EEE270

Introduction to Electrical Energy

Systems
Lecture 3 - SINUSOIDAL STEADY-STATE POWER CALCULATIONS

Prof. Dr. A. Mete VURAL

mvural@gantep.edu.tr

Assist. Prof. Dr. Ali Osman ARSLAN

aoarslan@gantep.edu.tr

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The Sinusoidal Steady-State Power Calculations

• Understanding and the calculation of the

following power related definitions are very
important:
• Instantaneous power;
• Average (real) power;
• Reactive power;
• Complex power;
• Power factor.
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 Instantaneous power
i(t) v(t) = Vmcos(wt+θv) volts
+ i(t) = Imcos(wt+θi) amps
Single-phase
v(t) p(t) = v(t).i(t)  instantaneous power
load
- delivered to the load

p(t) = Vm.Im.cos(wt+Qv).cos(wt+Qi)

This equation has many terms

and not practical to use

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Power Calculations
Instantaneous Power

4
Power Calculations
Instantaneous Power

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 Power Calculations
Instantaneous Power

! The instantaneous power goes through two

complete cycles for every cycle of either the
voltage or the current.

! The instantaneous power may be negative for a

portion of each cycle, even if the network between
the terminals is passive.

In a completely passive network, negative power

implies that energy stored in the inductors or
capacitors is now being extracted
Instantaneous power, voltage, and current versus
𝜔𝑡
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AverageandReactivePower
Instantaneous
power

Assign and
Average Power Reactive Power
Real Power
Active Power
Instantaneous
power
The average power associated with sinusoidal signals is the average of the
instantaneous power over one period

Average Power

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PowerforPurelyResistiveCircuits
Instantaneous
power

Voltage and current are in phase

Instantaneous power for purely resistive circuits

The instantaneous real power can never be

negative for purely resistive circuits

=0

Reactive power of resistive

elements is ZERO
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PowerforPurelyInductiveCircuits
Instantaneous
power

If the circuit between the terminals is purely inductive, the voltage and current are out of phase by
90 degrees
The current lags the voltage by 90
degrees

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 PowerforPurelyInductiveCircuits
p

In a purely inductive circuit, the average power is zero. Therefore no transformation of energy from electric to
nonelectric form takes place.

The instantaneous power at the terminals in a purely inductive circuit is continually exchanged between the
circuit and the source driving the circuit, at a frequency of 2𝜔

In other words, when p is positive, energy is being stored in the magnetic fields associated with the inductive
elements, and when p is negative, energy is being extracted from the magnetic fields. 10
PowerforPurely Inductive Circuits
A measure of the power associated with purely inductive circuits is the reactive power Q. The name
reactive power comes from the characterization of an inductor as a reactive element; its impedance
is purely reactive. Note that average power P and reactive power Q carry the same dimension.

watt (W) for average power

var (volt-amp reactive, or VAR) for reactive power.

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Powerfor Purely Capacitive Circuits
Instantaneous
power

If the circuit between the terminals is purely capacitive, the voltage and current are out of phase by
90 degrees
The current leads the voltage by 90
degrees

The average power is zero, there is no transformation of energy from electric to nonelectric form.
In a purely capacitive circuit, the power is continually exchanged between the source driving the circuit
and the electric field associated with the capacitive elements.

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Powerfor Purely Capacitive Circuits

The average power is zero, there is no transformation of energy from electric to nonelectric form.
In a purely capacitive circuit, the power is continually exchanged between the source driving the circuit
and the electric field associated with the capacitive elements.

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PowerFactor
Power factor
angle

Power
factor

Reactive power
factor
The value of the power factor does not tell you the value of the power factor angle
because
To completely describe this angle, we use the descriptive phrases lagging power factor and leading
power factor.

Lagging power factor implies that current lags voltage, hence an inductive load.

Leading power factor implies that current leads voltage, hence a capacitive load.

Both the power factor and the reactive factor are convenient quantities to use in describing electrical
loads.
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Example
Calculating Average and Reactive Power

b) The negative value of means that the network inside

the
box is delivering average power to the terminals.
c) The passive sign convention means that,
because Q is positive, the network inside the box
is absorbing magnetizing vars at its terminals.

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 Passive sign convention
(Current is entering into BOX at positive terminal)
iBOX(t)
+
The rest of vBOX(t) BOX
the system
-

P is consumed P is generated

P>0 P<0 Q>0 Q<0

P is consumed P is generated Q is consumed Q is generated
(absorbed) by the (delivered) by the (absorbed) by the (delivered) by the
BOX BOX BOX BOX

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ThermsValueandPowerCalculations

The rms value is also referred to as the effective value

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ThermsValueandPowerCalculations

Average Power in terms of effective

values of voltage and current
Reactive Power in terms of effective
values of voltage and current

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ThermsValueandPowerCalculations

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ThermsValueandPowerCalculations
The effective value of the sinusoidal signal in power calculations is so widely used that voltage and
current ratings of circuits and equipment involved in power utilization are given in terms of rms
values.

For example, the voltage rating of residential electric wiring is often 220 V service.
These voltage levels are the rms values of the sinusoidal voltages supplied by the utility company.
Low-voltage appliances (such as televisions, computers, toasters)

For example: A light bulb, 220 V, 100 W lamp has a resistance of

2202 220
2
𝑅 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 /𝑃 𝑅= = 484Ω 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 0.4545𝐴
100 484

𝐼𝑚 = 2. 4545 = 0.6428

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Example

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Example

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ComplexPower
Complex power is the complex sum of real power and reactive power

Complex power is the same as average or reactive power.

However, to distinguish complex power from either average or reactive power, we use the units
volt-amps (VA).
We use volt-amps for complex power, watts for average power, and vars for reactive power,

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ComplexPower

Power triangle

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ComplexPower
• The magnitude of complex power is referred to as apparent power

Power triangle

𝑆 = 𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 Apparent Power

𝑃 = 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) Average Power

𝑄 = 𝑆𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) Reactive Power

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Complex power and power triangle

P
S S
PF = cosθ = P/|S| θ
Q Q
θ PF = real power/apparent power
P
Power triangle of an inductive load Power triangle of a capacitive load
Q>0 and θ>0 Q<0 and θ<0

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90°<θ≤180° 0°≤θ≤90°
P<0 (P is produced) Q S P>0 (P is consumed)
Q>0 (Q is consumed) Q>0 (Q is consumed)
PF is lagging PF is lagging
θ
0 P

P<0 (P is produced) P>0 (P is consumed)

Q<0 (Q is produced) Q<0 (Q is produced)
PF is leading PF is leading

180°<θ≤270° 270°≤θ<360°

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ComplexPower
• Example

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ComplexPower
• Example

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PowerCalculations

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ComplexPower

Complex Power

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ComplexPower

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AlternateFormsforComplexPower

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Loss and Efficiency
Electrical Losses in single-phase power systems can be of two types:
a) Real power loss due to heating which results from current flow
I I is either
R.I2  RMS AC current
R  DC current

b) Reactive power loss due to

 Reactance of cables and lines
 Magnetizing of transformers, electrical motors, and generators

I
I is either
X.I2  RMS AC current
X=wL  DC current

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 Loss and Efficiency
OUTPUT
POWER
Pout
ELECTRICAL
INPUT SYSTEM
POWER LOSS
Pin Ploss

Pin = Pout + Ploss

Efficiency = η = Pout/Pin x 100%

 Efficiency is related with the active (real) power
 Efficiency is generally represented by letter “η” (eta)
 0≤η ≤1
 0 % ≤η ≤100 %
 If Ploss is ignored (Ploss=0)  η = 100 % (ideal case)
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CalculatingAverageandReactivePower

e) Calculate the losses and the efficiency of this system.

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CalculatingAverageandReactivePower

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CalculatingAverageandReactivePower

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CalculatingAverageandReactivePower

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CalculatingAverageandReactivePower

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END OF THE LECTURE

Any questions ?

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