Charging for Civil Engineering

Services

Prepared by: Engr. Ralph F. Tan Sanchez

Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, the students will be able to:

1. Understand the different methods to charge for civil engineering services.

2. Learn when to use a specific method for charging civil engineering services.
3. Understand certain limits of construction percentage cost.
Introduction
There are several methods by which the calculation of engineering consultant
services costs can be carried out in construction. It is possible to employ various
charging approaches at different phases of the consultant services.

The application of each method or combination of methods is dependent on the

nature, scope, and complexity of the required engineering services.
What are the Factors that Affect the Engineering Service Cost in Construction?

There are various factors that control the cost of engineering services required for a
specific project. These factors are outlined below:

• The conditions at the project site.

• Degree of danger that may be encountered and exposure possibility.

• System of project delivery namely: design-bid-build, design-build, design-build-

operate-maintain.

• Type of developer or contractor or client owner.

• The owner's skill and experience in similar projects and the process of decision
making.

• Submittal and review numbers required by the owner and regulatory commissions.

• The number of meetings held for communities based on owner requirements.

• Types of schedules namely: conventional, delayed, or accelerated.

• Project complexity and number of involved specialties and subcontractors.

• Finally, other contract restrictions.

Methods for Charging Engineering Consultant Services

• Salary cost times multiplier plus direct non-salary expense (Reimbursable )

• Hourly billing rates plus reimbursable

• Per diem

• Cost-plus fixed fee (CPFF)

• Fixed-price

• Percentage of construction cost (Percentage)

Salary Cost Times Multiplier Plus Direct Non-Salary Expense (multiplier)

• Compensation on the basis of the salary cost times an agreed multiplier is a frequently
used method of determining charges for engineering services.

• With this method, charges for engineering services are based mainly on direct sales.

• Multiplier times salary cost (two multiplier version)

• Multiplier times direct salary cost (one multiplier version)

• Regardless of the method utilized as a basis of compensation, a provision in the

agreement should state that payments will be made to the Civil Engineer during the
progress of the services based on monthly invoices and within a reasonable time after
billing.
Factors Pertinent to Salary Cost Multiplier:

• Salary Cost - or "direct salaries plus employee benefits“

• Multiplier - which is applied to salary cost is a factor that compensates the CE for
overhead plus a reasonable margin for contingencies, interest, or invested capital
readiness to serve and profit.

• The size of multiplier may vary, but the average multiplier may be between 2.5
and 3.0 times the average salary cost.
Direct non-salary expenses - usually incurred in engineering engagements may
include the following:

A. Living and traveling expenses of principals and employees when away from the
home office on business connected with the project.

B. Identifiable, communications, expenses, such as long-distance telephone,

facsimile, telegraph, shipping charges, and special postage charges
C. Expenses for services and equipment directly applicable to the project such a for
specialized technical equipment, special legal and accounting services, special
computer rental and programming services, computer run time and file storage,
CADD charges, sub-consultants and subcontractors commercial printing and
binding and similar services that are not applicable for inclusion in general
overhead.

D. Identifiable drafting supplies, stenographic supplies and reproduction work

(blueprinting, photocopying and printing ) as distinguished from such supplies
and expenses applicable to several projects.

E. Expenses for unusual insurance and specialized health and safety programs and
for special clothing for projects with extraordinary risks such as toxic and
hazardous waste conditions.
CE's Overhead - comprises a major portion of the compensation generated by the
multiplier on salary cost, includes the following indirect costs:

A. Provisions for office expenses

B. Taxes and insurance other than those included as salary cost

C. Library and periodical expenses and other costs of keeping abreast of advances
in engineering, such as attendance at technical and professional meetings and
continuing education courses.
D. Executive, administrative, accounting legal, stenographic, and clerical salaries
and expenses (other than identifiable salaries included in salary costs and
expenses) plus salaries or imputed salaries of partners and principals to the
extent that they perform general executive and administrative services as
distinguished from technical or advisory services directly applicable to
particular projects.

E. Business development expenses, including salaries of principals and employees,

so engaged
F. Provision for loss of productive time of technical employees between
assignments, and for time of principals and employee on public service
assignments

G. Costs of acquiring and maintaining computers, development of software and

training staff when not billed as a direct cost
There are specific project conditions for which the multiplier method for charging
consultant services is suitable. For example, if the scope of the project is not
outlined properly, the extend of the project is defined adequately, or substantially
complex projects.
Hourly billing rates plus reimbursable

• This is very similar to the salary cost times multiplier method in that the hourly
billing rate includes all direct personnel expense, overhead, and profit

• Direct non-salary expenses (as defined under the salary cost times multiplier
section) are a separate item for reimbursement, usually with a service charge.

• This is used on projects where the scope of service is not well defined or to
simplify-accounting and record keeping.
Per diem

• Per diem normally refers to an eight-hour day.

• It is particularly suited to expert witness or other type legal-type services and to

other short-term engagements involving intermittent personal services.

• Civil Engineers (CE) should be compensated for all of the time devoted to
providing then, including travel and standby time.
• Per diem rates can vary widely, depending on employee classification, regional
location, and period of service.

• Rates for consultation in connection with litigation and appearances before

commissions and courts are normally higher than the standard rates.
Cost-plus fixed fee

Under a cost-plus fixed fee agreement, the CE is reimbursed for the actual cost of
all services and supplies related to the project, including:

• Salary costs
• Overhead
• Direct non-salary expenses
• Fixed fee = an amount to compensate the Civil Engineer for contingencies,
interest on invested capital, readiness to serve, and profit.
The CPFF requires, as a prerequisite to equitable negotiations, that the client and the
CE define an agreement upon the scope of services the CE is to perform.

It can also be used when the CE is required to start providing service before the
detailed scope of services can be determined. In such cases, the ff. considerations
apply:

1. The general scale and intent of the project should be fairly well defined, even if
the full scope is indeterminate.
2. The type of service to be performed by the CE should be agreed upon and fully
set forth.
Fixed Price

• It is frequently used for investigations and studies and for basic services on design
type projects where the scope and complexity of the assignment are clear and fully
defined.

• Fixed price compensation for basic services on certain design type projects can
also be computed as an appropriate percentage of estimated construction costs.
• A fixed price agreement should contain a clearly stated time period.

• Partial payments should be made to the Civil Engineering at stated intervals,

usually once a month during the performance of the services. These payments are
usually based on the CE's statement of percent completion to date.

• Unlike the other four methods discussed above, a lump sum or fixed price
approach is based on the completion of the project and the extent or range of the
project needs to be defined adequately. So, the scope of the project should be
accepted and agreed upon by both consultants and project owners.
Percentage of Construction Cost

• It is defined as the percentage of the estimated total cost of constructing the

facility to be covered by the proposed detailed design or construction supervision
services, excluding the fees and other costs of such services, the cost of land and
right-of-way, and legal and administrative expenses.

• This method is seldom used because of increasing complexity and large variation
in task for projects.
• It may be used to determine the compensation of the engineer for services where
the principal responsibility is the detailed design or construction supervision of
facilities to be constructed.

• The validity of the percentage of construction cost method rests upon the
assumption that detailed design and construction supervision costs vary in
proportion to the cost of construction.
The percentage shall consider the type, complexity location, and magnitude of the
construction cost of the project and shall not exceed the following percentages of
estimated construction cost:

• Feasibility studies - 3 %

• Detailed engineering design - 6 %

• Detailed architectural and engineering design - 8 %

• Construction and supervision -10 %

Schedule of Minimum Basic Fees

Certain principles should be observed as follows:

1. When doing work on foreign assisted projects on projects where international

consultants participate, the CE performing similar or equivalent work should
accept compensation that approximates the international standard rates.
2. CEs regularly employed in the private sector shall have a minimum
compensation corresponding to 10% more than the minimum wage prevailing in
the region as a basic monthly salary. CEs employed in the government sector
shall have a minimum basic monthly salary corresponding to appropriate entry
positions provided by the Civil Service Commission.

3. A CE employed in the private sector who signs and seals the Civil engineering
plans, specifications and other related documents of a certain project for and in
behalf of his employers shall be compensated with a minimum of 10 percent of
the professional fee for the project, over and above the basic monthly salary.
Composition of Total Project Cost

Probable total cost is a major concern of the client throughout the planning design and
construction phases of a project. The probable total capital cost often used to establish
budgets for a typical project, is made up of:

1. Professional engineering costs

2. Construction costs

3. Legal and Land cost

4. Owner's costs, including project administration, staffing, financing, and other

overhead.

5. Contingency allowance for unknowns

Professional Engineering Costs

• A civil engineer is often engaged to make a study and to render a planning report
on the contemplated project including alternative solutions, layouts, and locations
along with initial estimates of the probable project cost. This may involve
alternative or phase implementation schemes that add flexibility to the project.

• The study and report phase may include the cost for field or traffic surveys,
planning analyses, geotechnical explorations, and analyses, in addition to the
direct engineering costs.
• The cost of coordination, evaluation, implementation, and compliance has
increased correspondingly. The extent of these concerns may not be identified
during the study and report phase, and sometimes not even after final plans and
specifications have been prepared.

• Because projects are widely in nature and scope, the study and report phase is
important because its implementation determines the scope and development of
the entire project and its ultimate capital and lifecycle cost.

• At times, preliminary investigations become more extensive and lengthy that the
study and report phases cost as much more than the final design phase.
Construction Costs

• It is the estimated total cost of constructing the facility to be covered by the

proposed detailed design or construction supervision services, excluding the fees
and other costs of such services, the cost of land and right of way, and legal
administrative expenses of the agency.

• The estimated construction cost must be approved by the client before the
invitation to submit a technical proposal is issued.
Legal, Land, Administration, Staffing, Financial Costs

• These costs which include audits, the cost of issuing bonds, land costs, and interest
for borrowed money during construction, are part of the probable total project cost
and can be estimated in cooperation with the client because they are usually
outside the knowledge and control of the Civil Engineer.
Contingency allowance

• As the project moves forward from the study and report phase through the final
design phase and finally to the construction award, more becomes known about
project details and costs, until at the completion of the project, the project cost
becomes a known quantity.

• To provide for intangible costs, contingencies should routinely be added to the

basic cost estimate. It is common practice to add 20% or more to the estimated
probable total project cost at the completion of the study end report phase,
reducing this to perhaps 10% at the completion of the final design and perhaps to
5% when the construction bids become known. Larger or more complex may
require higher contingencies.
Summary

• An estimate of probable total project cost should be periodically revised by the

engineers as the design moves forward and more information becomes known.

• The client is normally responsible for providing estimates of those costs which
may lie outside the Civil Engineers' knowledge or expertise, such as those in the
legal, land, administrative, and financial areas.
ANY QUESTIONS?
THANK YOU!
Laws, Acts, Regulations for
Civil Engineering Practice

Prepared by: Engr. Ralph F. Tan Sanchez

Intended Learning Outcome

At the end of this module, the student will be able to:

1. Understand the importance of certain republic acts related to civil engineering.

2. Apply the laws of civil engineering in the CE Profession.
RA 544 – An Act to Regulate the Practice of Civil
Engineering in the Philippines
For this specific discussion, kindly refer to PDF file uploaded in Canvas.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1KtGzr4HxJCLjSzPohzBfz85U0ZmwnKar/view?us
p=drive_link
Related Statutes
Act. 4211 (Effective August 2, 1935)
• Permitting under-aged persons to take the board examination on condition that
they will not practice their profession until they attained the required age.

RA 545 (Effective June 17, 1950)

• Regulating the practice of Architecture
RA 1080 (Effective June 15, 1954)
• Making bar and board examinations equivalent to 1st-grade civil service
eligibility.

RA 4566 (Effective June 19, 1965)

• Regulating constructions.
RA 5181 (Effective September 8, 1967)
• Requiring residence and reciprocity in the exercise of professions by aliens.

PD 1350 (Promulgated April 7, 1978)

• Allowing applicants for citizenship to take board examination pending the
approval of their petition.
RA 10912 (Effective August 16, 2016)
• An act that requires CPD as the mandatory requirement for the renewal of the
Professional Identification Card.

Resolution No. 2019-1146 (Effective March 1, 2019)

• Reduction of required CPD points as resolve to the issues of RA 11032 or the IRR
of RA 10912.
Resolution No. 02 – Promulgation of the Syllabi for the
Subjects in the Civil Engineering Licensure Exam
For this specific discussion, kindly refer to PDF file uploaded in Canvas.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1XJEYZH7BwAn-6Y-
WK0_WmkVkW2PI3PiG/view?usp=drive_link
Presidential Decree No. 1594 – Prescribing Policies,
Guidelines, Rules and Regulations for Government
Infrastructure Contracts
For this specific discussion, kindly refer to PDF file uploaded in Canvas.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/13wPyDaa4OiMGhudr5tuOcfg7rZKN2cNe/view?us
p=drive_link
ANY QUESTIONS?
THANK YOU!
 MALACAÑANG
Manila

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 1594

PRESCRIBING POLICIES, GUIDELINES, RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR GOVERNMENT

INFRASTRUCTURE CONTRACTS

WHEREAS, the present policies, rules and regulations covering government contracts for
infrastructure and other construction projects are generally fragmented and have been found to
be inadequate to cope with the intricate and complex process involved;

WHEREAS, there is a need to adopt a comprehensive, uniform, and updated set of policies,
guidelines, rules and regulations covering government contracts for infrastructure and other
construction projects in order to achieve a more efficient and effective implementation of these
projects.

NOW, THEREFORE, I, FERDINAND E. MARCOS, President of the Philippines, by virtue of the

powers vested in me by the Constitution, do hereby order and decree the following:

Section 1. Policy Objectives. It is the policy of the government to adopt a set rules and
regulations covering government contracts for infrastructure and other construction projects which
shall:

(a) bring about maximum efficiency in project implementation and minimize

project costs and contract variations through sound practices in contract
management;

(b) promote a healthy partnership between the government and the private
sector in furthering national development; and

(c) enhance the growth of the local construction industry and optimize the
use of indigenous manpower, materials and other sources.

Section 2. Detailed Engineering. No bidding and/or award of contract for a construction

project shall be made unless the detailed engineering investigations, surveys, and designs for
the project have been sufficiently carried out in accordance with the standards and
specifications to be established under the rules and regulations to be promulgated
pursuant to Section 12 of this Decree so as to minimize quantity and cost overruns and
underruns, change orders and extra work orders, and unless the detailed engineering
documents have been approved by the Minister of Public Works, Transportation and
Communications, the Minister of Public Highways, of the Minister of Energy, as the case may be.

Section 3. Prequalification of Prospective Contractors. a prospective contractor may prequalified

to offer his bid or tender for a construction project only if he meets the following requirements.

(a) Legal Requirements. The prospective contractor must have been licensed as
a contractor for the current year pursuant to Republic Act No. 4566, must have
paid his privilege tax to practice or engage in the contracting business for the
current year, must comply with the Administrative Order No. 66 of the Office of
the President of the Philippines, and must comply with other existing pertinent
laws, rules and regulations.

(b) Technical Requirements. The prospective contractor must meet the following
technical requirements to be established in accordance with the rules and
regulations to be promulgated pursuant to Section 12 of this Decree, to
 enable him to satisfactorily prosecute the subject project:

1) Competence and experience of the contractor in managing projects similar to

the subject project.
2) Competence and experience of the contractor's key personnel to be assigned
to the subject project.
3) Availability and commitment of the contractor's equipment to be used for the
subject project.

(c) Financial Requirements. The net worth and liquid assets of the
prospective contractor must meet the requirements, to be established in
accordance with the rules and regulations to be promulgated pursuant to Section
12 of this Decree, to enable him to satisfactorily execute the subject project. The
prospective contractor may be allowed to cover the deficiency in the required net
worth through a line of credit fully committed to the subject project by a bank or
financial institution acceptable to the Ministry concerned.

(d) Filipino participation. The Government shall promote maximum participation of

eligible Filipino contractors in all construction projects.

Section 4. Bidding. Construction projects shall generally be undertaken by contract after

competitive public bidding. Projects may be undertaken by administration or force account or by
negotiated contract only in exceptional cases where time is of the essence, or where there is lack
of qualified bidders or contractors, or where there is a conclusive evidence that greater economy
and efficiency would be achieved through this arrangement, and in accordance with provision of
laws and acts on the matter, subject to the approval of the Ministry of Public Works, Transportation
and Communications, the Minister of Public Highways, or the Minister of Energy, as the case may
be, if the project cost is less than P1 Million, and of the President of the Philippines, upon the
recommendation of the Minister, if the project cost is P1 Million or more. A bidder's bond, in an
amount to be established in accordance with the rules and regulations to be promulgated
pursuant to Section 12 of this Decree, shall accompany the bid to guarantee that the successful
bidder shall, within a prescribed period from receipt of the notice of award, enter into account and
furnish the required performance bond for the faithful and complete prosecution of the work
specified in the contract documents.

Section 5. Award and Contract. The contract may be awarded to the lowest prequalified
bidder whose bid as evaluated complies with all the terms and conditions in the call for bid
and is the most advantageous to the Government. To guarantee the faithful performance of the
contractor, he shall, prior to the award, post a performance bond, in an amount to be established
in accordance with the rules and regulations to be promulgated under Section 12 of this
Decree. All awards and contracts duly executed in accordance with the provisions of this
Decree shall be subject to the approval of the Minister of Public Works, Transportation and
Communications, the Minister of Public Highways, or the Minister of Energy, as the case may be.

Section 6. Assignment and Subcontract. The contractor shall not assign, transfer, pledge,
subcontract or make any other disposition of the contract or any part of interest therein except
with the approval of the Minister of Public Works, Transportation and Communications, the
Minister of Public Highways, or the Minister of Energy, as the case may be. Approval of the
subcontract shall not relieve the main contractor from any liability or obligation under his contract
with the Government nor shall it create any contractual relation between the subcontractor and
the Government.

Section 7. Responsibility of the Contractor. The contractor shall assume full responsibility for
the contract work until its final acceptance by the Government and shall be held responsible for
any damage or destruction of works except those occasioned by force majeure. Except likewise
for force majeure, the contractor shall be fully responsible for the safety, protection, security, and
convenience of his personnel, third parties, and the public at large, as well as the works,
equipment, installation and the like to be affected by his construction work.

Section 8. Adjustment Contract Price. Adjustment of contract price for construction projects may
be authorized by the Minister of Public Works, Transportation and Communications, the
Minister of Public Highways, or the Minister of Energy, as the case may be, upon
recommendation of the National Economic and Development Authority, if during the effectivity
of the contract, the cost of labor, equipment, materials and supplies required for the construction
should increase or decrease due to direct acts of the Government. The adjustments of the
contract price shall be made using appropriate formulas established in accordance with the
rules and regulations to be promulgated under Section 12 of this Decree.

Section 9. Change Order and Extra Work Order. A change order or extra work order may be
issued only for works necessary for the completion of the project and, therefore, shall be within
the general scope of the contract as bidded and awarded. All change orders and extra work
orders shall be subject to the approval of the Minister of Public Works, Transportation and
Communications, the Minister of Public Highways, or the Minister of Energy, as the case may
be.

Section 10. Inspection and Construction of Contract Work. Inspection of the contract work shall
be made by the Government while such contract work is in progress to ascertain that the
completed works comply in all respects with the standards and requirements set forth in the
contract documents. Notwithstanding such inspection, the contractor shall be held responsible
for the acceptability of the finished works. The contractor shall promptly replace all materials and
correct all works determined by the Government as failing to meet contract requirements.

Section 11. Government's Right to Take Over Contract Work. The Government may take over
the contract work should the contractor abandon the contract work, or unduly delay the
prosecution of the contract work, or become insolvent, or assign his assets for the benefit of his
creditors, or be adjudged bankrupt, or assign the contract work without written approval by the
Government, or violate any condition or term of the contract. In any of these cases, the
Government may terminate the employment of the contractor and take over the contract work
after giving due notice to the contractor and his sureties.

Section 12. Implementing Rules and Regulations. The Minister of Public Works, Transportation
and Communications, as the lead official, the Minister of Public Highways, the Minister of
Energy, and the Director- General of the National Economic and Development Authority, shall
jointly promulgate the rules and regulations to implement the provisions of this Decree. Once
approved by the President of the Philippines, these implementing rules and regulations shall be
applicable to all contracts for infrastructure and other construction projects of all government
agencies including government-owned or controlled corporations and other instrumentalities.

Section 13. Separability Clause. If any provision of this Decree is held unconstitutional, the other
provisions shall remain valid.

Section 14. Repealing Clause. All Acts, Charters, Decrees, Letters of Instructions, Executive
Orders, Proclamations, rules and regulations or parts thereof in conflict with the provisions of this
Decree are hereby repealed or modified accordingly.

Section 15. Effectivity. This Decree shall take effect immediately.

Done in the City of Manila, this 11th day of June, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and
seventy-eight.
 Republic Act No. 544*
(As Amended by R.A. 1582)
An Act to Regulate the Practice of Civil Engineering
in the Philippines
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled:

Article I

TITLE OF THE ACT AND DEFINITION OF TERMS

Section 1. Title of Act.” This Act shall be known as the “Civil Engineering Law.”

Section 2. Definition of Terms.”

(a) The practice of civil engineering within the meaning and intent of this Act shall embrace services in
the form of consultation, design, preparation of plans, specifications, estimates, erection, installation and
supervision of the construction of streets, bridges, highways, railroads, airports and hangars, port works,
canals, river and shore improvements, lighthouses, and dry docks; buildings, fixed structures for irrigation, flood
protection, drainage, water supply and sewerage works; demolition of permanent structures; and tunnels. The
enumeration of any work in this section shall not be construed as excluding any other work requiring civil
engineering knowledge and application.

(b) The term “civil engineer” as used in this act shall mean a person duly registered with the Board for
Civil Engineers in the manner as hereinafter provided.

Article II

BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS

Section 3. Composition of Board.” Within thirty days after the approval of this Act there shall be created
a Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers, hereinafter referred to as the Board, to be composed of a chairman
and two members who shall be appointed by the President of the Philippines, upon recommendation of the
Commissioner of PRC. The members of the Board shall hold office for a term of three years after appointment
or until their successors shall have been appointed and shall have qualified. The first members of the Board
appointed under this Act shall hold office for the following terms: One member for one year; one member for
two years; and one member for three years. Each member of the Board shall qualify by taking the proper oath
of office before entering upon the performance of his duties. Any member of the Board may be removed by the
President of the Philippines, upon recommendation by the Professional Regulation Commission for neglect of
duty, incompetency, malpractice, unprofessional, unethical, immoral, or dishonorable conduct, after having
been given opportunity to defend himself in a proper administrative investigation: Provided, That during the
process of investigation, the President of the Philippines, upon the recommendation of the PRC, shall have the
power to suspend such member under investigation and shall appoint a temporary member in his place.
Vacancies in the Board shall be filled for the un expired term only.

Section 4. Powers and Duties of the Board.” The Board for Civil Engineers is vested with authority,
conformable with the provisions of this Act, to administer oaths, issue, suspend and revoke certificates of
registration for the practice of civil engineering, issue certificates of recognition to civil engineers already
registered under this Act for advanced studies, research, and/or highly specialized training in any branch of civil
engineering subject to the approval of the PRC, to investigate such violations of this Act and the regulations,
there under as may come to the knowledge of the Board and, for this purpose, issue subpoena and subpoena
duces tecum to secure appearance of witnesses in connection with the charges presented to the Board, to
inspect at least once a year educational institutions offering courses in civil engineering, civil engineering works,
projects or corporations, established in the Philippines and, for safeguarding of life, health and property, to
discharge such other powers and duties as may affect ethical and technological standards of the civil
engineering profession in the Philippines. For the purpose of this Act, the Director of Public Works and/or his
authorized representative in the provinces and chartered cities shall be ex-officio agents of the Board and as
such it shall be their duty to help in the enforcement of the provisions of this Act. The Board may, with the
approval of the Professional Regulation Commission issue such rules and regulations as may be deemed
necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act. The board shall also adopt a code of ethics in the practice of
civil engineering and have an official seal to authenticate its official documents.
 Section 5. Qualifications of Board Members.” Each member of the Board shall, at the time of his
appointment:

a. Be a citizen and resident of the Philippines;

b. Be at least thirty years of age and of good moral character;
c. Be a graduate of civil engineering from a recognized and legally constituted school, institute,
college or university.
d. Be a registered civil engineer duly qualified to practice civil engineering in the Philippines;
e. Have practiced civil engineering, with a certificate as such, for a period of not less than ten years
prior to his appointment.
f. Not be a member of the faculty of any school, institute, college, or university where civil
engineering course is taught, nor have a pecuniary interest in such institutions;
g. No former members of the faculty of any school, institute or university where civil engineering is
taught can become a member of the Board unless he had stopped teaching for at least three
consecutive years.

Section 6. Fees and Compensation of Board.” The Board for Civil Engineers shall charge for each
application for examination the sum of P100 (one hundred) payable to the collecting and disbursing officer of
the PRC upon filing of said application, and for each certificate of registration, fifty pesos. Each member of the
Board shall receive a compensation of fifteen pesos for each applicant examined. A civil engineer in the service
of the Government of the Republic of the Philippines appointed as member of the Board shall receive the
compensation as herein provided, in addition to his salary in the Government. All authorized expenses of the
Board, including the compensation provided for herein, shall be paid by the collecting and disbursing officer of
the PRC out of such appropriation as may be made for the purpose. (See RA 6511 & PD 223)

Section 7. Annual Report.” The Board shall, at the end of each fiscal year, submit to the PRC a detailed
report of its activities and proceedings during the period covered by the fiscal year ended.

Article III

EXAMINATION AND REGISTRATION

Section 8. Examination Requirement.” All applicants for registration for the practice of civil engineering
shall berequired to pass a technical examination as hereinafter provided.

Section 9. Holding of Examination.” Examination of candidates desiring to practice civil engineering in

the Philippines shall be given in the City of Manila of each year, provided that such days do not fall on official
holidays, otherwise the examinations shall be held on the days next following.

Section 10. Subjects of Examination.” Applicants for certificate of registration as civil engineer shall be
examined, in the discretion of the Board, on the following subjects: mathematics, including algebra, plane and
spherical trigonometry, analytics, descriptive and solid geometry, differential and integral calculus, and rational
and applied mechanics; hydraulics; surveying, including highway and railroad surveying; plane, topographic and
hydrographic surveying, and advance surveying; design and construction of highways and railroads, masonry
structures, wooden and reinforced concrete buildings, bridges, towers, walls, foundations, piers, ports, wharves,
aqueducts, sanitary engineering works, water supply systems, dikes, dams and irrigation and drainage canals.

Section 11. Executive Officer of the Board.” The Commissioner of Professional Regulation Commission
shall be the executive officer of the Board and shall conduct the examinations given by the said Board. He shall
designate any subordinate officer of the Professional Regulation Commission to act as the Secretary and
custodian of all records including examination papers and minutes of the deliberation of the Board.

Section 12. Qualifications for Examination.” Any person applying for admission to the civil engineering
examination as herein provided shall, prior to the date of the examination, establish to the satisfaction of the
Board that he has the following qualifications:

a. Be at least twenty-one years of age;

b. Be a citizen of the Philippines;
c. Be of good reputation and moral character; and
d. Be a graduate of a four-year course in civil engineering from a school, institute, college or
university recognized by the Government or the State wherein it is established.
 Section 13. Oath of Civil Engineers.” All successful candidates in the examination shall be required to
take a professional oath before the Board of Civil Engineers or other Government Officials authorized to
administer oaths, prior to entering upon the practice of the civil engineering profession.

Section 14. Seal and Use of Seal.” All registered civil engineers shall obtain a seal of such design as
the Board shall authorize and direct: Provided, however, That the serial number of the certificate issued by the
Board shall be included in the design of the seal. Plans and specifications prepared by, or under the direct
supervision of a registered civil engineer shall be stamped with said seal during the life of the registrant’s
certificate, and it shall be unlawful for any one to stamp or seal any documents with said seal after the
certificate of registrant named thereon has expired or has been revoked, unless said certificate shall have been
renewed or re-issued.

Section 15. Exemption from Registration.”

1. Registration shall not be required of the following persons:

a. Officers or enlisted men of the United States and Philippine Armed Forces, and civilian
employeesof the Government of the United States stationed in the Philippines while rendering
civil engineering services for the United States and/or Philippines.
b. Civil engineers or experts called in by the Philippine Government for consultation, or specific
designand construction of fixed structures as defined under this Act, provided that their practice
shall be limited to such work.

2. Any person residing in the Philippines may make plans on specifications for any of the following:

a. Any building in chartered cities or in towns with building ordinances, not exceeding the space
requirement specified therein, requiring the services of a civil engineer.
b. Any wooden building enlargement or alteration which is to be used for farm purposes only and
costingnot more than ten thousand pesos.
c. Provided, however. That there shall be nothing in this Act that will prevent any person from
constructing his own (wooden or light material) residential house, utilizing the services of a
person or persons required for the purpose, without the use of a civil engineer, as long as he
does no violate local ordinances of the place where the building is to be constructed.

3. Nor shall anything in this Act prevent draftsmen, student clerk-or-work, superintendents, and other
employees of those lawfully engaged in the practice of civil engineering under the provisions of this Act, from
acting under the instruction, control or supervision of their employer.

4. Nor shall anything in this Act prevent any person who prior to the approval of this Act have been
lawfully engaged in the practice of “maestro de obras” to continue as such, provided they shall not undertake
the making of plans supervision for the following classes of work:

a. Building of concrete whether reinforced or not.

b. Building of more than two stories.
c. Building with frames of structural steel.
d. Building of structures intended for public gathering or assemblies such as theaters,
cinematographs, stadia, churches, or structures of like nature.

5. Nor shall anything in this Act prevent professional architects and engineers to practice their
professions.

Section 16. Refusal to Issue Certificate.” The Board for Civil Engineers shall not issue a certificate to
any person convicted by a court of competent jurisdiction of any criminal offense involving moral turpitude, or to
any person guilty of immoral or dishonorable conduct, or to any person guilty of immoral or dishonorable
conduct, or to any person of unsound mind. In the event of a refusal to issue a certificate to any person, the
Board shall give to the applicant a written statement setting forth its reason for such action, which statement
shall be incorporated in the records of the Board.

Section 17. Suspension and Revocation of Certificates. “ The Board shall have the power, after due
notice and hearings to suspend or revoke the certificate of registration for any cause mentioned in the
preceding section.

Section 18. Re-issue and Replacement of Certificates. “ The Board may, after the expiration of one year
from the date of certificate of registration is revoked and for reasons it may deem sufficient, entertain an
application for a new certificate of registration from the registrant concerned. Such application shall be
accomplished in the same form prescribed for examination, but the Board may, in its discretion, exempt the
applicant from taking the requisite
examination.
 Section 19. Transitory Provisions.” As soon as this Act takes effect, any person desiring to practice the
profession of civil engineering shall be required to obtain a certificate of registration in the manner and under
the conditions hereinafter provided. All civil engineers duly licensed under the provisions of Act Numbered
Twenty-nine hundred and eighty-five, as amended, at the time this Act takes effect, shall be automatically
registered under the provisions hereof. Certificates of registration held by such persons in good standing shall
have the same force and effect as though the same have been issued under the provisions of this Act. All
graduates in civil engineering from a school, institute, college, or university recognized by the Government who
have passed the civil service examination for senior civil engineer and have been practicing or employed in the
Government as such during five years are exempted from taking examination.

Article IV

ENFORCEMENT OF ACT AND PENAL PROVISIONS

Section 20. Enforcement of the Act by officers of the law.” It shall be the duty of all duly constituted law
officers of the national, provincial, city and municipal governments, or any political subdivisions thereof, to
enforce the provisions of this Act and to prosecute any person violating the same.

Section 21. Registration required.” Unless exempt from registration, no person shall practice or offer to
practice civil engineering in the Philippines without having obtained the proper certificate of registration from the
Board for Civil Engineers.*

Section 22. Penal provisions.” Any person who shall practice or offer to practice civil engineering in the
Philippines without being registered in accordance with the provisions of this Act or any person presenting or
attempting to use as his own the certificate of registration of a registered civil engineer, or any person who shall
give any false or forged evidence of any kind to the Board, or any person who shall impersonate any registrant
civil engineer of different name or any person who shall attempt to use a revoked or suspended certificate of
registration, or any person who shall use in connection with his name or otherwise assume, use or advertise
any title or description tending to convey the impression that he is a civil engineer, without holding a valid
certificate of registration, or any person who shall violate any of the provision of this Act, shall be guilty of a
misdemeanor and shall, upon conviction, be sentenced to a fine of not less than five hundred pesos nor more
than two thousand pesos, or to suffer imprisonment for a period of not less than six months not more than one
year, or both, in the discretion of the court.

Article V

MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

Section 23. Preparation of plans and supervisions of construction by registered civil engineer.” It shall
be unlawful for any person to order or otherwise cause the construction, reconstruction, or alteration of any
building or structure intended for public gathering or assembly such as theaters, cinematographs, stadia,
churches or structures of like nature, and any other engineering structures mentioned in section two of this Act
unless the designs, plans, and specifications of same have been prepared under the responsible charge of, and
signed and sealed by a registered civil engineer, and unless the construction, reconstruction and/or alteration
thereof are executed under the responsible charge and direct supervision of a civil engineer. Plans and designs
of structures must be approved as provided by law or ordinance of a city or province or municipality where the
said structure is to be constructed.

Section 24. The practice of civil engineering is a professional service, admission to which must be
determined upon individual, personal qualifications. Hence, no firm, partnership, corporation or association may
be registered or licensed as such for the practice of civil engineering: Provided, however, That persons properly
registered and licensed as civil engineers may, among themselves or with a person or persons properly
registered and licensed as architects, form, and obtain registration of, a firm, partnership or association using
the term “Engineers” or “Engineers and Architects,” but, nobody shall be a member or partner of such firm,
partnership or association unless he is duly licensed civil engineer or architect, and the members who are civil
engineers shall only render work and services proper for a civil engineer, as defined in this Act, and the
members who are architects shall also only render work and services proper for an architect, as defined in the
law regulating the practice of architecture; individual members of such firms, partnership or association shall be
responsible for their own respective acts.

Section 25. Reciprocity requirements.” No person who is not a citizen of the Philippines at the time he
applies to take the examination shall be allowed to take it unless he can prove in the manner provided by the
Rules of Court that, by specific provision of law, the country of which he is a citizen, subject, or national either
admits citizens of the Philippines to the practice of the same profession without restriction or allows them to
practice it after an examination on terms of strict and absolute equality with citizens, subjects, or nationals of the
country concerned, including the unconditional recognition of degrees issued by institutions of learning duly
recognized for the purpose by the Government of the Philippines: Provided, That if he is not a citizen of the
Philippines, and was admitted to the practice of a profession in the Philippines after December 8, 1941, his
active practice in that profession, either in the Philippines or in the state or country where he was practicing his
profession, shall not have been interrupted for a period of two years or more prior to July 4, 1946, and that the
country or state from which he comes allows the citizens of the Philippines by specific provision of law, to
practice the same profession without restriction or on terms of strict and absolute equality with citizens, subjects
or nationals of the country or state concerned.

Section 26. Roster of civil engineers.” A roster showing the names and places of business of all
registered civil engineers shall be prepared by the Commissioner of PRC periodically but at least once a year.
Copies of this roster shall be placed on file with the PRC and furnished to all department heads, mayors of all
chartered cities, to the Director of Public Works, to such other Bureaus, government entities or agencies and
municipal and provincial authorities as may be deemed necessary and to the public upon request.

Section 27. Repeal.” All laws, parts of laws, orders, ordinances, or regulations in conflict with the
provisions hereof; including parts of Act Numbered Twenty-nine hundred and eighty-five, as amended, as
pertains to the practice of civil engineering, are hereby repealed, except the provisions of Act Numbered Thirty-
one hundred and fifty nine amending Act Numbered Twenty-nine hundred and eighty-five, pertaining to the
practice of “maestro de obras.”

Section 28. Construction of Act.” If any part or section of this Act shall be declared unconstitutional,
such declarations shall not invalidate the other provisions hereof.

Section 29. Effectivity.” This Act shall take effect upon its approval.

Approved, June 17, 1950 (As amended by R.A. No. 1582, approved on June 16, 1956).
 Resolution No. 02
Series of 1995
Promulgation of the Syllabi for the Subjects
in the Civil Engineering Licensure Examination

WHEREAS Sec. 10 Art II of R.A. No. 544: the “Civil Engineering Law” provides the subjects in the Civil
Engineering Licensure Examination;

WHEREAS the Commission has issued these policies and directives on licensure examinations: (1)
emorandum Circular No. 8, Series of 1992, (2) Res. No. 265, Series of 1993, (3) Memorandum Circular No. 93-
03, Series of 1993, and (4) Memorandum Circular No. 93-04, Series of 1993.

WHEREAS every syllabus for the examination subject containing the concepts/topics, with the
corresponding level of knowledge/proficiency shall be the basis for the test questions that will be inputted into
the test question bank; and

WHEREAS after consultation with the Department of Education, Culture, and Sports (DECS), the
various schools/ colleges offering the civil engineering course, and the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers
(PICE), the board formulated its syllabi for the examination subjects.

NOW, THEREFORE, by virtue of its quasi-legislative (rule-making) power under Sec. 4, Art. II of R.A.
No. 544, the Board hereby RESOLVED, as it now so RESOLVES, to adopt and promulgate the syllabi for the
subjects in the Civil Engineering Licensure Examination (Annex “A”).

FURTHER, RESOLVED, that his resolution, upon approval by the Commission, shall be effective after
fifteen (15) days following its publication in the Official Gazette or any newspaper of general circulation,
whichever is earlier.

FINALLY, RESOLVED, that this resolution be widely circularized and disseminated to all concerned
through the DECS, the colleges offering the civil engineering courses, and the PICE.

Done in the City of Manila this 28th day of February, 1995.

ERNESTO S. DE CASTRO
Chairman

MACRA A. CRUZ ALBERTO S. OLAN, SR.

Member Member

Attested to:
CARLOS G. ALMELOR
Secretary, Regulatory Boards

Approved:
HERMOGENES P. POBRE
Commissioner

MARIANO A. MENDIETA
Associate Commissioner

ARMANDO C. PASCUAL
Associate Commissioner

Annex A
The Civil Engineering Licensure Examination Syllabi

Section 4 of the Civil Engineering Law (Republic Act 544) provides among other things the power to the
Board of Examinees for Civil Engineers to discharge such other powers and duties as may affect the ethical
and technological standards of the Civil Engineering profession in the Philippines. Section 10 enumerates the
subjects in which the applicants for certificates of registration shall be examined at the discretion of the Board;

NOW THEREFORE, the Board of Civil Engineering, RESOLVED, as it hereby RESOLVES, that the
licensure examinations for Civil Engineering shall be in accord with the following guidelines:

I. Preparation of Examination Questions and Problems. The following shall be taken into
consideration in the preparation of questions and problems:
 a. The areas covered by the examination shall be those included in the topics enumerated
in the syllabus for the particular subject. The examination questions in each subject
shall be comprehensive and well balanced in scope.
b. Questions and answers should relate to matters which are of general applicability in the
civil engineering practice in the Philippines.
c. Questions and answers shall be framed in a clear and concise manner taking into
consideration thedegree or level of proficiency for each topic. Instructions or
requirements should be clearly stated.
d. The assigned weight and estimated time for each subject shall be indicated. Whenever
applicable, references shall be made to statements issued by:

a. The Board of Civil Engineering

b. The National Building Code of the Philippines
c. The National Structural Code of the Philippines
d. The National Standards Office
e. The National Water Resources Council
f. The Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers
g. The Associate of Structural Engineers of the Philippines.

In areas not covered by Philippine sources, references may also be made to the official pronouncement
of authoritative standard setting agencies in the United States (ACI, ASCE, ASHTO, NSC, UBC), International
Building Officials (IBO), and the International Federation of Engineers (FIDIC) provided these pronouncements
are relevant to Philippine conditions.

e. Electronic and scientific calculators are allowed. However, programmable calculators

and pocket personal computers are not allowed and will be confiscated if brought to the
examination room.

II. Subjects of Examinations

Unless otherwise indicated, the topics of the subjects shall be effective in the May 1993 Licensure
Examinations. The Syllabi shall be fully effective starting on the May 1994 examinations.

A. MATHEMATICS AND SURVEYING

Mathematics

1.0 Algebra
1.1 Set Theory*
1.2 Real Numbers
1.3 Algebraic Expressions and Operations
1.4 Equations and Inequalities
1.5 Roots and Powers
1.6 Linear, Quadratic and Polynomial Functions
1.7 Factoring
1.8 Roots of Algebraic Equations
1.9 System of Equations
1.10Logarithmic and Exponential Functions
1.11Arithmetic and Geometric Progressions
2.0 Trigonometry
2.1 Circular (Trigonometric) Functions
2.2 Trigonometric Identities and Equations
2.3 Solution of Triangles
2.4 Hyperbolic Functions
3.0 Analytic Geometry
3.1 Cartesian Coordinate System
3.2 Functions and Relations
3.3 Functions and their Graphs
3.4 Straight lines
3.5 Conic Sections
3.6 Polar Coordinates
3.7 Transformation of Coordinates
3.8 Parametric Equations
4.0 Calculus
4.1 Differential Equations
4.1.1 Limits and Continuity
4.1.2 Derivatives and Differentiation
4.1.3 Application of Derivatives
4.1.4 The Differential
4.1.5 Partial Derivatives
4.2 Integral Calculus
4.2.1 Theory of Integrals
4.2.2 Integration Methods
4.2.3 Definite Integrals and Applications
4.2.4 Line and Surface Integrals
4.2.5 Multiple Integrals
5.0 Differential Equations
5.1 First Order Differential Equation
5.1.1 Exact Differential Equation
5.1.2 Integrating Factors**
5.1.3 Separable Variables
5.1.4 Homogeneous Differential Equations
5.1.5 Linear Differential Equations
5.1.6 Applications
5.2 Higher Order Differential Equations
6.0 Other Topics
6.1 Infinite Series
6.1.1 Molaurin Series
6.1.2 Taylor Series
6.1.3 Fourier Series
6.2 Complex Variables**
6.3 Vector Analysis
6.4 Matrices*
6.5 Determinants*
6.6 Probability and Statistics
7.0 Engineering Economy
7.1 Present Economy Study
7.2 Time-Value Relations
7.3 Selection Among Alternatives
7.3.1 Present Worth Method
7.3.2 Annual Worth Method
7.3.3 Future Worth Method
7.3.4 Internal Rate of Return Method
7.3.5 External Rate of Return Method

Surveying

1.0 Surveying Concepts

1.1 Uses of Surveys
1.2 Operations in Surveying
1.3 Measurement and Adjustments
1.4 Field and Office Work
1.5 Surveying Instruments
2.0 Basic Surveying Measurements
2.1 Distance Measurements
2.1.1 Pacing
2.1.2 Distance Measurement with Tape
2.2 Vertical Distance Measurement; Leveling
2.3 Angle and Direction Measurement
2.3.1 Location of Points
2.3.2 Meridians
2.3.3 Bearing and Azimuth
2.3.4 Magnetic Declination
2.3.5 Instruments Used
2.3.5.1 Engineers Transit
2.3.5.2 Theodolite
2.4 Stadia and Tacheometry
2.4.1 Principles of Stadia
2.4.2 Plane Table and Alidade
3.0 Survey Operations
3.1 Traverse
3.1.1 Deflection Angle Traverse
3.1.2 Interior Angle Traverse
3.1.3 Traverse by Angle to the Right
3.1.4 Azimuth Traverse
3.1.5 Compass Traverse
3.1.6 Stadia Traverse
3.1.7 Plane Table Traverse
3.2 Calculation of Areas of Land
3.2.1 Area by Triangle
3.2.2 Area by Coordinates
3.2.3 Area by Double Meridian Distance (DMD) and Latitude
3.2.4 Irregular Boundaries (Simpson’s and Trapezoidal Rules)
3.3 Triangulation and Trilateralization
3.3.1 Horizontal Control System
3.3.2 Triangulation Figures and Procedures
3.3.3 Error Propagation
3.3.4 Trilateralization
3.4 Astronomical Observation
3.4.1 Celestial Sphere
3.4.2 Equator System
3.4.3 The PZS Triangle
3.4.4 Aximuth and Hour Angle at Elongation
3.4.5 Time
3.4.6 Solar Observation
3.4.7 Stellar Observation
4.0 Engineering Surveys
4.1 Topographic Survey
4.1.1 Horizontal Control
4.1.2 Vertical Control (contours)
4.1.3 Location of Details
4.2 Route Surveying
4.2.1 Horizontal Curves
4.2.1.1 Simple Curves
4.2.1.2 Compound Curves
4.2.1.3 Superelations
4.2.1.4 Spiral Curves
4.2.2 Vertical Curves
4.2.3 Earthwork Operations
4.2.3.1 Methods of Determining Earthwork Volumes
4.2.3.2 Borrow Pits
4.3 Hydrographic Surveys
4.3.1 Datum
4.3.2 Soundings

B. HYDRAULICS

1.0 Fluid Mechanics

1.1 Properties of Fluids
1.2 Fluid Statics
1.3 Fluid Flow Concepts and Basic Equations
1.4 Dimensionally Analysis and Dynamic Similitude
1.5 Viscous Flow and Fluid Resistance
1.6 Ideal Fluid Flow
1.7 Steady Flow in Closed Conduits
1.8 Steady Flow in Open Channels
2.0 Hydrology
2.1 Hydrologic Cycle
2.1.1 Precipitation
2.1.2 Streamflow
2.1.3 Evaporations
2.1.4 Transpiration
2.2 Hydrograph Analysis
2.2.1 Runoff
2.2.2 Storage Routing
2.3 Groundwater
3.0 Hydraulics, System and Structure
3.1 Reservoirs
3.2 Dams
3.3 Spillways, Gates, and Outlet Works
3.4 Open Channels
3.5 Pressure Conduits
3.6 Hydraulics Machinery
4.0 Irrigation, Flood Control and Drainage
4.1 Irrigation
4.1.1 Water Requirement
4.1.2 Soil-Water Relation
4.1.3 Water Quality
4.1.4 Methods
4.1.5 Structures
4.2 Flood Control
4.2.1 Design Flood
4.2.2 Flood Control Structures
4.3 Drainage
4.3.1 Estimate of Flow
4.3.2 Storm Drainage
4.3.3 Land and Highway Drainage
4.3.4 Culvets and Bridges
4.3.5 Drainage Structures
5.0 Water Supply and Sewerage
5.1 Fundamental Concept
5.1.1 Mathematics of Growth (Population Forecasting)
5.1.2 Environmental Chemistry
5.1.3 Mass and Energy Transfer
5.2 Water Supply and Treatment
5.2.1 Components of Water Supply System
5.2.1.1 Water Reservoir and Storage
5.2.1.2 Water Distribution System
5.2.1.3 Water Containment Structures
5.2.2 Water Consumptions Periods of Design
5.2.3 Pre-treatment Methods
5.2.4 Principles of Sedimentation
5.2.5 Sedimentation Tank Design
5.2.6 Coagulation-Sedimentation
5.2.7 Slow Sand Filtration
5.2.8 Rapid Sand Filtration
5.2.9 The Rapid Sand Filter
5.2.10 Underdrain System
5.2.11 Wash Troughs
5.2.12 The Washing Process
5.2.13 Clear Well and Plant Capacity
5.2.14 Water Disinfection
5.3 Waste Water Treatment
5.3.1 Quantity
5.3.2 Methods
5.3.3 Theory of Activated Sludge
5.3.4 Aration Tank
5.3.5 Biokinetic Parameters*
5.3.6 Clarifiers

C. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

1.0 Statics of Rigid Bodies

1.1 Force System
1.1.1 Concurrent and Non-current Force System
1.1.2 Parallel and Non-parallel Force System
1.1.3 Planar and Three Dimentional Force System
1.1.4 Distributed Forces
1.1.5 Frictional Forces
1.2 Equilibrium of Forces
1.2.1 Reactions
1.2.2 Free Body Diagram
1.2.3 Two Force Bodies
1.2.4 Three Force Bodies
1.3 Truss Analysis
1.3.1 Method of Joints
1.3.2 Method of Sections
1.3.3 Graphical Methods
1.4 Beams and Frames
1.4.1 Reactions
1.4.2 Shear Diagrams
1.4.3 Bending Moment Diagrams
1.5 Related Topics
1.5.1 Moment of Lines and Areas
1.5.2 Centroids
1.5.3 Moments of Inertia
1.5.4 Center of Mass
1.5.5 Center of Forces
2.0 Dynamics of Rigid Bodies
2.1 Kinematics of Particles
2.1.1 Rectilinear Motion
2.1.2 Curvilinear Motion
2.2 Kinetics of Particles
2.2.1 NewtonÕs Second Law
2.2.2 Dynamic Equilibrium
2.2.3 Work and Energy Principle
2.2.4 Kinetic and Potential Energy
2.2.5 Impulse and Momentum Principle
2.3 Kinematics of Rigid Bodies
2.3.1 Translation
2.3.2 Rotation
2.3.3 General Plane Motion
2.4 Kinetics of Rigid Bodies
2.4.1 DÕLambertÕs Principle
2.4.2 Work and Energy Principle
2.4.3 Impulse and Momentum Principle
3.0 Mechanics
3.1 Stresses and Strains
3.2 Material Properties
3.3 Axially Loaded Members
3.4 Thin Walled Pressure Vessels
3.5 Torsional Stresses
3.6 Internal Forces and Stresses in Beams
3.6.1 Flexural Stress
3.6.2 Shear Stress
3.6.3 Combined Stresses
3.6.4 Principal Stresses
3.6.5 Unsysmetrical Banding
3.7 Deflections
3.7.1 Double Integration Methods
3.7.2 Area Moment Method
3.7.3 Conjugate Beam Method
3.8 Statistically Indetermine Beams
3.9 Shear Center
3.10 Curved Beams
3.11 Nonhomogenous Beams
3.12 Impact Loading
3.13 Stress Concentration
3.14 Repeated Loading
3.15 Elastic Instability (Buckling)
3.16 Analysis of Connections
3.16.1 Riveted and Bolted Connections
3.16.2 Welded
4.0 Structural Analysis
4.1 Loadings
4.1.1 Verical Loads (dead and live loads)
4.1.2 Lateral Loads (Wind and Earthquake Loads)
4.1.3 Impact Loads
4.2 Energy Methods for Deformation Analysis
4.2.1 CastiglianoÕs Theorem
4.2.2 Virtual Work Method (Unit Load)
4.3 Influence Lines
4.4 Frame Analysis
4.4.1 Approximate Methods
4.4.2 Exact Methods*
4.4.3 Moment Distribution
4.5 Stiffness and Flexibility Methods of Analysis**
4.5.1 Trusses
4.5.2 Beams
4.5.3 Frames
5.0 Design of Timber Structures
5.1 Properties of Wood
5.2 Design of Tension Member
5.3 Design of Bending Members
5.3.1 Laterally Supported Beams
5.3.2 Laterally Unsupported Beams
5.4 Design of Compression Members
5.4.1 Short Columns
5.4.2 Slender Columns
5.4.3 Spaced Columns
5.5 Timber Connections
6.0 Design of Steel Structures
6.1 General
6.1.1 Properties of Structural Steel
6.1.2 Design Philosophy
6.1.2.1 Allowable Stress Design
6.1.2.2 Load and Resistance Factor Design
6.2 Tension Members
6.3 Connections
6.3.1 Bolted
6.3.2 Welded
6.4 Compression Members
6.5 Beams
6.5.1 Compact Sections
6.5.2 Non-compact Sections
6.6 Beam Columns
6.7 Plastic Analysis and Limit Design*
6.8 Composite Steel and Concrete
7.0 Reinforced Concrete Structures
7.1 General
7.1.1 Properties of Concrete Materials
7.1.2 Design Philosophies and Procedures
7.2 Flexural Analysis and Design
7.3 Shear and Diagonal Tension
7.4 Bond, Anchorage Development Lengths
7.5 Serviceability Requirements
7.5.1 Crack Control
7.5.2 Deflections
7.6 Columns
7.6.1 Short Columns
7.6.2 Slender Columns
7.7 Slabs
7.8 Footings
7.9 Retaining Wall
7.10 Prestressed Concrete
8.0 Soil Mechanics and Foundation
8.1 Soil Properties
8.2 Soil Classification
8.3 Flow of Water in Soils
8.3.1 Permeability
8.3.2 Seepage
8.3.3 Effective and Porewater Pressure
8.4 Soil Strength
8.4.1 Shear Strength
8.4.2 Bearing Capacity
8.5 Compressibility of Soils
8.5.1 Elastic Settlement
8.5.2 Consolidation Settlement
8.6 Soil Improvement
8.6.1 Compaction
8.6.2 Soil Stabilization
8.7 Earth Pressures and Retaining Wall
8.8 Slope Stability Analysis
9.0 Design of Civil Engineering Structures and Systems
9.1 Transportation Engineering**
9.1.1 Highway and Urban Transportation Planning and Economics**
9.1.2 Driver, Vehicle, Traffic and Road Characteristics**
9.1.3 Highway Design
9.1.4 Traffic Engineering and Highway Operations**
9.1.5 Road and Pavement Design
9.2 Airport Engineering**
9.3 Ports and Harbors
9.4 Containment Structures (Tanks, soils, storage tanks)
9.5 Bridges
10.0 Construction and Management
10.1 Engineering Relations and Ethics**
10.2 Contracts & Specifications
10.3 Construction Project Organization
10.4 Planning and Scheduling (PERT/CPM)
10.5 Construction Estimates
10.6 Construction Methods & Operations
10.7 Construction Equipment Operations and Maintenance

III. CONDUCT OF THE EXAMINATIONS

Unless otherwise officially announced, the examinations shall be totally computerized. The Board shall
provide a minimum of 500 questions for each subject from which the computer of the Commission will select at
random on the day or a few days prior to the examination the questions to be given. The number of questions
for each subject shall not be less than 20 at 4 points each. The maximum number of questions shall not be
more than 100 at 1 point each. The examination shall be closed books and notes. Examinees shall be given 10
computation and scratch sheets which must be submitted with the answer sheets.

IV. CHANGES IN THE SYLLABI

The Syllabi can be changed from time to time only with the introduction of the new methods and technology
in civil engineering but not more than once every three years.