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Agri Handout For JSS1 New

The document outlines a first term scheme of work for Agricultural Science in JSS1, covering topics such as the meaning and importance of agriculture, historical development, branches of agriculture, and forms of agriculture. It includes objectives, content, evaluation questions, and weekend assignments for each week. The curriculum emphasizes the significance of agriculture in providing food, employment, and raw materials, as well as various branches like soil science, crop science, animal science, and fishery.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

65 views107 pages

Agri Handout For JSS1 New

Uploaded by

Ukoh Owoidoho

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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JSS1 FIRST TERM

SCHEME OF WORK AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE

1 Meaning and Importance of Agriculture.

2 Importance of Agricultural contd.

3 Historical Development (Evolution) of Agriculture.

4 Areas/Branches of Agriculture I.

5 Areas/Branches of Agriculture II.

6 Forms of Agriculture I.

7 Forms of Agriculture II.

8 Crop Plant Forms.

9 Classification of Crops Based on Life cycle.

10 Classification of Crops Based on Uses.

11 Revision.

12 Examination.

1
WEEK ONE
TOPIC: MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE
OBJECTIVES:At the end of the lesson the students should be able to

1 Definition of Agriculture.

2 Importance of Agriculture.

CONTENT

DEFINITION OF AGRICULTURE

Agriculture is defined in many ways. Any of the following definition is accepted when defining
the term.

Agriculture is the deliberate effort made by man to till the soil, grow crops and rear animals
for food and other purposes.

Agriculture can also be defined as the art or practice of growing crops and raising of animal
for man’s use.

Agriculture can also be defined as the science, art and business of growing crops and rearing
animal for man’s use.

The word agriculture is derived from Latin word “ager” and “cultura”. “Ager” means field/land
and “cultura” means to cultivate or to till the soil and prepare it for the planting of crop.

Agriculture can be traced to the earliest human societies. They relied on hunting and the
collection of fruits and roots for food and subsequently began planting near their dwellings
(caves) which laid the foundation of crop production.The domestication of animals later
followed and this was what laid foundation for the development of modern animal husbandry

The system of agriculture practiced by the early man is called hunting and gathering.

Questions

What is agriculture?

Name the system of agriculture practiced by early man.

IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE

1. Provision of food. It is only through agriculture that man can get food. It provide food
inform of maize, yam, milk, egg etc. for human consumption.

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2. Provision of materials for clothing: Agriculture provides fibre and cotton for textile. It
provides hides and shelter, clothing, shoes, belts, caps and bags.

3. Provision of materials for shelter: Agriculture provides material essential for building
such as plants doors, windows, roofs, partitions, floor etc

THEORY QUESTIONS

What is Agriculture?

State seven four importance of Agriculture

What is Agriculture?

List three basic necessities of man.

In what five ways is Agriculture important to man?

Mention four importance of Agriculture.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

THEORY

What do you understand by the term ‘Agriculture’?

State four importance of Agriculture.

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WEEK TWO
TOPIC: IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE (CONTD)
IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE (CONTD)

1. Provision of employment:Agriculture and other agric based industries provide

employment opportunities for a great number of the population.

2Source of foreign exchange:Through the export of agric produce like cocoa, kola, groundnut
coffee, cotton etc., the country can earn foreign exchange.

3. Generation of income: Agriculture generates income for farmers through sales of crops
and products as well as animal and its products.

4. Development of town:Development occur where Commercial Agriculture is practiced

as social/ basic amenities like electricity, good road and pipe – borne water will be provided

5. Provision of raw materials for industries: Agriculture supplies several industries with
raw materials for their continuous existence e.g. beverage. Industries depending on cocoa,
Textile industries, sugar industries, plywood and furniture industries, oil mill industries,
Tobacco industries livestock food mill etc.

6. Provision of facilities for recreation and tourism: It leads to the establishment of game
reserve. It provides horse for racing and Polo-game

7. Provision of market for industrial goods:Agriculture provides market for industrial

products such as farm machinery, chemicals,fertilizers etc.

EVALUATION

1. What is agriculture?

2. State seven (7) importance of Agriculture.

GENERAL EVALUATION

What is Agriculture?

List three basic necessities of man.

In what five ways is Agriculture important to man?

List three examples of food.

List three industries that make use of agricultural products.

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WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. The following are career choices in agriculture except ____ (a) teaching (b) lumbering

(c) researching (d) tailoring

2. Fibre is the raw material for ____ industries (a) drugs (b) food (c) beverages

(d) textile

3. Which of the following industries makes use of agricultural products? (a)Mining

(b) Transport (c) Beverage (d) Automobile

4 Thekind of Agriculture in which farmers produce enough to feed himselfand excess is

sold is called ____ A. Subsistence Agriculture B. Mixed Farming C. Crop rotation D.
Commercial Agriculture.

5. Which one of these tools did the early man use for his hunting expedition?

(a) Harvester (b) Bomb (c) Gun (d) Sticks

THEORY

What do you understand by the term ‘Agriculture’?

State eight importance of Agriculture.

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WEEK THREE
TOPIC: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
AGRICULTURE
CONTENT

Development of Techniques through the Ages.

Development of Agriculture in Nigeria.

DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUES THROUGH THE AGES

The early man gathered wild fruits, nuts, roots and leaves for food as well as trapping fishes
and wild animals. Caves, hollows and trees served as his shelter while his clothings were
mainly leaves and skins. With time, he developed skills and instruments for his hunting
expedition. He used pointed sticks, sharp bones or stones but later arrows, slings and guns
were invented. The forest land where he collected food was enough for him to feed. There
was no shortage of food, so he did not think of ways of producing food. However, as people
increased, food gathering was no longer enough for them.

DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN NIGERIA

The Agricultural methods of Egyptian farmers combined with the older traditional farming
practices of West Africa have produced the basis of Nigerian Agriculture today.In the last 300
years, crops from other parts of the world have been brought to West Africa by traders.
Bananas and plantains were originally from Asia while groundnuts and cocoa came from
America.

QUESTIONS

1. What did the early man do to get food before the population of people increased?

2. How did cocoa and groundnut get to Nigeria?

THEORY QUESTIONS

Mention the sources of food, shelter and clothing for the early man.

What is the origin of plantain and banana?

Name the system of Agriculture being practiced by the early man.

What is the origin of cocoa?

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What is the origin of groundnut?

OBJECTIVE

1. The early man gathered the following for food except ………..

(a) fruits (b) trees (c) nuts (d) leaves

2. Which one of these tools did the early man use for his hunting expedition?

(a) Harvester (b) Bomb (c) Gun (d) Sticks

3. Banana and plantain originated from ……………..

(a) U.S.A. (b) Ghana (c) Asia (d) India

4. Groundnut and cocoa were brought to Nigeria from ………….. by …………….

(a) U.S.A.; tourists (b) U.S.A.; traders (c) Asia; tourists (d) Asia; traders

5. The idea of modern day Agricultural practice came from ………………

(a) the idea of too many animals around (b) the idea of germinating seeds that were
dropped by man (c) the idea of rivers and streams (d) the idea of sunshine

THEORY

1. List out any five kinds of food the early man fed on.

2. State any two: a) tools used by the early man for hunting expedition,

b) sources of his shelter, and

c) sources of his clothing.

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WEEK FOUR
TOPIC: BRANCHES OF AGRICULTURE II
CONTENT

Soil science

Crop science

Horticulture

Agricultural Economics

Agricultural Engineering

Agricultural Extension

BRANCHES OF AGRICULTURE

This refers to the various field of study in agriculture. It goes beyond that to explain different
areas in which a person interested in practicing agriculture might decide to specialize in. As
we have learnt in the previous lessons that agriculture encompasses the production of food
of all kinds be it plant produce or produce from animals this tells us that there are vast areas
in which an agriculturist, farmer, researcher, trader or even student can dive into. The
following are the some of the prominent branches in agriculture. Under each branch there
could be a whole lot of sub branches.

1) SOIL SCIENCE

Soil science is the science which deals with the study of the soil, its formation,the physical and
chemical properties of the soil. The soil is the home of the roots of plants. The roots spread in
all directions and by holding on the soil, the plant is kept in position. Plants draw all their
water and nourishment from the soil. The soil is therefore the source of food for plant,
animal and man.

2) CROP SCIENCE

Crop science teaches the principle and practice of cultivating and managing crop plants grown
for human and animal consumption or for industrial uses. Crops include maize, rice, yam,
cowpea, tomato etc. When this study is widened to include other plants which are not eaten
by human beings or animals, it is known as Plant Science.When crop science and soil science
are combined to form one field of study, then we have Agronomy.

EVALUATION

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What are the braches of Agriculture?

What is Soil Science?

What is Crop Science?

3) HORTICULTURE

This is the scientific, study or practice of growing fruits, vegetable, ornamental

plants/flowers and plantation crops for profit or pleasure.Ornamental plants are used in
beautifying places. E.g. Palm tree, Christmas tree, Allamanda, Rose flower.

QUESTIONS

What is Horticulture?

What is Animal Science?

4)AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

Agricultural Economics deals with the business aspects and development of agriculture. It is
more concerned with the financial or economical aspect of Agriculture. It handles the
marketing area of agricultural products.

5) AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

Agricultural Engineering is concerned with the repairs and fabrication of different simple and
heavy duty mechanical implement.Agricultural implement can be broadly classified into
simple tools and heavy machines. The simple tools such as cutlass, hoe, spade e.t c. are used
mainly by small scale/local farmers.

The heavy machines worked by mechanical power include ploughs, ridgers, cultivator, etc.

6)AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION

This is the process or system which assists farmers through educational procedure in
improving farm methods and techniques.Methods of disseminating new ideals and techniques
to farmers include mass media, individual method and group method.

At the end of the lesson students should be able to ;

1 Define Agricultural Engineering?

2 Mention two examples of simple tools.

THEORY QUESTIONS

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List five areas of Agriculture.

What is Agricultural Engineering?

What is Agricultural Extension?

What is Horticulture?

List five Agricultural farm tools.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

The area of agriculture that deals with the business aspects and development is otherwise
known as (a) agricultural economics (b) agriculture finance (c) agriculture business (d)
agriculture marketing.

The area of agriculture that concerns the repairs and fabrication of different simple and heavy
machine is called (a) agriculture Engineering (b) agriculture repairer (c) agriculture mechanic
(d) machine fabricator

The study of composition of the soil is …………… A. Soil science B. Crop science C. Animal
science D. Medicine

The personnel concerned with the teaching of local farmers the improved modernmethods of
agriculture is called ____ (a) Extension Agent (b) Agriculture Teacher (c) Farmers

Teacher (d)Extension Activist.

The following are methods of disseminating new ideal to local farmers except ____

(a) phoning (b) mass media (c) individual method (d) group method.

THEORY

State and define any five branches of Agriculture.

Differentiate between Crop Science and Animal science.

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WEEK FIVE
TOPIC: BRANCHES OF AGRICULTURE II
CONTENT

Animal science

Fishery

Forestry

7) ANIMAL SCIENCE

This is the science which deals with animal husbandry. It embraces the selection, breeding,
feeding and management of livestock for profitable production of meat, eggs, wools, hide
and skins and other products. When the field study is about wild animals, it is known as Wild
Life Science.

8) FISHERY

This is the scientific study of rearing fish which can either be in artificial ponds, cages, and
other enclosure to provide food, oil and other useful materials or even pleasure. When the
field of study includes rearing of shrimp’s prawns, oysters, crabs, turtles, water plants and
other water dwelling animals or plant, it is usually called Aquaculture. It also involves their
preservation, cleaning and marketing. Fishes can be preserved by freezing, smoking, sun
drying, salting and canning.

QUESTIONS

Define fishery.

What is aquaculture?

9) FORESTRY

Forestry is the branch of agriculture that is concerned with the forest and its
resource,Resources of forest include timber, wild animals, minerals etc. Forestry practiced for
the production of timber is called, silvicultureExample of forest trees include iroko, obeche,
opepe, mahogany, acasia etc.

10) APICULTURE (BEE KEEPING)

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It is the care and management of honeybees to enable them produce plenty of honey and
bees wax. The honey and bees wax produced are then collected for human use. A place where
bees are reared is called a ‘bee yard or an apiary’. The rearer of bees is called apiarist.

11) HELICULTURE (SNAIL REARING)

Snail farming is the rearing of snails in cages or fenced areas. The fenced areas are called snail
pens. The cages or pens contain soils that can hold water. Food foe snails are provided in the
form of plants and decaying plant parts.

THEORY QUESTIONS

What is Forestry?

What is Fishery?

List five examples of fish.

List three example of forest trees.

Differentiate between Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

Which of the following is an oil crop? A. Cocoa, coffee, kola B. Coconut, pineapple, pear C.
Onion, amarathus, cucumber D. Coconut, groundnut, cotton

All the following are careers in Agriculture except A. Horticulture B. Mining C. Crop Farming D.
Fish Farming

Career opportunities in Agric means A. farm settlement B. Farm administration C.

Opportunities of going to school D. Chances available for school leavers in the field of
agriculture.

Which of the following groups are crops of the same family? A. Yam, cocoyam, cassava,
potatoes, cabbage B. Rice, maize, millet, guinea corn, barley C. Orange, ginger, pineapple,
pawpaw, cashew D. Amarathus, spinach, onion, barley.

Aquatic organisms are the major source of A. starch B. protein C. Fat D. Vitamin.

THEORY

Write short notes on any two of the following

Animal science. Fishery. Forestry.

State five importance of agriculture.

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WEEK SIX AND SEVEN
TOPIC: FORMS OF AGRICULTURE I
CONTENT

Subsistence

Commercial

FORMS OF AGRICULTURE

This refers to the scale, type or level in which agriculture can be practiced. They are:

Subsistence agriculture

Commercial agriculture

Whichever scale of agriculture is been practiced, it usually is a crop farm, an animal or

livestock farm or a mixture of both.

Crop farming involves the growing, caring and harvesting of crops such as maize, cassava,
yams and beanse.t.c. for human and industrial uses while Livestock Farming is the rearing of
animals examples are pig, sheep, goat, cow, chicken, rabbit etc. either or both of these
farming can be done using the following systems

Shifting Cultivation: This involves growing of crops in one area for two or three years and then
move to another area to farm. The first area is left for up to five years or more to re-grow
before it is cultivated again.

Crop Rotation: This is the growing of crops on the same piece of land following a particular
arrangement of the crops. It is used only on a small piece of land.

Mono-cropping: This is the practice of growing only one crop on a piece of land. It enables
farmers to use machines on their farms thereby increasing their productivity and efficiency.

Mixed-cropping: This is the practice of growing many different crops on the same farm at the
same time. It is the most common system of farming practiced by many small farmers in West
Africa.

Mixed-farming: This is the growing of crops and keeping of animals like sheep and goats at
the same time on the same farm.

Taungya Farming: This is the growing of food crops in parts of a forest where some useful
trees have been removed.

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Ley farming: this is the practice of growing food crops and pasture crops.

Nomadic farming: this is movement of livestock and their herdsmen from place to place in
search of food.

Ranching: this is another system of rearing animals in confinement on a large expanse of land
that have natural vegetation or planted pasture for animals to feed on.

SUBSISTENCE FARMING

This is the farming system that provides food just enough for the farmer and his immediate
family.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBSISTENCE FARMING

Farmers provide just enough food to feed themselves and their families.

They cultivate very small areas using simple farm tools.

It is practiced by peasant (poor) farmers.

It employs unskilled labour.

The returns or output are usually very low.

It involves the use of family labour.

It involves little or low capital.

Limited use of Agrochemicals (e.g fertilizers, insecticides e.t.c.)

Mixed cropping system is usually practiced.

Unimproved varieties of crops or breeds of animals are used.

QUESTIONS

What is subsistence Agriculture?

List five characteristics of subsistence Agriculture.

COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE

Here farmers cultivate large farm areas with the major purpose of making profit. It involves
planting one type of crop in large farms called plantations.

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE

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Sole cropping system of farming is practiced. (i.e. farmers plant just a crop).

Large area of land is cultivated.

It requires a lot of money to establish i.e. it is capital intensive.

Skilled labour is required.

Yield or output is usually high.

Only rich farmers can be engaged in commercial agriculture.

Agro-chemicals like Fertilizers are used.

Huge capital is used to set it up.

Improved varieties of crops are used to set it up.

GENERAL QUESTIONS AND REVISION QUESTIONS

What are the two major forms of Agriculture?

List five characteristics of subsistence farming.

List and explain five farming systems?

List five differences between subsistence and commercial Agriculture.

Mention five tools used by subsistence farmers.

List five characteristics of commercial Agriculture.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

The kind of Agriculture in which farmers produce enough to feed himself and excess is sold is
called? A. Subsistence Agriculture B. Mixed Farming C. Crop rotation D. Commercial
Agriculture.

Commercial farming is ____ intensive. A. capital B. Labour C. Raw materials D. farm

Subsistence Farming involves the cultivation of a ____ piece of land. A. small B. large C.Sizable
D. workable

Which of the following is Not a characteristic of subsistence farming? A. It is practiced by

peasant farmers B. Large land area is cultivated C. Family labour is used

Only ____ farmers can be involved in commercial farming A. poor B. powerful C.rich D. strong

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Fishes can be preserved by the following except ____ A. freezing B. smoking C. wind drying D.
salting

The type of crop farming which involves growing of crops in one area for two or three years
and then move to another area to farm is called A. Mixed farming B. Mixed cropping C.
Shifting cultivation D. Taungya farming

Cultivation and management of crop is ____ A. Animal Science B. Soil Science C. Crop Science
D. Surgery

The type of farming which involves the growing of crops and planting of trees at the same
time is known as A. Mixed cropping B. Livestock farming C. Crop rotation D.Taungya farming

Young fishes used in breeding adult fishes are called ____ A. Fingerlings b. Prey C. Ray D.
Shark

What is Subsistence Agriculture?

Give three differences between commercial and subsistence farming.

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WEEK EIGHT
TOPIC: CROP PLANT FORMS
CONTENT

Flowering plant

Parts of flowering plant

The root system

The shoot system.

Functions of parts.

FLOWERING PLANT

Flowering plants or angiosperms are plants that produce flowers which have ovaries. Each
ovary encloses young seeds called ovules. It is the ovary which later develops into a fruit while
the ovules become mature seeds.Most of the plants we grow in our gardens or farms are
called flowering plants.There are two divisions of flowering plants namely:
monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous. The name cotyledon refers to the natural leaf borne
by the seed of a plant.Cotyledon is otherwise known as seed leaf.

QUESTIONS

What are flowering plants?

Give five examples of flowering plants.

PARTS OF FLOWERING PLANTS

A flowering plant whether monocot or dicot is made up of two major parties namely the root
system and the shoot systems.

THE ROOT SYSTEM: The root system refers to the lower portion of the flowering plant which
contains neither leaves nor reproductive organs. It develops underground and holds the
whole plant firmly in the soil. The root system has many root hairs through which water,
mineral salts and other nutrients enter the plant. In some crops, roots also store food. The
root has at the apex a protective cap of tissue called the root cap. The root system contains
one main or tap root side or lateral and root hairs. This type of root system is called a tap root
system. For example in cowpea, pepper, orange, mango and guava. In other plants, all the
roots are of almost the same length and thickness. These is no main root this is called fibrous
root system example include maize, rice, guinea corn and palm oil.

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QUESTIONS

List the parts that form the shoot system of a flowering plant.

Where is the root system found?

SHOOT SYSTEM

The shoot system of a flowering plant is differentiated into the stem, bud leaf, fruits, flower
or inflorescence when the flower is fertilized, it develops into a fruit which contains the seed.

STEM:It is the entire stand that carries the plant in place and it originates from that part of
the embryo with the seed known as epicotyl.

THE BUD: This is an embryonic on young shoot that has the capacity to produce leaves and
branches. If a bud develops into branch bearing foliage leaves, it is called a leaf bud.

A flower bud is one which produces flower. A bud at the end of the shoot is called a terminal
bud or apical bud. If in the axial of leaf, it is called axillary bud and from any other part of the
shoot is adventitious bud.

THE LEAF: the leaf arises as an exogenous outgrowth of the stem apex. It is from the side of
the apex of a stem. As it progresses in its development, it grows outward from the leaf base,
revealing the final shape and form characteristics of the species.

THE FLOWER:The flower is a modified plant part specialized for reproduction and is
responsible either directly or indirectly for bringing into existence new plants in order to
perpetuate species.

THE SEED: a seed is a ripened ovule;it is the result of the changes which takes place in the
ovule after fertilization.

THE FRUIT: A fruit is a fully developed and ripened ovary or the result of the changes which go
on in a flower due to fertilization.

QUESTIONS

What is a flowering plant?

Give three examples of flowering plant.

FUNCTIONS OF PARTS OF FLOWERING PLANTS

FUNCTIONS OF THE ROOT

The root fixes the plant in the soil.

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The root absorbs water and mineral salts from the soil for the use of the plant.

Sometimes, roots also function as storage organs as in the case of the cassava.

In an uncultivated land, the root system enriches the surface layer of the soil with the
nutrients necessary for the plant growth.

The roots of some plants are used in preparation of drugs.

The roots of some plants such as carrot are used as food.

Roots also prevent soil erosion.

Roots are used in vegetative propagation, for example in sweet potato.

QUESTIONS

Outline five functions of root.

State two types of roots

FUNCTIONS OF STEM

The stem conducts material to and from the leaves.

Itsupports the leaves and distribute them in space so that they receive adequate light.

The stem also stores food as in the case of sugar cane.

It is used as cutting for propagation as in cassava, bitter leaf etc.

Woody stem supplies timber, for building etc.

Some stems, such as bamboo stem and the thick are used as poles.

The barks of some stem are used for medicinal purposes.

It supports the flowers. It exposes them for pollination.

QUESTIONS

Mention three functions of the stem.

State two economic importance of stem

FUNCTIONS OF LEAF

The leaf is the main seat of photosynthesis.

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The leaf carries out transpiration an activity which ensures absorption from the soil and this
helps to control transportation in plants.

It serves as food in form of vegetables which can give vitamins and mineral to the body.

Dead leaves serves as manure to the soil.

Leaves are also used as drug.

QUESTIONS

State the functions of leaves.

State the functions of stems.

FUNCTIONS OF FLOWER

It produces of seeds for the perpetuation of the species.

It is used for decorative purposes.

It is also used for natural dyestuffs.

FUNCTION OF BUD

It produces the leaves, branches and flowers.

FUNCTIONS OF SEED

The seed serves for reproduction.

The seed serves for food.

FUNCTIONS OF FRUIT

It is an agent for seed disposal and survival.

It serves as food to man.

GENERAL QUESTIONS AND REVISION QUESTIONS

State the functions of flowers.

State the functions of seed.

List three parts of flowering plants.

List three parts of a leaf.

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What is Horticulture?

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

The distance between two nodes on a plant is called____________ A. bud B. internodes C.

radicle D. apex.

The shoot system in a plant consists of the following except A. stem B. leaf C. root

D. flower

3. The other name for a “main root” is____ A. tap root B. lateral C. adventitious D. fibrous.

4. A fully developed and ripened ovary is called ____A. fruit B. seed C. flower D. bud.

5. A ripened ovule is otherwise known as ____A. seed. B. fruit C. flower D. bud.

THEORY

Name the parts that form the root system of a named plant.

Name the part that forms the shoot system of a named plant.

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WEEK NINE
TOPIC: CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS BASED ON
LIFE CYCLE AND MORPHOLOGY
CONTENT

Meaning of Life Cycle

Annual Crops

Examples of Annual Crops

CLASSIFICATION OF BASED ON ITS LIFE CYCLE

LIFE CYCLE OF A CROP

Lifecycle of a crop is the number of years it will take the crop to germinate, mature, flower,
produce seeds and die.Crops can be classified into three classes on the basis of their life cycle,
the classes are:

(A) annual

(B) biennial

Annual Crops: Annual crops are the crops that grow and complete their lifecycle within one
year. They germinate, mature, flower, produce seeds and die within one year. Examples of
annual crops are cotton, maize, cowpea and millet.

Biennial Crops: Biennial crops are crops that take two years to complete their life cycle. In the
first year, they produce leaves and branches, in the second year, they produce and store food,
flower have fruits and then die. Example of biennial crops are; cassava, onion, carrot and
cocoyam.

Perennial Crops: Perennial crops are crops that take more than two years to complete their
life cycle. Example of perennial crops are; mango, cocoa, pawpaw, oil palm, rubber etc.

EVALUATION

1. What is meant by life cycle of a crop?

2. list the various classes of crops based on their life cycle.

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CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS BASED ON MORPHOLOGY

There are two broad classes of crops based on what they look like (morphology). They are

Monocotyledons and

Dicotyledons

MONOCOTYLEDONS

Monocotyledons are plants that have seeds which possess just one cotyledon each or one
seed leaf, example of monocotyledons are palms, cereal e.g. rice, millet, guinea corn, maize ,
oil palm etc,

CHARACTERISTICS OF MONOCOT

They have fibrous roots i.e. the roots are almost of the same size.

They have long slender hollow stem which bear few or no branches.

The stems are soft, that is they lack cambium tissue, a layer which is responsible for the
thickening of stem in dicotyledons.

The leaves are long and narrow.

The leaves have parallel veins, that is main veins which are parallel to one another.

They have one seedleaf.

QUESTIONS

What are monocotyledons plants?

State fiveexamples of monocots.

Draw a monocot plant and label.

DICOTYLEDON PLANTS

Dicotyledons are plants that have seeds with two cotyledons each or two seed leaves.When
the seeds split open, they give two parts. These are cotyledons. Examples of dicotlyledons are
cowpea,soyabean, cotton, groundnut, orange, mango, tomato, waterleaf etc.

CHARACTERISTICS OF DICOT PLANT

They have tap root.

They have a main stem bearing several branches.

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They have cambium tissue in their stem.

Their leaves are short and broad.

Leaves have net venation.

They have two seed leaves

They have leaves with petioles or stalks.

Their flowers have either five or multiple of five parts.

QUESTIONS

What is dicot?

List five example of a dicotyledon plant.

Mention three characteristics of dicotyledon plants.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MONOCOT AND DICOT PLANTS

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS

1. They have one seed leaf they have two seed leaves

2.Their leaves have parallel veins they leaves have net venation

3.They have fibrous root system they have tap root system

4. The leaves have smooth margin their leaves are with rough or serrated margins

5. They have hollow stems with no they have cambium tissue in their stem.

Cambium tissue.

6. They have long slender leaves. theirleaves are short and broad.

GENERAL QUESTIONS AND REVISION QUESTIONS

What are monocot plants?

What are dicot plants?

Give five examples of monocot plants.

Give five examples of dicot plants.

In tabular form,distinguish between monocot and dicot plants.

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READING ASSIGNMENT

Junior Secondary Agriculture for Nigerian Schools by A. Yondeowei Bk. 1. Chapter 3, pages 23.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

Dicotyledonous plants have ___ (a) One cotyledons (b) two cotyledons (c) three cotyledons
(d) four cotyledons

The following are example of dicot plants except

(a) cowpea (b) groundnut (c) soybeans (d) Maize.

Which of these crops is not an annual crop? (a) cotton (b) cowpea (c) cocoa (d) orange

The leave of tomato plant possesses what type of venation (a) parallel (b) Net (c) vertical (d)
cross.

Crops that complete their life cycle in more than two years are called _________

(a) Perennials (b) Biennials (c) Annuals (d) Decennial

THEORY

1. a. Define dicotyledonous plant.

b. State five examples.

2. Outline five characteristics of dicot plants.

3. Mention three examples of annual crop.

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WEEK TEN
TOPIC: CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS BASED ON
THEIR USES.
CEREALS: They belong to grass family.They are grown for their seed. Examlpes are maize,
sorghum, millet, rice and wheat.

LEGUMES(PULSES): They are eaten as good source of plant protein. Examples are; soya bean,
cowpea and groundnut.

SUGAR CROPS: they are grown for sugar, eg sugarcane.

BEVERAGES AND STIMULANTS: They are used for making non-alcoholic drinks.E.gcocoa, tea,
coffee, kolanut and tobacco.

ROOT AND TUBERS: They store food in underground parts and eaten by man. E.g cassava,
sweet potato, yams and cocoyams.

FRUITS: They are eaten fresh or canned. E.g. orange, mango, banana and pineapple.

OIL CROPS: The oils and fats in them are used for cooking, e.g. groundnut, soyabean,
sunflower, coconut, cottonseed, sheabutter etc.

VEGETABLES: Their leaves or fruits are eaten fresh or boiled. E.gokro, water leaf, amaranthus,
bitter leaf, cabbage, onion etc.

SPICES: They are added to food to make it taste or smell better. E.g ginger, pepper, garlic,
lemon grass, locust bean etc.

FIBRE CROPS: They are grown for their seeds, stem and leaves. The fibre are used for making
cloths, sacks, carpets and ropes. E.g cotton, jute, kenaf and sisal.

LATEX AND GUM CROPS: They produce liquids from which gum or rubber are made. Eg
rubber.

ORNAMENTAL CROPS: They are grown for decoration of our enviroments. Examples are;
roses, pride of Barbados, marigold etc.

DRUGS: Products extracted from these crops are used to make medicinese.g kola, opium,
lemon grass, neem plant etc.

FORAGE CROPS: They are grown for feeding animals.e.g elephant grass, gambagrasse.t.c.

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GENERAL QUESTIONS AND REVISION QUESTION

What are annual crops?

What are biennial and perennial crops?

List five examples of forage crops.

List three examples of fibre crops

What are ornamental crops?

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

Which of these crops is an oil crop? A.cowpea B. groundnut C.maize D.rice

___ is a beverage crop A. cassava B. banana C.coffee D. yam

___ is a fibre crop A. rubber Bcotton C. cabbage D. rice

___ is a legume crop. A.groundnut B.orange C. colanut D.yam

___ is a latex crop A.yam B.rubber C.kenaf D. cocoa

THEORY

List seven crops and their uses.

Mention two vegetable crops.

GENERAL QUESTIONS

What do you understand by the lifecycle of a plant?

Define Annual crops.

Mention three Annual crops.

What are Biennial crops?

List three examples of Biennial crops.

OBJECTIVE

1. Crops that complete their lifecycle within two years are known as ___________

(a) Biennial (b) Annual (c) Perennial.

2. Crops that complete their lifecycle within one year are called ____________

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(a) Annuals (b) Perennial (c) Biennial

3. Crops that complete their life cycle in more than two years are called _________

(a) Perennials (b) Biennials (c) Annuals

4. Which of these crops is an annual crop?

(a) Cassava (b) Rubber (c) Maize

5. Which of these crop is not an annual crop? (a) cotton (b) cowpea (c) cocoa

THEORY

What are annual crops?

Mention three examples of annual crop.

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SCHEME OF WORK AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE JSS1

(BASIC 7) SECOND TERM

1. Classification of crops based on the life cycle

2. Classification of crops based on uses (a) food crops (b) oil, spices, latex beverages,
fibre ,etc. (c) As sources of nutrient: Carbohydrates, proteins, fat/oil, minerals and vitamins

3. Ecological distribution of crops/factors affecting distribution of crops in Nigeria (Map of

Nigeria required).

4. Forms of farm animals e.g. work animal, diary animal, guard animal, poultry bird ,etc.

5. Forms of farm animals (cont’d)

6. Classification of farm animals based on-Habitat-Aquatic and terrestrial, Mammals and Non-
Mammals.

6. Classification of farm animals based on Digestive system-Ruminants and Non-Ruminants.

7. Characteristics of farm animals e.g. Cattle, Goat, Sheep, Pig, Poultry, Rabbit.

8. Breeds of farm animals, e.g. Cattle, Goat, Sheep, Pig, Poultry, Rabbit.

9. Uses of farm animals – Food, Work, Income, etc.

10. Ecological distribution/ factors affecting distribution of animals in Nigeria.

11. Revision

12. Examination

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WEEK 1
TOPIC: CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS
CONTENT: CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS

OBJECTIVE;

Students should be able to

1: Define Classification of Crops

2.Give three examples of perennial crops

3.Name five crops that are perennial

Crops can be classified based on their life cycle or lifespan: Thus crops are classified into
Annual, Biennial and Perennial Crops.

ANNUAL CROPS: These are crops, which complete their life cycle (length of life) within one
year or in one growing season. These crops grow into maturity, flower, produce seeds and
eventually die within one year. Examples are maize, rice, sorghum, okra, tomato, yam, etc.

BIENNIAL CROPS: These are crops, which take two years or two seasons to complete their life
cycle. The vegetative parts grow into maturity in the first year or season, while the fruits or
tubers are produced in the second year or season. Examples are cassava, cocoyam, onion
bulbs, carrots, cabbage, etc.

PERENNIAL CROPS: These are crops, which take more than two years to complete their life
cycle. Their lives cover several growing seasons. Perennial crops are also called permanent
crops. As you keep on maintaining them, they keep on producing from year to year. Examples
are Rubber, Cocoa, Oil Palm, Orange, Mango, Pawpaw, Cashew, Guava, Tea, etc.

EVALUATION: What is the other name of Perennial Crops? Give 6 examples.

Identify 10 different crops grown in your school farm and write the class they belong

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WEEK: 2
TOPIC: Classification of crops (based on uses):
(a) Food and Feed crops (b) Industrial crops: Oil, Spices, Latex, Beverages, Fibre ,etc

OBJECTIVE

Students should be able to;

State

State classification of crops based on food and feed crops

(ii)State Classification of crops based on industrial crops.

Sub-Topic 1: Food and Feed Crops.

These are crops used as food for man and his livestock. Some of these crops are sources of
essential nutrients, e.g carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, etc . FOOD and FEED crops are
grouped as follow :

CEREAL CROPS: These crops belong to the grass family called Gramineae. They are grown for
their seeds or grains and are rich in carbohydrates.

Examples are Rice, Millet, Rye, Maize, Sorghum (Guinea corn), wheat, Barley, Oats etc.

GRAIN LEGUMES (PULSES): The legumes or peas belongs to the family called LEGUMINOSEAE.
They supply proteins in the food . Legumes have some bacteria in their roots’ nodules that
fix nitrogen into the soil .

Examples are Cowpea, Soya-beans, Groundnuts, Pigeon-peas, lima beans, Clover, etc.

VEGETABLE CROPS: These are crops grown for their leaves and fruits. They are usually eaten
fresh and green or boiled. They supply proteins, vitamins , minerals and also serve as
roughage.

Examples are Okra, Tomatoes, pumpkin ( Ugu) Water-leaf, Lettuce, Cabbage, Cucumber,
Onion, Bitter-leaf, Amaranthus, etc .

ROOT AND TUBER CROPS: These are crops that store food in underground stems or roots.
They are major source of carbohydrates.

Examples are Cocoyam, Cassava, Sweet potato, Yam and Irish-potato.

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Fruit crops: They grown mainly because of their fruits which supply vitamins and sugar to the
body.

Examples include mango, guava, orange, pineapple, pawpaw, banana, cashew etc

Sugar crops: These are crops that supply sugar to the body. Example is Sugar cane

Beverage crops: They are crops that are grown for beverage drinks( e.g. bourvita, tea,
coffee) . Examples are cocoa, coffee and tea.

Oil crops: They are crops that are grown for vegetable oil used for cooking, making pomade,
candle, margarine.

Examples are oil palm, groundnut, coconut, melon, cheese butter

Spices: These are crops that are used to flavor food. Examples are ginger, onion, pepper ,
thyme, curry, locust beans

FORAGE CROPS: These are grasses and legumes grown mainly for feeding farm animals. They
are otherwise called feed crops.

Examples of forage crops are Elephant grass, Guinea grass, Centrosema, Gamba grass,
Pueraria, Stylosanthes gracilis.

Sub-Topic 2: Industrial crops

Industrial crops are used in the manufacture of various useful items . These include

FIBRE CROPS: These are crops grown specifically for their fibres. Fibres are used for making
clothes, Carpets, Sacks, Ropes, Twines and Papers. They may be produced from Fruits or
Seeds , Stems or Leaves. Examples are Cotton, Jute, Kenaf, Hemp, Sisal, Raffia, etc.

NUT CROPS: They grown mainly for their oil. Examples are cashew, coconut , groundnut

LATEX CROPS: These are crops whose stems or fruits produce Sap(fluid) which may be used as
gum or coagulated to form rubber.

Examples are Gum Arabia ,Para-Rubber(Hevea brasiliensis), Indian- Rubber(Ficus elastic).

DRUG CROPS AND STIMILANTS: These are medicinal plants which contain chemical
substances that produce an action in the human body. Examples are Tobacco, Cocaine,
Quinine, Eucalyptus, Neem tree, Indian hemp or Marijuana Dongoyaro etc. Examples of
stimulants are Kola, Lime, The active material is usually present in their Roots, Seeds, Leaves,
Barks, Woods, etc.

ORNAMENTAL CROPS: These are crops grown for the purpose of making our environment
beautiful. They include Flowers, House Plants, Hedge Shrubs and Lawn grasses. Examples are

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Roses, Sunflower, Pride of Barbados, Acacia, Ixora, Hibiscus, Marigold, Lily, and some water
plants.

QUESTIONS

1. What are industrial crops?

2. List four industrial crops with three examples for each

3. Highlight four food and feed crops with two examples each

4.Name five forage crops

PRE-READING ASSIGNMENT: Read about the ecological distribution of crops and factors
affecting distribution of crops in Nigeria.

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WEEK 3
TOPIC: ECOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CROPS IN
NIGERIA
0BJECTIVE: students should be able to;

1. State requirements of all crops

2. State three reasons why rubber and cocoa cannot be grown in the northern part of Nigeria

Sub-Topic 1: DISTRIBUTION OF CROPS

Distribution of crops refers to region where each particular crop is mostly adapted in Nigeria.
Successful adaptation of crop to the climatic and soil condition of an area is known as
Adaptability. Different crops require different climatic and soil conditions for their normal
growth and development.

THREE ECOLOGICAL REGIONS IN NIGERIA

Coastal Region of Nigeria is where the mangrove forest occurs, paddy rice and rubber can
profitably be grown.

Rain Forest region of the South, the crops adapted to the environment are mostly oil-palm,
cocoa, banana, kola-nuts, rubber, tuber crops and root crops of various types.

Savanna Region areas of the North, the crops grown are mainly cereals and legumes because
they do not require high rainfall.

Sub-Topic 2: Factors Affecting Distribution Of Crops In Nigeria:

A . Climate: The climatic factors that determine where a particular crop is found are

i. Rainfall

ii. Temperature

iii. Relative Humidity

iv. Sunshine

RAINFALL: Crops depend mainly on rainfall for their water supply. Although this water can be
got from underground and by irrigation. Water requirements of crops vary from crop to crop.

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E.g. Banana requires much water , it is grown in the South. While Millet or Sorghum requires
low water and it is grown in the North.

TEMPERATURE: There is a temperature range within which a crop can attain it maximum yield.
They have minimum or maximum temperature, therefore those crops that can survive high
temperature are majorly grown in the northern parts while those that thrive under low
temperature are grown majorly in the southern parts.

RELATIVE HUMIDITY: Some crops require very cool temperature , e.g. Irish Potato which is
grown in cool Northern areas like Jos.

SUNSHINE: Sunshine is very necessary for the growth of all crops. It is an essential element in
the photosynthetic activity of the plants . Some crops like cereals require long hours of
sunshine while others like cocoyam require shorter hours to produce well.

B. SOIL FACTOR(SOIL CONDITIONS) : Soils vary in physical as well as chemical properties.

Some crops require sandy to loamy soils, e.g. Groundnuts while some require clay soil, e.g.
Swamp Rice.

Soils also vary in pH levels and some crops do well in soils of low pH level others require high
pH.

C. HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON LAND: Man has also influenced crops distribution by supplying
water through irrigation and damming, therefore making production of crops that require a
lot of water possible in drier areas . Fertilizers have been applied to poor soils to improve
their fertility , while organic manures has been applied to clay soils to improve water
retention

QUESTIONS

1. Outline four climatic factors affecting the distribution of crops in Nigeria.

Which regions in Nigeria can these crops be grown? Rubber, Millet, Kola-nut, Oil-palm,
Sorghum.

1. In what ways has man influenced crops distribution ?

Pre-Reading Assignment: Read about forms of farm animals .

Student Activity: Draw the map of Nigeria showing distribution of crops.

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WEEK 4
TOPIC: FORMS OF FARM ANIMALS
OBJECTIVE

Students should be able to;

1. Meaning of Farm Animals

2 Forms of Farm Animals

3 characteristics of farm animals.

CONTENT:

Sub –Topic 1: Meaning of farm animals

Farm animals are animals that are reared by man for different purposes. Farm animals include
goats, sheep. Rabbits, poultry, cattle, pigs fish, snails etc.

Forms of farm animals

1.Work Animals: These are animals that are used for work on the farm. they are used for
carrying loads, ploughing, harrowing and ridging.

Examples of work animals are cattle e. g bullocks [Sokoto Gudali , White Fulani] , horses,
camels and donkeys. These animals are referred to as beasts of burden.

Characteristics:

· They are well built with good body conformation.

· They can survive or travel long distance without water.

· They are rugged and have very great strength.

2.Dairy Animals: These are animals reared purposely for milk production. Examples are
cattle[White Fulani, Sokoto Gudali Red Bororo]; Goats[Nubian goats, Jumnapari and surti of
Indian]. Milk provides protein vitamins and minerals.

Characteristics:

· They are lean and have angular form of body.

· They have well developed mammary gland system.

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· They have high food conversion efficiency for production of milk.

3.Guard Animals: These are animals domesticated or tamed and used for protecting life and
properties from danger .

Examples are dogs, parrot, cat etc.

Characteristics

· They are easily controlled.

· Most of them are of an average size.

· They can be trained and tamed to suit our purpose e.g security.

· They are sensitive to human behavior.

Explain the following with examples [I ]Guard animals [ii] Dairy animals.

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WEEK 5
TOPIC: FORMS OF ANIMALS ( CONTD)
OBJECTIVE ; At the end of the lesson students should be able to ;

1. mention three examples of the following I Aquatic animals ii poultry

4.Poultry:These are domesticated birds raised for meat, eggs or feather. Examples of poultry
birds are domestic fowl, guinea fowl, turkey, geese and ducks.

Characteristics:

· Poultry bird a have medium body size.

· They do not give birth to their young ones alive [they lay egs].

· They have simple stomach.

· They are prolific animals, they lay and hatch many eggs into chicks.

· Their body is covered with feathers and they have two legs.

· They are best managed by intensive system .

5.Pets:These are animals kept as companion, treated with great care and affection.

Examples are dogs, cats, parrots, canaries, pigeon,monkeys, etc.

Characteristics:

· They are easily domesticated.

· They live freely with human beings .

· They can feed on food that are taken by human beings.

· They can be trained to be harmless.

6.Aquatic Animals: These are animals that live inside water like rivers, lakes, dams ponds and
streams. Examples are prawn, oysters, lobsters, crabs, periwinkles, turtles, squids, shrimps,
fish, frogs, etc

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QUESTIONS:

List two characteristics of the following animals:

(i) Poultry (ii) Pet

Objectives:

1 .The animal that has feather and two legs is called ________

(a) Poultry

(b) Rabbit

(d) Goat

2. The animals that are easily domesticated and live freely with human beings are called——–

(a) Dairy animals

(a) Guard animals

(d) Work animals

3. The following animals give birth to their young ones alive EXCEPT

(a) Pigs

(b) Dogs

(d) Turkey

4. Production of one offspring only in a year is characteristics of

(a) Cattle

(b) Goat

(d) Rabbit

5.Animals that have the ability to survive or travel long distance without water are called

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(a) Dairy animals

(b) Work animals

(c) Pet animals

(d) Poultry birds.

Theory:

1.(a) State one major characteristics of poultry birds.

(b) List five poultry birds.

2. (a) Explain the meaning of pet animals.

(b) Mention two characteristics of pet animals

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WEEK 6
TOPIC: Classification of farm animals.
OBJECTIVE

Students should be able to;

1 . Classification based on the habitat

2. Classification based on mode of reproduction and feeding of

their young ones.

CONTENT:

Introduction: Farm animals can be classified into different classes using different criterial.
These includes; their sizes, their habitat ,how they reproduce and feed their young ones and
the type of stomach they have.

Sub-topic one: Classification Based On Their Habitat

Habitat means where someone or something is living. Some farm animals are living on land
and we called them terrestrial animals. Example of such animals are: cattle, sheep, goats, pigs
fowls camels etc. Some other farm animals live in water and are called aquatic animals. E.g.
fish shellfish, hippopotamuses etc.

There are some terrestrial animals, however, that live on trees and are called arborial
animals e.g. birds.

All living things need oxygen for survival. Terrestrial animals obtain oxygen directly from the
atmosphere, but aquatic animals obtain oxygen dissolved in the water where they live.

Evaluation:

1. What are terrestrial animals?

2. Give four examples of the following:

Arborials

Aquatic animals.

Terrestrial animals.

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3. Where does the aquatic animals get their oxygen requirement?

Sub-topic 2: Classification based on mode of reproduction and how they feed their young
ones.

Using this criteria, farm animals can be classified into two group which are:

-mammals

-non-mammals

Mammals are those animals that bear their young ones alive and have their bodies covered
with hair. They equally feed their young ones with milk from their mammary
glands(breast).Examples of mammals are: goat, sheep, cattle, pigs, guinea pigs, rabbits.

Non- mammals are animals which produce their young ones by laying and hatching eggs.
Examples are birds, fishes, lizards , snails, snakes.

QUESTIONS:

1. Differentiate between mammals and non- mammals.

2. Mention five examples each of each

3. State three characteristics of mammals.

Week end assignment:

1. Make a ten list of the example of the following:

Mammal

Non-mammals

4 Draw and label the two types of stomach farm animals can have.

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WEEK 7
TOPIC: Classifications of Farm Animals Based on
Types of Stomach
At the end of the lesson students should be able to;

1. Define Ruminant animals

2. Define non ruminant animals

Farm animals, especially mammals can be classified into two groups, according to the type of
stomachs that they have . The first group is ruminants while the other group is non-ruminants.

RUMINANTS are animals that chew the cud. When ruminant is resting, it has ability to bring
back from the stomach what it has eaten, to its mouth again and chew it properly
(Regurgitation) .This habit is known as chewing the cud. This they can do because, they have
complex stomach .The complex stomach of a ruminant is made up of four cavities
(chambers)which are: rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum

Examples of ruminants are : Cattle, Sheep, Goat ,

QUESTIONS

1 Mention two characteristics of a ruminant

2. Explain the term chew the cud

3. Mention the four stomach compartment of a ruminant.

Sub-Topic 2: NON-RUMINANTS( MONOGASRICS)

Non- ruminants are animals that have simple stomach. They are other wise called
monogastric animals. This group of animals have single stomach compartment . Examples of
such animals are : rabbits, pigs, guinea pigs, horse

QUESTIONS

1. What are monogastrics?

2. Mention three examples of monogastric animals

Week end assignment:

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Junior secondary Agriculture (workbook 1)by Anthony. Youdeowei et-al pages 22- 23

Draw the simple stomach of a monogastric and the complex stomach of a ruminants.

Read on the characteristics of farm animals .

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WEEK 8
TOPIC: Breeds of Farm Animals
At the end of the lesson students must be bale to

CONTENT: (1)Define Farm animals.

(2) Characteristics of Cattle & Sheep.

(3) Breeds of farm animals

Sub-Topic 1: Farm Animals

Farm animals have certain basic features that make them belong to a particular group .These
characteristics help to differentiate them from other forms of animals and also enable some
of the animals to adapt to their natural habitat .Examples of farm animals include:
Cattle,Sheep,Goat,Pig,Poultry,Rabbit,Fish,Snails,Guinea-Pig,Grass-Cutter,Donkey & Horse.

CATTLE: Cattle belong to hoofed mammals. Some are humped (Bos indicus) e.g.Sokoto
Gudali, Red bororo &White Fulani while others are humpless (Bos Taurus) e.g. Muturu
&N’dama. Cattle is raised mainly for meat and milk.

Characteristics of Cattle:

Cattle are ruminant animals. They are large –bodied animals. They have large udder with four
glands .They have four pairs of hoofs on each limb .Beef cattle are lighter than the dairy
type .Some cattle are used as work animals e.g.Sokoto Gudali,White Fulani ,N’dama e.t.c.
Some are resistance to trypanosomiasis e.g. N’dama, Muturu, etc. Gestation
period(pregnancy period ) is 283 days.

SHEEP :They originated from Iran or Iraq in Asia .Sheep is raised in all country of the world for
meat (mutton) ,milk and wool .They are important in Tropical Africal countries like Northern
Nigeria,Ethiopia,Kenya ,Somalia,Sudan and Tanzania.

Characteristics of Sheep:

Sheep are ruminants mostly raised extensively for meat, milk and wool .They are small bodied
ruminants ,hollow-horned and even toed .Only male have horns except Ouda The male are
heavily manned . Gestation period is 150 days. Examples of sheep are :Balami,TheFulani (Ouda
), Yankasa (Hausa ), West African Dwarf(WAD) Sheep. .

QUESTIONS

1. State five farm animals that are raised in Nigeria.

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2. Mention four characteristics each of (i) Cattle and (ii) Sheep.

Sub-Topic 2: Characteristics of Goat and Pig.

GOAT: They are important ruminants that can adapt and maintain themselves in very harsh
environment. They can withstand diseases, high temperature and can survive where other
animals cannot .Goats are raised for meat, milk and skin. They are small bodied animals .Both
sexes have horns .Goats are scavengers and very inquisitive .Gestation period is 150 days.
Examples of goats are: Red bororo (Maradi),Fulani (Sahel ),Kano brown,Nubian and WAD goat.

PIG: They are most productive of all farm animals . A sow (matured adult female pig) can
produce between 8 and 16 litters at a time .Pigs are raised for meat and lard. They are
omnivorous animals .They are good converters of feed into meat. They mature early and can
breed anytime of the year. Pig production requires small initial capital with high
return .Gestation period is 114 days .Examples of pigs are :Landrace ,Large
white(Yorkshire),Duroc Jersey ,Large black ,Poland china ,Chester white e.t.c.

QUESTIONS

1. State four features each of (i) goat) and (ii) pig.

2. State five breeds of pig we have.

Sub-Topic 3: a. Characteristics of Rabbit.

b. Characteristics of Poultry.

c. Characteristics of Horse.

RABBIT: They are .prolific animals that can produce up to four times in a year. Rabbit are
found both in temperate and tropical countries .They are raised for their meat, skin (pelt) and
hair (fur). They are easy to house ,handle and manage. They reach maturity weight in about 5-
6 months .Rabbit meat is of good quality .They are prone to stress and the rate of cannibalism
is high . Examples of rabbit are: California white, California red , Chinchilla, New Zealand
white, Flemish giant, Angora Dutch Rabbit, Australia White, West African Rabbit(Giant Rat)
etc.

POULTRY: Poultry are birds raised for meat ,eggs or feathers. They are found both in
temperate and tropical countries. Types of poultry birds are: Domestic fowl, duck,
turkey ,goose ,guinea fowl, pigeon . Fowl is the most popular of all and this makes the
discussion on poultry to be centred on domestic fowl .Domestic fowls are grouped into
two :Local fowl and Exotic fowl.

The local fowls are light in weight ,hardy ,resistant to diseases ,poor growth rate, low egg
production and production of white eggs .

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Exotic fowls are grouped into two :Light breeders and heavy breeders

(i) Light Breeders : small sized, body early maturity ,good egg production, production of
white shelled eggs e.g. leghorn.

(ii) Heavy breeders: large sized body, slow maturity, poor egg production, production of
brown or tainted shelled eggs e.g. Rhode Island Red, Sussex.

HORSE: It is a non-ruminant animal raised mainly for work on the farm , riding for pleasure
and sport, transportation of goods and human beings and for traditional ceremonies such as
“Durbar festivals” in the Northern states of Nigeria.

QUESTIONS

1. Mention four features of rabbit.

2. State five types of domesticated birds that were referred to as poultry.

3. Mention three uses of a horse

Sub Topic 3: BREEDS OF FARM ANIMALS

CONTENT: (1) Breeds of Cattle

(2) Breeds of Sheep and Goats

(3) Breeds of Pigs and Rabbits

Sub-Topic 1: Breeds of Cattle

A .Meaning of Breeds: Breeds refer to kind or variety of animals with hereditary qualities
that are developed by people in a controlled way.

B. Breeds of cattle: There are many breeds of cattle these, include: White Fulani ,Red bororo,
Jet koram, Shuwa Arab, Yola or Adamawa(These can be used for dairy purpose.), N’dama ,Kuri
or Lake Chad, Muturu (WAD),Ghana short horn (These can be used for beef production.)

Terms used for Cattle:

Bull: A matured adult male cattle

Cow: A matured adult female cattle.

Calf: Young one of cattle of either sex.

Heifer: A matured young female cattle not yet producing calves.

Bullock: A castrated bull

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Calving: The process of giving birth to young ones by cow.

Beef: Meat of matured cattle.

Herd: Group of cattle.

Veal: Meat of young cattle.

Gestation period: This is the period of pregnancy. (283days)

EVALUATION:

1. Define breeds.

2. List four breeds of cattle that can serve the following purposes

I dairy ii. beef

Sub-Topic 2: Breeds of Sheep and Goats

BREEDS OF SHEEP:

There are three well known breeds of sheep in West Africa. They are:

(i) The Ouda (The Fulani) – The commonest and the most widespread of all breeds of
sheep. .Ouda originated in Egypt. The rams have large ,wide and spiral horns.

(ii) Yankasa (and Balami) –These are commonly found in North Central Nigeria .The rams
have long curved horns .Both are white in colour.

(iii) WAD Sheep-This is the smallest breed of sheep found in humid areas of W .Africa.

Terms used for Sheep:

RAM: A matured adult male sheep.

Ewe: A matured adult female sheep.

Lamb: A young sheep of either sex.

Wether: A castrated ram.

Mutton: Meat of sheep.

Lambing: Parturition in ewe.

Flock: Group of adult sheep

Gestation period :150days

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BREEDS OF GOAT: They are the earliest domesticated and the most widely distributed
animals with high concentration in Africa and India .Goat have ability to withstand harsh
weather conditions. The common breeds of goats are : Sokoto red (maradi),Kano brown, Sahel
goat, Borno white and WAD goat.

Terms used for goats.

Billy :A matured adult male goat .

Nanny :A matured adult female goat.

Buck :A male goat of breeding age.

Doe : A female goat of breeding stage .

Kid :A young goat of either sex .

Kidding :Parturition in doe.

Chevon : The meat of goat .

Castrate : A castrated male goat .

Herd : Group of goat .

Gestation period : 150days.

EVALUATION.

(I) The most widespread of sheep is——-

(II) State four breeds of goat you known

Sub-Topic 3: Breeds of Pigs and Rabbits

BREEDS OF PIGS :

Pigs are the most prolific (productive) of all farm animals .They are omnivorous and heavy
feeders. Pig production is not as popular as goat production because of social, economic and
religious reasons.

Breeds of pigs includes:

WAD pigs,

Large white(Yorkshire),

Land race,

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American

Duroc,

Hampshire , large black, Chester White, polar China, Tam Worth e.t.c

TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING PIGS:

Boar: A matured adult male pig.

Sow: A matured adult female pig.

Hog (Barrow): A castrated boar.

Piglet: A young pig of either sex.

Barrowing: Parturition in sow.

Pork: Meat of pig.

Lard: Fat from pig.

Gestation period: 114days

BREEDS OF RABBIT: A productive animals that can produce up to four or five times in a year.
It is not a native to tropical Africa but can do well under local tropical conditions . Examples of
breeds of rabbit are :Flemish giant ,California rabbit, New Zealand rabbit ,
Chinchilla ,Checkered giant ,Dutch spotted rabbit etc.

TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING RABBIT:

Buck: A matured adult male rabbit .

Doe: A matured adult female rabbit

Kitten: A young rabbit of either sex .

Colony: A group of rabbit.

Kindling: Parturition in doe.

Gestation period : 29 – 30 days

QUESTIONS

1. Define breed.

2. State four breeds of (a) cattle (b) sheep (c) goat (d) pig (e) rabbit

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3. Mention four products that can be gotten from cattle ,sheep goat, pig and rabbit.

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WEEK 9
TOPIC: USES OF FARM ANIMALS
OBJECTIVE;

Students should be able to

1 ) Define farm animals and give examples

(2) State the uses of farm animals.

CONTENT:

Farm animals are basically animals that can be domesticated and used by man. Examples
include: cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, poultry, rabbit, fish, snail,

Farm animals are reared for the following purposes. They are reared for food, work, clothing,
security/protection, sport and recreation, fertilizer, medicine, raw materials and livestock
feed. Let us explain each of the usage briefly.

FOOD: Many food products are derived from farm animals. We get products like meat, milk,
eggs, wool/hair from farm animals. Also animals by-products like feathers, bones, blood,
droppings/dung, fat/oil are derived from farm animals. Food products and by-products from
farm animals are very useful to man and industries.

WORK: Bigger farm animals can be used to work in the farm. Bullocks can be used to draw
working machinery like plough, harrows, ridger while cultivating the soil. Donkey, camels are
used to carry farm loads, while horse is used for transportation.

CLOTHING: Animals products such as wool, skin and furs are used for clothing. Skins and
fibres from cattle, sheep and used for clothing and leather materials. The can be used for
foot wear, bags and drum. Feathers of poultry are used in the production of pillows and
mattresses.

Period 2

Security and Protection: Some farm animals e.g dogs and parrots are used for protection. The
dogs assist the guards while protecting the house. Their barking alert the occupants of a
house about strange person entering the house. The parrots also make some sounds to give
information to the keeper in a house. The noise these animals make disturb the intruders into
a house.

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Sport and Recreation: Farm animals like horse and chicken (fowl) are used for sporting
activities. Horse is used for games like horse rating and polo game. In Mexico and Philipines,
chicken are used for popular sport, like chicken fights.

Fertilizer: Animal droppings from poultry, goats, sheep, rabbit and cow dung are good source
of organic manure (fertilizer) which are used to enrich the nutrient of the soil. That is what is
referred to as farm yard manure.

Medicine: Medicines are manufactured from substances taken from the body of some farm
animals. Thyroid glands, hormones (insulin) taken from the body of sheep and cattle can be
used to cure diabetes. For example, insulin is used to cure diabetes. Vaccine is obtain from
egg white (albumen) which is used by the doctor to treat people.

Raw materials: Some animals products and by-products are used by the agro-allied industries.
Animals bones, hooves, are used for adhesives. Fats are use candles, soap and points.

Livestock feed: The blood and used farm animals that have be slaughtered can be used as
feed ingredients e.g. bone meals and blood meal.

QUESTIONS

(A) Name 8 farm animals.

(B) Name 2 products we get from each animals below (1)cattle (b) pigs (c) poultry (iv) fish

(C) Mention 4 uses of farm animals.

(D) Mention 2 animals that can be used for security.

Weekend Assignment:

Objectives:

(1)Farm animals are those animals that can be …………… by man.(a) fed (b)friendly
(c)domesticated (d) eaten.

(2) Which of the following is not a farm animal (a) dog (b) turkey (c )ram(d) antelope.

(3) Which of these farm animals provides wool and fur(a)fowl and rabbit (b)Sheep and rabbit
(c) goat and sheep (d) cows and pig.

(4) Milk can be obtained from ……….and………….. animal (a) sheep and dog (b) cow and fpwl
(c) rabbit and goat (d) goat and cow.

(5)Which of these animals CANNOT be used for sport.(a)horse (b)chicken(c)cock(d)bull

Theory:

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1. Name 6 farm animals and products each of the animals.

2. Name the animals that the following products are derived a. fat, b. skin, c. mutton d. beef

e. dung f. feathers g. pork h. eggs i. scales. j. milk k. droppings. L. horns.

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WEEK 10
TOPIC: Distribution of Farm Animals and Factors
Affecting the Distributionof Farm Animals in
Nigeria.
Content: (1) The Distribution of Farm Animals

(2) Factors Affecting the Distribution of Farm Animals.

Sub-Topic 1: Distribution of farm animals in Nigeria.

Many Farm animals commonly reared by farmers are found in different parts of the nation,
due to some factors that favoured their growth and development.

Below shows the major farm animals and the state where they are majorly found.

Cattle Kano , sokoto ,Kaduna

Goats/sheep Northern states and some other parts of the nation e.g oyo, ondo, Ekiti

Poultry Most of the major cities in the nation

Fish States with large water bodies

Pigs Most southern states e.g Edo, Delta, Rivers and other places where the
weather is conducive

Rabbits Cities where poultry are successfully reared.

Sub-Topic 2: Factors Affecting the Distribution of Farm Animals in Nigeria

The most important factors affecting the distribution of farm animals in Nigeria include

(1)Culture of the people

(2) Climate

(3) Availability of natural pasture

(4) Religion of the people

(5) Incidence of pests and diseases.

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Culture of the People: Animal rearing is a common occupation of families in the northern part
of Nigeria. Most of the cattle, sheep and goats are from the north. That means that the
northern Nigeria farmers have a culture of animal rearing.

Climate: Climate is the average weather condition of a place over a long period of time.
Climatic factors such as rainfall, temperature, light, wind and relative humidity determines the
type and number of farm animals in a particular place. For instance in the north, where rainfall
and relative humidity is low, cattle, goats and sheep are better reared than any other part.
Much rainfall in the south increases the spread of pests and diseases and consequently
affects animal production.

Religion of the people: Religion is also an important factor in the distribution of farm animals.
For instance, goats and rams are more abundant in the northern and western parts of Nigeria
where most of the Muslim live. They use these animals for festivals. Muslim religion forbids
the eating of pigs. So, pigs are not common in the north where the Muslims are in large
population.

Availability of natural pasture: Natural pasture are grasses used to feed cattle, goats and
sheep. These grasses are more in the north and as such favored the rearing of those animals.

Incidence of pests and diseases: Tsetse fly which a carrier of the parasite, trypanosome which
cause the disease known as trypanosomisisss is prevalent in the south. much rainfall and big
trees in the south contribute to the increase of tsetse fly.

Evaluation (a) Why are cattle commonly found in the north?

(b) Name 4 weather elements that are responsible for the distribution of farm animals in
Nigeria

(d) Mention one state where the following animals are mostly reared (i) goats (ii)fish (iii) bull
(iv)fowl

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:

Objectives:

1. Which of these farm is not majorly reared in the northern states?

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(a) fowl (b) pigs (c) goats (d) sheep

2. Which of these farm animals is affected mostly by tsetse fly bite? (a) goats (b) sheep (c)
pigs (d) cattle

3. One of the following animals can be reared in many cities of the nation, Nigeria. (a) poultry
(b) goats (c) cow (d) pigs

4. Trypanosomiasis is a disease that is among the cattle reared in the ———- (a) East (b)
West (c) South (d) North.

5. Availability of grasses favours the rearing of ———-

(a) pigs (b) cattle (c) fish (d) rabbits.

Theory:

1. Name 5 farm animals and write their major producing states.

2. Give 4 reasons why some farm animals are found majorly in the south and while others are
found majorly in the North.

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JSS1 THIRD TERM
SCHEME OF WORK AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
1. Revision (Weed And Pest Control)

2. Factors of Production (Land)

3. Factors of Production (Labour)

4. Factors of Production (Capital)

5. Factors of Production (Management)

6. Field Trip

7. Farm Manager (Definition and Function)

8. Problems of Farm Managers

9. Revision

10. Examination

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WEEK ONE
TOPIC: REVISION (WEEDS AND PEST CONTROL
CONTENT

• Definition of Weed of Pest

Types and Classification of pests

Physical control, Chemical control and Biological control

REVISION QUESTIONS

1. What is a pest?

2. Mention two classes of pests.

3. What are weeds?

4. List five examples of weeds

5. State three features of weeds.

6. Describe four methods of controlling weeds

7. What is a pest?

8. State two types of insect-pests with two examples of each.

9. Mention five possible damage done by pest to crop

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Herbicides are applied to the soil or to weed plants with machines known as B. Sprayers, C.
Tractors , and D. weeders. A. Spreader

2. Chemicals which can help to kill weeds are best known as A. larvicides B. Insecticide C.
Herbicide D. Rodenticides.

3. Which of these is very difficult to use if the number of pests is high? A. chemical control B.
physical control C. biological control D. cultural control.

4. The following are effects of weed except A. They make land cultivation difficult B. Weeds
compete with cultivated crops for the nutrients in the soil C. Transmission of insects, fungi
and other organisms harmful to crops

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WEEK TWO
FACTORS OF PRODUCTION (LAND)

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson students should be able to

1. Define land?

2. Mention five characteristics of land

CONTENT

INTRODUCTION

• DEFINITION

• CHARACTERISTICS

Production is the process of combining and converting input to give rise to output. This
process is aided by Land, Labour, Capital and Management (Entrepreneurship) all otherwise
referred to as factors of production. So therefore factors of production are the resources that
ensure the production of goods in agriculture.

Land refers to where productive activities such as growing of crops, rearing of animals and
establishment of farmstead, e.t.c are carried out.it is the most important asset of the farmer.
Land for agricultural production can be acquired in the following ways

1. Purchase: out rightly buying the land and assuming full ownership.

2. Lease/Rent: paying the land owner (individual/government) a stipulated amount gain

access to using the land for a stipulated

time

3. Gift

4. Inheritance

Land is limited in supply (its amount cannot be increased in a geographical area) and thus its
availability for agricultural practise is largely dependent on

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1. Population growth (the more the people, the less the available land for agricultural

practices)

Land tenure system: this refers to the way in which land is acquired.

Topography

Ecological and fertility status of the soil.

• Economic factors such as cost of land, availability of capital to start up, cost of cultivating on
the land, ease of transporting produce to the market, laws of the land etc.

• Socio-cultural factors such as religious and traditional beliefs.

• Climatic factors of the geographical area.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LAND

1. Land is the gift of nature or a natural resource

2. It is immobile (fixed factor).

3. It is subject to the law of diminishing returns.

4. The reward of land is rent collected from tenants.

5. Availability is subject to the Land Use Act in Nigeria.

6. It is limited in supply especially in highly populated areas.

7. Its suitability influences output

8. Its quality can be improved by various methods. 9. Its value is determined by its location

10. Land can appreciate or depreciate.

USES OF LAND

Land use is broadly divided into two:

AGRICULTURAL USES OF LAND

The following are uses of land to the farmer/in agriculture:

1. for forestry

2. for establishing game reserves/wildlife conservation.

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3. for livestock production such as fish farming, apiculture, rearing pigs etc.

4. for crop farming.

5. as collateral for loans.

NON-AGRICULTURAL USES OF LAND

The following are non- agricultural uses of land

1. Land is used for construction purposes, e.g roads, airports etc.

2. Land is used for social or recreational purposes

e.g. stadia, schools, markets, etc

3. Land is used for residential buildings.

4. Land can also be used for industrial buildings

5. Land can also be used for mining purposes e.g extraction of petroleum, gold, etc

APPRECIATION OF LAND

Land can appreciate (increase) in its value through the following ways:

1. Fallowing- allowing farmlands to rest thereby regaining its lost nutrients.

2. Addition or use of fertilizers or manure to increase its fertility.

3. Use of clean uninfected inputs, e.g. planting| materials like seeds.

4. Weeding/clearing to remove weeds that compete with crops for nutrients and space

5. Good and appropriate soil tillage that can prevent soil erosion.

6. Irrigation- the artificial application of water to soil to supplement insufficient rain.

7. Good access roads to ensure proper usage of land

8. Good drainage- the artificial removal of excess water from soil to promote crop growth.

9. Increase in population density-which makes land expensive to acquire.

DEPRECIATION OF LAND

Land can depreciate or decrease in its use or value through the following ways:

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1. Erosion menace- this removes the top soil

2. Infestation by weeds- these remove weeds from soil

3. Infestation by pests- these pests reduce the yield of crops if present in the soil.

4. Infestation by disease- this also reduces the yield of crops.

5. Continuous cultivation without the use of fertilizers or manure.

6. Abuse on land, e.g overgrazing, indiscriminate bush burning.

7. Dumping of toxic materials as it tends to reduce soil fertility.

8. Water-logging- this also reduces soil fertility and land for farming.

GENERAL QUESTIONS

1. Define a land.

2. Mention eight characteristics of land

3. State five Non- agricultural Uses of Land.

4. List five ways through which land can appreciate and depreciate.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Allow farmlands to rest thereby regaining its lost nutrients. A. irrigation B.

Drainage C. Crop rotation D. Fallowing

2. Land can appreciate in its value through the following except A. Use of fertilizers B.
Irrigation C. Water-logging D. Good drainage

3. Dumping of toxic materials on land can reduce A. soil structure B. soil texture C. soil fertility
D. soil porosity

4. The reward of land is interest D. loan A. rent B wages C.

5. Land can be used as collateral for? A. Profit B..

loans C. Debt D. Wages

THEORY

1. What is a land?

1. List five characteristics of land.

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WEEK THREE
LABOUR
OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson the students should be able to;

1. Define Labour?

1. State five features of Labour.

DEFINITION

• FEATURE

• TYPE

Labour includes all forms of productive human efforts put into or utilized in production. It
also

refers to man's mental and physical exertions generated to aid the process of production.

FEATURES OF LABOUR are:

1. it is mobile

2. it feelings and cannot be used anyhow.

3. the unit of labour is man-hours or man-days.

4. the reward of labour is wages and salaries.

5. it is a variable asset.

6. its size and quantity influence production or output.

7. its output can be improved by training.

TYPE OF LABOUR

The type of labour an individual provides is dependent on the training or education he or she
received. The following are types of labour:

1. Skilled labour:highly educated and technical to provide the expertise for farm operations.

2. Semi-skilled labour: averagely educated to perform simple farm operations.

90
3. Unskilled labour: basic education to communicate and provide manual effort for farm
operations.

FORMS OF LABOUR

Forms of Labour available to farmers are:

1. Personal labour: this is the labour provided by the owner of the farm.

2. Family Labour: these refer to the labour provided by the man, his wife and children i.e.

the farmer's family.

3. Communal Labour: This is the kind of labour provided by neighbours and the community.

4. Hired or Paid Labour: this is the kind of labour that is paid either daily or they receive salary
at the end of the month.

USES/IMPORTANCE OF LABOUR IN AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISE

1. It uses other factors for production.

2. Skilled labour provides the expertise required for major farm operation.

3. Labour ensures the success of any agricultural

enterprise.

4. It helps to achieve the various stages of agricultural production.

5. It converts natural resources into usable products.

and is the reward of labour A. Profit and loss B. Wages and interest

GENERAL QUESTIONS

1. Define Labour

2. Mention five characteristics of labour.

3. List and explain types of labour.

4. State five importance of labour in agriculture.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. is the type of labour provided by the owner of the farm A. Family labour B. Personal labour
C Hired labour D. Communal labour

91
2. The man's mental and physical exertions generated in the process of production is refers to
as A. Land B. Capital C. Labour D. Salary

3. labour provides the expertise required for major farm operation. A. Communal

B. Paid C. Skim D. Skilled

and is the reward of labour A. Profit and loss B. Wages and interest

C. Loans and salaries D.wages and salaries.

• The unit of labour is

A.man-hours/days.

B. Man-minutes/week C. Man-month

D. Man-hour/year

THEORY

1. What is labour?

2. Explain any four forms of labour you know

92
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93
WEEK FOUR
CAPITAL
OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson the students should be able to;

1. Define capital?

2. Mention two characteristics of capital.

CONTENT

• DEFINITION

• TYPES

• SOURCES

• CHARACTERISTICS

• USES

Capital includes all man-made productive assets which are used in production. It in most cases
is referred to as money used to start up and keep running a farming venture.It is broadly
divided

into fixed ad working (variable) capital.

TYPES OF CAPITAL

1. Fixed Capital: these are capital or assets purchased for continuous use in production. In
other words, these are items or materials which are not used up during production. E.g Farm
buildings, motor vehicles, farm tools and implements, tractors, incubators, irrigation
equipment, etc.

2. Working or Variable Capital: these are capital or assets which are used up during the
process of production. Examples include: Water, feeds, drugs, cash in hand, vaccines, litters,
fertilizers, seeds, chemicals, etc.

SOURCES OF CAPITAL

Avenue from which a farmer can get money to start or ensre smooth running of a farmin
venture includes:

94
1. Personal savings

2. Gifts from friends

3. Grants or aid from government and other

organisations

4. Loan from friends

5. Loan from family members

6. Loan from banks and other financial institutions

7. Loan from government.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CAPITAL

1. It can depreciate or appreciate.

2. The reward for capital is interest.

IMPORTANCE OF CAPITAL IN AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISE

1. It is used to establish farm enterprise

2. Working capital is used in the day-to-day

running of the farm enterprise.

3. Working capital is used for paying wages.

4. Working capital is used for the purchase of farm inputs, maintenance services on the farm,
and feeding of livestock,

5. Fixed capital in form of immovable houses and farmsteads provide shelter for farm
operations

6. Fixed capital in form of machinery provides farm power for farm operations.

7. Fixed capital is used to generate more funds

8. Fixed capital is used to facilitate farm

expansion or increase farm size.

GENERAL QUESTIONS

1. Define capital.

95
2. List the types of capital you know.

3. Mention two characteristics of capital.

4. State five importance of capital in an agricultural enterprise.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Working capital is used for the following except A. purchase of farm inputs

B. maintenance services on the farm C. To achieve the various stages of agricultural

production D. feeding of livestock.

• The following are variable capital except A. vaccines B. fertilizers C. Incubators D. chemicals.

• Materials that are not used up during production are known as A. Working capital B. Fixed
capital C. Land capital D. Farm capital.

_______is the reward of capital. A. Wages B. Rent C. Interest D. Salary.

Fixed capital is A. Moveable B. Irreplaceable C. Immovable D. Replaceable.

THEORY

1. What is Capital?

2. State five importance of Capital in Agricultural Enterprise.

96
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97
WEEK FIVE
FACTORS OF PRODUCTION (MANAGEMENT)
OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson the students should be able to;

1. Define farm manager?

2. List three characteristics of a farm manager

CONTENT

• DEFINITION

• CHARACTERISTICS

• IMPORTANCE

Management refers to the organization, coordination and control of all factors of production
to ensure that the goals of the farm enterprise are met. The goals of any farm enterprise
includes

1. Making profit

2. Reducing production cost

FEAURES OF MANAGEMENT

The following are the features or characteristics of management in an agricultural enterprise:

1. Its quality influences output.

2. Its cost is determined by its quality and experience.

3. It is provided by man.

4. Its reward is profit.

IMPORTANCE OF MANAGEMENT are:

1. ensures smooth running of the enterprise.

2. ensures the enterprise is making profit.

3. ensure the effective utilization of other factors of production.

98
4. ensures that the goal of the farm enterprise are achieved.

5. ensure that all records and accounts are

adequately kept.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. refers to the to the organization, coordination and control of all factors of production to
ensure that the goals of the farm enterprise are met A. Management

B. Manager C. Enterprise D. Capital

• The reward of management is B. profit C. loss D. interest A. labour

• The cost of management is determined by A. qualification B. quality and inexperience C.

quality and experience D. quantity

The goal of farm enterprise includes all but A. to make money B. to waste money C. to
produce at the right time D. to increase consumer base

Management as a job does not involves A. keeping records B. making uninformed

decisions C. determining what to produce D. purchasing farm inputs

THEORY

1. What are the goals of a farm enterprise? 2. Define management.

99
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100
WEEK SIX
FIELD TRIP

101
WEEK SEVEN
FACTORS OF PRODUCTION (MANAGEMENT)
OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson the students should be able to;

1. Define management?

2. List five functions of a farm Manager.

CONTENT

• DEFINITION

DEFINITION

• FUNCTION

Farm manager is one who co-ordinates, organizes and controls the use of other factors of
production to produce goods and services. In other words, the work of management is carried
out by a farm manager. Decision and duties such as when to produce, what to produce, type
of production, supervision of work, recruitment of workers, and determination of what and
when to sell in order to make profit depends on (farm manager) management.

FUNCTIONS OF FARM MANAGER

The functions of a farm manager can be grouped into five major headings:

1. Organization

2. Administration

3. Production

4. Marketing

1. Organization function: this involves putting together all factors of production during
productive activities. These functions includes securing suitable land for farming, determining
what to produce, determining the scale of production, procuring loan or capital for farming,
recruiting or employing workers for the farm etc.

• Administration function: this involves ensuring good and effective working of all factors of
production. These duties includes supervision of the work on the farm, arrangement work

102
roasters, directing workers on day-to-day activities, ensuring staff welfare, organizing training
of man power in the farm, etc.

• Production function: involves the Production function: involves the right combination of the
factors of production to ensure optimal yield. Part of the function includes purchasing and
using farm inputs, ensuring the health of animals and crops on the farm, making
arrangements for general security of the farm, ensuring the adequate supply of feed, adheres
to modern farming techniques, etc.

Marketing function: this involves meeting sales targets. To ensure this, the farmer determines
the quantity of produce to sell and price at which to sell, determines the best marketing
channel to use to jest marketing channel to use to make maximum profits, determines when
to sell to make maximum profit, monitors marketing trends, arranges for storage and
warehousing of unsold produce, etc.

• Evaluation function: involves ensuring

that other functions have been done appropriately. To effectively do this, he keeps the
general records of activities on the farm, supervises accounts and bookkeeping of all
operations on the farm, analyses farm operations with respect to targets and objectives,
assesses the staffing conditions, develops new strategies for further improvement of farm
operations, etc.

GENERAL QUESTIONS

1. Define management

2. Briefly highlights the function of a Farm Manager based on

3. Organization

4. Administration

5. Production

6. Marketing

7. Evaluation

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Management in a farm determines the following except A. when to produce A. what to

produce B. type of production, C. supervises work D. granting of loans

2. Procurement of loan or capital for farming activity is one of manager A. Administration B.

Production C. Organisation D. Marketing

103
functions of a farm

3. The supervision of accounts and bookkeeping of all operations on the farm is carried out by
A. Farm treasurer B. bookkeeper C. Farm managers D. Farm supervisor

4. Which of the function of a farm manager entails caring for the health of animals/crops

on the farm? A. Organisation B. Marketing C.Administration D. Production

5. Management determines the

of the

farm. A. Production B. Enlargement

C. Profitability D. Progress

THEORY

1. What is management?

2. Mention and briefly explain five major functions of a farm Manager.

104
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105
WEEK EIGHT
PROBLEMS OF FARM MANAGER
OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson the students should be able to;

1. Define management?

2.List five major functions of a farm Manager.

Problems which a farm manager may face during the course of discharging his duties include:

1. Inadequate Information: He may lack information on where to buy farm inputs, or acquire
information on new innovations, current prices of farm produce, etc.

2. Problems of Marketing: He may not know how and where to sell his produce, at what time
to sell and at which price to sell to ma maximum profit.

3. Inadequate Farm Input: Farm input like seeds, feed, fertilizers, chemicals, etc, may be
inadequate, scarce and expensive to get.

4. Financial Problems: He may not have enough capital. Banks may not provide loans and
produce may not sell at the right price to make more money to reinvest in the business.

5. Inadequate Personnel: He may not get the right management team to work on the farm.
They may be too expensive to work on the farm.

6. Government Policies: Bad government policies like importation of food which is also
produced by the farm manager my lead to losses, discouragement and may even result in the
folding up of the business.

7. Transport Problems: He may not have a vehicle to do the running around, to deliver farm
input and to take farm produce to the market.

8. Administrative Problem: He may lack the technical know-how, good human relationship
with staff, and the condition of his health may affect the performance of his duties.

GENERAL QUESTIONS

1.Briefly explain five major functions of a farm Manager.

2. State eight functions of a farm manager.

106
3. Mention five importance of capital in an agricultural enterprise.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. The following are problems of faced by a farm manger except A. Problems of marketing B.
Inadequate personnel: C. Adequate information D. Government policies:

2. Materials that are not used up during production are known as _______ A. Working capital B.
Fixed capital C. Land capital D. Farm capital

3. Management in a farm determines the following except A. when to produce A. wh to

produce B. type of production, C. supervises work D. granting of loans The man's mental and
physical exertions generated in the process of production is referred to as D. Salary A. Land B.
Capital C. Labour

5. The supervision of accounts and bookkeeping of all operations on the farm is carried out by
______ A. Farm treasurer B. bookkeeper C. Farm managers D. Farm supervisor

THEORY

1. Briefly explain two major problems of a farm manager.

2. State three functions of a farm manager.

107

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