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Food Resources

The document discusses various food resources consumed by humans, highlighting major crops like wheat, rice, and maize, and the nutritional deficiencies affecting global populations. It also addresses environmental impacts of agriculture, including overgrazing, traditional and modern agricultural practices, and issues related to pesticide usage and soil salinity. Case studies from India illustrate the challenges of salinity and water logging, emphasizing the need for sustainable agricultural practices.

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Bhoomika Kapale
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3 views10 pages

Food Resources

The document discusses various food resources consumed by humans, highlighting major crops like wheat, rice, and maize, and the nutritional deficiencies affecting global populations. It also addresses environmental impacts of agriculture, including overgrazing, traditional and modern agricultural practices, and issues related to pesticide usage and soil salinity. Case studies from India illustrate the challenges of salinity and water logging, emphasizing the need for sustainable agricultural practices.

Uploaded by

Bhoomika Kapale
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FOOD RESOURCES/खाद्य संसाधन

CONSUMED BY MAN FOR ENERGY

Made by: Dr. Yogita Prabhakar


FOOD RESOURCES
ØMain food: wheat, rice, maize, potato, sugarcane, pulses, etc.

ØMajor grains: wheat, rice, maize

ØFood and Agriculture Organization: 2500 calories/day

ØPeople receiving less than 90% calories: undernourished

ØPeople receiving less than 80% calories: seriously undernourished

Ø Deficiency of nutrients leads to malnutrition/कुपोषण

ØDeficiency(कमी) of iron causes anemia, iodine deficiency causes


goitre, vitamin A deficiency causes blindness

Made by Dr. Yogita Prabhakar


MAJOR FOOD RESOURCES OF THE WORLD

ØMajor crops: wheat, rice, maize, nearly 1600 million metric tonnes
are produced annually.
ØMountain region: potatoes, barley, oats, rye.
ØWarm and wet region of Africa, Amazonia, South Pacific: sweet
potatoes, cassava.
ØDry regions of Africa, Rajasthan: drought resistant sorghum, millet.
ØAnimal food sources are rich in proteins and fats. Sea food rich in
phosphorus.
ØIndian scenario: 300 million Indians are undernourished.

Made by Dr. Yogita Prabhakar


ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
1. Overgrazing

ØLand degradation:

• removes vegetal cover, soil compaction

• organic recycling declines as enough detritus or litter is not available

• trampling of cattle reduces percolation of water

ØSoil erosion

• Vegetal removal leads to soil erosion due to strong wind, rainfall,


etc.

Made by Dr. Yogita Prabhakar


Ø Loss of species
• overgrazing(अतिचराई) adversely affect the population plants along with
their regeneration capacity.
• Juicy fodder species like Cenchrus, Dichanthium, Panicum and Hetropogon
are replaced by unpalatable and thorny plants like Parthenium, Lantana,
Xanthium, etc.
• Fodder is being replaced in Arunachal Pradesh and Meghalaya.

2. Agriculture
Ø Traditional agriculture

• small plot, simple tools, naturally available water, organic fertilizers and
mixed cropping(मिश्रित खेती).
• Low in production as it is build up under more natural conditions(प्राकृतिक
वातावरण).
• Practiced by half of the global population.
Made by Dr. Yogita Prabhakar
ØImpacts of traditional agriculture:
• Deforestation: slash and burn
• Soil erosion
• Nutrient depletion due to slash and burn
ØModern agriculture and its impact
• Uses hybrid seeds, machinery, fertilizers, pesticides, water for
irrigation.
• Impacts of high yield varieties: encourage monoculture, incase of
attack by pests/pathogen complete devastation of crop.
• Micronutrient imbalance: macronutrients: N,P,K, extensive usage
leads to shortage of micronutrients. Eg. Excessive usage of fertilizers
in Punjab and Haryana has caused deficiency of zinc (micronutrient)
in soil.
Made by Dr. Yogita Prabhakar
ØNitrate pollution
• leach down to the groundwater and pollute it.
• >25 mg/L causes methaemoglobinemia or blue baby syndrome
• Majorly affects infants.
• Sufferers: Denmark, England, France, Germany, Netherlands, many
parts of India.
• Eutrophication: N and P from the agricultural fields reach nearby
water bodies (over nourishment) due to run off. This is known as
eutrophication (eu=more, tropic=nutrition), leading to algal blooms.
Algal species use up nutrients and grow faster, producing toxins and
badly affecting the food chain. Algae quickly complete there life
cycle and die, adding organic matter to the water body. Fishes die to
toxins and oxygen depletion, caused due to decomposition of
organic matter (a process which consumes oxygen). It affects the
fauna and finally a stage is attained where only pathogenic bacteria
can survive.
Made by Dr. Yogita Prabhakar
ØProblems related to pesticide usage:

• Thousands of pesticides are applied in agriculture sector


• First generation pesticides: sulphur, arsenic, lead, mercury

• Second generation pesticides: DDT (Dichlorodiphenyl


trichloroethane), discovered by Paul Mueller in 1939.

• Side effects:

• Creating pest resistant species- some species survive even after


pesticide spray. They give rise to highly resistant species. Currently,
20 species of pest are known to become immune to all types of
pesticides and are called as “super pests”.

• Death of non-target organisms-pesticides have a broad spectrum


poison, killing non-targeted species too.

• Biological magnification-majority of the pesticides are non-


biodegradable in nature and thus accumulate in in food chain.
Made by Dr. Yogita Prabhakar
ØWater logging-over irrigation and inadequate drainage causes water
logging. Solution- sub-surface drainage, bio-drainage with
eucalyptus trees.

ØSalinity-occurs due to accumulation of sodium chloride, sodium


sulphate, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, etc, I,e, irrigation by
canal or groundwater.Solution-flushing with water , perforated
drainage. Eg. The Central Soil Salinity Research Institute(CSSRI)
located in Karnal, Haryana converted Zarifa Viran to Zarifa Abad
village, using research applications.

Made by Dr. Yogita Prabhakar


CASE STUDIES
1. Salinity and water logging problem in Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan:
ØVillages in Panipat, Rohtak, Delhi suffering from salinity
ØIn 1886 “Reh committee” drew attention of government highlighting close
relationship between irrigation, drainage and spread of “reh” and “usar”
soils
ØFloods in 1947, 1950, 1952, 1954-56 in Punjab resulted in excess of water
logging with serious drainage problems
Ø Canal irrigation in 1.2 m ha in Haryana resulted in rise in water table
followed by water logging and salinity, causing huge economic loss, due to
failed crop productivity.
Ø “Indira Gandhi Canal Project” has been responsible for great suffering in big
area of Western Rajasthan, have changed from “water starved wasteland”
to “water soaked wasteland”. Made by Dr. Yogita Prabhakar

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