos
Videos from an array of trusted sources bring the stories of the book to life and make the material meaningful to students.
Each video includes assessment questions to gauge student understanding.

Test Bank
A collection of questions, organized by chapter, presented in a sortable, searchable platform. The Test Bank features multiple-
choice questions and uses infographics and graphs from the book.

AB OU T TH E A U TH OR S CONTENTS
 XXI

Student Resources

(alexsl/istockphoto)
Student resources reinforce chapter concepts and give students the tools they need to succeed in the course. All student
resources are organized and can be found in the LaunchPad.

Students have access to a variety of study tools in the LaunchPad, along with a complete
online version of the textbook. Carefully curated LaunchPad Units provide suggested
learning paths for each chapter in the text.

This set of formative assessment activities uses a game-like interface to guide

students through a series of questions tailored to their individual level of
understanding. A personalized study plan is generated based on their quiz results. LearningCurve is available to students in the
LaunchPad.

Graphing Tutorials
Students build and analyze graphs, using their critical thinking skills to predict trends, identify bias, and make cause-and-effect
connections.

Video Case Studies

Videos from an array of trusted sources bring the stories of the book to life and allow students to apply their environmental,
scientific, and information literacy skills. Each video includes questions that engage students in the critical thinking process.

Key Term Flashcards

Interactive flashcards can help students drill and learn the most important terms in each chapter.

Critical Thinking Activities

Assignable activities engage students in the material and inspire critical thinking based on content from the textbook.

Environment and Your Activities

Activities prompt students to get directly involved in environmental science issues in their lives and communities.

F EATU R ES L A U N C H PA D
XXII REV IEW ERS

Reviewers
We extend our deep appreciation to the following instructors who reviewed, tested,
and advised on the book manuscript at various stages.

Matthew Abbott, Des Moines Area Richard Bowden, Allegheny College Michael Draney, University of Wisconsin– Stephen Hecnar, Lakehead
Community College–Newton campus Anne Bower, Philadelphia University Green Bay Rod Heisey, Penn State University
David Aborn, University of Tennessee at Scott Brame, Clemson University Daniel Druckenbrod, Longwood University Keith Hench, Ph.D., Kirkwood Community
Chattanooga Susan Brantley, Gainesville State College Dani DuCharme, Waubonsee Community College
Michael Adams, Pasco-Hernando Susan Bratton, Baylor University College Carl Herzig, St. Ambrose University
Community College Beth Braun, City Colleges of Chicago John Duff, University of Massachusetts Boston Crystal Heshmat, Hudson Valley Community
Loretta Adoghe, Miami Dade College Randi Brazeau, MSU Denver George Duggan, Middlesex Community College
Shamim Ahsan, Metropolitan State James Brenneman, University of Evansville College Crystal Heshmat, Mildred Elley and Hudson
University of Denver Mary Brown, Western Michigan University Don Duke, Florida Gulf Coast University Valley Community College
Steve Ailstock, Anne Arundel Community Robert Bruck, North Carolina State Robert Dundas, California State University, Jeffery Hill, University of North Carolina
College University Fresno Wilmington
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Kearney Greensboro Karen Duston, San Jacinto College Carol Hoban, Kennesaw State University
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John Aliff, Georgia Perimeter College Robert Buerger, University of North Carolina Robert East, Washington & Jefferson College Jeffrey Matthew Hoch, Nova Southeastern
Keith Allen, Bluegrass Community and Wilmington Nelson Eby, University of Massachusetts University
Technical College Bonnie Burgess, Loyola Marymount Kenneth Ede, Oklahoma State University– Kelley Hodges, Gulf Coast State College
Albert Allong, Houston Community College University Tulsa Robert Hollister, Grand Valley State University
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Matt Anderson, Broward College Willodean Burton, Austin Peay State University Diana Elder, Northern Arizona University Claus Holzapfel, Rutgers University Newark
Dean Anson, Southern New Hampshire Peter Busher, Boston University Catherine Etter, Cape Cod Community Barbara Holzman, San Francisco State
University, and Lakes Region Community Nancy Butler, Kutztown University College University
College Anya Butt, Central College Luca Fedele, Virginia Tech Aixin Hou, Louisiana State University
Clay Arango, Central Washington University Elena Cainas, Broward College Jeff Fennell, Everett Community College Phillip Hudson, Southern Illinois University
Walter Arenstein, San Jose State University John Campbell, Northwest College Fleur Ferro, Community College of Denver Edwardsville
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Paul Arriola, Elmhurst College College Brad Fiero, Pima County Community College Community College
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Brad Basehore, Harrisburg Area Community Ron Cisar, Iowa Western Community College Carri Gerber, OSU-ATI Mintesinot Jiru, Coppin State University
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Tracy Benning, University of San Francisco College Julie Gonzalez, Des Moines Area Community Seth Jones, University of Kentucky
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 X X III

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Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
LONELINESS. SEE A Woman Alone.
LONELINESS AND LOVE. © 1913.
© Universal Film Mfg. Co. (Bennet Musson, author); title, descr.
& 157 prints, 5May13; LU675.
THE LONELY FISHERMAN. 1915. 1,000 ft.
Credits: Written and produced by Wilbert Melville.
© Lubin Mfg. Co. (Wilbert Melville, author); 9Oct15; LP6618.
THE LONELY HEART. © 1913.
Credits: Producer, Fred W. Huntley.
© Selig Polyscope Co. (William L. Patterson, author); title, descr.
& 38 prints, 1Aug13; LU1054.
THE LONELY HOUSE. © 1915.
© Strand Film Co. (Walturdaw F. Co., author); title, descr. & 64
prints, 30Jan15; LU4329.
LONELY LAPLAND. (U. F. A. Oddity) 1928. 1 reel.
© Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Dist. Corp.; 10Nov28; MP363.
LONELY LAPLAND. (U. F. A. Oddity) 1928. 1 reel.
© Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Distributing Corp.; 10Nov28; MP5516.
LONELY LOVERS. 1915. 2 reels.
Credits: Director, E. A. Martin.
© The Selig Polyscope Co. (Maibelle Heikes Justice, author);
19Apr15; LP5066.
THE LONELY PRINCESS. 1913. 1 reel.
Credits: Director, Maurice Costello.
© Vitagraph Co. of America (William A. Tremayne, author);
6Aug13; LP1069.
A LONELY ROAD. 1913. 1 reel.
 Credits: Y. Spinner.
© Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 20Dec13; LP1839.
THE LONELY ROAD. First National. Presented by B. P. Schulberg.
1923. 6 reels.
Credits: Director, Victor L. Schertzinger; story, Charles Logue;
adaptation, Lois Zellner.
© Preferred Pictures, Inc.; 18Apr23; LP18874.
THE LONELY TRAIL. 1936. 6 reels.
Credits: Producer, Nat Levine; supervision, Paul Malvern; director,
Joseph Kane; original story, Bernard McConville; screenplay,
Bernard McConville, Jack Natteford.
© Republic Pictures Corp.; 25May36; LP6429.
LONELY WIVES. 1931. 10 reels, sd., b&w. From the stage success
by A. H. Woods.
Credits: Producer, E. B. Derr; director, Russell Mack; story and
dialogue, Walter DeLeon; film editor, Joseph Kane; musical
direction, Francis Gromon.
© Pathe Exchange, Inc.; 22Feb31; LP2039.
LONESOME. Jewel. 1928. 7 reels.
Credits: Director, Paul Fejos; story, Mann Page; adaptation and
continuity, Edward T. Lowe, Jr.
© Universal Pictures Corp.; 20Jun28; LP25404.
LONESOME BABIES. (A Skylark Comedy) 1928. 2 reels.
Credits: Story and direction, Robert B. McKenzie.
© Bray Productions, Inc.; 9Nov28; LP25811.
THE LONESOME CHAP. 1917. 5 reels.
Credits: Director, E. J. Le Saint; story, Emma Rochelle Williams;
scenario, Harvey Gates.
 © J. C. Ivers; 31Mar17; LP10529.
LONESOME CORNERS. © 1922.
© Playgoers Pictures, Inc. (Edgar Jones, author); title, descr. &
88 prints, 11Apr22; LU17744.
LONESOME GHOSTS. (A Walt Disney Mickey Mouse) 1937. 1 reel,
sd.
© Walt Disney Productions, Ltd.; 29Nov37; MP8004.
THE LONESOME GIRL. (James Montgomery Flagg's Girls You
Know) 1918. 1 reel.
Credits: Director, Jack Eaton.
© Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 3Jun18; LP12492.
THE LONESOME HEART. © 1915.
© American Film Mfg. Co. (Mary H. O'Connor, author); title,
descr. & 306 prints, 28May15; LU5411.
LONESOME HEARTS AND LOOSE LIONS. 1919. 2 reels.
Credits: Director, W. H. Watson.
© Century Comedies; 10Aug19; LP14059.
LONESOME HOUSE. Big U. 1916. 1 reel.
Credits: Producer, George Cochrane; story and scenario, Calder
Johnstone; theme, D. M. Robinson.
© Universal Film Mfg. Co., Inc.; 19Apr16; LP8113.
LONESOME LADIES. 1927. 6 reels.
Credits: Producer, Ray Rockett; director, Joseph Henabery; story,
Lenore Coffee; scenario, Winifred Dunn.
© First National Pictures, Inc.; 29Jun27; LP24131.
LONESOME LUCK. 1923. 2 reels.
Credits: Director, William Craft; story and scenario, George Pyper.
 © Universal Pictures Corp.; 1Jun23; LP19020.
LONESOME LUKE FROM LONDON TO LARAMIE. © 1917.
© Pathe Exchange, Inc. (Rolin Film Co., author); title, descr. &
54 prints, 8Oct17; LU11520.
LONESOME LUKE IN BIRDS OF A FEATHER. © 1917.
© Pathe Exchange, Inc. (Rolin Film Co., author); title, descr. &
59 prints, 12Sep17; LU11386.
LONESOME LUKE IN CLUBS ARE TRUMPS. © 1917.
© Pathe Exchange, Inc. (Rolin Film Co., author); title, descr. &
65 prints, 20Oct17; LU11593.
LONESOME LUKE IN LOVE, LAUGHS, AND LATHER. © 1917.
© Pathe Exchange, Inc. (Rolin Film Co., author); title, descr. &
45 prints, 19Oct17; LU11588.
LONESOME LUKE IN STOP! LUKE! LISTEN! © 1917.
© Pathe Exchange, Inc. (Rolin Film Co., author); title, descr. &
48 prints, 7Jun17; LU10904.
LONESOME LUKE IN WE NEVER SLEEP. © 1917.
© Pathe Exchange, Inc. (Rolin Film Co., author); title, descr. &.
59 prints, 20Oct17; LU11600.
LONESOME LUKE LOSES PATIENTS. © 1917.
© Pathe Exchange, Inc. (Rolin Film Co., author); title, descr. &
48 prints, 25Aug17; LU11292.
LONESOME LUKE—MECHANIC. © 1917.
© Pathe Exchange, Inc. (Rolin Film Co., author); title, descr. &
53 prints, 27Jun17; LU10995.
LONESOME LUKE—MESSENGER. © 1917.
© Pathe Exchange, Inc. (Rolin Film Co., author); title, descr. &
67 prints, 27Jun17; LU10994.
LONESOME LUKE ON TIN CAN ALLEY. © 1917.
© Pathe Exchange, Inc. (Rolin Film Co., author); title, descr. &
54 prints, 16Mar17; LU10390.
LONESOME LUKE—PLUMBER. © 1917.
© Pathe Exchange, Inc. (Rolin Film Co., author); title, descr. &
55 prints, 7Jun17; LU10905.
LONESOME LUKE'S HONEYMOON. © 1917.
© Pathe Exchange, Inc. (Rolin Film Co., author); title, descr. &
53 prints, 16Mar17; LU10391.
LONESOME LUKE'S LIVELY LIFE. © 1917.
© Pathe Exchange, Inc. (Rolin Film Co., author); title, descr. &
44 prints, 16Mar17; LU10389.
LONESOME LUKE'S WILD WOMEN. © 1917.
© Pathe Exchange, Inc. (Rolin Film Corp., author); title, descr. &
70 prints, 8Aug17; LU11216.
THE LONESOME ROAD. 1917. 2 reels. From a story by O. Henry
[pseud. of William Sydney Porter].
Credits: Director, Dave Smith; adaptation, Will Courtney.
© Broadway Star Features Co., Inc.; 2Oct17; LP11492.
THE LONESOME TRAIL. 1914. 1,000 ft. Based on the book by B.
M. Bower [pseud. of Bertha Muzzy Sinclair].
Credits: Producer, Colin Campbell.
© Selig Polyscope Co. (B. M. Bower, author); 2Sep14; LP3301.
LONESOME TRAILER. 1936. 2 reels, sd.
Credits: Director, Ralph Staub; story and screenplay, Joe Traub.
© The Vitaphone Corp.; 16Mar36; LP6211.
LONESOMENESS. Laemmle. 1916. 1 reel.
 Credits: Written and produced by Lynn Reynolds.
© Universal Film Mfg. Co., Inc.; 8Mar16; LP7786.
THE LONG AND SHORT OF IT. 1913. 1 reel.
Credits: Charles M. Seay.
© Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 7Mar13; LP480.
THE LONG ARM OF MANNISTER. National Film Corp. © 1919.
Adapted from the novel by E. Phillips Oppenheim.
© Pioneer Feature Film Corp. (National Film Corp., author); title
& descr., 25Aug19; 759 prints, 22Aug19; LU14121.
THE LONG CHANCE. Broadway Universal. 1915. 6 reels.
Credits: Producer, Ed. LeSaint; story, Peter B. Kyne; scenario,
Harvey Gates.
© Universal Film Mfg. Co., Inc.; 16Oct15; LP6695.
THE LONG CHANCE. 1918. 5 reels. From the novel by Peter B.
Kyne.
Credits: Director, E. J. LeSaint; scenario, Harvey Gates.
© Bluebird Photoplays, Inc.; 18Sep18; LP12875.
THE LONG CHANCE. 1922. 5 reels. From the story by Peter B.
Kyne.
Credits: Director, Jack Conway; scenario, Ray Shrock.
© Universal Film Mfg. Co., Inc.; 18Sep22; LP18228.
THE LONG COUNT. (Krazy Kat) 1928. 1 reel. Based on cartoons by
George Herriman.
Credits: Ben Harrison, Manny Gould; producer, Charles B. Mintz.
© Paramount Famous Lasky Corp.; 19May28; MP5015.
A LONG DELAYED PARDON. © 1913.

É
 © Société Française des Films & Cinématographes Éclair; title,
descr. & 68 prints, 24Apr13; LU639.
LONG FLIV THE KING. © 1926.
© Pathe Exchange, Inc. (Hal E. Roach, author); title, descr. & 37
prints, 17May26; LU22731.
THE LONG GREEN TRAIL. Black Cat. 1917. 30 min.
Credits: H. Tipton Steck; director, Harry Beaumont.
© Essanay Film Mfg. Co., Inc.; 6Aug17; LP11223.
LONG HOSE. (A Paramount-Christie Comedy) 1928. 2 reels.
Credits: Director, William Watson; story, Sig Herzig.
© Paramount Famous Lasky Corp.; 20Mar28; LP25084.
THE LONG JOURNEY. © 1930. Based on the activities of The
Crippled Children's Clinic of Birmingham, Alabama.
Credits: Technical director, John E. Roberts; story by the surgical
director of the clinic; titles, David R. Solomon.
© Jack London (E. Laurence Scott, author); title, descr. & 7
prints, 3Dec30; MU2121.
LONG LIVE THE KING. 1923. 10 reels. Based on the story by Mary
Roberts Rinehart.
Credits: Director, Victor Schertzinger; scenario, Eve Unsell;
adaptation, C. Gardner Sullivan, Eve Unsell.
© Metro Pictures Corp.; 7Nov23; LP19596.
THE LONG, LONG TRAIL. 1929. 6 reels. From the novel "The
Ramblin' Kid" by Earl W. Bowman.
Credits: Director, Arthur Rosson; continuity, Howard Green.
© Universal Pictures Corp.; 14Oct29; LP770.
THE LONG LOOP ON THE PECOS. © 1927.
 © Pathe Exchange, Inc. (Ford I. Beebe, author); title, descr. &
99 prints, 14Jan27; LU23528.
LONG LOST FATHER. 1934. 7 reels, sd. From the novel by G. B.
Stern.
Credits: Associate producer, Kenneth MacGowan; director, Ernest
B. Schoedsack; screenplay, Dwight Taylor; editor, Paul
Weatherwax; music director, Max Steiner.
© RKO Radio Pictures, Inc.; 19Jan34; LP4545.
LONG PANTS. © 1926.
© Pathe Exchange, Inc. (Hal E. Roach, author); title, descr. & 40
prints, 23Jan26; LU22297.
LONG PANTS. Harry Langdon Corp. 1927. 6 reels.
Credits: Director, Frank Capra; story, Arthur Ripley; adaptation,
Robert Eddy.
© First National Pictures, Inc.; 22Mar27; LP23766.
THE LONG SEARCH. Special Big U. 1916. 1 reel.
© Universal Film Mfg. Co., Inc.; 4Nov16; LP9450.
LONG SHOT. Presented by Franklyn Warner. 1939. 7 reels, sd.
Credits: Associate producer and director, Charles Lamont;
original story, Harry Beresford, George Callaghan; screenplay,
Ewart Adamson; editor, Bernard Loftus; music director, Hal
Findley.
© Fine Arts Pictures; 6Jan39; LP8578.
THE LONG TRAIL. 1917. 5 reels.
Credits: Director, Howell Hansell; story, Eve Unsell.
© Famous Players Film Co.; 30Jun17; LP11032.
THE LONG WAY. 1914. 3 reels. An adaptation from the novel by
Mary Imlay Taylor.
 Credits: Director, Charles J. Brabin.
© Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 16Sep14; LP3398.
THE LONG WHITE TRAIL. 1918. Split reel.
© Universal Film Mfg. Co., Inc.; 17Jan18; MP1123.
THE LONGER VOYAGE. 1915. 1 reel.
Credits: Ruby Ayres.
© Essanay Film Mfg. Co.; 20May15; LP5358.
THE LONGEST NIGHT. 1936. 5 reels, sd., b&w. From the novel
"The Whispering Window" by Cortland Fitzsimmons.
Credits: Producers, Lucien Hubbard, Samuel Marx; director, Errol
Taggart; screenplay, Robert Andrews; film editor, Robert J. Kern;
music score, Edward Ward.
© Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Corp.; 30Sep36; LP6622.
LOOK AT THE FIGURES. 1936. For the Charis Corp. 1 reel.
© AudiVision, Inc.; 17Dec36; MP7104.
LOOK FOR THE SILVER LINING. 1934. 3 reels, sd. Based on
Ziegfeld's musical comedy "Sally" by Jerome Kern and Guy
Bolton.
Credits: Director, Roy Mack; adaptation, Cyrus Wood.
© The Vitaphone Corp.; 23Apr34; LP4635.
LOOK NOT UPON THE WINE. © 1913.
© Biograph Co. (R. E. Hellawell, author); title, descr. & 26 prints,
25Feb13; LU410.
THE LOOK OF EAGLES. SEE Kentucky.
LOOK OUT. (Cameo Comedy) 1925. 1 reel.
© Educational Film Exchanges, Inc.; 22Sep25; LP21832.
LOOK OUT BELOW. Rolin Film Co. © 1918.
 © Pathe Exchange, Inc. (Rolin Film Co., author); title, descr. &
24 prints, 4Dec18; LU13096.
LOOK OUT BELOW. (A Fistical Culture Comedy) 1926. 2 reels.
Credits: William H. Cook; director, Albert Herman; adaptation
and titles, Joseph Basil.
© The Bray Productions, Inc.; 21Oct26; LP23269.
LOOK OUT BELOW. (Educational-Jack White Talking Comedy)
1929. 18 min. sd.
Credits: Supervision, Jack White; director, Stephen Roberts.
© Educational Film Exchanges, Inc.; 18Aug29; LP629.
LOOK OUT—BUSTER! (Stern Brothers Comedy) 1926. 2 reels.
From the cartoons by R. F. Outcault.
Credits: Director, Gus Meins.
© Universal Pictures Corp.; 25Aug26; LP23054.
LOOK OUT FOR LOVE. 1938. 8 reels, sd.
Credits: Producer and director, Herbert Wilcox; story, Ray Lewis;
scenario, Florence Tranter, Monckton Hoffe; editor, Fred Wilson.
© Gaumont British Picture Corp. of America (Gaumont British
Picture Corp., Ltd., author); 1Feb38; LP7899.
LOOK PLEASANT. (Stern Brothers Comedy) (Let George Do It
Series) 1928. 2 reels. From the cartoons by George McManus.
Credits: Director, Gus Meins.
© Universal Pictures Corp.; 28May28; LP25317.
LOOK PLEASANT PLEASE. © 1918.
© Pathe Exchange, Inc. (Rolin Film Co., author); title & 18
prints, 4Mar18; descr., 22Mar18; LU12415.
LOOK PLEASANT PLEASE. (Star Comedy) 1921. 1 reel.
Credits: Producer, Craig Hutchinson; scenario, Scott Darling.
 © Universal Film Mfg. Co., Inc.; 9Sep21; LP16955.
LOOK YOUR BEST. 1923. 6 reels.
Credits: Direction and continuity, Rupert Hughes.
© Goldwyn Pictures Corp.; 25Jan23; LP18641.
LOOKING AHEAD. © 1938.
© Chevrolet Motor Division, General Motors Sales Corp.; title,
descr. & 44 prints, 3Mar38; MU8214.
LOOKING DOWN. Century. 1924. 2 reels.
Credits: Written and directed by Jess Robbins.
© Universal Pictures Corp.; 2Dec24; LP20834.
LOOKING 'EM OVER. Nestor. 1917. 1 reel.
Credits: Director, Ray Clements; story, Eddie Lyons, Lee Moran;
scenario, Frederick A. Palmer.
© Universal Film Mfg. Co., Inc.; 24Aug17; LP11307.
LOOKING FOR A CAMP SITE. SEE Roosevelt Brazilian Expedition.
LOOKING FOR SALLY. © 1925.
© Pathe Exchange, Inc. (Hal E. Roach, author); title, descr. & 40
prints, 2Apr25; LU21308.
LOOKING FOR TROUBLE. © 1920.
© Pathe Exchange, Inc. (Hal E. Roach, author); title, descr. & 20
prints, 2Jan20; LU14590.
LOOKING FOR TROUBLE. (Blue Streak Western) 1926. 5 reels.
Credits: Director, Robert North Bradbury; story, Stephen
Chalmers; scenario, George Hively.
© Universal Pictures Corp.; 19Apr26; LP22625.
LOOKING FOR TROUBLE. Presented by Joseph M. Schenck.
Released through United Artists. 1934. 8 reels, sd.
 Credits: Producer, Darryl F. Zanuck; director, William Wellman;
story, J. R. Bren; screenplay, Leonard Praskins, Elmer Harris; film
editor, Pete Fritch; music director, Alfred Newman.
© 20th Century Pictures, Inc.; 9Mar34; LP4651.
LOOKING FOR TROUBLE. (Adventures of the Newsreel
Cameraman) 1936. 1 reel, sd.
Credits: Producer, Truman Talley; editor, Lew Lehr.
© Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp.; 18Dec36; MP7016.
LOOKING FORWARD. 1933. 9 reels, sd., b&w. From the play
"Service" by C. L. Anthony [pseud. of Dorothy Gladys Smith].
Credits: Producer and director, Clarence Brown; screenplay, Bess
Meredyth; film editor, Hugh Wynn.
© Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Corp.; 10Apr33; LP3791.
THE LOOMIS TWINS OFFER: A. TELLIN' THE BIRDS [and others].
1927. 1 reel.
© Vitaphone Corp.; 29Jun27; MP4122.
LOONEY LIONS AND MONKEY BUSINESS. Century. 1919. 2 reels.
Credits: Director, Vin Moore.
© Century Comedies; 8Apr19; LP13579.
A LOONEY LOVE AFFAIR. Nestor. 1915. 1 reel.
Credits: Producer, Horace Davey; story, Neal Burns; scenario, Al.
Christie.
© Universal Film Mfg. Co., Inc.; 8Nov15; LP6868.
LOONY BALLOONISTS. 1936. 605 ft., sd.
Credits: Producer, Charles Mintz; story, Allen Rose; animation,
Harry Love; music, Joe de Nat.
© Screen Gems, Inc.; 22Sep36; MP6806.
LOOPING THE LOOP. UFA. 1929. 6,676 ft., si. & 6,769 ft., sd.
 Credits: Director, Arthur Robinson; screenplay, Arthur Robinson,
Robert Liebmann.
© Paramount Famous Lasky Corp.; 15Mar29; LP225.
LOOPS! MY DEAR. 1933. 2 reels, sd.
Credits: Supervision, Louis Brock; director, Bert Gilroy; story,
Harry Sweet, Hugh Cummings, Burgess Bell; film editor, Floyd
Knudtson.
© RKO Radio Pictures, Inc.; 6Jan33; LP3646.
LOOSE ANKLES. Trailer. 1929. 1 reel, sd.
© The Vitaphone Corp.; 25Nov29; MP895.
LOOSE ANKLES. 1930. 7 reels, sd. From the play by Sam Janney.
Credits: Director, Ted Wilde; continuity and dialogue, Gene
Towne.
© First National Pictures, Inc.; 28Jan30; LP1042.
LOOSE CHANGE. © 1921.
© Pathe Exchange, Inc. (Hal Roach, author); title, descr. & 20
prints, 31Dec21; LU17416.
LOOSE CHANGE. (A Paramount-Christie Comedy) 1928. 2 reels.
Credits: Director, Harold Beaudine; story, Sig Herzig.
© Paramount Famous Lasky Corp.; 8Oct28; LP25697.
LOOSE ENDS. 1930. 9 reels, sd. From the play by Dion Titheradge.
Credits: Director, Norman Walker; film edited by S. Simmonds
under the supervision of Emile de Ruelle.
© British International Pictures (America) Inc. (British
International Pictures, Ltd., author); 17Oct30; LP1735.
LOOSE LIONS. Century. 1920. 2 reels.
Credits: Written and directed by William H. Watson.
 © Universal Film Mfg. Co., Inc.; 7Oct20; LP15658.
LOOSE LIONS AND FAST LOVERS. Century. 1920. 2 reels.
Credits: Written and directed by Fred C. Fishback.
© Universal Film Mfg. Co., Inc.; 19Feb20; LP14769.
LOOSE NUTS. (Star Comedy) 1922. 1 reel.
Credits: Director, Craig Hutchinson; story and scenario, Hal
Conklin.
© Universal Film Manufacturing Co., Inc.; 27Apr22; LP17811.
LOOSE RELATIONS. 1933. 20 min.
Credits: Director, Harry J. Edwards; story and dialogue, Ernest
Pagano, Ewart Adamson.
© Educational Films Corp. of America; 11Jun33; LP4013.
A LOOSE TIGHTWAD. © 1923.
© Pathe Exchange, Inc. (Hal E. Roach, author); title, descr. & 20
prints, 23Feb23; LU18714.
LOOSER THAN LOOSE. Presented by Hal Roach. 1930. 2 reels, sd.,
b&w.
Credits: Director, James W. Horne; dialogue, H. M. Walker;
editor, Richard Currier.
© Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Distributing Corp.; 10Nov30; LP1718.
LOOT. 1919. 6 reels. Based on the story by Arthur Somers Roche.
Credits: Director, William C. Dowlan; scenario, Violet Clark;
editor, Frank Lawrence, Violo Mallory.
© Universal Film Mfg. Co., Inc.; 23Sep19; LP14219.
LOOT. SEE Gray Ghost.
THE LOOTERS. (Western Featurette) 1928. 2 reels.
 Credits: Director, Bruce Mitchell; story and continuity, Basil
Dickey.
© Universal Pictures Corp.; 31Jan28; LP24943.
LORD AND LADY ALGY. 1919. 6 reels. Founded on the play by R.
C. Carton [pseud. of Richard Claude Critchett].
Credits: Director, Harry Beaumont.
© Goldwyn Pictures Corp.; 19Jul19; LP13989.
LORD BARRINGTON'S ESTATE. Victor. 1915. 3 reels.
Credits: Produced by William C. Dowlan; story by Leonora
Dowlan; scenario by James Dayton.
© Universal Film Mfg. Co., Inc.; 10Aug15; LP6068.
LORD BYRON ON BROADWAY. 1930. 9 reels, sd., b&w. From the
novel by Nell Martin.
Credits: Directors, William Nigh, Harry Beaumont; dialogue and
continuity, Crane Wilbur, Willard Mack; film editor, Anne
Bauchens; music, Nacio Herb Brown.
© Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Distributing Corp.; 24Feb30; LP1088.
LORD CHUMLEY. 1914.
© Klaw & Erlanger (Protective Amusement Co., author);
16Mar14; LP2487.
LORD CHUMLEY. SEE Forty Winks.
LORD JEFF. Presented by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. 1938. 9 reels, sd.,
b&w.
Credits: Producer, Frank Davis; director, Sam Wood; story,
Bradford Ropes, Val Burton, Endre Bohem; screenplay, James
Kelvin McGuinness; film editor, Frank E. Hull; music score,
Edward Ward.
© Loew's, Inc.; 20Jun38; LP8127.
LORD JIM. Paramount. 1925. 7 reels. From the story by Joseph
Conrad.
Credits: Producer and director, Victor Fleming; screenplay,
George C. Hull.
© Famous Players-Lasky Corp.; 14Dec25; LP22118.
LORD JOHN'S JOURNAL. Gold Seal. 1915-16. 3 reels each, except
no. 1 which is 4 reels. © Universal Film Mfg. Co., Inc.
Credits: Robert Lusk; producer, Edward J. LeSaint; story, C. N.
Williamson, A. M. Williamson; scenario and adaptation, Harvey
Gates.
1. Lord John in New York. © 6Dec15; LP7161.
2. The Gray Sisterhood. © 28Dec15; LP7308.
3. Three-Fingered Jenny. © 24Jan16; LP7492.
4. The Eye of Horus. © 21Feb16; LP7684.
5. The League of the Future. © 27Mar16; LP7927.
THE LORDS OF HIGH DECISION. Red Feather. 1916. 5 reels.
Adapted from the novel by Meredith Nicholson.
Credits: Adaptation, William H. Lippert.
© Universal Film Mfg. Co., Inc.; 2Feb16; LP7547.
THE LORD'S REFEREE. SEE The Blue Eagle.
THE LORELEI. 1913. 1 reel. Adapted from the song and legend.
© Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 10Jan13; LP258.
THE LORELEI. (Paul Terry-Toons) 1931. 6 min., sd.
Credits: Frank Moser, Paul Terry.
© Terry, Moser & Coffman; 29Nov31; LP2802.
LORELEI. SEE Sirens of the Sea.
THE LORELEI MADONNA. 1915. 3 reels.
 Credits: Director, Rollin S. Sturgeon.
© The Vitagraph Co. of America (L. Case Russell, author);
10Jul15; LP5780.
LORENZINO DE' MEDICI. 1935. 10 reels, sd.
Credits: Screenplay, G. Smith; music, U. Mancini.
© Nuovo Mondo Motion Pictures, Inc. (Manenti Films, author);
15Feb35; LP6364.
LORNA DOONE. 1915. 2 reels.
© Biograph Co.; 6Apr15; LP4940.
LORNA DOONE. 1922. 8 reels. From the story by R. D. Blackmore.
Credits: Producer and director, Maurice Tourneur; adaptation,
Maurice Tourneur, Wyndham Gittens.
© Thomas H. Ince Corp.; 12May22; LP17967.
LORRAINE HOWARD AND FLORENCE NEWTON IN WEDDING
BELLES. 1930. 1 reel, sd.
© The Vitaphone Corp.; 15Mar30; MP1266.
LORRAINE OF THE LIONS. Jewel. 1925. 7 reels.
Credits: Director, Frank Sedgwick; story, Isadore Bernstein, Karl
Crusada.
© Universal Pictures Corp.; 24Jul25; LP21682.
LORRAINE OF THE TIMBERLANDS. © 1921.
© Pathe Exchange, Inc. (Robert North Bradbury and Frank
Howard Clark, authors); title, descr. & 40 prints, 12Oct21;
LU17078.
LOS ANGELES EXAMINER. 1914. 1 reel.
© Vitagraph Co. of America (Walter Stradling, author); 28Oct14;
MP238.
LOS ANGELES—WONDER CITY OF THE WEST. (A FitzPatrick
Traveltalk) 1935. 1 reel, sd.; color.
Credits: Compiler, James A. FitzPatrick; music, Nathaniel Shilkret;
photographer, Wilfred E. Cline.
© Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Corp.; 4May35; MP5593.
LOSE NO TIME. © 1921.
© Pathe Exchange, Inc. (Hal E. Roach, author); title, descr. & 20
prints, 10Dec21; LU17337.
THE LOSER WINS. Mustang. 1925. 2 reels.
Credits: Director, Ernst Laemmle; story, Isadore Bernstein;
continuity, Carl Krusada.
© Universal Pictures Corp.; 29Jan25; LP21089.
THE LOSER'S END. © 1924.
© Productions, Inc. (Ford Beebe, author); title, 24Oct24; descr.
& 254 prints, 25Oct24; LU20708.
THE LOSING FIGHT. 1914. 1,000 ft.
Credits: Written and produced by Colin Campbell.
© Selig Polyscope Co. (Colin Campbell, author); 15Oct14;
LP3546.
THE LOSING GAME. 1915. 3 reels.
© Essanay Film Mfg. Co.; 18Nov15; LP7002.
LOSING WEIGHT. 1916. 1 reel.
Credits: Producer, Lawrence Semon.
© The Vitagraph Co. of America (Lawrence Semon and Graham
Baker, authors); 20Jun16; LP8575.
LOSING WEIGHT. 1920. 1 reel.
Credits: Director, Lawrence Semon; scenario, Lawrence Semon,
Graham Baker.
 © Vitagraph Co. of America; 3Apr20; LP14946.
THE LOSING WINNER. Victor. 1917. 2 reels.
Credits: Director, Carter De Haven; story, H. C. Warnack;
scenario, Charles J. Wilson, Jr.
© Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 5Feb17; LP10132.
LOSS OF THE BIRKENHEAD. © 1914.
© Apex Film Co. (B. & C. Co., author); title, descr. & 38 prints,
8Oct14; LU3487.
LOST, A PAIR OF SHOES. 1914. 1 reel.
Credits: Harry Beaumont.
© Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 9May14; LP2668.
LOST—A WIFE. Paramount. Presented by Adolph Zukor and Jesse
L. Lasky. 1925. 6,420 ft. From the adaptation by Clare Kummer
of the play "Banco" by Alfred Savoir.
Credits: Producer, William De Mille; screenplay, Clara Beranger.
© Famous Players-Lasky Corp.; 10Jun25; LP21545.
LOST AND FOUND. 1917. 2 reels.
Credits: Written and directed by Al Green.
© Selig Polyscope Co.; 29Jan17; LP10086.
LOST AND FOUND. SEE Dinky Doodle in Lost and Found.
LOST AND FOUND ON A SOUTH SEA ISLAND. 1923. 7 reels.
Credits: Director, R. A. Walsh; story, Carey Wilson; scenario, Paul
Bern.
© Goldwyn Pictures Corp.; 10Mar23; LP18763.
LOST AND FOUNDERED. (H. C. Witwer Record Breaker Series)
1930. 2 reels.
Credits: Director, Phil Whitman; story, John Gray, Scott Darling.
 © Standard Cinema Corp.; 19Jan30; LP1093.
LOST AND FOUNDRY. 1937. 1 reel, sd.
Credits: Director, Dave Fleischer; animation, Seymour Kneitel,
Abner Matthews.
© Paramount Pictures, Inc.; 16Jul37; MP7620.
LOST AND WON. Released by Paramount Pictures Corp. 1917. 5
reels.
Credits: Margaret Turnbull; producer, James Young; director
general, Cecil B. De Mille; story, Channing Pollock, Rennold Wolf.
© Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Co.; 16Jan17; LP9997.
THE LOST APPETITE. Nestor. 1917. 1 reel.
Credits: Frederick A. Palmer, C. B. Hoadley; director, Louis
William Chaudet.
© Universal Film Mfg. Co., Inc.; 18Apr17; LP10596.
THE LOST ART OF MINDING ONE'S BUSINESS. SEE The
Reformers.
LOST AT SEA. 1926. 7 reels. Suggested by the story "The
Mainspring" by Louis Joseph Vance.
Credits: Producer, Phil Goldstone; director, L. J. Gasnier;
scenario, Esther Shulkin; film editor, James C. McKay.
© Tiffany Productions, Inc.; 10Aug26; LP23011.
LOST AT THE FRONT. Presented by John McCormick. 1927. 6 reels.
Credits: Director, Del Lord; story and production, Frank Griffin;
scenario, Hampton Del Ruth.
© First National Pictures, Inc.; 12May27; LP23955.
LOST ATLANTIS. Presented by International Road Shows, Inc. ©
1939. Sd., b&w., 35 mm. From the novel "L'Atlantide" by Pierre
Benoit.
 Credits: Director, G. W. Pabst; music director, Wolfgang Zeller.
© Jack Goldberg; title, descr. & 109 prints, 13Feb39; LU8661.
THE LOST BATTALION. 1919. 8 reels.
Credits: Scenario, Charles Logue.
© MacManus Corp.; 6Sep19; LP14170.
THE LOST BRIDEGROOM. © 1916.
© Famous Players Film Co. (Willard Mack, author); title, descr. &
15 prints, 10Mar16; LU7796.
THE LOST CHICK. (Happy Harmonies) 1935. 932 ft., sd., b&w.
Credits: Hugh Harman, Rudolph Ising.
© Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Corp.; 8Mar35; MP5461.
THE LOST CHORD. Clarendon Film Co. © 1917. 5 reels. Adapted
from Arthur Sullivan's song of the same name.
© Paul H. Cromelin (Clarendon Film Co., author); title & descr.,
12May17; 142 prints, 14May17; LU10750.
THE LOST CHORD. 1924. 7 reels. Based on the song by Sir Arthur
Sullivan.
Credits: Adapted and directed by Wilfred Noy.
© Chord Pictures Corp.; 2Dec24; LP20922.
THE LOST CITY. 1920. 2 reels each, except no. 1 which is 3 reels.
© Warner Bros.
Credits: Producer, William N. Selig; director, E. A. Martin; story,
Frederic Chapin.
1. The Lost Princess. © 1Jun20; LP17042.
2. The City of Hanging Gourds. © 1Jun20; LP17043.
3. The Flaming Tower. © 1Jun20; LP17044.
4. Jungle Death. © 1Jun20; LP17045.
 5. The Puma's Victim. © 1Jun20; LP17046.
6. The Man Eater's Prey. © 1Jun20; LP17047.
7. The Bride of Death. © 1Jun20; LP17048.
8. A Tragedy in the Sky. © 1Jun20; LP17049.
9. In the Palace of Black Walls. © 1Jun20; LP17050.
10. The Tug of War. © 1Jun20; LP17051.
11. In the Lion's Jaw. © 1Jun20; LP17052.
12. The Jungle Fire. © 1Jun20; LP17053.
13. In the Cave of Eternal Fire. © 1Jun20; LP17054.
14. The Eagle's Nest. © 1Jun20; LP17055.
15. The Lost City. © 1Jun20; LP17056.
LOST CONTROL. Century. 1924. 2 reels.
© Universal Pictures Corp.; 23May24; LP20235.
THE LOST CORD. 1914. 1 reel.
Credits: Director, Wilfrid North.
© Vitagraph Co. of America (Charles E. Risse, author); 13Aug14;
LP3199.
THE LOST CORD. 1925. 1 reel.
Credits: Director, Dick Smith.
© Universal Pictures Corp.; 16Jan25; LP21052.
THE LOST DEED. 1913. 1 reel.
Credits: Alice M. Yolton.
© Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 21Feb13; LP409.
THE LOST DIAMOND. © 1913.
© Eclectic Film Co. (Cinema Belge, author); title, descr. & 37
prints, 10Dec13; LU1769.
THE LOST DOG. © 1924.
© Pathe Exchange, Inc. (Hal E. Roach, author); title, descr. & 41
prints, 5Sep24; LU20545.
LOST ECSTASY. SEE I Take This Woman.
THE LOST EMPRESS. SEE Secrets of the French Police.
THE LOST EXPRESS. Presented by S. S. Hutchinson. 1917. 2 reels
each. © Signal Film Corp. (Frederick B. Bennett, author).
Credits: Story, Frederick B. Bennett; adaptation, J. P. McGowan.
1. The Lost Express. © 17Sep17; LP12508.
2. The Destroyed Document. © 17Sep17; LP12509.
3. The Wreck at the Crossing. © 17Sep17; LP12510.
4. The Oil Well Conspiracy. © 17Sep17; LP12544.
5. In Deep Waters. © 17Sep17; LP12511.
6. High Voltage. © 17Sep17; LP12545.
7. The Race with the Limited. © 17Sep17; LP12512.
8. The Mountain King. © 17Sep17; LP12546.
9. The Looters. © 17Sep17; LP12513.
10. The Secret of the Mine. © 17Sep17; LP12514.
11. A Fight for a Million. © 17Sep17; LP12547.
12. Law is Law. © 17Sep17; LP12556.
13. Disowned. © 17Sep17; LP12557.
14. Trapped. © 17Sep17; LP12558.
15. The Found Express. © 17Sep17; LP12559.
THE LOST GAME. SEE Law of the Underworld.
THE LOST GOD, SEE The Sea God.
THE LOST HEIR. © 1914.
 © Pathé Frères (Messter Film Co., author); title, descr. & 52
prints, 14May14; LU2698.
LOST HORIZON. 1937. 14 reels, sd., b&w. From a novel by James
Hilton.
Credits: Director, Frank Capra; screenplay, Robert Riskin; film
editor, Gene Havlick; music director, Morris Stoloff; music score,
Dimitri Tiomkin.
© Columbia Pictures Corp. of California, Ltd.; 2Mar37; LP6952.
THE LOST HOUSE. SEE The Kid Sister.
LOST IN A BIG CITY. 1923. 8 reels.
Credits: Director, George Irving; story, N. S. Wood.
© Blazed Trail Productions, Inc.; 16Mar23; LP18788.
LOST IN A PULLMAN. 1927. 2 reels.
Credits: Director, Craig Hutchinson.
© The Bray Productions, Inc.; 16Aug27; LP24301.
LOST IN BABYLON. Special Rex. 1916. 1 reel.
Credits: Harvey Gates; director, Millard K. Wilson.
© Universal Film Mfg. Co., Inc.; 4Nov16; LP9447.
LOST IN DARKNESS. © 1914.
** © Itala Film Co. of America; title & 113 prints, 10Jul14;
descr., 14Mar14; LU3095.
LOST IN LIMEHOUSE; or, LADY ESMERELDA'S PREDICAMENT. (A
Masquers Presentation) 1933. 2 reels, sd.
Credits: Supervision, Louis Brock; director, Otto Brower; story,
Walter Weems, Harrington Reynolds; film editor, Sam White.
© RKO Radio Pictures, Inc.; 7Apr33; LP3810.
LOST IN MID OCEAN. 1914. 1 reel.
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