SAToplam

Thematic Compilation of DSAT English Questions

1299 Questions
with Answers
 You Will Never Walk Alone!

@satashkent 2
Table of Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
How to Use This Book? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

I Standard English Conventions

Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Form, Strucutre, and Sense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

II Expression of Ideas
Transitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Rhetorical Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

III Information and Ideas

Main Idea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Details Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Inference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Command of Evidence — Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Command of Evidence — Weaken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Quotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Command of Evidence — Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

IV Craft and Structure

Main Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Overall Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Underlined Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Cross-Text Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Words in Context — Gap Filling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
Words in Contenxt — Synonym . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549

V The End
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573

@satashkent 3
 Introduction

Welcome to the SAToplam!

Since the SAT went digital, students around the world have faced a serious challenge: a lack of
reliable, updated practice materials. Most existing books and resources no longer reflect the
structure or style of the new exam, leaving many learners unsure of how to study e!ectively.

At @satashkent, we recognized this problem early. We heard from students who were motivated
to succeed but struggled to find quality materials that matched the real test. Therefore, we decided
to build a solution for those in need.

This book is not just a practice resource; rather, it’s a strategic tool. Every question inside
comes directly from real SAT exams administered between March 2023 and December 2024,
making your practice as close to the real test as possible. What sets this book apart is its topic-based
structure: instead of random drills, you’ll work on your actual weak points organized clearly into
subtopics like Boundaries, Form, Structure and Sense, Main Idea and Details, and etc.

Each section includes:

• Must-know tips to guide your thinking

• Real exam questions to apply what you learn

• Recommended timing to simulate test pressure

Our goal is simple: help you get better where it matters most. This is not about memorizing
grammar rules for the sake of rules. It’s about building the skills that raise your score and strengthen
your overall English usage.
We believe smart practice leads to smart results. So if you’re serious about your SAT performance,
you’re in the right place.
Let’s begin, birodari aziz!

@satashkent 4
 How to Use This Book
The SAToplam by @satashkent is your all-in-one guide to mastering the Reading and Writing
section of the digital SAT, built entirely on real exam questions from March 2023 to December
2024. It’s designed for students preparing independently and aiming for accuracy, e!ciency, and
topic-specific mastery.

Since the SAT became digital, there’s been a shortage of high-quality, structured resources.
That’s why we created this book: to close the gap for learners who are serious about improving
but may not have access to expensive tutors or classes. This is a tool for progress and a mission to
make top-tier prep accessible.

Book Structure
The book is divided into four key domains of the SAT Reading and Writing section:

1. Standard English Conventions

• Section 1: Boundaries
• Section 2: Form, Structure, and Sense

These sections help you fix sentence errors, improve clarity, and master grammar rules like
punctuation and sentence cohesion.

2. Expression of Ideas

• Section 3: Transitions
• Section 4: Rhetorical Synthesis

Here, you’ll strengthen logical flow and learn how to connect ideas within and across paragraphs.

3. Information and Ideas

• Section 5: Main Idea

• Section 6: Details
• Section 7: Inference
• Section 8: Support
• Section 9: Weaken
• Section 10: Quote
• Section 11: Graph

These topics sharpen your ability to read carefully, reason with evidence, and analyze written
arguments or visuals.

@satashkent 5
 4. Craft and Structure

• Section 12: Central Purpose

• Section 13: Overall Structure
• Section 14: Underlined Purpose
• Section 15: Gap Filling
• Section 16: Most Nearly Means
• Section 17: Cross-Text Connections

These questions test your deeper understanding of the author’s intent, word meaning, and text
structure—skills essential for high-scoring readers.

How to Study with This Book

1. Choose a Topic
Identify what you want to work on: grammar, logic, reading comprehension, or author’s pur-
pose.

2. Read the Must-Know Tips

At the start of each section, we provide strategic advice to help you approach that specific
question type.

3. Practice with Real Questions

Every question in this book has been pulled from an actual digital SAT. Practice in sets, and
time yourself as you improve.

4. Reflect and Review

Don’t just mark right or wrong. Understand why the correct answer works and why the others
don’t.

5. Revisit Weak Points

Keep track of missed questions and return to them until you’re confident. The goal is mastery,
not speed.

*Exam Level – This reflects the average amount of time you should spend on each question type
during the actual SAT. If you’re just beginning your SAT journey, take your time to understand each
question thoroughly and focus on solving it with clarity.

A Resource for the Community

We built this book with a mission: to support learners in Uzbekistan and beyond who deserve
real tools, not recycled theory. If you find any mistakes or want to contribute feedback, message
@satashkent admin on Telegram.
This is your book. Use it well and let it take you one step closer to your dream score.

@satashkent 6
 References
All questions in this book are from March 2023 to December 2024 Real Exams.
This book is not a!liated with or endorsed by the College Board and is for educational use only.

@satashkent 7
 I
Standard
English
Conventions

@satashkent 8
Topic 1: Boundaries
183 Questions

DIRECTIONS

Must Know Tips:

• Pay attention to the independent and dependent clauses.

• Remember the usage of punctuation.

• Don’t always read the whole passage!

Recommended time per question in this section: min: 25 sec, max: 45 sec, avg: 35 sec.
(*Exam level)

Within Earth’s biomes, there are four main 1

types of deserts: arid, semiarid, coastal, and
Which choice completes the text so that it
cold. The Great Salt Desert in western Asia
conforms to the conventions of Standard
is an arid it is one of the largest
English?
deserts in the world, with a total area of
about 77, 000 km2 . A) desert, for example;
B) desert, for example,
C) desert; for example,
D) desert, for example

Writer Silvia Moreno-Garcia’s love of short 2

fiction began when she read a collection
Which choice completes the text so that it
of Edgar Allan Poe’s stories as a child,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
and she would develop into a prolific short
English?
story writer herself, publishing pieces like
”Ahuizotl” (2015) and ”Water” (2007). Yet A) novel (Mexican)
she’s best known as novelist, in part due to
her Gothic (2020), earning a B) novel Mexican
spot on the New York Times Best Sellers
C) novel: Mexican
list
D) novel; Mexican

@satashkent 9
 Sociologist Alton Okinaka sits on the review 3
board tasked with adding new sites to the
Which choice completes the text so that it
Hawaii Register of Historic Places, which
conforms to the conventions of Standard
includes the Pufu’opae Bridge, built in 1915,
English?
and the Ma’alaea General Store, built in
1910. Okinaka doesn’t make such decisions A) however, all
single-handedly, historical des-
ignations must be approved by a group of B) however and all
nine other experts.
C) however all
D) however. All

After finding information about Harold Eu- 4

gene Ford, who represented Tennessee in the
Which choice completes the text so that it
United States House of Representatives, the
conforms to the conventions of Standard
student discovered biographical sketches of
English?
two other Black Americans who served in
Harold Washington of Illinois A) Congress.
and Augustus (Gus) Freeman Hawkins of
California. B) Congress;
C) Congress:
D) Congress,

At 1,006 meters, the Forth Road Bridge in 5

the United Kingdom is one of the longest
Which choice completes the text so that it
suspension bridges in the the
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge in Turkey, at
English?
14,08 meters, is even longer.
A) world, but,
B) world,
C) world, but
D) world but

There is a common misconception that all 6

cats detest fishing cat, Prion-
Which choice completes the text so that it
ailurus viverrinus, proves this assumption is
conforms to the conventions of Standard
false. This wild cat that lives in Southeast-
English?
ern Asia can not only swim long distances
but also relies on fish for roughly 75 percent A) water; the
of its diet.
B) water, the
C) water the
D) water – the

@satashkent 10
 The Greek philosopher Aristotle had ideas 7
that would have substantial influence thou-
Which choice completes the text so that it
sands of years after he taught .
conforms to the conventions of Standard
American Framers would use his philoso-
English?
phies like government moderation, the rule
of law, and citizen rights when writing the A) it.
United States Constitution.
B) that.
C) this.
D) them.

Theories have been put forth about what 8

most influences our cultural ,
Which choice completes the text so that it
or environment. Of the three options, the
conforms to the conventions of Standard
findings suggest that family background is
English?
the strongest determinant in molding an
individual’s cultural preferences. A) tastes: genes,
B) tastes; genes,
C) tastes, genes,
D) tastes genes,

A 2004 study led by studied the 9

impact of fertilizers containing nitrogen on
Which choice completes the text so that it
grassland arthropod populations. Another
conforms to the conventions of Standard
study, led by Tracy in 2002, looked at fer-
English?
tilizers containing nitrogen and two other
macronutrients: phosphorus and potassium. A) researcher Peter Dennis
B) researcher Peter Dennis,
C) researcher, Peter Dennis,
D) researcher, Peter Dennis

In Puerto Rico, it is not unusual for a city 10

or town to be known by a nickname that
Which choice completes the text so that it
corresponds to one of its notable features,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
like landscape, climate, famous residents,
English?
or chief exports. For example, the Puerto
Rican Municipality of Arecibo has also been A) known for:
called “the villa of Captain Correa,” a nick-
name that alludes to what the area is well B) known: for
Antonio de Correa, the 17th-century
C) ,known for
army captain who once defended the town.
D) known for;

@satashkent 11
 In their research, behavioral 11
integrate methods from psychology and
Which choice completes the text so that it
economics to analyze how and why people
conforms to the conventions of Standard
make particular choices and to examine the
English?
broader implications of those choices for the
economy. A) economists Laura Gee and Muriel Niederle,
B) economists Laura Gee and Muriel Niederle
C) economists Taura Gee, and Muriel
Niederie,
D) economists, Laura Gee and Muriel
Niederie,

Today, the Michelin Gaise is widely known 12

as the arbiter of fine dining, but when it
Which choice completes the text so that it
was created in 1909, it was little more than
conforms to the conventions of Standard
a marketing gimmick. Brothers Andre and
English?
Edoward Michelin sought to increase prof-
its for their tire company by encouraging A) restaurants
their customers to drive across France, vis-
iting the guide’s recommended hotels and B) restaurants;
as it grew in scope and influence,
C) restaurants and
the galde had its modest French eateries
replated with the best restaurants from D) restaurants,
around the world includingThe Light in
Macau and Sushi Weda in Nagoya.

Over the years, dozens of architectural and 13

archaeological sites important to Hawaiian
Which choice completes the text so that it
history and culture-such an Grove Farm,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Kilauea School, and the Hana Belt Road-
English?
have been added to an important
Hawaii Register of Historic Places. New A) list: the
sites are added each year, as decided by a
review board of experts including sociologist B) list. The
Alton Okinaka, architect Katie Stephens,
C) list; the
and historian Sill Souza.
D) list the

@satashkent 12
 In Puerto Rico, it’s not unusual for a city 14
or town to be Known a nick-
Which choice completes the text so that it
name that corresponds to one of its notable
conforms to the conventions of Standard
features, like landscape, climate, famous
English?
residents, or chief exports. For example, the
Puerto Rican municipality of Hatillo has A) by
also been called ”the band of Green Fields,”
a nickname that alludes to what the area B) by-
is well shown for: the lash greenery that
C) by,
surrounds it.
D) by:

In the thought-provoking 2010 exhibition 15

Relative Pelican at the Stux Gallery in New
Which choice completes the text so that it
York, Sokari Douglas camp presented sculp-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
tures that had been welded from
English?
recycled metal materials, such as oil drums.
In doing so, the London-based Nigerian A) cut, bent, and,
sculptor challenged viewers to imagine new
uses and futures for the material wastes of B) cut, bent, and
the past.
C) cut, bent;and
D) cut bent, and

After finding information about Major 16

Robert Odell Owens, who represented New
Which choice completes the text so that it
York in the United States House of Repre-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
sentatives, the student discovered biograph-
English?
ical sketches of two other Black Americans
who served in Josiah Thomas A) Congress.
Walls of Florida and Thomas Ezekiel Miller
of South Carolina. B) Congress:
C) Congress;
D) Congress

Though he’s performed on many respected 17

albums, including Trypnotyx by Victor
Which choice completes the text so that it
Wooten, drummer Dennis Chambers may be
conforms to the conventions of Standard
best known for his time as house drummer
English?
for the hip-hop label Sugar Hill Records.
He did not play drums on the label’s classic A) Delight,” however,
song ”Rapper’s he joined the
label after the song’s release. B) Delight,” however;
C) Delight.” However,
D) Delight” however

@satashkent 13
 In 2020, internationally renowned Slovak 18
photographer Mária Švarbová exhibited
Which choice completes the text so that it
her work at the Contessa Gallery and the
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Art Angel Gallery in the United States and
English?
utilizing vivid pastel colors,
overexposed tones, and mirror like sym- A) Japan, respectively,
metry, Švarbová’s photographs evoke a
Socialist-era aesthetic that she describes as B) Japan, respectively;
”minimalistic but also futuristic.”
C) Japan; respectively
D) Japan, respectively

It was the kind of challenge that would set 19

any art curator’s mind into that
Which choice completes the text so that it
elusive thread that could link artists as dis-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
parate as American abstract painter Anne
English?
Ryan, Romanian impressionist painter Mi-
caela Eleutheriade, and Flemish mannerist A) motion, finding:
painter Anthony van Dyck.
B) motion. Finding
C) motion; finding
D) motion: finding

In Los Angeles County, California, bicycle 20

paths such as the San Gabriel River bicycle
Which choice completes the text so that it
path-which is 28 miles long-have become
conforms to the conventions of Standard
an increasingly popular means of travel.
English?
Moreover, lawyer and cycling
has identified several features of the Los An- A) advocate Ernesto Hernandez-Lopez,
geles landscape, like its temperate climate
and mostly flat roads, that make the city B) Badvocate, Ernesto Hernandez-Lopez,
naturally bike-friendly.
C) advocate Ernesto Hernandez-Lopez
D) advocate, Ernesto Hernandez-Lopez,

Each year, the Nobel Prize in Literature is 21

given to an author who has, in the words
Which choice completes the text so that it
of its founder Alfre Nobel, ”produced the
conforms to the conventions of Standard
most outstanding work in an idealistic
English?
in 1952, for instance, judges
recognized François Mauriac ”for the deep A) direction” and,
spiritual insight and the artistic intensity
with which he has in his novels penetrated B) direction”
the drama of human life.”
C) direction,”
D) direction”;

@satashkent 14
 Sei Shõnagon composed many 22
”Things That Have Lost Their Power,”
Which choice completes the text so that it
which appears in her tenth- century account
conforms to the conventions of Standard
of Japanese courtly life, Pillow Book, she
English?
hemoans boats run aground, toppled trees,
and defeated wrestlers. A) lists;
B) lists in
C) lists. In
D) lists:

In their 2019 study of butterfly diversity 23

at Rupa Lake in Nepal, researcher Ban-
Which choice completes the text so that it
dana Subedi and her colleagues counted
conforms to the conventions of Standard
1,535 butterflies from 138 di!erent species,
English?
including one specimen of the
Doleschallia bisaltide, a very rare butterfly A) species
known among lepidopterists as the autumn
leaf. B) species;
C) species:
D) species,

Featuring works by the photographers 24

Liselotte Grschebina and Else ”Yva”
Which choice completes the text so that it
Neuländer-Simon, the 2021 exhibition The
conforms to the conventions of Standard
New Woman Behind the Camera set out
English?
to provide a wide-ranging overview of pho-
tography by women in the 1920s through A) 1950s, and
the given the collection’s breadth
of more than 120 photos, its e!orts were B) 1950s
largely successful.
C) 1950s,
D) 1950s and

On February 1, 2018, Florida-based 25

researchers Martha A. Scholl, Maoya
Which choice completes the text so that it
Bassiouni, and Angel J. Torres-Sánchez
conforms to the conventions of Standard
compiled climate data from several sites in
English?
Puerto Rico’s Luquillo Mountains. At CC1,
the site with the highest elevation, the air A) from, 18.4°C at
temperature fluctuated slightly throughout
the day, 11:00 a.m. to 16.2°C at B) from, 18.4°C at,
7:00 p.m.
C) from 18.4°C at
D) from:18.4°C at,

@satashkent 15
 Many experts, like lawyer and cycling ad- 26
vocate Ernesto Hernandez-Lopez, have
Which choice completes the text so that it
proposed bike travel as one possible way to
conforms to the conventions of Standard
alleviate congestion on the busy roadways
English?
of Los Angeles County, California. Indeed,
local bicycle paths like the Harbor Park bi- A) path, which is about 0.38 miles long
cycle have become an increasingly
popular means of travel for commuter and B) path which is about 0.38 miles long
recreational trips alike
C) patr: which is about 0.38 miles long,
D) path, which is about 0.38 miles long,

Photosynthesis, the mechanism by which 27

plants use sunlight to turn carbon dioxide
Which choice completes the text so that it
and water into ................ is fueled in part
conforms to the conventions of Standard
by an enzyme called Photosystem II that
English?
harvests energy-giving electrons from water
molecules. A) nutrients
B) nutrients and
C) nutrients,
D) nutrients—

Featuring works by the photographers Niu 28

Weiyu and Rogi André, the 2021 exhibi-
Which choice completes the text so that it
tion The New Woman Behind the Camera
conforms to the conventions of Standard
set out to provide a wide-ranging overview
English?
of photography by women in the 1920s
through the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . given the col- A) 1950s and
lection’s breadth of more than 120 photos,
its e!orts were largely successful. B) 1950s
C) 1950s, and
D) 1950s,

Sei Shonagon composed many 29

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ”Things That Make One’s
Which choice completes the text so that it
Heart Beat Faster” which appears in her
conforms to the conventions of Standard
tenth-century account of Japanese courtly
English?
life, Pillow Book, she delights in sparrows
feeding their young, a visitor arriving in a A) lists. In
carriage, and rain on a window.
B) lists:
C) lists;
D) lists in

@satashkent 16
 Coalition is the term for a group of male 30
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . across the Greater
Which choice completes the text so that it
Kruger National Park of South Africa,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
many coalitions vie for territory. Between
English?
2006 and 2012, the lions of the Mapogo
coalition-including Pretty Boy, Kinky Tail, A) lions
and Makhulu—thrived within a part of the
park called the Sabi Sands. B) lions,
C) lions and
D) lions, and

Within Earth’s biomes, there are four main 31

types of desert: arid, semiarid. coastal, and
Which choice completes the text so that it
cold. The Puntland Desert in eastern Africa
conforms to the conventions of Standard
is an arid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . it is one
English?
of the largest such deserts in the world, with
a total area of about 200,000 km. A) desert, for example;
B) desert, for example,
C) desert, for example
D) desert, for example

While the greater adjutant can be found in 32

places like the Central Tanintharyi Coast in
Which choice completes the text so that it
Myanmar and the Prek Toal Bird Sanctuary
conforms to the conventions of Standard
in Cambodia, more than 80 percent of this
English?
endangered stork species is found in Assam,
India. There, wildlife biologist Dr. Purnima A) study
Devi Barman is on the front lines of con-
servation e!orts that, through community B) study,
involvement and scientific aim
C) study:
to bring adjutants back from near extinc-
tion. D) study-

Consider the mechanics of the pinhole cam- 33

era: light passes through a small hole, re-
Which choice completes the text so that it
sulting in a focused projected image. A ray
conforms to the conventions of Standard
diagram reveals how this the
English?
hole’s small size restricts light to a single
ray, all light passing through the hole can A) works because
only arrive at a single destination, eliminat-
ing di!raction and ensuring a clear image. B) works. Because
C) works, it’s because
D) works: it’s because

@satashkent 17
 Deposits of crushed orange limestone and 34
other organic matter lend the sand at Porto
Which choice completes the text so that it
Ferro Beach in Italy an unusual orange tint
conforms to the conventions of Standard
that dazzles they take a bit of
English?
sand home, though, it disturbs the beach’s
ecosystem by contributing to erosion. A) visitors, when
B) visitors and when
C) visitors when
D) visitors. When

San Juan High School and Grand County 35

High School are two of several Utah
Which choice completes the text so that it
enormous geoglyph of the let-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
ters SJ overlooks San Juan High, while a
English?
geoglyph of the letter G overlooks Grand
County High. A) schools that have their own hillside
geoglyphs. An
B) schools, that have their own hillside
geoglyphs and an
C) schools that have their own hillside
geoglyphs, an
D) schools, that have their own hillside
geoglyphs, and an

What makes the theremin a unique musical 36

instrument? You play it without touching
Which choice completes the text so that it
it. When you place your the
conforms to the conventions of Standard
pitch will shift as your hands move through
English?
the air.
A) hand’s between the two antenna’s,
B) hands between the two antennas,
C) hands’ between the two antennas’,
D) hands’ between the two antennas,

@satashkent 18
 As of 2017, Italy’s top tax rate of 55% was 37
lower than the country’s La!er curve peak
Which choice completes the text so that it
(70%). To some economists, whether a tax
conforms to the conventions of Standard
cut will ultimately increase Italy’s tax rev-
English?
enue is dependent on the country’s position
on the La!er a theoretical rela- A) curve
tionship between tax rates and revenues, the
curve was famously sketched on a napkin by B) curve;
economist Arthur La!er in 1974.
C) curve, which is
D) curve,

For Spain, a member of the North Atlantic 38

Treaty Organization (NATO) since 1982,
Which choice completes the text so that it
NATO’S principle of collective defense con-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
fers both benefits and organiza-
English?
tion’s many members, nations as disparate
as the US and Slovenia, are all bound to A) obligations; the
defend Spain, the reverse is also true.
B) obligations. The
C) obligations, while the
D) obligations: while the

Along the hallowed walls of New York City’s 39

Museum of Modern Art hangs 24.5-by-34.5-
Which choice completes the text so that it
inch oil which was created in
conforms to the conventions of Standard
1964 by American artist Vija Celmins.
English?

A) painting Gun with Hand #1

B) painting, Gun with Hand #1,
C) painting Gun with Hand #1,
D) painting, Gun with Hand #1

Long attributed to Jacques-Louis David, the 40

preeminent Neoclassical painter of his day,
Which choice completes the text so that it
the 1801 painting Marie Joséphine Charlotte
conforms to the conventions of Standard
du Val d’Ognes gained fresh attention in the
English?
1990s when art historians discovered that
the painting-which depicts a solitary young A) artist-
woman sketching was actually the work
of little-known French portrait B) artist
Villers (1774-1821).
C) artist:
D) artist,

@satashkent 19
 In Norway, the Longyearbyen observa- 41
tory site monitors activity in the upper
Which choice completes the text so that it
atmosphere of the northern in
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Australia, another observatory site, Buck-
English?
land Park, monitors the sky of the southern
hemisphere. Together, they are part of the A) hemisphere and
Super Dual Auroral Radar Network or Su-
perDARN, as space physicists like Tadahiko B) hemisphere
Ogawa call it.
C) hemisphere,
D) hemisphere;

On March 23, 2021, a gust of wind wreaked 42

havoc on global trade. Ever Given, an inter-
Which choice completes the text so that it
national shipping container vessel, became
conforms to the conventions of Standard
lodged in Egypt’s Suez Canal, a major ship-
English?
ping route between Europe and Asia. The
vessel took six days to it’s as heavy A) dislodge in part due to its sheer size,
as two thousand blue whales when fully
loaded. B) dislodge, in part due to its sheer size:
C) dislodge, in part due to its sheer size,
D) dislodge, in part, due to its sheer size

While the greater adjutant can be found 43

in places like Hakaluki Haor in Bangladesh
Which choice completes the text so that it
and Northern Santuk in Cambodia, more
conforms to the conventions of Standard
than 80 percent of this endangered stork
English?
species is found in Assam, India. There,
wildlife biologist Dr. Purnima Devi Barman A) study—
is on the front lines of conservation e!orts
that—through community involvement and B) study,
scientific aim to bring adjutants back
C) study:
from near extinction.
D) study

Included in Every Day: Selections from the 44

Collection, a 2019 group exhibition at the
Which choice completes the text so that it
Baltimore Museum of Art in Maryland,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
was the work of multimedia artist Lorna
English?
Simpson. The impact of Simpson’s work is
the horizons of conceptual photo- A) threefold; expanding
graphic art, challenging conventional notions
of race, gender, history, and memory, and B) threefold expanding
shedding light on the experience of African
C) threefold. Expanding
American women in contemporary society.
D) threefold: expanding

@satashkent 20
 A harpsichord may look just like a piano, 45
but the di!erence between the two instru-
Which choice completes the text so that it
ments is easy to hear. When a harpsichord’s
conforms to the conventions of Standard
keys are pressed, the strings inside the
English?
are plucked, not struck.
A) instrument:
B) instrument
C) instrument—
D) instrument,

What is the origin of the word “blatant”? 46

Interestingly, It first appears in the
Which choice completes the text so that it
book The Faerie Queene by English author
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Edmund Spenser.
English?

A) it was invented by an author?

B) it was invented by an author.
C) was it invented by an author.
D) wasn’t it invented by an author.

Summer is typically thought of as a swelter- 47

ing season. However, the city of Ljubljana
Which choice completes the text so that it
has rather cool summers. There, the aver-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
age summer temperature just 66.7
English?
degrees Fahrenheit.
A) is
B) is;
C) is:
D) is,

On February 1, 2018, Florida-based 48

researchers Martha A.Scholl, Maoya
Which choice completes the text so that it
Bassiouni, and Angel J. Torres-Sánchez
conforms to the conventions of Standard
climate data from several sites in
English?
Puerto Rico’s Luquillo Mountains. At 8:30
a.m, the air temperature was 16°C at site A) compiled,
CC1, the site with the highest elevation,
and it had shifted to 16.8° C by 11:00p.m. B) compiled
C) compiled;
D) compiled:

@satashkent 21
 Cut, bent, and welded from discarded metal 49
materials, the sculptures of London-based
Which choice completes the text so that it
Nigerian artist Sokari Douglas Camp are
conforms to the conventions of Standard
meant to challenge viewers to consider
English?
their own relationships to material
her thought-provoking works in the 1999 A) wastes;
exhibition Sokari Douglas Camp at the
Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum B) wastes and to
of African Art in Washington, DC, were no
C) wastes,
di!erent.
D) wastes

The liquid compounds tetradecane 50

(C14H30) and dodecane (C12H26) have
Which choice completes the text so that it
molar masses of 198.39 and 170.33
conforms to the conventions of Standard
mass helps convert between the mass of the
English?
reactants and the mass of the product).
A) g/mol (respectively, in stoichiometry,
molar
B) g/mol, respectively, (in stoichiometry,
molar
C) g/mol. Respectively, in stoichiometry
(molar
D) g/mol, respectively (in stoichiometry,
molar

Scholars Tammy Kernodle and Paul Auster- 51

litz have lent their expertise on Black
Which choice completes the text so that it
history and music to an important new
conforms to the conventions of Standard
project: the Timeline of African American
English?
Music, a digital through a rich
combination of text, images, and music A) resource, that
clips, traces the development of specific mu-
sical genres (such as funk and swing). B) resource, that,
C) resource that,
D) resource that

@satashkent 22
 In Los Angeles County, California, bicycle 52
paths such as the Expo Bikeway—which
Which choice completes the text so that it
is about 15 miles long—have become an
conforms to the conventions of Standard
increasingly popular means of travel. More-
English?
over, lawyer and cycling has iden-
tified several features of the Los Angeles A) advocate, Ernesto Hernandez-Lopez
landscape, like its temperate climate and
mostly flat roads, that make the city natu- B) advocate, Ernesto Hernandez-Lopez,
rally bike-friendly.
C) advocate Ernesto Hernandez-Lopez,
D) advocate Ernesto Hernandez-Lopez

While other even-toed ungulate species, 53

such as the water bu!alo (Bubalus bubalis),
Which choice completes the text so that it
are among the most populous animal species
conforms to the conventions of Standard
on earth, the Przewalski’s gazelle (Procapra
English?
przewalskii) has a total population between
700 and 800 one of the criteria A) individuals; fulfilling
required for a species to be considered en-
dangered. B) individuals: fulfilling
C) individuals. Fulfilling
D) individuals, fulfilling

The editors of Home Ground: A Guide 54

to the American Landscape turned to
Which choice completes the text so that it
the to craft the entry about
conforms to the conventions of Standard
”muskeg,” a term referring to terrain con-
English?
taining peat bogs and stunted trees.
A) essayist, Carolyn Servid
B) essayist, Carolyn Servid,
C) essayist Carolyn Servid,
D) essayist Carolyn Servid

Featured in The New Woman Behind the 55

Camera (2021) is a photograph taken in
Which choice completes the text so that it
1932 by Alma ”Self-Portrait,”
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Lavenson’s image contributes to the ex-
English?
hibition’s goal of showcasing the diverse,
innovative, often aesthetically daring work A) Lavenson. Titled
of female photographers from the 1920s
through the 1950s. B) Lavenson titled
C) Lavenson, titled
D) Lavenson and titled

@satashkent 23
 Photographer Mária Svarbová has reached 56
audiences well beyond her home country of
Which choice completes the text so that it
Slovakia. In 2021, her work was featured at
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Galerie LeRoyer in the exhibited
English?
photographs, with their vivid pastel colors,
overexposed tones, and mirrorlike symmetry, A) Canada, for example,
captivated audiences.
B) Canada, for example
C) Canada; for example,
D) Canada, for example;

In 2003, a study led by the researcher Ali- 57

son G. Boyer investigated the relationship
Which choice completes the text so that it
between grassland arthropod populations
conforms to the conventions of Standard
and agricultural macronutrients
English?
like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium,
such fertilizers boost the productivity of A) fertilizers, which contain
crops, potentially o!ering more nutrients for
arthropods. B) fertilizers, containing
C) fertilizers containing
D) fertilizers. Containing

At 3,020 years old, Patriarca da Floresta, 58

a jequitibá-rosa (Cariniana legalis) located
Which choice completes the text so that it
in Brazil, is one of the oldest known trees
conforms to the conventions of Standard
in the world. With over three millennia of
English?
climate data in its tree rings, a single tree
like this, claims Valerie Trouet, A) dendrochronologist,
can tell the history of the world
B) dendrochronologist-
C) dendrochronologist:
D) dendrochronologist

Julia Alvarez’s 1994 novel In the Time of 59

the Butterflies, a fictionalized account of the
Which choice completes the text so that it
lives of the Mirabal can serve as
conforms to the conventions of Standard
a starting point for those wanting to explore
English?
how the rule of dictator Rafael Trujillo has
been represented in Dominican American A) sisters, and
literature.
B) sisters and
C) sisters,
D) sisters

@satashkent 24
 Scholars have praised Gwendolyn Brooks’s 60
1945 poem ”Ballad of Pearl May Lee” for
Which choice completes the text so that it
its nuanced portrayal of life in Brooks’s
conforms to the conventions of Standard
South Side Chicago neighborhood. The
English?
poem shouldn’t be regarded as being simply
a product of Brooks’s the breadth A) surroundings, though, considering
of the poet’s influences, which range from
medieval English ballads to the poetry of B) surroundings; though, considering
Emily Dickinson and Langston Hughes.
C) surroundings, though. Considering
D) surroundings, though; considering

Sociologist Alton Okinaka sits on the review 61

board tasked with adding new sites to the
Which choice completes the text so that it
Hawai’i Register of Historic Places, which
conforms to the conventions of Standard
includes Lo’alo’a Heiau, a Hawaiian temple
English?
built around 1730, and the Bishop National
Bank of Hawaii, built in 1929. Okinaka A) however. All
doesn’t make such decisions single-handedly,
historical designations must be B) however and all
approved by a group of nine other experts.
C) however all
D) however, all

The Austronesian language family includes 62

Samoan, Palauan, and some 1,200 other
Which choice completes the text so that it
languages throughout the Pacific, making it
conforms to the conventions of Standard
one of the largest language families in the
English?
world and of keen interest to of
UC Santa Cruz. A) linguist, Sandra Chung.
B) linguist, Sandra Chung
C) linguist: Sandra Chung
D) linguist Sandra Chung

The djeser, which is written as a horizontal 63

hieroglyph shaped like a bent arm hold-
Which choice completes the text so that it
ing a short stick, and the heqat, which is
conforms to the conventions of Standard
written as a hieroglyph that looks like four
English?
oval items pouring out of a barrel, were an-
cient Egyptian units of to record A) measurement, used
length and volume, respectively, the djeser
and heqat have since fallen out of use. B) measurement used
C) measurement. Used
D) measurement and used

@satashkent 25
 An accomplished birder might be able to 64
spot thousands of di!erent species over the
Which choice completes the text so that it
course of a career, from Amadina erythro-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
cephala to Arborophila rufogularis, but
English?
no birder has ever achieved the ultimate
an in-person glimpse of all 10,000- A) goal catching
plus species of birds.
B) goal. Catching
C) goal: catching
D) goal; catching

Today, the Michelin Guide is widely known 65

as the arbiter of fine dining with its coveted
Which choice completes the text so that it
3-star rating being awarded to top restau-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
rants like Kitcho Arashiyama in
English?
when brothers Andre and Edouard Miche-
lin created the guide in 1900, it was little A) Kyoto; however,
more than a marketing gimmick - a way to
increase profits for their tire company by B) Kyoto
encouraging their customers to drive across
C) Kyoto, however,
France, visiting the guide’s recommended
hotels and restaurants along the way. D) Kyoto;

When attempting to determine a fault’s 66

seismic history, geophysicists like Dr.
Which choice completes the text so that it
Estella Atekwana at the University of
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Delaware rely in part on data about the
English?
fault’s physical dimensions and geological
the Imperial fault in Imperial A) features for
County, California, the US Geological Sur-
vey compiles such data in several ways: by B) features, for
exchanging information with state geological
C) features. For
surveys, by linking maps of the fault with
sources that o!er detailed descriptions of it, D) features and for
and by maintaining a database of quantita-
tive data such as the fault’s length (46 km).

For Canada, a member of the North At- 67

lantic Treaty Organization (NATO) since
Which choice completes the text so that it
1949, NATO’s principle of collective de-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
fense confers both benefits and
English?
organization’s many members, nations as
disparate as the US and Slovenia, are all A) obligations: while the
bound to defend Canada, the reverse is also
true. B) obligations; the
C) obligations, while the
D) obligations. The

@satashkent 26
 In Puerto Rico, it’s not unusual for a city 68
or town to be known by a nickname that
Which choice completes the text so that it
corresponds to one of its notable features,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
like landscape, climate, famous residents,
English?
or chief exports. For example, the Puerto
Rican municipality of Florida has also been A) known: for
called ”the Town of Cayenalisa Pineapple,”
a nickname that alludes to what the area B) known for:
is well the pineapple, one of its
C) known for,
most popular exports.
D) known for;

Minerals can be classified by how much 69

light passes through them. For example, all
Which choice completes the text so that it
(or almost all) light passes through zorite,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
which is classified as only some
English?
light to pass through; amesite is instead
classified as translucent. A) transparent, allowing
B) transparent allowing
C) transparent. Allowing
D) transparent and allowing

The relationship between genomes and 70

epigenomes reveals how cells with identical
Which choice completes the text so that it
DNA develop di!erent whereas
conforms to the conventions of Standard
the genome in each cell contains a complete
English?
DNA sequence, the epigenome consists of
chemical compounds that determine which A) functions:
traits in the sequence will be expressed.
B) functions and,
C) functions
D) functions,

That the geographic center of North Amer- 71

ica lay in the state of North Dakota was
Which choice completes the text so that it
conceded by all establishing its
conforms to the conventions of Standard
precise coordinates proved more divisive.
English?

A) involved,
B) involved;
C) involved:
D) involved

@satashkent 27
 In 2013, veteran actor Keith David voiced 72
the character Frog King in the film The
Which choice completes the text so that it
Frog Kingdom. Throughout his career,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
David has acted in and more.
English?
However, he gets the most recognition for
his voice acting. A) movies; commercials; Broadway musicals;
B) movies commercials Broadway musicals
C) movies, commercials Broadway musicals,
D) movies, commercials, Broadway musicals,

Where Interestingly, it was invented 73

by an author. It first appears in the novel
Which choice completes the text so that it
Christine by American author Stephen
conforms to the conventions of Standard
King.
English?

A) the word ”pie-hole” come from.

B) the word ”pie-hole” did come from?
C) did the word ”pie-hole” come from?
D) did the word ”pie-hole” come from.

To illustrate Albert Einstein’s special the- 74

ory of relativity, picture two jugglers: one
Which choice completes the text so that it
juggling on a steadily moving parade float,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
the other juggling while standing still on a
English?
sidewalk. The laws of physics are identical
for both motion relative to each A) jugglers, regardless of their
other. But what, Einstein wondered, about
the speed of light? B) jugglers, regardless of there
C) juggler’s, regardless of their
D) jugglers’, regardless of they’re

Azulejos, mosaics made of glazed ceramic 75

tiles, can be found throughout Portugal.
Which choice completes the text so that it
These mosaics beautify places such as
conforms to the conventions of Standard
stations, and public squares.
English?

A) libraries train
B) libraries, train
C) libraries-train
D) libraries: train

@satashkent 28
 On February 1, 2018, Florida-based 76
researchers Martha A. Scholl, Maoya
Which choice completes the text so that it
Bassiouni, and Angel Torres-Sánchez,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
climate data from several sites
English?
in Puerto Rico’s Luquillo Mountains. At
12:00 a.m., the air temperature was 15.6°C A) compiled;
at site CC1, the site with the highest ele-
vation, and it had shifted to 16.2°C by 6:00 B) compiled:
p.m.
C) compiled
D) compiled,

Writer Silvia Moreno-Garcia’s love of short 77

fiction began when she read a collection of
Which choice completes the text so that it
Edgar Allan Poe stories as a child, and she
conforms to the conventions of Standard
would develop into a prolific short story
English?
writer herself. publishing pieces like ”Re-
turn” (2008) and ”Water” (2007). Yet she’s A) Gothic-
become, with the breakout success of her
2020 novel Mexican best known as a B) Gothic
novelist.
C) Gothic,
D) Gothic:

Featuring works by the photographers Dora 78

Maar and Rogi André, the 2021 exhibition
Which choice completes the text so that it
The New Woman Behind the Camera set
conforms to the conventions of Standard
out to provide a wide-ranging overview
English?
of photography by women in the 1920s
through the given the collection’s A) 1950s
breadth of more than 120 photos, its e!orts
were largely successful. B) 1950s and
C) 1950s, and
D) 1950s,

Along the hallowed walls of New York City’s 79

Museum of Modern Art hangs 36.5-by-28.5-
Which choice completes the text so that it
inch oil which was created in 1944
conforms to the conventions of Standard
by American artist Enrico Donati.
English?

A) painting, St. Elmo’s Fire,

B) painting St. Elmo’s Fire,
C) painting St. Elmo’s Fire
D) painting, St. Elmo’s Fire

@satashkent 29
 The Limón technique, developed by 80
Mexican-born dancer and choreographer
Which choice completes the text so that it
Jose Limón, is known for its emphasis on
conforms to the conventions of Standard
breath control and its interplay of weight
English?
and dancers may explore, for exam-
ple, the moment of mid-air suspension at A) weightlessness,
the top of a jump.
B) weightlessness;
C) weightlessness
D) weightlessness which

Chondrites are stony meteorites that are 81

undi!erentiated that is, their contents have
Which choice completes the text so that it
not melted and separated into distinct
conforms to the conventions of Standard
layers. They are hardly many chon-
English?
drites experience aqueous alteration as a
result of exposure to fluids, as well as frac- A) pristine, though;
turing, veining, and localized melting due to
collisions with other objects. B) pristine; though
C) pristine, though
D) pristine, though,

Named for the year in which it was detected 82

by American astronomers, SN 2020fqv was
Which choice completes the text so that it
a supernova (the explosion of a massive
conforms to the conventions of Standard
in the constellation Virgo, 60 mil-
English?
lion light-years from Earth, the transient yet
powerful blast propelled particles and debris A) star) and occurring
into space at extremely high speeds.
B) star). Occurring
C) star) occurring
D) star), occurring

Over the years, dozens of architectural and 83

archaeological sites important to Hawai-
Which choice completes the text so that it
ian history and culture, such as the Haena
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Archeological Complex and the Bank of
English?
Hawaii-Haiku Branch, have been added
to the Hawai’i Register of Historic Places, A) select:
and each year, a review board of experts
that includes sociologist Alton Okinaka B) select;
and architect Katie Stephens gathers to
C) select,
which sites to add next to the
growing registry. D) select

@satashkent 30
 Not all plants benefit equally or from the 84
same kind of cucumber and
Which choice completes the text so that it
marigold, for example, benefit from endomy-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
corrhizal associations; many tree species,
English?
such as pine and oak, benefit from ecto-
mycorrhizal associations; and plants in the A) mycorrhizae;
Brassica family, such as rutabaga, don’t
benefit from mycorrhizae at all. B) mycorrhizae,
C) mycorrhizae
D) mycorrhizae:

A lady-in-waiting’s account of Japanese 85

courtly life in the tenth century, Sei
Which choice completes the text so that it
Shonagon’s Pillow Book is filled with daily
conforms to the conventions of Standard
observations and musings. Some of these
English?
appear as ”Things That Arouse a
Fond Memory of the Past,” Shōnagon cat- A) lists: in
alogs her appreciation for pressed silk, a
moonlit night, and dried hollyhock. B) lists in
C) lists in:
D) lists, in

In his work, acclaimed Cahuilla Ger- 86

ald Clarke uses basketry, acrylic paintings,
Which choice completes the text so that it
and other mediums to explore Native per-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
spectives on truth and beauty
English?

A) artist, and 2007 Eiteljorg Fellowship

recipient
B) artist and 2007 Eiteljorg Fellowship
recipient
C) artist and 2007 Eiteljorg Fellowship
recipient-
D) artist and 2007 Eiteljorg Fellowship
recipient,

@satashkent 31
 Within Earth’s biomes, there are four main 87
types of desert: arid, semiarid, coastal, and
Which choice completes the text so that it
cold. The roughly is classified as
conforms to the conventions of Standard
an arid desert.
English?

A) 2,330,000 km², Arabian Desert,

B) 2,330,000 km², Arabian Desert
C) 2,330,000 km² Arabian Desert,
D) 2,330,000 km² Arabian Desert

Included in We Wanted a Revolution!, a 88

2018 group exhibition at the Albright-
Which choice completes the text so that it
Knox Art Gallery in Bu!alo, New York,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
was the work of multimedia artist Lorna
English?
Simpson. The impact of Simpson’s work
is the horizons of conceptual A) threefold; expanding
photographic art, challenging conventional
notions of race, gender, history, and mem- B) threefold expanding
ory, and shedding light on the experience of
C) threefold. Expanding
African American women in contemporary
society. D) threefold: expanding

Today, the Michelin Guide is widely known 89

as the arbiter of fine dining, but when it
Which choice completes the text so that it
was created in 1900, it was little more than
conforms to the conventions of Standard
a marketing gimmick; brothers Andre and
English?
Edouard Michelin sought to increase profits
for their tire company by encouraging their A) influence,
customers to drive across France, visiting
the guide’s recommended hotels and restau- B) influence and
rants along the way. Nevertheless, the guide
C) influence, and
soon grew in scope and its modest
French eateries were replaced with some of D) influence
the most esteemed restaurants from around
the world, including Quintessence in Tokyo
and Gaon in Seoul.

@satashkent 32
 In their 2022 study of Indo-Pacific bot- 90
tlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus),
Which choice completes the text so that it
found that the dolphins’ tendency to rub
conforms to the conventions of Standard
their heads against corals with antimicrobial
English?
properties may confer health benefits.
A) German biologist, Gertrud Morlock, and
colleagues,
B) German biologist Gertrud Morlock, and
colleagues
C) German biologist, Gertrud Morlock, and
colleagues
D) German biologist Gertrud Morlock and
colleagues

From 2009 to 2019, travelers flew out of ma- 91

jor urban airports with increasing
Which choice completes the text so that it
Washington Dulles International Airport in
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Washington, DC, saw a 6.9 percent increase
English?
in airline passengers, from 11,122,438 total
passengers in 2009 to 11,892,778 in 2019. A) frequency, for example,
B) frequency, for example;
C) frequency, for example.
D) frequency. For example,

In a 2023 study, researchers documented a 92

fascinating behavior in the aquatic plant
Which choice completes the text so that it
Elodea densa. When exposed to low levels
conforms to the conventions of Standard
of light, the plant’s the cellular
English?
organs that generate energy from light-
reshu”ed to form a tightly packed, glass-like A) chloroplasts,
surface ideal for collecting more light.
B) chloroplasts-
C) chloroplasts
D) chloroplasts;

@satashkent 33
 By analyzing the level of radioactive de- 93
cay within a fossil specimen, scientists can
Which choice completes the text so that it
establish the age of that fossil with a high
conforms to the conventions of Standard
degree of precision. When radioactive el-
English?
ements aren’t present, scientists turn to
analysis of Earth’s sediment layers A) stratigraphy–the
(strata)– to estimate how old a fossil is
based on the age of the strata in which the B) stratigraphy, the
fossil is found
C) stratigraphy: the
D) stratigraphy (the

Many of the cities and are known 94

by nicknames that correspond to one of
Which choice completes the text so that it
their notable features, like landscape, cli-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
mate, famous residents, or chief exports.
English?
For example, the Puerto Rican municipality
of Hatillo has also been called ”the Blue A) towns, that dot the island of Puerto Rico,
Coast of Puerto Rico,” a nickname that
alludes to what the area is well known for: B) towns that dot the island of Puerto Rico
the pristine blue ocean that surrounds it.
C) towns that dot the island of Puerto Rico,
D) towns, that dot the island of Puerto Rico

In Antarctica, the Syowa East observatory 95

site monitors activity in the upper atmo-
Which choice completes the text so that it
sphere of the southern in Finland,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
another observatory site, Hankasalmi, mon-
English?
itors the sky of the northern hemisphere.
Together, they are part of the Super Dual A) hemisphere,
Auroral Radar Network-or SuperDARN, as
space physicists like Mark Lester call it. B) hemisphere;
C) hemisphere and
D) hemisphere

Butterfly is a 1988 painting by the Japanese 96

artist Ay-O. Like many of Ay-O’s paint-
Which choice completes the text so that it
ings, Butterfly, which portrays a swim-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
mer performing the butterfly stroke, at-
English?
tempts to make use of the entire visual light
sporting rainbow-striped goggles, A) spectrum while
the rainbow-hued swimmer splashes through
a wavy rainbow of water. B) spectrum, while
C) spectrum:
D) spectrum

@satashkent 34
 The 20th century saw the founding of many 97
Latino advocacy to protect and ad-
Which choice completes the text so that it
vance the rights of Latino Americans, both
conforms to the conventions of Standard
the Orden Hijos de América (1921) and the
English?
Partido Nacional de La Raza Unida (1970)
contributed to the history of US civil rights. A) groups and established
B) groups established
C) groups, established
D) groups. Established

The Organisation for Economic Co- 98

operation and Development (OECD) tracks
Which choice completes the text so that it
comparative price list data for its thirty-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
eight member countries. For instance, in
English?
July 2021, a hypothetical basket of goods
priced at 100 US dollars (USD) in the A) nations; Hungary
United States would have cost 54 USD and
110 USD in fellow OECD and B) nations: Hungary
Luxembourg, respectively.
C) nations Hungary
D) nations, Hungary

When Belgium joined Interpol-the Interna- 99

tional Criminal Police in 1923,
Which choice completes the text so that it
the Belgian Federal Police gained access to
conforms to the conventions of Standard
the combined resources of law enforcement
English?
agencies from around the globe.
A) Organization-
B) Organization,
C) Organization
D) Organization:

The mycorrhizal association between alder 100

trees and Paxillus panuoides, a fungus com-
Which choice completes the text so that it
monly referred to as oyster roll-rim, is well
conforms to the conventions of Standard
sharing nutrients via fungal hyphae
English?
and the host tree’s roots, the organisms
form a kind of social system more com- A) documented
monly associated with animals than plants:
a community. B) documented:
C) documented;
D) documented,

@satashkent 35
 Many experts, like lawyer and cycling ad- 101
vocate Ernesto Hernandez-Lopez, have
Which choice completes the text so that it
proposed bike travel as one possible way to
conforms to the conventions of Standard
alleviate congestion on the busy roadways
English?
of Los Angeles County, California. Indeed,
local bicycle paths like the San Francisquito A) Trail which is 4.36 miles long-
have become an increasingly
popular means of travel for commuter and B) Trail: which is 4.36 miles long,
recreational trips alike.
C) Trail, which is 4.36 miles long
D) Trail, which is 4.36 miles long,

Over the years, dozens of architectural and 102

archaeological sites important to Hawaiian
Which choice completes the text so that it
history and culture, such as the Wailua
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Complex of Heiaus and Menehune Fish-
English?
pond, have been added to the Hawai’i Reg-
ister of Historic Places, and each year, a A) select;
review board of experts that includes soci-
ologist Alton Okinaka and architect Katie B) select:
Stephens gathers to which sites to
C) select,
add next to the growing registry.
D) select

While the greater adjutant can be found in 103

places like the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve
Which choice completes the text so that it
in Nepal and Chhnuk Tru in Cambodia,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
more than 80 percent of this endangered
English?
stork species is found in Assam, India.
There, wildlife biologist Dr. Purnima Devi A) that-
Barman is on the front lines of conservation
e!orts through community involve- B) that;
ment and scientific study, aim to bring
C) that:
adjutants back from near extinction.
D) that,

At 4,000 years old, the Ancient Yew, a com- 104

mon yew (Taxus baccata) located in the
Which choice completes the text so that it
United Kingdom, is one of the oldest known
conforms to the conventions of Standard
trees in the world. With four millennia of
English?
climate data in its tree rings, a single tree
like this, claims Valerie Trouet, can A) dendrochronologist:
tell the history of the world.
B) dendrochronologist,
C) dendrochronologist-
D) dendrochronologist

@satashkent 36
 The 20th century saw the founding of many 105
Latino advocacy to protect and
Which choice completes the text so that it
advance the rights of Latino Americans,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
both the American GI Forum (1948) and
English?
the Mexican American Legal Defense and
Education Fund (1968) contributed to the A) groups. Established
history of US civil rights.
B) groups and established
C) groups established
D) groups, established

In Finland, the Hankasalmi observatory site 106

monitors activity in the upper atmosphere
Which choice completes the text so that it
of the northern in Antarc-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
tica, another observatory site, Zhongshan
English?
Station, monitors the sky of the southern
hemisphere. Together, they are part of the A) hemisphere and
Super Dual Auroral Radar Network-or Su-
perDARN, as space physicists like Kathryn B) hemisphere
McWilliams call it.
C) hemisphere,
D) hemisphere;

In 1989, Missouri o#cial fossil: 107

the Eperisocrinus missouriensis, which is a
Which choice completes the text so that it
Carboniferous period marine animal.
conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A) lawmaker’s designated the states

B) lawmakers designated the state’s
C) lawmaker’s designated the state’s
D) lawmakers designated the states

Released in 1993, the Intel Pentium mi- 108

crochip contained a single CPU, or core,
Which choice completes the text so that it
to execute commands. Since then, the av-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
erage processing power of microchips has
English?
increased so drastically—cores now number
in the dozens, hundreds, or even A) thousands—that
the once-revolutionary dual-core technology
that replaced the single-core chip can be B) thousands that—
found in everyday items like toasters and
C) thousands. That
toothbrushes.
D) thousands, that

@satashkent 37
 When Anglo and African Americans moved 109
West in the nineteenth century to begin
Which choice completes the text so that it
cattle ranching, they learned the trade from
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Spanish-speaking Mexican vaqueros (cow-
English?
boys). This is why many ranching terms
come from English word ”lasso” A) Spanish. The
(a rope) comes from the Spanish word lazo,
and ”cinch” (a belt) comes from cincho. B) Spanish (the
C) Spanish the
D) Spanish? The

Nebraska governor the first woman 110

to serve in that role in the state’s his-
Which choice completes the text so that it
tory—took o#ce on January 9, 1987.
conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A) Kay A. Orr–
B) Kay A. Orr,
C) Kay A. Orr
D) Kay A. Orr:

Sociologist Todd Gitlin co-opted the term 111

“recombinant,” normally used in reference
Which choice completes the text so that it
to genetic engineering, to describe serialized
conforms to the conventions of Standard
television shows of the 1980s. Gitlin’s use
English?
of the term referenced TV studios’ practice
of repackaging successful narrative formulas A) content, in that era,
as new even shows that varied only
slightly from other shows still attracted size- B) content in that era,
able audiences.
C) content, in that era
D) content; in that era,

Kati Horna’s 1938 photograph ”Stairway to 112

the Cathedral” is collected in the 2021 exhi-
Which choice completes the text so that it
bition The New Woman Behind the
conforms to the conventions of Standard
works by artists from over twenty coun-
English?
tries, the exhibition showcases the diverse,
innovative, often aesthetically daring work A) Camera, featuring
of female photographers from the 1920s
through the 1950s. B) Camera. Featuring
C) Camera featuring
D) Camera and featuring

@satashkent 38
 Integrating insights from economics and 113
psychology, researchers in the field of behav-
Which choice completes the text so that it
ioral economics explore a variety of topics.
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Olga Shurchkov of Wellesley College studies
English?
worker other researchers investigate
areas such as market behavior and consumer A) productivity for instance;
behavior.
B) productivity, for instance;
C) productivity; for instance,
D) productivity, for instance,

Je!ery Renard Allen’s short essay on ’back- 114

wall,’ a word referring to the cli! at the
Which choice completes the text so that it
head of a glacier-carved valley, is included
conforms to the conventions of Standard
in the collection Home Ground: A Guide to
English?
the American Landscape. The book wasn’t
written solely by other authors, A) Allen; however,
such as Carolyn Servid and Barry Lopez,
also contributed essays. B) Allen, however;
C) Allen. However,
D) Allen, however,

Churchrock Chapter, which covers 58,000 115

acres, is one of the 110 chapters of the
Which choice completes the text so that it
Navajo Diné bizaad (the Navajo lan-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
guage), the chapter is called Kin L$ itsoth
English?
Sı́nı́lı́.
A) Nation, in
B) Nation. In
C) Nation in
D) Nation and in

The 1970 founding of the Partido Nacional 116

de La Raza Unida and the 1946 Mendez v.
Which choice completes the text so that it
Westminster court decision are important
conforms to the conventions of Standard
events in US civil rights former es-
English?
tablishing a Latino rights advocacy group
and the latter legally a#rming the rights of A) history the
Latino students.
B) history. The
C) history, the
D) history, and the

@satashkent 39
 Writer Silvia Moreno-Garcia’s love of short 117
fiction began when she read a collection of
Which choice completes the text so that it
Edgar Allan Poe stories as a child, and she
conforms to the conventions of Standard
would develop into a prolific short story
English?
writer herself, publishing pieces like “The
Axolotl” (2013) and “Maquetch” (2008). A) novel Mexican
Yet she’s best known as a novelist, in part
due to her Gothic (2020) earning B) novel (Mexican
a spot on the New York Times Best Sellers
C) novel, Mexican
list.
D) novel: Mexican

The Organisation for Economic Co- 118

operation and Development (OECD) tracks
Which choice completes the text so that it
comparative price list data for its thirty-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
eight member countries. For instance, in
English?
July 2021, a hypothetical basket of goods
priced at 100 US dollars (USD) in the A) nations, Hungary
United States would have cost 54 USD and
112 USD in fellow OECD and Ire- B) nations: Hungary
land, respectively.
C) nations; Hungary
D) nations Hungary

Each year, the Nobel Prize in Literature is 119

given to an author who has, in the words
Which choice completes the text so that it
of its founder Alfred Nobel, ”produced
conforms to the conventions of Standard
the most outstanding work in an idealistic
English?
in 1947, for instance, judges rec-
ognized André Paul Guillaume Gide ”for A) direction,”
his comprehensive and artistically signif-
icant writings, in which human problems B) direction” and,
and conditions have been presented with a
C) direction”;
fearless love of truth and keen psychological
insight.” D) direction”

After finding information about Benjamin 120

Sterling Turner, who represented Alabama
Which choice completes the text so that it
in the United States House of Representa-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
tives, the student discovered biographical
English?
sketches of two other Black Americans who
served in Robert Brown Elliott of A) Congress
South Carolina and Ronald V. Dellums of
California. B) Congress,
C) Congress;
D) Congress:

@satashkent 40
 Joy Williams’s essay on ”cenote,” a term 121
referring to a deep sinkhole containing a
Which choice completes the text so that it
pool of water, is just one of many essays
conforms to the conventions of Standard
included in Home Ground: A Guide to the
English?
American by Barry Lopez and De-
bra Gwartney, the book celebrates the rich A) Landscape, edited
language used to describe the landscape of
North America. B) Landscape edited
C) Landscape. Edited
D) Landscape and edited

During the decades-long movement to cod- 122

ify the rights of Latinos in the US, certain
Which choice completes the text so that it
events were pivotal: the founding of la-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
bor rights group El Teatro Campesino in
English?
Serna v. Portales Schools court
decision in 1974, which a#rmed the rights A) 1965, for one, the
of Latino students, is another such event.
B) 1965, for one. The
C) 1965 for one, the
D) 1965. For one, the

A lady-in-waiting’s account of Japanese 123

courtly life in the tenth century, Sei
Which choice completes the text so that it
Shōnagon’s Pillow Book is filled with daily
conforms to the conventions of Standard
observations and musings. Some of these
English?
appear as “Splendid Things.”
Shōnagon catalogs her appreciation for a A) lists in
snow-covered garden, Chinese brocade fab-
ric, and grape-colored fabric. B) lists, in
C) lists in:
D) lists: in

While the greater adjutant can be found in 124

places like the Inner Gulf of Thailand and
Which choice completes the text so that it
the Chhep Wildlife Sanctuary in Cambodia,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
more than 80 percent of this endangered
English?
stork species is found in Assam, India.
There, wildlife biologist Dr. Purnima Devi A) study,
Barman is on the front lines of conservation
e!orts that—through community involve- B) study—
ment and scientific aim to bring
C) study:
adjutants back from near extinction.
D) study

@satashkent 41
 The human shoulder contains the in- 125
fraspinatus, a skeletal muscle that is at-
Which choice completes the text so that it
tached to the this muscle plays a
conforms to the conventions of Standard
role in rotating the upper arm.
English?

A) scapula,
B) scapula;
C) scapula
D) scapula that

Despite the fact that what is now known as 126

the Carmichael number was first posited by
Which choice completes the text so that it
Václav Šimerka, the number is named after
conforms to the conventions of Standard
the twentieth-century American mathemati-
English?
cian Robert Carmichael. One might assume
cases like this, where a discovery or concept A) rare on the contrary,
is not named after the first person who dis-
covered it, to be they are counted B) rare, on the contrary;
among a litany of examples of Stigler’s law.
C) rare, on the contrary,
D) rare; on the contrary,

Included in Reclamation! Pan-African 127

Works from the Beth Rudin DeWoody
Which choice completes the text so that it
Collection, a 2018 group exhibition at the
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Taubman Museum of Art in Roanoke, Vir-
English?
ginia, was the work of artist Lorna Simpson,
who is best known for her multimedia art- A) memory,
works that juxtapose images of African
American women with text fragments. Her B) memory, and
work challenges conventional notions of
C) memory and
race, gender, history, and she is
credited with expanding the horizons of D) memory
conceptual photographic art.

Nadifa Mohamed is a novelist from 128

Hargeisa, Somalia, who has earned inter-
Which choice completes the text so that it
national acclaim in recent years. Writers
conforms to the conventions of Standard
of other literary forms, such as poetry and
English?
drama, are less likely to be recognized be-
yond their nations’ borders, but many are A) known
still well Koulsy Lamko, for exam-
ple, is a celebrated playwright from Chad. B) known:
C) known and
D) known,

@satashkent 42
 Recent analysis of 2010 BL4—an outer solar 129
system object orbiting the Sun between
Which choice completes the text so that it
Jupiter and Neptune—has determined its
conforms to the conventions of Standard
color to be gray, suggesting an icy compo-
English?
sition. Such interpretations are ultimately
the object’s gray coloration may be A) speculative, though
an incidental e!ect of radiation, solar wind,
or collisions with other objects rather than B) speculative, though,
evidence of its physical makeup.
C) speculative; though
D) speculative, though;

The Austronesian language family com- 130

prises some 1,200 languages—including the
Which choice completes the text so that it
Javanese and Bikol, which are spo-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
ken by 100 million and 2.6 million speakers,
English?
respectively—and accounts for one-fifth of
the world’s languages, making it of keen A) languages
interest to linguists like Li Jen-kuei.
B) languages:
C) languages—
D) languages,

Charline E!ah is a novelist from Minvoul, 131

Gabon, who has earned international ac-
Which choice completes the text so that it
claim in recent years. Writers of other
conforms to the conventions of Standard
literary forms, such as poetry and drama,
English?
are less likely to be recognized beyond their
nations’ borders, but many are still well A) known
Malika Ouattara, for example, is a
celebrated slam poet from Burkina Faso. B) known,
C) known:
D) known and

When Fiji joined Interpol—the International 132

Criminal Police in 1971, the Fiji
Which choice completes the text so that it
National Police Intelligence Bureau gained
conforms to the conventions of Standard
access to the combined resources of law en-
English?
forcement agencies from around the globe.
A) Organization,
B) Organization—
C) Organization
D) Organization:

@satashkent 43
 The length of bird eggs varies widely across 133
species, and an ecological compared
Which choice completes the text so that it
the lengths of eggs produced by di!erent
conforms to the conventions of Standard
bird species found Milvus migrans eggs to
English?
be longer, on average, than Gallinula chloro-
pus eggs. A) study, that
B) study, which
C) study
D) study that

The Suzuki method is an approach to music 134

instruction to teach music in the
Which choice completes the text so that it
same natural way children learn language,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
emphasizes retaining and reviewing previ-
English?
ously learned pieces of music. In Suzuki
piano instruction, students begin their mu- A) that, is aiming
sical education with simple folk songs like
“The Honeybee.” B) that, aiming
C) that aims
D) that has aimed

The Organisation for Economic Co- 135

operation and Development (OECD) tracks
Which choice completes the text so that it
comparative price list data for its thirty-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
eight member countries. According to this
English?
data, in July 2021, a “basket” of goods and
services priced at 100 US dollars (USD) in A) nation Spain.
the United States would have cost 80 USD
in fellow OECD member B) nation, Spain.
C) nation—Spain.
D) nation: Spain.

Two of the most celebrated examples of 136

visual allegory in painting, The Four El-
Which choice completes the text so that it
ements: Air by Joachim Beuckelaer and
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Ceres (Summer) by Antoine Watteau, were
English?
completed in 1570 and such alle-
gorical artwork was particularly popular A) 1712, respectively;
from the 15th through the late 18th cen-
turies. B) 1712, respectively,
C) 1712 respectively,
D) 1712; respectively,

@satashkent 44
 Fatoumata Keı̈ta is a novelist from Bamako, 137
Mali, who has earned international acclaim
Which choice completes the text so that it
in recent years. Writers of other literary
conforms to the conventions of Standard
forms, such as poetry and drama, are less
English?
likely to be recognized beyond their nations’
borders, but many are still well A) known:
Fama Diagne Sène, for example, is a cele-
brated playwright from Senegal. B) known and
C) known,
D) known

When Fiji joined Interpol—the International 138

Criminal Police in 1971, the Fiji
Which choice completes the text so that it
National Police Intelligence Bureau gained
conforms to the conventions of Standard
access to the combined resources of law en-
English?
forcement agencies from around the globe.
A) Organization—
B) Organization:
C) Organization
D) Organization,

The Organisation for Economic Co- 139

operation and Development (OECD) tracks
Which choice completes the text so that it
comparative price list data for its thirty-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
eight member countries. According to this
English?
data, in July 2021, a ”basket” of goods and
services priced at 100 US dollars (USD) in A) nation: Costa Rica.
the United States would have cost 55 USD
in fellow OECD member B) nation—Costa Rica.
C) nation Costa Rica.
D) nation, Costa Rica.

On February 1, 2018, a Florida-based 140

research team—Martha A. Scholl,
Which choice completes the text so that it
Maoya Bassiouni, and Angel J. Torres-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Sánchez—compiled climate data from sev-
English?
eral sites in Puerto Rico’s Luquillo Moun-
tains. At 8:30 a.m., the air temperature was A) elevation and
16°C at site CC1, the site with the highest
it had shifted to 16.8°C by 11:00 B) elevation
p.m.
C) elevation,
D) elevation, and

@satashkent 45
 Two of the most celebrated examples of 141
visual allegory in painting, The Four El-
Which choice completes the text so that it
ements: Air by Joachim Beuckelaer and
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Ceres (Summer) by Antoine Watteau, were
English?
completed in 1570 and such alle-
gorical artwork was particularly popular A) 1712 respectively,
from the 15th through the late 18th cen-
turies. B) 1712, respectively;
C) 1712, respectively,
D) 1712; respectively,

When Malaysia joined Interpol—the Inter- 142

national Criminal Police in 1961,
Which choice completes the text so that it
the Royal Malaysian Police gained access to
conforms to the conventions of Standard
the combined resources of law enforcement
English?
agencies from around the globe.
A) Organization—
B) Organization:
C) Organization,
D) Organization

The length of bird eggs varies widely across 143

species, and an ecological compared
Which choice completes the text so that it
the lengths of eggs produced by di!erent
conforms to the conventions of Standard
bird species found Calidris alpina eggs to
English?
be longer, on average, than Oriolus xan-
thornotus eggs. A) study that
B) study
C) study, which
D) study, that

The Suzuki method is an approach to music 144

instruction to teach music in the
Which choice completes the text so that it
same natural way children learn language,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
emphasizes immersion in a musical commu-
English?
nity. In Suzuki violin instruction, students
begin their musical education with simple A) that, is aiming
classical pieces like Johann Sebastian Bach’s
“Minuet No. 2.” B) that, aiming
C) that aims
D) that has aimed

@satashkent 46
 The Organisation for Economic Co- 145
operation and Development (OECD) tracks
Which choice completes the text so that it
comparative price list data for its thirty-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
eight member countries. According to this
English?
data, in July 2021, a “basket” of goods and
services priced at 100 US dollars (USD) in A) nation Australia.
the United States would have cost 113 USD
in fellow OECD member B) nation: Australia.
C) nation—Australia.
D) nation, Australia.

Inspired by her Ot- 146

tawa/Pottawotami/Ojibwe heritage, artist
Which choice completes the text so that it
Kelly Church typically uses black ash- a
conforms to the conventions of Standard
durable and flexible craft baskets
English?
that are both beautiful and whimsical.
A) material: to
B) material; to
C) material-to
D) material. To

New Mexican governor the first 147

woman to serve in that role in the state’s
Which choice completes the text so that it
history - took o#ce on January 1, 2011.
conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A) Susana Martinez,
B) Susana Martinez:
C) Susana Martinez
D) Susana Martinez -

Featured among the more than 120 pho- 148

tographs in 2021 exhibition The New
Which choice completes the text so that it
Woman Behind the Camera, Lola Alvarez
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Bravo’s ”The Freeloaders” o!ers
English?
a glimpse back in time to 1955.
A) photograph,
B) photograph
C) photograph;
D) photograph:

@satashkent 47
 Having devised an optical spectroscopy 149
technique that allowed researchers to
Which choice completes the text so that it
study ultrafast chemical reactions within
conforms to the conventions of Standard
molecules, known as femtochem-
English?
istry. For this groundbreaking work, he
won the Othmer Gold Medal and the Davy A) chemist Ahmed Zewail introduced a new
Medal from the Royal Siciety. scientific discipline
B) a new scientific discipline was introduced
by Ahmed Zewail, a chemist
C) the introduction of a new scientific
discipline was initiated by chemist Ahmed
Zewail
D) chemist Ahmed Zewail’s introduction of a
new scientific discipline would be

In his Naturalis historia, Pliny the El- 150

der praised Hipparchus’s star catalog, a
Which choice completes the text so that it
second-century BCE list of roughly 850
conforms to the conventions of Standard
di!erent stars’ celestial positions. For cen-
English?
turies, scholars dreamed about locating a
copy of this legendary lost fantasy A) work, that
(partially) became reality in 2022, when
researchers uncovered the traces of the star B) work and that
catalog on a palimpsest, a reused parch-
C) work that
ment.
D) work. That

The editors of Home Ground: A Guide 151

to the American Landscape turned to the
Which choice completes the text so that it
to craft the entry about ”hueco,” a
conforms to the conventions of Standard
term referring to a water-retaining depres-
English?
sion in a rock face.
A) novelist Stephen Graham Jones,
B) novelist Stephen Graham Jones
C) novelist, Stephen Graham Jones,
D) novelist, Stephen Graham Jones

@satashkent 48
 The Organisation for Economic Co- 152
operation and Development (OECD) tracks
Which choice completes the text so that it
comparative price list data for its thirty
conforms to the conventions of Standard
eight member countries. According to this
English?
data, in July 2021, a ”basket” of goods and
services priced at 100 US dollars (USD) in A) nation - Finland.
the United States would have cost 195 USD
in fellow OECD member B) nation: Finland.
C) nation, Finland.
D) nation Finland.

In Los Angeles County, California, bicycle 153

paths like the Rio Hondo bicycle path–
Which choice completes the text so that it
which is about 15.6 miles long–have become
conforms to the conventions of Standard
an increasingly popular means of travel
English?
for commuter and recreational trips alike.
Moreover, Ernesto has identified A) Hernandez-Lopez a lawyer and cycling
bike travel as one possible way to alleviate advocate
vehicle congestion, citing the bike friend-
liness of the area’s temperate climate and B) Hernandez-Lopez, a lawyer and a cycling
mostly flat roads. advocate,
C) Hernandez-Lopez a lawyer and cycling
advocate,
D) Hernandez-Lopez, a lawyer and cycling
advocate

Bear River High School and Bryce Val- 154

ley High School are two of several Utah
Which choice completes the text so that it
enormous geoglyph of the letters
conforms to the conventions of Standard
BR overhears River High, while a geoglyph
English?
of the letters BV overlooks Bryce Valley
High. A) schools, that have their own hillside
geoglyphs, and an
B) schools that have their own hillside
geoglyphs. An
C) schools, that have their own hillside
geoglyphs and an
D) schools that have their own hillside
geoglyphs, an

@satashkent 49
 With one in Finland and another in Aus- 155
tralia, the observatory sites that form the
Which choice completes the text so that it
Super Dual Auroral Radar Network – or
conforms to the conventions of Standard
SuperDARN, as space physicists like Mark
English?
Lester call it – number nearly five
across the globe, the radars track iono- A) dozen. Located
spheric irregularities and other geospace
phenomena. B) dozen, located
C) dozen, which are located
D) dozen located

On March 6. 2002, Canadian astronomers 156

detected a striking and unusual phe-
Which choice completes the text so that it
nomenon occurring in the constellation
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Lepus, 160 million light-years from
English?
explosion of a massive star, also known as a
supernova, an extremely bright yet transient A) Earth. The
event that typically results from the collapse
of a star’s core. B) Earth, it was the
C) Earth: the
D) Earth; the

Between December 28 and January 12 each 157

year, particles shed by comet (196256) 2003
Which choice completes the text so that it
EH1 enter Earth’s atmosphere at a velocity
conforms to the conventions of Standard
of 41 kilometers per second. Relatively few
English?
of these particles are likely to reach Earth’s
since the meteoroids’ compression A) surface; however,
of the air surrounding them causes the vast
majority to burn mesosphere, producing the B) surface, however,
Quadrantid meteor shower.
C) surface. However,
D) surface, however;

In a chemical reaction, the value known 158

as molar mass helps convert between the
Which choice completes the text so that it
mass of the reactants and the mass of the
conforms to the conventions of Standard
product. The gaseous have molar
English?
masses of 150.21 and 16.04 g/mol, respec-
tively. A) compounds, thymol and methane
B) compounds, thymol and methane,
C) compounds thymol and methane
D) compounds thymol and methane,

@satashkent 50
 The pedagogy of the Suzuki method is 159
rooted in several central by
Which choice completes the text so that it
Japanese violinist Shinichi Suzuki, who
conforms to the conventions of Standard
sought to parallel the linguistic learning en-
English?
vironment, the method emphasizes learning
from skilled musicians who are also skilled A) tenets developed
teachers and teaches students as young as
three to play simple classical pieces such as B) tenets, developed
”The Two Grenadiers
C) tenets. Developed
D) tenets that, developed

Having devised an optical spectroscopy 160

technique that allowed researchers to study
Which choice completes the text so that it
ultrafast chemical reactions occurring within
conforms to the conventions of Standard
molecules, known as femtochem-
English?
istry. For this groundbreaking work, he won
the King Faisal International Prize and the A) the introduction of a new scientific
Nobel Prize in Chemistry. discipline was initiated by chemist Ahmed
Zewail
B) a new scientific discipline was introduced
by Ahmed Zewail, a chemist
C) chemist Ahmed Zewail’s introduction of a
new scientific discipline would be
D) chemist Ahmed Zewail introduced a new
scientific discipline

Researchers studying how agricultural 161

fertilizers impact grassland arthropod pop-
Which choice completes the text so that it
ulations have employed several collection
conforms to the conventions of Standard
methods. A team led by researcher L. Brian
English?
Patrick collected arthropods with
another research team, led by Kimberly J. A) pitfall traps for instance
La Pierre, gathered them with bug vacu-
ums. B) pitfall traps, for instance;
C) pitfall traps; for instance,
D) pitfall traps, for instance,

@satashkent 51
 On most of the world’s beaches, sand is 162
a predictable cream or beige color. The
Which choice completes the text so that it
sand at Les Sables Roses Beach in French
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Polynesia is a strikingly di!erent
English?
sand gets its shade from deposits of gray-
and tan-hued quartz and feldspar, deposits A) shade, though. Most
of crushed coral and other organic matter
lend the sand at Les Sables Roses Beach a B) shade, though most
colorful pink tint.
C) shade: though most
D) shade, though, most

Technologies such as microphones and inkjet 163

printers are made using piezoelectric materi-
Which choice completes the text so that it
als, which generate an internal electric field
conforms to the conventions of Standard
when pressure is applied to them. The toxic
English?
nature of some of these materials recently
led a team from the University of She#eld A) could their use be better regulated?
to investigate how
B) their use could be better regulated.
C) their use could be better regulated?
D) could their use be better regulated.

While the greater adjutant can be found 164

in places like Hakaluki Haor in Bangladesh
Which choice completes the text so that it
and Northern Santuk in Cambodia, more
conforms to the conventions of Standard
than 80 percent of this endangered stork
English?
species is found in Assam, India. There,
wildlife biologist Dr. Purnima Devi Barman A) study—
is on the front lines of conservation e!orts
that—through community involvement and B) study,
scientific aim to bring adjutants back
C) study:
from near extinction.
D) study

On March 23, 2021, a gust of wind wreaked 165

havoc on global trade. Ever Given, an inter-
Which choice completes the text so that it
national shipping container vessel, became
conforms to the conventions of Standard
lodged in Egypt’s Suez Canal, a major ship-
English?
ping route between Europe and Asia. The
vessel took six days to it’s as heavy A) dislodge in part due to its sheer size,
as two thousand blue whales when fully
loaded. B) dislodge, in part due to its sheer size:
C) dislodge, in part due to its sheer size,
D) dislodge, in part, due to its sheer size

@satashkent 52
 On February 1, 2018, Florida-based 166
researchers Martha A.Scholl, Maoya
Which choice completes the text so that it
Bassiouni, and Angel J. Torres-Sánchez
conforms to the conventions of Standard
climate data from several sites in
English?
Puerto Rico’s Luquillo Mountains. At 8:30
a.m, the air temperature was 16°C at site A) compiled,
CC1, the site with the highest elevation,
and it had shifted to 16.8° C by 11:00p.m. B) compiled
C) compiled;
D) compiled:

The programming languages COBOL, devel- 167

oped by Grace Hopper in developed
Which choice completes the text so that it
by Rich Hickey in 2007, are all routinely
conforms to the conventions of Standard
translated into executable code by tools
English?
known as compilers.
A) 1959, Java developed by James Gosling in
1995; and Clojure
B) 1959, Java; developed by James Gosling in
1995; and Clojure,
C) 1959; Java, developed by James Gosling in
1995, and Clojure,
D) 1959; Java, developed by James Gosling in
1995; and Clojure,

Most sand is beige because of deposits of 168

gray- and tan-hued minerals, such as quartz
Which choice completes the text so that it
and feldspar. The sand at Les Sables Roses
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Beach in French Polynesia is a more unusual
English?
deposits of crushed coral and other
organic matter lend the sand a unique pink A) shade, though;
hue.
B) shade, though,
C) shade, though
D) shade; though

@satashkent 53
 While the greater adjutant (Leptoptilos 169
dubius) can be found in places like Dong
Which choice completes the text so that it
Khanthung in Laos and Chitwan National
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Park in Nepal, more than 80 percent of this
English?
endangered stork species is found in Assam,
India. There, wildlife is on the A) biologist Dr. Purnima Devi Barman
front lines of conservation e!orts to bring
adjutants back from near extinction B) biologist: Dr. Purnima Devi Barman.
C) biologist, Dr. Purnima Devi Barman,
D) biologist, Dr. Purnima Devi Barman

The giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron gigan- 170

teum) known as D-23, located in the United
Which choice completes the text so that it
States, was one of the oldest known trees
conforms to the conventions of Standard
in the world, at 3,075 years old. With over
English?
three millennia of climate data in its tree
single tree like this, claims den- A) rings. A
drochronologist Valerie Trouet, can tell the
history of the world. B) rings; a
C) rings and a
D) rings, a

After finding information about Blanche 171

Kelso Bruce, who represented Mississippi
Which choice completes the text so that it
in the United States Senate, the student
conforms to the conventions of Standard
discovered biographical sketches of two
English?
other Black Americans who served in
Ralph Harold Metcalfe of Illinois and Alton A) Congress;
R. Waldon Jr. of New York.
B) Congress:
C) Congress,
D) Congress

Mr. T. Rasta, and Makhulu were special 172

animals to big cat enthusiasts. Between
Which choice completes the text so that it
2006 and lions prowled the Greater
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Kruger National Park game reserve in South
English?
Africa, forming part of a dominant coali-
tion – the term for a group of male lions – A) 2012 when these
known as the Mapogo.
B) 2012. These
C) 2012, because these
D) 2012, these

@satashkent 54
 Among the many ancient Egyptian units of 173
measurement, the units and tools were used
Which choice completes the text so that it
to measure area and neither unit is
conforms to the conventions of Standard
commonly used today.
English?

A) length; respectively,
B) length respectively
C) length, respectively;
D) length, respectively,

Many mechanical calculators were powered 174

by a notched cylinder mechanism called the
Which choice completes the text so that it
Leibniz wheel. Leibniz wheel calculators
conforms to the conventions of Standard
were popular in the first half of the twenti-
English?
eth these ingenious devices were
eventually replaced by electronic calculators. A) century,
B) century that
C) century
D) century, but

Nigerian American artist Toyin Ojih Odu- 175

tola uses black-ink pens to create highly
Which choice completes the text so that it
detailed drawings of human figures. Her
conforms to the conventions of Standard
portrait of novelist Zadie is dis-
English?
played in the National Portrait Gallery in
London. A) Smith:
B) Smith,
C) Smith
D) Smith–

The term ”retroflex” derives from Latin and 176

means ”bent back,” an apt descriptor for
Which choice completes the text so that it
the branch of consonants – retroflex conso-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
nants – pronounced with the tongue curling
English?
up and back in the mouth. In many lan-
guages, including English, these consonants A) rare,
are in some dialects of Mandarin,
however, four such consonants (”ch.” ”sh,” B) rare
”zh,” and ”r”) are relatively common.
C) rare:
D) rare, and

@satashkent 55
 Along with carbon dioxide concentration 177
and temperature, light intensity a!ects the
Which choice completes the text so that it
chemical reaction rate of as light
conforms to the conventions of Standard
intensity increases, so does the rate at which
English?
the reactants (water and carbon dioxide) are
converted into their products (glucose and A) photosynthesis
oxygen).
B) photosynthesis:
C) photosynthesis and
D) photosynthesis,

Gretchen Legler’s short essay on ”sound,” a 178

word referring to a large inlet or channel of
Which choice completes the text so that it
a sea or ocean, is included in the collection
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Home Ground: A Guide to the American
English?
Landscape. The book wasn’t written solely
by other authors, such as Stephen A) Legler, however,
Graham Jones and Barry Lopez, also con-
tributed essays. B) Legler; however,
C) Legler. However,
D) Legler, however;

The Organisation for Economic Co- 179

operation and Development (OECD) tracks
Which choice completes the text so that it
comparative price list data for its thirty-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
eight member countries. According to this
English?
data, in July 2021, a ”basket” of goods and
services priced at 100 US dollars (USD) in A) nation Latvia.
the United States would have cost 66 USD
in fellow OECD member B) nation: Latvia.
C) nation, Latvia.
D) nation - Latvia.

The editors of Home Ground: A Guide 180

to the American Landscape turned to Ar-
Which choice completes the text so that it
turo Longoria, a nonfiction writer, to craft
conforms to the conventions of Standard
the entry for ”arroyo,” a term referring to
English?
the bed of an intermittently dry stream or
creek. For ”lek,” however, the editors chose A) poet, Emily Hiestand,
the author of The Very Rich Hours.
B) poet, Emily Hiestand
C) poet Emily Hiestand
D) poet Emily Hiestand,

@satashkent 56
 The Roman historian Suetonius’s De vita 181
caesarum, a biography of the Roman Em-
Which choice completes the text so that it
pire’s first leaders, is an extant work: it can
conforms to the conventions of Standard
still be read. By contrast, Suetonius’s book
English?
on miscellaneous topics, Pratum, no copies
of which is a lost work: it can be A) having survived,
accessed only indirectly, through through
references references to B) to survive,
C) survive,
D) surviving,

Within Earth’s biomes, there are four main 182

types of desert: arid, semiarid, coastal, and
Which choice completes the text so that it
cold. The Australian Desert in Australa-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
sia is an arid with a total area of
English?
about 2,700,000 km², it is one of the largest
deserts of any type. A) desert,
B) desert, and
C) desert and
D) desert

On most of the world’s beaches, sand is a 183

predictable cream or beige color. The sand
Which choice completes the text so that it
at Talofofo Beach in Guam is an
conforms to the conventions of Standard
sand gets its shade from deposits of gray-
English?
and tan-hued quartz and feldspar, deposits
of crushed olivine crystal and other organic A) exception, though most
matter lend the sand at Talofofo Beach a
colorful green tint. B) exception: though most
C) exception, though, most
D) exception, though. Most

@satashkent 57
Topic 2: Form, Structure, and Sense
118 Questions

DIRECTIONS

Must Know Tips:

• Pay attention to the number of the noun and its corresponding verb.

• Sometimes, you may need to read the entire passage to understand what’s being tested.

• Quickly go through Gramilliy.

• Don’t read the question prompt (it’s static).

Recommended time per question in this section: min: 20 sec, max: 45 sec, avg: 32.5 sec.
(*Exam level)

The writer Maya Angelou, along with others 1

such as Lorenzo Thomas and Gwendolyn
Which choice completes the text so that it
Brooks, commonly associated
conforms to the conventions of Standard
with the Black Arts movement, a loose-knit
English?
group of writers and artists active in the
1960s and the 1970s who were interested in A) have been
exploring the Black American experience
through their work. B) is
C) are
D) were

Both Heinrich Boll and Camilo Jose Cel.a 2

have been commended for contri-
Which choice completes the text so that it
butions to literature, perhaps most notably
conforms to the conventions of Standard
when the Swedish Academy awarded Ball
English?
the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1972 and
Cela in 1989. A) it’s
B) their
C) its
D) they’re

@satashkent 58
 On the other hand, Newark Liberty Inter- 3
national Airport, which located in
Which choice completes the text so that it
Newark, New Jersey, saw an overall increase
conforms to the conventions of Standard
in departing passengers over the same time
English?
period, from 16,704,844 total passengers to
23,171,827. A) is
B) are
C) were
D) have been

Rising 11,371 feet above sea level, Mount 4

Leuser among the world’s tallest
Which choice completes the text so that it
mountains.
conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A) is ranked
B) to rank
C) ranking
D) having ranked

Fans of the film The Princess and the Frog 5

(2009) likely the commanding
Which choice completes the text so that it
bass voice behind the character Dr. Facilier.
conforms to the conventions of Standard
It belongs to actor Keith David. The vet-
English?
eran actor has performed in everything from
commercials to Broadway musicals, but he A) recognizes
is most known for his voice acting.
B) has recognized
C) recognize
D) is recognizing

As an object-oriented computer program- 6

ming language Kotlin is used by coders like
Which choice completes the text so that it
Black Girls Code founder Kimberly Bryant
conforms to the conventions of Standard
to create programs by manipulating ”ob-
English?
jects” (that is, specifically defined variables
or combinations of variables) into inter- A) to use
acting with each other. Conversely Pascal,
in software development and B) used
educational instruction, is not an object-
C) the use
oriented language.
D) using

@satashkent 59
 To divorce his first wife and marry Anne 7
Boylyn, King Henry VIII of England sep-
Which choice completes the text so that it
arated from the Catholic Church in 1534.
conforms to the conventions of Standard
He then established his own religion, the
English?
Church of England, which would also be-
come known as Protestantism. This decision A) England’s following monarchs
would send England into centuries of tur-
moil as , some Catholic and some B) English rulers that followed
Protestant, would enforce their preferred
C) British kings that later ruled
religion and persecute their subjects if they
did not follow suit. D) England’s later–ruling kings

In Tallin, Estonia, the average temperature 8

is 57.4 degrees in June, to 63 degrees
Which choice completes the text so that it
in July, and then dips slightly to 60 degrees
conforms to the conventions of Standard
in August.
English?

A) rising
B) rises
C) has risen
D) rose

In the cosmetic industry, emulsifiers like 9

polysorbate 80 allow chemicals to blend
Which choice completes the text so that it
water and oil into homogenous formulations,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
like lotions and perfumes. in
English?
everything from food to cleaning products,
emulsifiers are compounds that serve to A) Using
stabilize an emulsion- a mixture of two or
more liquids that otherwise would not easily B) To use
blend together.
C) They are used
D) Used

Since 1948, Us News an & World Report 10

has been publishing data-driven reports
Which choice completes the text so that it
on various aspects of culture and society,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
including an annual ranking of the best jobs
English?
in US. In 2021, the publication determined
that statistics had the sixth best job in US. A) metrics as the profession’s
A calculation arrived at by considering such
median salary and work-life B) metric as the profession’s
balance.
C) metrics as the professions’
D) metric as the professions

@satashkent 60
 An emulsifier is a type of compound that 11
to stabilize an emulsion-a mixture
Which choice completes the text so that it
of two or more liquids that otherwise would
conforms to the conventions of Standard
not easily blend. In the cosmetics industry,
English?
emulsifiers like Detostearyl are commonly
used to blend oil and water. A) served
B) had served
C) serves
D) was serving

In the periodic table, an element’s atomic 12

number indicates the number of protons in
Which choice completes the text so that it
an atom of that element. For example, there
conforms to the conventions of Standard
are 25 protons in a manganese atom. Ray-
English?
mand Chang’s textbook General Chemistry:
The Essential Concepts this A) discussing
concept in detail.
B) discusses
C) to discuss
D) having discussed

In the spring of 1964, it was hard to go 13

anywhere without hearing the song ”Cotton
Which choice completes the text so that it
Candy” by the syivers. As of April 11, the
conforms to the conventions of Standard
song had spent thirteen straight weeks on
English?
the Bliboard Hot 100 chart and
№ 1 on the list. A) have been ranking
B) was ranked
C) were ranked
D) are ranked

The word ”robot” first used in 14

the 1920 play R.U.R. by Czech author Karel
Which choice completes the text so that it
Capek.
conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A) were
B) were being
C) was
D) have been

@satashkent 61
 In 2021, Sara McArthy as a 15
biologist at the University of Connecticut,
Which choice completes the text so that it
studying squids.
conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A) working
B) was working
C) to work
D) to have worked

In Moscow, Russia, the average temper- 16

ature is 62.6 degrees Fahrenheit in June,
Which choice completes the text so that it
to 66.6 degree in July, and then
conforms to the conventions of Standard
dips slightly to 62.6 degrees in August.
English?

A) has risen
B) rises
C) rising
D) rose

Lily Everett and Mary Foote were among 17

the 300 artists who exhibited at the 1913
Which choice completes the text so that it
Armory Show, a groundbreaking New York
conforms to the conventions of Standard
City art exhibition that introduced mod-
English?
ernism to the American audience. Marcel
Duchamp’s abstract cubist aesthetic re- A) these
ceived the most skepticism from critics, as
represented a radical departure B) they
from the more realistic painting style that
C) we
was popular at the time.
D) it

It is widely known that New York City’s 18

Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)
Which choice completes the text so that it
a vast collection of oil paintings, including
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Franz Marc’s The World Cow and Kather-
English?
ine S. Dreier’s Abstract Portrait of Marcel
Duchamp. A) housing
B) to house
C) to have housed
D) houses

@satashkent 62
 Water boils at around 212°F at sea level, 19
but in Highland, Utah (elevation: 4,977 feet
Which choice completes the text so that it
above sea level), it boils at around 202°F.
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Food writer J. Kenji López-Alt, who ex-
English?
plores the science behind cooking,
that lower boiling points at higher ele- A) explains
vations ”can wreak all sorts of havoc on
recipes.” B) explain
C) have explained
D) are explaining

Yerevan is the capital city of Armenia and, 20

roughly one million people,
Which choice completes the text so that it
home to an impressive 36 percent of Arme-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
nia’s total population.
English?

A) contained
B) contains
C) containing
D) has contained

When debuted in January 1983 21

as part of the exhibit Women of Clay, the
Which choice completes the text so that it
artworks brought vibrant visual texture to
conforms to the conventions of Standard
the bustling terminals of San Francisco In-
English?
ternational Airport.
A) they
B) that
C) it
D) this

What is the correct pronunciation of Kiri- 22

bati? In the Gilbertese language spoken
Which choice completes the text so that it
by residents of the island nation, the letter
conforms to the conventions of Standard
combination -ti makes the -s sound; as a
English?
result, the country’s name pro-
nounced ”Kiribas.” A) is
B) are being
C) have been
D) are

@satashkent 63
 The size of bird eggs varies widely across 23
species, and the researchers, computer
Which choice completes the text so that it
imaging to compare the lengths of eggs from
conforms to the conventions of Standard
species like Buteo albicaudatus and Treron
English?
vernans, aimed to shed light on the evolu-
tionary basis for such variation. A) to use
B) using
C) used
D) use

In 2014, actor Keith David voiced the char- 24

acter Old Buzzard in the film Birds of
Which choice completes the text so that it
Paradise. David has acted in everything
conforms to the conventions of Standard
from commercials to Broadway musicals,
English?
but his voice acting work is why
A) has he become such a celebrated talent?
B) has he become such a celebrated talent.
C) he has become such a celebrated talent?
D) he has become such a celebrated talent.

Home to roughly 710,000 people, 25

Which choice completes the text so that it
conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A) the city of Riga contains an impressive 35

percent of Latvia’s total population.
B) contained within the city of Riga is an
impressive 35 percent of Latvia’s total
population.
C) of Latvia’s total population, an impressive
35 percent is contained in the city of Riga.
D) an impressive 35 percent of Latvia’s total
population is contained within the city of
Riga.

@satashkent 64
 Ann Greely of Maine a fierce advocate of 26
women’s voting rights in the late 1800s.
Which choice completes the text so that it
The dedication of Greely and her fellow
conforms to the conventions of Standard
activists rewarded in 1920, when
English?
the Nineteenth Amendment to the US Con-
stitution guaranteed American women the A) was
right to vote.
B) have been
C) are
D) were

The city of Quito in Ecuador 27

one of the rare places in the world located
Which choice completes the text so that it
almost directly on the equator.
conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A) is
B) have been
C) are
D) are being

To study the ultrafast movements of atoms, 28

chemist Ahmed Zewail had to devise a
Which choice completes the text so that it
novel spectroscopy technique capable of
conforms to the conventions of Standard
measuring chemical reactions ,
English?
within molecules at a quadrillionth of a
second. Ultimately, Zewail succeeded and A) occurred
was eventually honored with the Robert A.
Welch Award and the Albert Einstein World B) occurring
Award of Science for this groundbreaking
C) occur
achievement.
D) will occur

@satashkent 65
 Forming extensive networks via mycorrhizal 29
association-that is, a symbiotic relationship
Which choice completes the text so that it
between plants and fungi-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A) hemlock trees and the fungus Cantharellus

cibarius can transport nutrients through
their entangled tree roots and fungal
hyphae.
B) nutrients can be transported through the
entanglement of hemlock trees’ roots and
the fungus Cantharellus cibarius’s fungal
hyphae.
C) the transport of nutrients is possible
through the entanglement of hemlock
trees’ roots and the fungus Cantharellus
cibarius’s fungal hyphae.
D) it is the entanglement of hemlock trees’
roots and the fungus Cantharellus
cibarius’s fungal hyphae that makes
nutrient transport possible.

National Heritage Areas like the Arabia 30

Mountain National Heritage Area in Geor-
Which choice completes the text so that it
gia o!cially designated by the
conforms to the conventions of Standard
United States Congress as being “unique
English?
[and] nationally significant” for their natu-
ral, cultural, and historical attributes. A) has been
B) are
C) was
D) is

Upper Fruitland Chapter is one of the 110 31

chapters of the Navajo Nation (Naabeehó
Which choice completes the text so that it
Bináhásdzo). The chapter, whose bound-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
aries encompass 83,400 acres, known
English?
as Doo Alk’aai in the Navajo language
(Diné bizaad). A) are
B) have been
C) were
D) is

@satashkent 66
 Technologies such as microphones and inkjet 32
printers are made using piezoelectric materi-
Which choice completes the text so that it
als, which generate an internal electric field
conforms to the conventions of Standard
when pressure is applied to them. The toxic
English?
nature of some of these materials recently
led a team from the University of She!eld A) could their use be better regulated?
to investigate how
B) their use could be better regulated.
C) their use could be better regulated?
D) could their use be better regulated.

In 1929, Edwin Herbert Land invented a po- 33

larizing filter that was featured in a number
Which choice completes the text so that it
of products, from sunglasses to 3D movies.
conforms to the conventions of Standard
A decade later, Land his technology
English?
to invent the world’s first instant camera,
the Polaroid Land camera. A) used
B) to have used
C) to use
D) using

Anthropologist Lı́via Barbosa, of the Uni- 34

versidade Federal Fluminense in Brazil,
Which choice completes the text so that it
and sociability in contemporary
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Brazil-specifically, how foods such as carne-
English?
de-sol (a food cured meat dish) and pé-de-
moleque (a traditional peanut brittle candy) A) have studied
function as central mechanisms in building
social relationships, values, and identities. B) studies
C) study
D) are studying

On Guadalupe Peak, which an ele- 35

vation of 8,751 feet, one can find the highest
Which choice completes the text so that it
point in Texas.
conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A) reaches
B) reach
C) reaching
D) to reach

@satashkent 67
 The writer Audre Lorde, along with oth- 36
ers such as Haki Madhubuti and Quincy
Which choice completes the text so that it
Troupe, commonly associated
conforms to the conventions of Standard
with the Black Arts movement, a loose-knit
English?
group of writers and artists active in the
1960s and the 1970s who were interested in A) are
exploring the Black American experience
through their work. B) have been
C) were
D) is

A species of Byropsis algae produces toxins 37

to avoid being eaten by predators. However,
Which choice completes the text so that it
in some cases, the toxins the organism uses
conforms to the conventions of Standard
to protect itself from predation actually
English?
its attractiveness to predators.
The Hawaiian sea slug, for example, not A) is increasing
only tolerates Byropsis toxins but actually
uses them for protection in the same way B) increase
the algae does.
C) increases
D) has increased

A region of the Soviet Union encompassing 38

the present- day city of Tiraspol, Moldova,
Which choice completes the text so that it
the Romanian-speaking Moldavian Au-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
tonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was in
English?
fact only nominally autonomous. President
Mikhail Gorbachev’s reforms, by helping A) which contributed
the Moldavian Republic and other Soviet
republics established along ethnolinguistic B) contributed
lines assert their prerogatives, to
C) having contributed
the Soviet Union’s breakup.
D) contributing

The artist Jean-Honore Fragonard’s painting 39

The Progress of Love: Meeting, symbolically
Which choice completes the text so that it
to portray the sense of excitement
conforms to the conventions of Standard
that infuses new relationships, is a highly
English?
regarded example of allegory.
A) functioning
B) has functioned
C) functions
D) was functioning

@satashkent 68
 If you had turned on the radio in the fall of 40
1964, there was a good chance that
Which choice completes the text so that it
conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A) you would have heard ”Little Marie” by

Chuck Berry.
B) would you have heard ”Little Marie” by
Chuck Berry.
C) you would have heard ”Little Marie” by
Chuck Berry?
D) would you have heard ”Little Marie” by
Chuck Berry?

The Song of Roland is an epic poem that 41

a beautiful, heroic story. Originally
Which choice completes the text so that it
composed in Old French in the 11th century,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
the poem has since been translated into
English?
many languages, allowing it to reach readers
in all corners of the world. A) were telling
B) have told
C) tells
D) tell

During the 20th century, Montana, New 42

Jersey, and Colorado each selected a di-
Which choice completes the text so that it
nosaur from a di”erent genus for its state
conforms to the conventions of Standard
fossil: Montana from the genus
English?
Maiasaura; New Jersey, from Hadrosaurus;
and Colorado, from Stegosaurus. A) is choosing
B) will choose
C) chooses
D) chose

@satashkent 69
 Margaret Wendell Huntington and Nessa 43
Cohen were among the 300 artists who ex-
Which choice completes the text so that it
hibited at the 1913 Armory Show, a ground-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
breaking New York City art exhibition that
English?
introduced modernism to American audi-
ences. Though now canonical, many works A) were
featured in the show–particularly one ab-
stract cubist painting by Marcel Duchamp– B) was
considered shocking at the time.
C) is
D) has been

The present-day city of Nakhchivan, Azer- 44

baijan, was for years the capital of the
Which choice completes the text so that it
Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Social-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
ist Republic, one of many nominally au-
English?
tonomous republics within the Soviet Union.
Like peer autonomous Soviet A) their
socialist republics, the Nakhchivan Republic
was peer established along ethnolinguistic B) they’re
lines: most of the republic’s residents spoke
C) its
Azerbaijani.
D) it’s

Jordan’s constitution, enacted in 1952, 45

contains just one of the six constitutional
Which choice completes the text so that it
features that enhance judicial independence,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
as identified by legal scholars James Melton
English?
and Tom Ginsburg. After 1985, such de
jure judicial independence became more A) contained
prevalent, as exemplified in Croatia’s consti-
tution, enacted in 1991 and four B) containing
of these features.
C) had contained
D) contains

A recipient of both the Wolf Prize in Chem- 46

istry and the Robert A. Welch Award,
Which choice completes the text so that it
chemist Ahmed Zewail expanded the lim-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
its of measurability when he devised a
English?
novel technique in optical spectroscopy
that allows researchers chemical A) to study
reactions occurring within molecules at a
quadrillionth of a second, or one femtosec- B) will study
ond.
C) who study
D) studying

@satashkent 70
 Both Arteaga, in the state of Coahuila, and 47
Lagos de Moreno, in the state of Jalisco,
Which choice completes the text so that it
have been designated by Mexico as pueblos
conforms to the conventions of Standard
mágicos (magical villages) to celebrate these
English?
natural beauty and unique cultural
traditions. A) town
B) town’s
C) towns
D) towns’

Light of Truth is a bronze and marble sculp- 48

ture by artist Richard Hunt. It honors civil
Which choice completes the text so that it
rights icon Ida B. Wells. The sculpture
conforms to the conventions of Standard
in a tree-lined plaza in Chicago,
English?
just a few blocks from where Wells lived.
A) were standing
B) have been standing
C) stands
D) are standing

Researchers Tammy Kernodle and Paul 49

Austerlitz have lent their expertise on Black
Which choice completes the text so that it
history and music to an important new
conforms to the conventions of Standard
project: Carnegie Hall’s Timeline of African
English?
American Music, a digital resource that
text and music clips, traces the history A) integrates
of specific musical genres (such as funk and
swing). B) is integrating
C) integrating
D) has integrated

Bounce and Tubarao are the uno!cial 50

names of two small yet notable rocks found
Which choice completes the text so that it
on Mars by the Opportunity rover. After
conforms to the conventions of Standard
touching down on January 25, 2004, the
English?
rover spent over fourteen years data
while on the red planet. A) is collecting
B) collecting
C) were collecting
D) collected

@satashkent 71
 Pomo artist Susan Billy creates elaborate 51
baskets. She typically them from
Which choice completes the text so that it
willow and sedge.
conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A) weaving
B) weaves
C) to weave
D) to be weaving

The algaita is a double reed wind instru- 52

ment from West Africa. The reed of a wind
Which choice completes the text so that it
instrument is the mouthpiece A
conforms to the conventions of Standard
double reed contains two pieces of cane that
English?
vibrate and produce sound as air passes
between them. A) where is sound made.
B) where sound is made?
C) where sound is made.
D) where is sound made?

In her large-scale sculpture Casa-Isla, artist 53

Edra Soto included references to her child-
Which choice completes the text so that it
hood in Puerto Rico. For example, the
conforms to the conventions of Standard
sculpture’s steel panels have a crisscrossing
English?
pattern inspired by the iron gates
A) Soto would see in her neighborhood?
B) would Soto see in her neighborhood?
C) would Soto see in her neighborhood.
D) Soto would see in her neighborhood.

As an object-oriented computer program- 54

ming language, Perl is used by coders like
Which choice completes the text so that it
Black Girls Code founder Kimberly Bryant
conforms to the conventions of Standard
programs by manipulating ”ob-
English?
jects” (that is, specifically defined variables
or combinations of variables) into interact- A) create
ing with each other. Conversely, Pascal,
used in software development and educa- B) to create
tional instruction, is not an object-oriented
C) created
language.
D) is creating

@satashkent 72
 Anthony van Dyck, a Flemish mannerist 55
painter whose works are distinctive for their
Which choice completes the text so that it
precise yet exaggerated details,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
frequently included in the seventeenth-
English?
century art movement the Antwerp School,
whose members were known for depicting A) have been
rural life in the Low Countries.
B) are
C) were
D) is

Recognized as a National Heritage Area 56

by the United States Congress in 1996,
Which choice completes the text so that it
the Rivers of Steel National Heritage Area
conforms to the conventions of Standard
a region of Pennsylvania that
English?
has long been known for its unique natural,
cultural, and historical attributes. A) was
B) will have been
C) had been
D) is

As a behavioral economist, Francesca Gino 57

of Harvard Business School examines hu-
Which choice completes the text so that it
man economic behavior through a lens that,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
elements of psychology and eco-
English?
nomics, illuminates how and why (and to
what e”ect) people make particular choices. A) combines
B) combine
C) combining
D) is combining

@satashkent 73
 Entomologists Yash Sondhi and Samuel 58
Fabian have tried to explain why moths fly
Which choice completes the text so that it
erratically around light sources at night.
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Knowing that flying insects keep their backs
English?
pointed toward sunlight during the day,
A) the researchers theorize that moths,
mistaking nighttime lights for the Sun,
continually try to reorient their bodies
while flying near such lights.
B) the researchers’ theory is that moths
mistake nighttime lights for the Sun,
continually trying to reorient their bodies
while flying near such lights.
C) moths continually try to reorient their
bodies while flying near nighttime lights,
the researchers theorize, mistaking such
lights for the Sun.
D) moths mistake nighttime lights for the Sun
and continually try to reorient their bodies
while flying near such lights, the
researchers theorize.

Albania, Hungary, and the other member 59

nations of the North Atlantic Treaty Or-
Which choice completes the text so that it
ganization, or NATO, share a commitment
conforms to the conventions of Standard
to the principle of collective defense, each
English?
NATO member to defend the oth-
ers if necessary. A) has pledged
B) pledges
C) is pledging
D) pledging

@satashkent 74
 A painting by 19th-century artist Kat- 60
sushika Hokusai,
Which choice completes the text so that it
conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A) deeper thematic meaning is conveyed to

viewers of The Great Wave o” Kanagawa
through visual allegory.
B) The Great Wave o” Kanagawa’s deeper
thematic meaning is conveyed to viewers
through visual allegory.
C) visual allegory allows The Great Wave o”
Kanagawa to convey its deeper thematic
meaning to viewers.
D) The Great Wave o” Kanagawa employs
visual allegory to convey its deeper
thematic meaning to viewers.

As comet C/1911 N1 (Kiess) orbits the Sun, 61

it is trailed by a stream of rocky particles.
Which choice completes the text so that it
When Earth passes through this meteoroid
conforms to the conventions of Standard
stream each year, typically between August
English?
28 and September 5, the 66-kilometer-per-
second collision between these meteoroids A) produces
and atmospheric gases streaks of
light in the sky -the Aurigid meteor shower. B) are producing
C) produce
D) have produced

Released in 1996, the AMD K5 microchip 62

contained a single CPU, or core, to execute
Which choice completes the text so that it
commands. The invention of the dual-core
conforms to the conventions of Standard
chip in the early 2000s led to a seismic shift
English?
in processing power. Since then, the average
processing power of microchips-whose cores A) has improved
can number in the dozens, hundreds, or
even thousands- drastically B) have improved
C) have been improving
D) are improving

@satashkent 75
 Robert Morris’s image was printed on 63
$1,000 US banknotes in 1862, making the
Which choice completes the text so that it
former US superintendent of finance one of
conforms to the conventions of Standard
many nonpresidents on US cur-
English?
rency.
A) to appear
B) appears
C) did appear
D) had appeared

Wisconsin, 1,372 feet in elevation, 64

reaches its highest point at Timms Hill.
Which choice completes the text so that it
conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A) spans
B) spanning
C) span
D) spanned

In knot theory (the mathematical study 65

of curved, closed loops), knots are charac-
Which choice completes the text so that it
terized by their crossing numbers-that is,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
the number of times the knotted thread
English?
crosses over itself. The trefoil knot and the
figure-eight knot, each with a crossing num- A) was
ber below five, among the simplest
possible knots with the fewest number of B) is
crossings.
C) has been
D) are

Latvia, Greece, and the other member 66

nations of the North Atlantic Treaty Or-
Which choice completes the text so that it
ganization, or NATO, share a commitment
conforms to the conventions of Standard
to the principle of collective defense, each
English?
NATO member to defend the
others if necessary. A) has pledged
B) pledging
C) pledges
D) is pledging

@satashkent 76
 Often anthologized alongside the 67
associated with the Black Arts move-
Which choice completes the text so that it
ment—such as Henry Dumas and Ntozake
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Shange—Haki Madhubuti’s poem ”Quality:
English?
Gwendolyn Brooks at 73” stands out for its
memorable first lines: ”breath, / life after A) works of other writer’s
seven decades plus three years / is a lot of
breathing.” B) work’s of other writer’s
C) works of other writers
D) work’s of other writers

When a given industry—water and electric- 68

ity are two well-known examples—carries
Which choice completes the text so that it
high infrastructural start-up costs and
conforms to the conventions of Standard
other barriers that discourage competition,
English?
of just one or two suppliers per
municipality. Such industries are known as A) they often consist
natural monopolies.
B) this often consists
C) these often consist
D) it often consists

On the other hand, Kansas City Interna- 69

tional Airport, which located in
Which choice completes the text so that it
Kansas City, Missouri, saw an overall in-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
crease in departing passengers over the same
English?
time period, from 4,891,704 total passengers
to 5,759,138. A) is
B) are
C) were
D) have been

The fact that many even-toed ungulates, 70

including the Bawean deer (Axis kuhlii)
Which choice completes the text so that it
and the south Andean deer (Hippocamelus
conforms to the conventions of Standard
bisulcus), meet the population criteria for
English?
endangered status validates the need for in-
terventions that can prevent from A) the animal
joining the ranks of the extinct.
B) these animals
C) this animal’s
D) these animals’

@satashkent 77
 Tarawa, with a population of roughly 30,000 71
people, home to an impressive 29
Which choice completes the text so that it
percent of Kiribati’s total population.
conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A) are
B) are being
C) is
D) have been

Featuring jagged peaks of black ink sur- 72

rounded by hazy swirls of blue and green
Which choice completes the text so that it
paint, Zhang Daqian’s 1983 painting
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Panorama of Mount Lu is inspired by the
English?
tradition of qinglu shanshui, a type of Chi-
nese landscape painting by the use A) characterized
of blue and green hues to depict ethereal,
otherworldly landscapes. B) is characterized
C) has been characterized
D) will be characterized

In her work, Bay of Quinte Mohawk artist 73

Hannah Claus uses suspended sculptural
Which choice completes the text so that it
installations to explore themes such as time,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
place, and nature. The Eiteljorg Museum
English?
counts pieces by Claus in impressive
collection of Native artworks. A) her
B) it’s
C) its
D) their

Recent pollen analyses of the Aran Is- 74

lands have led some researchers to propose
Which choice completes the text so that it
that the now treeless islands were once
conforms to the conventions of Standard
wooded. This hypothesis that cer-
English?
tain trees, such as P. sylvestris, survived
without interruption or human interven- A) suggested
tion throughout the Holocene cannot stand,
researchers Michael O’Connell and Karen B) has suggested
Molloy counter, unless other explanations
C) suggesting
can first be ruled out.
D) suggests

@satashkent 78
 The Seljuk Empire, which reigned in cen- 75
tral Asia from around 1037 CE to 1194 CE,
Which choice completes the text so that it
benefited from trade with other societies; its
conforms to the conventions of Standard
merchants exported cotton, silk, and fruit
English?
and other valuable commodities, such
as gold, silver, and agate, which were then A) importing
traded locally.
B) having imported
C) to import
D) imported

Sofia, with a population of roughly 1.3 mil- 76

lion people, home to an impressive 15
Which choice completes the text so that it
percent of Bulgaria’s total population.
conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A) is
B) are
C) are being
D) have been

Most US states and territories have had at 77

least one woman serve as governor. In Ne-
Which choice completes the text so that it
braska, for example, Governor Kay A. Orr
conforms to the conventions of Standard
took o!ce on January 9, 1987. In fact, the
English?
number of states and territories that have
had only male governors almost A) shrinks
every year.
B) shrink
C) are shrinking
D) have been shrinking

Trade with other societies was vital to the 78

Byzantine Empire, which reigned in the
Which choice completes the text so that it
Mediterranean from around 330 CE to 1453
conforms to the conventions of Standard
CE. Its people profited by selling salt, tex-
English?
tiles, and iron, items that greatly
in demand. A) has been
B) were
C) was
D) is

@satashkent 79
 In her work as a sociocultural anthropol- 79
ogist, Livia Barbosa studies food and so-
Which choice completes the text so that it
ciability in contemporary Brazil—namely,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
how common Brazilian foods like tareco (a
English?
disk-shaped biscuit) and coxinha (a stu”ed
fried dough) as central mechanisms A) is functioning
in building social relationships, values, and
identities. B) functions
C) has functioned
D) function

Contrasting a high saturation color palette 80

against dark paper and stoneware, Atlanta-
Which choice completes the text so that it
based artist Jiha Moon creates fused pieces,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
wherein Korean folk art, Western contem-
English?
porary art, and global popular culture mix.
New York’s Derek Eller Gallery her A) features
work in a solo exhibition that ran in early
2022. B) has been featured
C) featured
D) will feature

In the list “Things That Arouse a Fond 81

Memory of the Past” from Sei Shōnagon’s
Which choice completes the text so that it
Pillow Book, the author delights in pressed
conforms to the conventions of Standard
silk, a moonlit night, and dried hollyhock.
English?
So shrewd an observer is Shōnagon, a lady-
in-waiting to Empress Teishi, that her A) has fascinated
book’s musings on tenth-century Japanese
courtly life readers a thousand B) fascinates
years later.
C) fascinate
D) is fascinating

The present-day city of Yoshkar-Ola, Rus- 82

sia, was the capital of the Mari Autonomous
Which choice completes the text so that it
Soviet Socialist Republic, one of many
conforms to the conventions of Standard
nominally autonomous republics within
English?
the Soviet Union. Each of these republics
established along ethnolinguistic A) have been
lines: most residents of the Mari Republic
spoke Mari, for example. B) are
C) were
D) was

@satashkent 80
 An emulsifier is a type of compound that 83
serves to stabilize an emulsion—a mixture
Which choice completes the text so that it
of two or more liquids that otherwise would
conforms to the conventions of Standard
not easily blend together. In the cosmetics
English?
industry, emulsifiers such as stearyl alco-
hol to blend oil and water into A) employed
homogeneous formulations, like lotions and
perfumes. B) being employed
C) are employed
D) that they employ

The Akhundov National Library in Baku 84

houses many historical newspapers, but it
Which choice completes the text so that it
isn’t necessary to travel to Baku to access
conforms to the conventions of Standard
them. Because these rare items are digi-
English?
tized, people around the world can access
regardless of where they live. A) it
B) them
C) this
D) that

The constitution of Spain, enacted in 1978, 85

enshrines 60 total rights across 17,608 words
Which choice completes the text so that it
of text. According to constitutional scholar
conforms to the conventions of Standard
George Tsebelis, who examines the implica-
English?
tions of constitutional length on civil rights,
105th in a global ranking of the A) its
shortest constitutions.
B) it’s
C) they’re
D) their

Many works of the Roman historian Sueto- 86

nius (1st century CE), including his book on
Which choice completes the text so that it
miscellaneous topics, Pratum, have been lost
conforms to the conventions of Standard
to time. Antiquarians to read one of
English?
Suetonius’s extant works—not one known
only through references to it by other au- A) hope
thors, that is—might instead procure a copy
of his De vita caesarum, a biography of the B) hoped
Roman Empire’s first leaders.
C) hoping
D) have hoped

@satashkent 81
 In the periodic table, an element’s atomic 87
number indicates how many protons there
Which choice completes the text so that it
are in an atom of the element. For example,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
a helium atom 2 protons. Professor
English?
Raymond Chang explains this concept in
more detail in the textbook Chemistry. A) has had
B) has
C) is having
D) had

Directed by the Mohawk filmmaker Tracey 88

Deer, the feature-length drama Beans is one
Which choice completes the text so that it
of many films by Indigenous women
conforms to the conventions of Standard
featured in film festivals in recent years.
English?

A) to have been
B) were being
C) had been
D) are being

The length of bird eggs varies widely across 89

species, and an ecological compared
Which choice completes the text so that it
the lengths of eggs produced by di”erent
conforms to the conventions of Standard
bird species found Holiastur indus eggs to
English?
be longer, on average, than Calidris alpina
eggs. A) study, that
B) study
C) study that
D) study which

The Suzuki method is an approach to music 90

instruction to teach music in the
Which choice completes the text so that it
same natural way children learn language,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
emphasizes playing instruments from a very
English?
young age. In Suzuki cello instruction, stu-
dents begin their musical education with A) that is aiming
simple classical pieces like Robert Schu-
mann’s ”The Two Grenadiers.” B) that has aimed
C) that, aiming
D) that aims

@satashkent 82
 After he finally watched The Maltese Falcon 91
(1941) at last year’s annual film festival, the
Which choice completes the text so that it
infamously disagreeable film critic wrote a
conforms to the conventions of Standard
scathing review. Before that, the film he
English?
least enjoyed the more recent classic
Slumdog Millionaire (2008). A) has been
B) had been
C) is
D) was being

Mathematician Grigori Perelman, some- 92

times in conjunction with mathematicians
Which choice completes the text so that it
Richard S. Hamilton and Shing-Tung
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Yau, credited with proving
English?
the Poincaré conjecture. Having built on
Hamilton’s previous work to solve the proof, A) is
Perelman has insisted that Hamilton receive
credit. Yau later found and closed gaps in B) have been
Perelman’s proof, persuading some mathe-
C) are
maticians that he deserves credit as well.
D) are being

The parks of San Jose, California, seem to 93

be making people happier. In a 2022 study,
Which choice completes the text so that it
researchers for a relationship be-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
tween the physical location in which a social
English?
media post was created and the content of
that post analyzed geotagged social media A) were looking
posts from San Jose. The team found that
posts from the city’s parks contained more B) looked
words associated with happiness than other
C) looking
posts did.
D) had looked

Objects orbiting in the outer solar system 94

between Jupiter and Neptune, such as 2010
Which choice completes the text so that it
BL4, a 16-kilometer-wide body first de-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
tected in 2010, both asteroidal
English?
and comet-like characteristics, being closer
in size and appearance to asteroids but A) exhibits
travelling in an elliptical orbit more closely
resembling that of comets. B) exhibit
C) is exhibiting
D) has exhibited

@satashkent 83
 In the 1960s, Greece, Malta, and dozens of 95
other countries were allocated unique coun-
Which choice completes the text so that it
try dialing codes to route international calls.
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Most of the original two- or three-digit
English?
codes by International Telegraphs
and Telephone Consultative Committee A) were assigned
later changed in response to geopolitical
circumstances or telecommunication needs. B) had been assigned
C) assigned
D) would be assigned

Increased gender diversity is revitalizing the 96

field of economies, according to Harvard’s
Which choice completes the text so that it
Claudia Goldin. The trailblazing accom-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
plishments of Goldin, winner of the 2023
English?
Nobel Prize in Economics for her work on
women in the labor force, to the A) attests
value of scholars of diverse backgrounds
in spurring research into previously unex- B) attest
plored, but vitally important, topics.
C) has attested
D) is attesting

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth 97

centuries, automobiles were commonly
Which choice completes the text so that it
referred to as horseless carriages after
conforms to the conventions of Standard
the older technology they still resembled.
English?
Known as the Brass Era, this period in
automotive design is remembered for its A) highly prized
grandeur and artistry; its vehicles
by collectors for their ornate detailing and B) had been highly prized
gleaming brass fittings.
C) are highly prized
D) were highly prized

Analyst, like other dactyls that pair exclu- 98

sively with one other word (e.g., ”fortify”
Which choice completes the text so that it
and ”mortify”), with ”panelist” to
conforms to the conventions of Standard
form a closed rhyming pair.
English?

A) couple
B) are coupled
C) couples
D) have coupled

@satashkent 84
 The Byzantine Empire, which reigned in 99
the Mediterranean from around 330 CE to
Which choice completes the text so that it
1453 CE, benefited from trade with other
conforms to the conventions of Standard
societies: its merchants exported salt, tex-
English?
tiles, and iron and other valuable
commodities, such as silk, grain, and spices, A) to import
which were then traded locally.
B) imported
C) importing
D) having imported

In the 1960s, Sweden, Bulgaria, and dozens 100

of other countries were allocated unique
Which choice completes the text so that it
country dialing codes to route international
conforms to the conventions of Standard
calls. Most of the original two- or three-
English?
digit codes by the International
Telegraph and Telephone Consultative A) assigned
Committee later changed in response to
geopolitical circumstances or telecommuni- B) would be assigned
cations needs.
C) had been assigned
D) were assigned

The parks of Chicago, Illinois, seem to be 101

making people happier. In a 2022 study, re-
Which choice completes the text so that it
searchers for a relationship between
conforms to the conventions of Standard
the physical location in which a social media
English?
post was created and the content of that
post analyzed geotagged social media posts A) looking
from Chicago. The team found that posts
from the city’s parks contained more words B) were looking
associated with happiness than other posts
C) looked
did.
D) had looked

Upper Fruitland Chapter is one of the 110 102

chapters of the Navajo Nation (Naabeehó
Which choice completes the text so that it
Bináhásdzo). The chapter, whose bound-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
aries encompass 83,400 acres, known
English?
as Doo Alk’aai in the Navajo language
(Diné bizaad). A) are
B) have been
C) were
D) is

@satashkent 85
 Alabama resident Benjamin S. Turner, 103
sworn in as a member of the US House of
Which choice completes the text so that it
Representatives in 1871, was one of the
conforms to the conventions of Standard
nearly two thousand African during
English?
the decade following the Civil War.
A) Americans’ who won elections’
B) Americans who won election’s
C) American’s who won elections
D) Americans who won elections

Proto-Kru is a protolanguage, or a hypoth- 104

esized ancestral language, of all the Kru
Which choice completes the text so that it
languages (thirty-eight languages that, be-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
cause descendants of Proto-Kru,
English?
can provide information about the protolan-
guage’s structure). A) its
B) they’re
C) their
D) it’s

Although the epic poem The Aeneid dates 105

back to the 1st century BCE, com-
Which choice completes the text so that it
pelling narrative still captivates readers
conforms to the conventions of Standard
today.
English?

A) their
B) they’re
C) its
D) it’s

Neoclassical economic models assume that 106

people consistently make rational economic
Which choice completes the text so that it
decisions, but Francesca Gino of Harvard
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Business School makes no such assumption;
English?
behavioral economists such as Gino, whose
research focuses on worker productivity, A) contend
that economic decision-making can
in fact be highly irrational. B) is contending
C) has contended
D) contends

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 The Greek dramatist Euripides’s Cyclops, 107
a satyr play, is an extant work: it can still
Which choice completes the text so that it
be read. By contrast, lost works like Eu-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
ripides’s play about the hero Alcmaeon,
English?
Alcmaeon in Psophis – no copy of which
exists – known to antiquarians only A) have become
through references in extant works.
B) becomes
C) has become
D) is becoming

Miniature Self-Portrait (1556) is one of 108

dozens of remaining works by Sofonisba An-
Which choice completes the text so that it
guissola. Currently, her painting at
conforms to the conventions of Standard
the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, where
English?
visitors can view the Italian Renaissance
artist’s work on display A) will have hung
B) hangs
C) hung
D) was hanging

The human foot contains a variety of skele- 109

tal muscles, each playing an important role
Which choice completes the text so that it
in the foot’s healthy movement. The ex-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
tensor digitorum brevis, which is attached
English?
to the calcaneus, responsibility for
extending the middle toes A) bearing
B) to bear
C) bears
D) having borne

Louisiana resident Oscar James Dunn, 110

one of the nearly two thousand African
Which choice completes the text so that it
Americans elected to public o!ce during
conforms to the conventions of Standard
the decade that followed the Civil War,
English?
his term as lieutenant governor in
1868. A) to begin
B) having begun
C) beginning
D) began

@satashkent 87
 Nanoengineers have developed synthesized 111
cerium oxide nanoparticles that are used to
Which choice completes the text so that it
improve treatments for certain conditions
conforms to the conventions of Standard
related to oxidative stress. As nanotechnol-
English?
ogy evolves, medical technology to
evolve as well. A) had likely been continuing
B) will likely continue
C) would likely have continued
D) had likely continued

Navajo artist Sally Black’s mastery of tradi- 112

tional weaving techniques is apparent in her
Which choice completes the text so that it
expertly crafted baskets, which typically are
conforms to the conventions of Standard
woven from sumac (a textured and flexible
English?
material) and bold colors.
A) feature
B) had featured
C) were featuring
D) featured

Most conifers (plants that grow cones, such 113

as pines, firs, and spruces) are evergreen,
Which choice completes the text so that it
meaning that they keep live foliage year-
conforms to the conventions of Standard
round. The tamarack tree (Larix laricina),
English?
however, is a deciduous conifer, meaning
that it regularly all its needles. A) shed
B) have shed
C) sheds
D) shedding

The constitution of Australia, enacted in 114

1901, enshrines 11 total rights across 17,318
Which choice completes the text so that it
words of text. According to constitutional
conforms to the conventions of Standard
scholar George Tsebelis, who examines the
English?
implications of constitutional length on civil
rights, 102nd in a global ranking A) they’re
of the shortest constitutions.
B) their
C) it’s
D) its

@satashkent 88
 The fungus Scleroderma citrinum, com- 115
monly referred to as common earthball, is
Which choice completes the text so that it
known to establish ectomycorrhizal bonds
conforms to the conventions of Standard
with certain oak tree species; in many cases,
English?
such symbiotic relationships, wherein fungal
hyphae make contact with the oak’s root A) to form
system, extensive networks, which
can be used to transport nutrients between B) having formed
tress.
C) form
D) forming

Many Farms Chapter is one of the 110 116

chapters of the Navajo Nation (Naabeehó
Which choice completes the text so that it
Binahasdzo). The chapter, known as
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Da’ak’eh Halani in the Navajo language
English?
(Diné bizaad), was the subject of a pro-
file in the Navajo Times on August A) appearing
22, 2013.
B) has appeared
C) appeared
D) appears

Working with equipment designed for a bil- 117

lionths of a meter scale,
Which choice completes the text so that it
conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A) nanoengineers have synthesized silica

nanoparticles that are used to administer
medicines to specific cells in the body.
B) nanoengineers synthesized silica
nanoparticles are used to administer
medicines to specific cells in the body.
C) silica nanoparticles that have been
synthesized by nanoengineers are used to
administer medicines to specific cells in the
body
D) synthesized silica nanoparticles used to
administer medicines to specific cells in the
body have been created by nanoengineers.

@satashkent 89
 The parks of Austin, Texas, seem to be 118
making people happier. In 2022, a team of
Which choice completes the text so that it
researchers to find connections
conforms to the conventions of Standard
between the physical location in which a
English?
social media post was created and the con-
tent of that post analyzed geotagged social A) were hoping
media posts from various sites in Austin.
The team found that posts from the city’s B) hoped
parks contained more words associated with
C) was hoping
happiness than did the other posts.
D) hoping

@satashkent 90
 II
Expression
of Ideas

@satashkent 91
Topic 3: Transitions
141 Questions

DIRECTIONS

Must Know Tips:

• Identify the relationship between the sentences (Continue, Contradict, Cause/E!ect).

• Skim the passage, but focus on the sentence before and after the gap.

• Learn the meanings of unique transition words (e.g., “by granted,” “that is”).

• Don’t read the question prompt (it’s static).

Recommended time per question in this section: min: 35 sec, max: 60 sec, avg: 47.5 sec.
(*Exam level)

Of Names, an essay by French philosopher 1

Michel de Montaigne, explores a relatively
Which choice completes the text with the most
light subject, while his essay ”Of the Pun-
logical transition?
ishment of Cowardice” takes on heavier
fare. No matter the essay topic, Montaigne A) For example,
challenges his own ideas, beliefs, and values.
he questions his own perspective, B) At that time,
regardless of subject matter.
C) Indeed,
D) However,

Though Middle English was widely spoken 2

in fourteenth-century England, the language
Which choice completes the text with the most
was rarely employed in literature until poet
logical transition?
Geo!rey Chaucer helped pioneer its literary
use. his manuscripts contain the A) However,
first documented uses of over 2,000 English
words-like the word ”exaltation” in his 1386 B) That being said,
poem ”The Squire’s Tale”-which led a con-
C) Besides,
temporary to dub him ”the first finder of
our fair language.” D) Indeed,

@satashkent 92
 Built at a scale of 1:110, the Ei!el Tower in 3
Baku, Azerbaijan, is one of many replicas
Which choice completes the text with the most
of the famous Ei!el Tower in Paris, France.
logical transition?
towers like the Metallic Tower of
Fourviere in Lyon, France, though not exact A) On the contrary,
replicas, pay homage to the Ei!el’s iconic
spire-like design. B) Consequently,
C) Invariably,
D) Moreover,

The Cheruku rasamu mango variety is from 4

the South Asian country of India.
Which choice completes the text with the most
in 2018, 18.8 million metric tons of mangoes
logical transition?
were produced.
A) Hence,
B) There,
C) In fact,
D) Specifically,

Nineteenth century Modernista archi- 5

tect championed nature in their designs.
Which choice completes the text with the most
the dramatic archway and botani-
logical transition?
cal glasswork of Palau, a Modernista private
home designed by Manuell Raspel, could A) Of course,
not exactly grow in a forest. Still, one sees
natural influences in Raspel’s penchant for B) Similarly,
curves and plant and animal inspired flour-
C) Furthermore,
ishes.
D) Thus

In the West African country of Burkina, the 6

percentage of the population living in cities
Which choice completes the text with the most
increased from 27.5% to 30.6% between
logical transition?
2015 and 2020; this upward trend in urban-
ization was seen throughout that part of A) Nevertheless,
the continent. from 2015 to 2020,
the overall percentage of the West African B) Later,
population living in cities rose from 44.5%
C) Indeed,
to 47.7%.
D) In reality,

@satashkent 93
 The first documented use of the English 7
word ”session” is attributed to poet Ge-
Which choice completes the text with the most
o!rey Chaucer’s 1386 work ”Canterbury
logical transition?
Prologue.” However, Chaucer didn’t write
in Modern English; he wrote in A) rather,
what we now call Middle English, which was
commonly used during the period. B) as a result,
C) similarly,
D) finally,

According to traditional classifications, each 8

of William Shakespeare’s plays belongs to
Which choice completes the text with the most
one of three distinct genres: comedy, his-
logical transition?
tory, or tragedy. The play Much ado About
Nothing (1598-99), is classified A) in addition,
as a comedy, whereas Richard if (1595) is
classified as a history. B) similarly,
C) for instance,
D) however,

In 1940, scientists first isolated a sample of 9

the steroid hormone androstenone, which
Which choice completes the text with the most
they knew existed in animals–and, they as-
logical transition?
sumed, only in animals. scientists
know that androstenone can also be found A) Today,
in chokecherry plants (Pruntes virginiano),
but this discovery didn’t occur until decades B) For instance,
later.
C) In other words,
D) Thus,

The city of Jinan, China, expanded its rapid 10

transit system, the Jinan Metro, as recently
Which choice completes the text with the most
as 2020 . the system will likely
logical transition?
need to undergo further expansions as the
size and needs of the city’s population shift. A) Still,
B) By contrast,
C) For example,
D) Instead,

@satashkent 94
 In his essay”Of Coaches,” French philoso- 11
pher Michel de Montaigne explores a rela-
Which choice completes the text with the most
tively light subject,but he expresses heavier
logical transition?
fare in ”Of the Inconvenience of Greatness.”
Regardless of subject matter, Montaigne A) Still,
works to question his own perspective
throughout his essay. his per- B) Conversely,
sonal motto was ”What do I know?”
C) Fittingly,
D) Nowadays,

The first documented use of the English 12

word ”depart” is attributed to poet Geo!rey
Which choice completes the text with the most
Chaucer’s 1386 work ”The Parson’s Tale.”
logical transition?
However, Chaucer didn’t write in Modern
English; he wrote what we now A) rather,
call Middle English, which was commonly
used during the period. B) finally,
C) as a result,
D) similarly,

Space scientist Maggie Aderin-Pocock is ex- 13

cited about the potential of the new James
Which choice completes the text with the most
Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Unlike
logical transition?
its predecessor the Hubble Telescope, the
JWST is optimized for infrared wavelength. A) consequently,
When light from distant galaxies is infrared,
the JWST can provide sharp B) admittedly,
images that reveal much more information
C) actually,
about those galaxies than the Hubble could.
D) in addition,

With their distinctive cone shapes and 14

steeply sloping sides, the volcanoes Maun-
Which choice completes the text with the most
garei (New Zealand) and Harunasan
logical transition?
(Japan) may look similar from afar.
Tehnuka llanko and other volcanologists, A) in addition,
can tell by how each was formed
that Maungarei is a cinder cone volcano, B) therefore,
while Harunasan is a composite volcano.
C) for example,
D) though,

@satashkent 95
 For several centuries after the birth of opera 15
in sixteenth-century Florence, Italian re-
Which choice completes the text with the most
mained the default language in which most
logical transition?
opera scores were written. opera
singers today, such as the mezzo- soprano A) Consequently,
J’Nai Bridges, encounter a wide range of
Italian terms-from con amore (with love) B) However,
to moderato (at a moderate tempo)-when
C) Lastly,
following many eighteenth-century opera
scores. D) Granted,

Those who looked up at the right time on 16

July 9, 1926, would have witnessed an an-
Which choice completes the text with the most
nular solar eclipse, during which the Moon
logical transition?
blocks most of the Sun and causes it to look
like a ring of light. stargazers A) As a result,
on December 24, 1927, would have seen a
partial solar eclipse, during which the Moon B) On the other hand,
only blocks a portion of the Sun and causes
C) Simultaneously,
it to look like a crescent.
D) Indeed,

One might assume that Germany’s Amrum- 17

bank West o!shore wind farm produces the
Which choice completes the text with the most
same amount of energy as land-based wind
logical transition?
farms of a similar size. because
wind speeds over open water are generally A) Actually,
higher than those over land, Amrumbank
West’s turbines turn faster and produce B) For example,
more energy than do most land farms’ tur-
C) Therefore,
bines.
D) Finally,

When using hairy coneflower for dyeing 18

cloth, textile artists first soak it in water to
Which choice completes the text with the most
release its color. Next, they add the cloth
logical transition?
to the dye bath and simmer it for hours,
perhaps even days. they remove A) Finally,
the cloth from the dyebath, revealing that
the cloth has turned a vibrant blue color. B) However,
C) Therefore,
D) Actually,

@satashkent 96
 Though Middle English was widely spoken 19
in fourteenth-century England, the English
Which choice completes the text with the most
language was rarely employed in literature
logical transition?
until poet Geo!rey Chaucer pioneered its
literary use. his manuscripts con- A) Besides,
tain the first documented uses of over 2,000
English words-like the word ”conspiracy” in B) However,
his 1386 poem ”The Monk’s Tale”-which led
C) On the contrary,
a contemporary to dub him ”the first finder
of our fair language.” D) In fact,

Space scientist Julie van Campen is excited 20

about the potential of the new James Webb
Which choice completes the text with the most
Space Telescope (JWST). Unlike its prede-
logical transition?
cessor, the Hubble Telescope, the JWST is
primarily an infrared telescope. Most light A) besides,
from distant galaxies is infrared;
the JWST can provide van Campen and her B) however,
team much more information about these
C) on the contrary,
galaxies than the Hubble could.
D) in fact,

As part of a study, participants were asked 21

to list animals they thought of as ”charis-
Which choice completes the text with the most
matic,” which was defined as ”attractive,
logical transition?
fascinating, or appealing.” Researchers com-
piled the responses into a single list and A) For instance,
found that the panda and the crocodile both
landed in the top twenty. no ani- B) in contrast,
mal outranked the tiger.
C) hence,
D) alternatively,

KBFT is a Native-run radio station broad- 22

casting from the Bois Forte Band of
Which choice completes the text with the most
Chippewa’s lands in Minnesota. In 2004,
logical transition?
Loris Taylor wanted to make sure that
stations like KBFT continued to thrive. A) In reality,
she founded Native Public Media,
a support system for Native radio stations B) Hence,
that now includes around sixty stations.
C) By contrast,
D) In other words,

@satashkent 97
 Many English adjectives share a linguis- 23
tic origin with their associated nouns, like
Which choice completes the text with the most
the adjective ”monetary” and the noun
logical transition?
”money,” both of which come from the
Latin ”monetarius.” some ad- A) Nevertheless,
jectives do not share an origin with their
associated nouns. For example, the adjec- B) For this reason,
tive ”arboreal” ultimately comes from the
C) Specifically,
Latin ”arbor,” while its associated noun,
”tree,” comes from the Old English ”treow.” D) Subsequently,

The dramatic archways of Barcelona’s Casa 24

Bonaventura Ferrer, a private home de-
Which choice completes the text with the most
signed by Pere Falques 1 Urpi, are emblem-
logical transition?
atic of the nineteenth century Modernista
movement, which favored naturalistic curves A) Likewise,
over rigid right angles in its championing of
organic forms. the private home’s B) By contrast,
decorative features, such as its floral stained
C) In other words,
glass windows, also take cues from nature.
D) Nevertheless,

In 1949, Frank Zamboni developed an ice 25

rink resurfacing machine. As Zamboni’s ma-
Which choice completes the text with the most
chine moved along the rink’s surface, it first
logical transition?
scraped o! the top layer of ice.
it sprayed water into the deep grooves left A) For example,
behind by customers’ skates. Lastly, it
smoothed over the newly formed ice. B) Next,
C) Similarly,
D) In contrast,

Scientists studying asteroid deflection have 26

focused on secondary objects such as S/2020
Which choice completes the text with the most
(2013 PY6), a moonlet orbiting the near-
logical transition?
Earth asteroid 2013 PY6. In 2022 NASA
intentionally crashed a probe into just such A) for example,
an object, successfully altering its orbit. Sci-
entists have yet to demonstrate, B) though,
that 2013 PY6 and other primary objects
C) likewise,
would be similarly a!ected.
D) moreover,

@satashkent 98
 Biographer Michael Gorra notes that the 27
novelist Henry James ”lived in a world of
Which choice completes the text with the most
second thoughts,” frequently tinkering with
logical transition?
his novels and stories after their initial pub-
lication. However, the di!erences between A) by contrast,
the 1881 first edition and the 1908 edition of
his novel A Portrait of a Lady are extreme, B) in fact,
even by James’s standards; some
C) nevertheless,
critics regard the two editions as two di!er-
ent novels altogether. D) in other words,

Working together with the Navajo Nation 28

Department of Water Resources, Dr. Lani
Which choice completes the text with the most
Tsinnajinnie analyzed data about snowpack
logical transition?
levels in the Chuska Mountains. She found
that the snowpack (the amount of snow on A) in other words,
the ground) was deepest in early March
at lower elevations. At higher elevations, B) for instance,
the snowpack was deepest in mid-
C) on the other hand,
March.
D) in summary,

Just as the state of Hawaii has a designated 29

state flower, tree, and bird, it also has a
Which choice completes the text with the most
state soil: Hilo soil. Hilo is a fitting choice
logical transition?
for state soil, in large part because it can
be found in abundance across the state. A) Alternatively,
it plays an important role in
Hawaii’s agricultural industry and is used to B) By contrast,
grow a variety of crops, like ginger and taro.
C) At that time,
D) Additionally,

In eastern Mexico, Monument 61 and Monu- 30

ment 1 are the names given to two massive
Which choice completes the text with the most
human head statues that were left behind
logical transition?
by the ancient Olmec civilization. Both
statues are made of stone and are extremely A) In any case,
heavy. they each weigh more than 5
tons! B) Earlier,
C) In fact,
D) Instead,

@satashkent 99
 In 2014, Nestor Gomez won his first-ever 31
storytelling competition, relating a tale
Which choice completes the text with the most
about his life as a Guatemalan immigrant
logical transition?
living in Chicago. in 2017, Gomez
created the show 80 Minutes Around the A) Instead,
World as a platform for others to share sto-
ries about their immigration experiences. B) For example,
C) Later,
D) In other words,

In his essay “Of Friendship,” French 32

philosopher Michel de Montaigne explores
Which choice completes the text with the most
a relatively light subject, but he addresses
logical transition?
heavier fare in “Of the Uncertainty of Our
Judgment.” Regardless of subject matter, A) Fittingly,
Montaigne works to question his own per-
spective throughout his essays. his B) Conversely,
personal motto was “What do I know?”
C) Nowadays,
D) Still,

Ecologists like Renae Brodie use trophic 33

pyramids to illustrate the food chain within
Which choice completes the text with the most
a given ecosystem. At a typical pyramid’s
logical transition?
base are primary producers, like plants,
followed by herbivores at the second trophic A) Lastly,
level, then omnivores and carnivores at
the third. at the fourth, highest B) In fact,
trophic level are apex predators, like eagles,
C) For example,
that feed on the animals below.
D) Besides,

In a 2022 analysis of 200 terms, researchers 34

found a broad pattern of valence-dependent
Which choice completes the text with the most
mutation in which negative adjectives saw a
logical transition?
faster rate of cognate replacement-the rate
at which a word will be replaced over time A) Thus,
with a noncognate form-than other words.
the adjective ”illegal” would be B) Moreover,
expected to mutate faster than the noun
C) Meanwhile,
”crisis.”
D) However,

@satashkent 100
 In the early 1970s, Albert Popa took up 35
gra”ti art, spraying his work onto what
Which choice completes the text with the most
was at the time an unconventional surface:
logical transition?
concrete. Albert’s son David
has chosen an unusual canvas for his new A) However,
art project, Fractured. In this remarkable
work, the artist draws charcoal faces onto B) Indeed,
fragmented ice floes in Finland, creating the
C) Second,
visual e!ect of a face slowly fracturing.
D) Likewise,

The world’s first airplane, the 1903 Wright 36

Flyer, was not very aerodynamic, as evi-
Which choice completes the text with the most
denced by its low lift-to-drag ratio of just
logical transition?
8.3:1. The Northrop F-5 jet, like most
modern aircraft, is far more aerodynamic. A) Specifically,
its lift-to-drag ratio is more than
twice that of the Wright Flyer. B) In conclusion,
C) However,
D) Nevertheless,

With many elements, like osmium, scientists 37

were able to isolate a relatively pure sample
Which choice completes the text with the most
of the substance shortly after discovering
logical transition?
its existence. this wasn’t the case
with all elements. The process of isolating A) In other words,
magnesium, for example, took years-53, to
be precise. B) For this reason,
C) Granted,
D) Likewise,

Modernista architects championed nature 38

in their designs. the dramatic arch-
Which choice completes the text with the most
ways and bird-themed mosaics of Casa
logical transition?
Lleó i Morera, a Modernista private home
designed by Lluis Domènech i Montaner, A) Of course,
couldn’t exactly grow in a forest. Still, one
sees natural influences in Domènech i Mon- B) Thus,
taner’s penchant for curves (rather than
C) Furthermore,
right angles) and plant-and animal-inspired
flourishes. D) Similarly,

@satashkent 101
 Before the first railroads were built in Aus- 39
tralia, engineers warned against using multi-
Which choice completes the text with the most
ple track widths across the continent.
logical transition?
regional o”cials couldn’t agree on a single-
width system. Thus, railways in Victoria, A) In other words,
like the Victorian Goldfields Railway, were
made using wide tracks, while those in New B) Similarly,
South Wales were built with narrow tracks.
C) For this reason,
D) Nevertheless,

Legislators in Ethiopia are elected via a 40

first-past-the-post electoral system. In this
Which choice completes the text with the most
winner-take-all voting system, the seat is
logical transition?
awarded to the candidate who receives not
a majority but a plurality (i.e., greatest A) However,
number) of votes. if several popular
candidates are vying for the same seat, it is B) Moreover,
possible for a candidate to win an election
C) Accordingly,
despite receiving less than 50% of the votes.
D) Similarly,

After appropriate permissions are granted, 41

a typical archaeological dig begins with a
Which choice completes the text with the most
surveyor making a detailed grid of the exca-
logical transition?
vation site. Then, the site is carefully dug,
and any artifacts found are recorded and A) For instance,
mapped onto the site grid, the ar-
tifacts are removed, cataloged, and analyzed B) On the contrary,
in a laboratory.
C) Earlier,
D) Finally,

To guarantee the validity of experimental 42

results, scientists rely on precise, unchang-
Which choice completes the text with the most
ing standards of measurement.
logical transition?
metrologists (scientists who study measure-
ment) developed the SI, or International A) In contrast,
System of Units. The SI’s units of mea-
surement are based on unchanging values in B) Regardless,
nature, such as the mass of an electron or
C) In addition,
the speed of light.
D) For this reason,

@satashkent 102
 Soil polluted with chromium (a heavy 43
metal) is harmful to many plants and ani-
Which choice completes the text with the most
mals, but the plant species Ludwigia pros-
logical transition?
trata, or creeping water primrose, not only
thrives in such conditions but also helps A) in addition,
remediate them. As a metal hyperaccumu-
lator, Ludwigia prostrata absorbs a large B) nevertheless,
amount of chromium and stores it safely in
C) in turn,
its roots and shoots; chromium
concentrations in the soil decrease. D) specifically,

With many elements, like cadmium, scien- 44

tists were able to isolate a relatively pure
Which choice completes the text with the most
sample of the substance shortly after dis-
logical transition?
covering its existence-but this wasn’t the
case with all elements. the isolation A) Moreover,
process took years. The element niobium,
for instance, was discovered in 1801 but not B) Thus,
isolated until 1864,
C) However,
D) Sometimes,

A band might choose a name that is as 45

unique and original as possible. they
Which choice completes the text with the most
might name themselves after a recognizable
logical transition?
song by a favorite band. This is what the
Japanese experimental rock band Boris did A) Thus,
when they named themselves after the song
”Boris” by the Melvins. B) Alternatively,
C) In other words,
D) For instance,

If you could travel in a spaceship to Elara, 46

one of Jupiter’s many moons, you’d find a
Which choice completes the text so that it
moon with a prograde orbit. This means
conforms to the conventions of Standard
that Elara orbits Jupiter in the same di-
English?
rection that Jupiter rotates on its axis
at Pasiphae, another Jovian A) For example,
moon, you’d find an example of a retro-
grade orbit, with the moon revolving around B) Specifically,
Jupiter in the opposite direction.
C) In other words,
D) Elsewhere,

@satashkent 103
 Monument 61 is the name given to a 13- 47
ton stone statue of a human head that was
Which choice completes the text with the most
created during the ancient Olmec civiliza-
logical transition?
tion. It was discovered in Veracruz, Mexico,
at the San Lorenzo archaeological site. A) As a result,
at the La Venta site in the state of
Tabasco, another colossal head statue called B) Specifically,
Monument 4 was discovered.
C) For example,
D) Elsewhere,

In the South Asian country of Sri Lanka, 48

the percentage of the population living in
Which choice completes the text with the most
cities increased from 18.3% to 18.7% be-
logical transition?
tween 2015 and 2020; this upward trend in
urbanization was seen throughout that part A) Nevertheless,
of the continent from 2015 to 2020,
the overall percentage of the South Asian B) Indeed,
population living in cities rose from 34.5%
C) In reality,
to 36.6%.
D) Later,

Ugandan American professor Peter Nazareth 49

believed that Elvis Presley’s music is best
Which choice completes the text with the most
understood not as a homogeneous collection
logical transition?
but as an anthology (because Elvis show-
cased the contributions of a wide range of A) In sum,
gospel, blues, and rock artists).
Nazareth entitled his college course on Elvis B) To that end,
and his music, which focused on Elvis’s
C) In addition,
many musical influences, ”Elvis as Anthol-
ogy.” D) That is,

Humans inherit specific physical traits (like 50

having type O or type AB blood) from their
Which choice completes the text with the most
parents. cats inherit specific physical
logical transition?
traits (like having short or long fur) from
their parents. A) In other words,
B) As a result,
C) In conclusion,
D) Similarly,

@satashkent 104
 Author Ursula K. Le Guin’s Rocannon’s 51
World is a science fiction story set in an
Which choice completes the text with the most
era of intergalactic travel, whereas her The
logical transition?
Tombs of Atuan is a work of fantasy set in
a land of heroes and dragons. both A) At that time,
fans of science fiction and fans of fantasy are
among her many readers. B) Alternatively,
C) Accordingly,
D) Nevertheless,

Those who looked up at the right time 52

on September 9, 1904, would have wit-
Which choice completes the text with the most
nessed a total solar eclipse, during which the
logical transition?
Moon completely blocks the Sun.
stargazers on December 25, 1935, would A) As a result,
have seen an annular solar eclipse, during
which the Moon blocks most of the Sun and B) On the other hand,
causes it to look like a ring of light.
C) Simultaneously,
D) Indeed,

With many elements, like neon, scientists 53

were able to isolate a relatively pure sample
Which choice completes the text with the most
of the substance shortly after discovering
logical transition?
its existence-but this wasn’t the case with
all elements. the isolation pro- A) However,
cess took years. The element erbium, for
instance, was discovered in 1843 but not B) Thus,
isolated until 1934.
C) Sometimes,
D) Moreover,

In Tino Villanueva’s 2016 poem ”Field of 54

Moving Colors Layered,” the poet contem-
Which choice completes the text with the most
plates a painting that has inspired him:
logical transition?
Alberto Valdés’s 1965 work Untitled. The
painting, which features overlapping geo- A) What’s more,
metric shapes, fuels the poem’s exploration
of temporality and identity. in B) In other words,
responding to Valdés’s artwork, Villanueva’s
C) Conversely,
poem reflects on the relationship between
poetry and other art forms. D) For instance,

@satashkent 105
 Scientists long debated the origins of chon- 55
drules, tiny glass beads that formed in
Which choice completes the text with the most
meteors billions of years ago. For decades,
logical transition?
di!erent theories were proposed, from light-
ning strikes to powerful rock collisions, but A) For example,
none had su”cient evidentiary support.
scientists found strong evidence that B) Finally,
chondrules were formed by shock waves in
C) Similarly,
nearby nebulae.
D) Therefore,

Voting members of the 2006 Latin Grammys 56

were impressed by Los Tigres del Norte’s
Which choice completes the text with the most
album Historias Que Contar and its con-
logical transition?
tribution to the norteño genre, a form of
regional Mexican music featuring accordion A) In contrast,
and bajo sexto guitar that first developed in
northern Mexico in the late nineteenth cen- B) Accordingly,
tury. they awarded the group
C) Meanwhile,
the Best Norteño Album award.
D) Nevertheless,

As anthropologist Cristina Grasseni ex- 57

plains, with the rise in demand for artisanal
Which choice completes the text with the most
cheeses claiming to be typical of specific
logical transition?
Italian regions, such as Pecorino Siciliano
cheese from Sicily, came the need to guaran- A) Conversely,
tee the veracity of such claims to consumers.
the European Union established B) Likewise,
DOP status, a label certifying that the
C) Regardless,
cheese was made according to the region’s
local traditions. D) Therefore,

Just as the state of Texas has a designated 58

state flower, tree, and bird, it also has a
Which choice completes the text with the most
state soil: Houston Black soil. Houston
logical transition?
Black is a fitting choice for state soil, in
large part because it can be found in abun- A) Additionally,
dance across the state. it plays an
important role in Texas’s agricultural indus- B) At that time,
try and is used to grow a variety of crops,
C) By contrast,
like cotton and sorghum.
D) Alternatively,

@satashkent 106
 Generally, sleek vehicles are more aerody- 59
namic than bulkier ones. The streamlined
Which choice completes the text with the most
nose of the T-45 Goshawk jet,
logical transition?
helps it glide through wind with relative
ease, while a boxy pickup truck encounters A) meanwhile,
more wind resistance, making it less aerody-
namic. B) however,
C) for instance,
D) additionally,

Legislators in Antigua are elected via a 60

first-past-the-post electoral system. In this
Which choice completes the text with the most
winner-take-all voting system, the seat is
logical transition?
awarded to the candidate who receives not a
majority but a plurality (i.e., greatest num- A) Moreover,
ber) of votes. if several popular
candidates are vying for the same seat, it is B) Similarly,
possible for a candidate to win an election
C) Accordingly,
despite receiving less than 50% of the votes.
D) However,

Textile artist Amber Joy Greenidge-Sabral 61

wanted to avoid using harsh synthetic dyes
Which choice completes the text with the most
that could be damaging to the environment.
logical transition?
she began experimenting with more
environmentally friendly natural dye meth- A) With this in mind,
ods, using organic materials like prairie
parsley and weld herb for their natural red B) To sum up,
and yellow colors.
C) Nevertheless,
D) In actuality,

Within a given ecosystem, energy tends 62

to transfer across what ecologists, such as
Which choice completes the text with the most
Michelle Evans-White, call trophic levels.
logical transition?
primary producers, like plants, at
the first trophic level provide energy (i.e., A) By contrast,
food) for herbivores, like deer, at the sec-
ond level; those at the second level provide B) Likewise,
energy for carnivores and omnivores, like
C) However,
coyotes, at the third; and so on, up the food
chain. D) For example,

@satashkent 107
 Residents of Brası́lia, Brazil, rely on its 63
rapid transit system, the Brası́lia Metro,
Which choice completes the text with the most
for millions of trips each year. city
logical transition?
o”cials strive to maintain the system’s 25
stations to ensure each of these journeys is A) For example,
as smooth as possible.
B) Accordingly,
C) However,
D) Alternatively,

In his essay ”Of Smells,” French philosopher 64

Michel de Montaigne explores a relatively
Which choice completes the text with the most
light subject, but he addresses heavier fare
logical transition?
in ”Of the Punishment of Cowardice.” Re-
gardless of subject matter, Montaigne works A) Nowadays,
to question his own perspective throughout
his essays. his personal motto was B) Still,
”What do I know?”
C) Conversely,
D) Fittingly,

Modernista architects championed nature 65

in their designs. the dramatic
Which choice completes the text with the most
archways and botanical glasswork of Palau
logical transition?
Mornau, a Modernista private home de-
signed by Manuel Raspall, couldn’t exactly A) Granted,
grow in a forest. Still, one sees natural in-
fluences in Raspall’s penchant for curves B) Furthermore,
(rather than right angles) and plant- and
C) Thus,
animal-inspired flourishes.
D) Similarly,

In a 2005 study by Mellado et al., the re- 66

searchers determined the ratio of three
Which choice completes the text with the most
di!erent plant subtypes within the diet
logical transition?
of sheep: graminoids, forbs, and browse.
the researchers determined the A) By contrast,
relative quantities of the plants the animal
consumed. B) Next,
C) In addition,
D) That is,

@satashkent 108
 Scientists studying asteroid deflection have 67
focused on secondary objects such as S/2018
Which choice completes the text with the most
(15745), a moonlet orbiting the near-Earth
logical transition?
asteroid Yuliya. In 2022 NASA intentionally
crashed a probe into just such an object, A) Accordingly,
successfully altering its orbit. these
results are no guarantee that Yuliya and B) Granted,
other primary objects would be similarly
C) Likewise,
a!ected.
D) Moreover,

Bill Belew’s talent for intricately and ex- 68

pertly detailed costume design was on full
Which choice completes the text with the most
display with the Blue Rain jumpsuit, cre-
logical transition?
ated for musical icon Elvis Presley to wear
onstage. the suit’s blue rhinestones A) Next,
showcased Belew’s careful attention to de-
tail. B) In particular,
C) Soon,
D) Nevertheless,

Most solar eclipses from long ago have been 69

forgotten, but not all. scholars still
Which choice completes the text with the most
discuss an eclipse that occurred on May 17,
logical transition?
2231 BCE. That’s because it was the fifth-
longest total eclipse before the Dark Ages-7 A) Next,
minutes, 21 seconds long.
B) Regardless,
C) For example,
D) In summary,

In his 2016 poem ”Orphan,” Blas Falconer 70

explores Teresita Fernández’s sculpture Noc-
Which choice completes the text with the most
turnal (Horizon Line), a work that features
logical transition?
horizontal bands of granite. Fal-
coner participates in a tradition dating back A) In addition,
to Homer’s Iliad: that of ekphrasis, poetry
that engages with visual art. B) In doing so,
C) That said,
D) Conversely,

@satashkent 109
 During many historic New York City pa- 71
rades, including the 1912 ticker-tape parade
Which choice completes the text with the most
for US Olympic champions, the ribbonlike
logical transition?
swirls descending on the scene were paper
spools from ”tickers,” telegraph machines A) For example,
that were used to transmit stock prices
the tickers had long since been re- B) In addition,
tired by the time of the parade for the New
C) Of course,
York Giants in 2008. Then, shredded stan-
dard paper enriched the celebration. D) As a result,

With many elements, like bromine, scientists 72

were able to isolate a relatively pure sample
Which choice completes the text with the most
of the substance shortly after discovering
logical transition?
its existence. this wasn’t the case
with all elements. The process of isolating A) For this reason,
europium, for example, took several years-
five, to be precise. B) Granted,
C) Likewise,
D) In other words,

Modernista architects championed nature 73

in their designs. the wavy exte-
Which choice completes the text with the most
rior wall and botanical window dressings of
logical transition?
Torre Cortés, a Modernista private home
designed by Salvador Valeri i Pupurull, A) Granted,
couldn’t exactly grow in a forest. Still, one
sees natural influences in Valeri i Pupu- B) Similarly,
rull’s penchant for curves (rather than right
C) Furthermore,
angles) and plant- and animal-inspired flour-
ishes. D) Thus,

In a 1993 study by Vales and Peek, the 74

researchers determined the ratio of three dif-
Which choice completes the text with the most
ferent plant subtypes within the diet of elk:
logical transition?
graminoids, forbs, and browse. the
researchers determined the relative quanti- A) That is,
ties of the plants the animal consumed.
B) In addition,
C) By contrast,
D) Next,

@satashkent 110
 Cornelia Konrads is a German sculptor 75
who creates art that seems to be part of
Which choice completes the text with the most
its surroundings. Her sculpture entitled
logical transition?
knotty stits is built on the wall of a univer-
sity building in the United States A) There,
appearing as two support beams knotted to-
gether against the wall, it is cleverly placed B) Later,
into its environment, serving as an example
C) For instance,
of Konrads’s approach.
D) However,

There are three basic steps you should 76

follow when planning a scientific inquiry.
Which choice completes the text with the most
First, thoroughly research the question you
logical transition?
wish to answer come up with a
prediction (also called a hypothesis) about A) For example,
the answer to your question. Third, develop
an experiment that can test the accuracy of B) Second,
your hypothesis
C) Therefore,
D) Instead,

While not the case with dimples, some in- 77

herited observable traits, or phenotypes,
Which choice completes the text with the most
can change because of a variety of factors.
logical transition?
eye color can change because of
age. A) For example,
B) Finally,
C) Conversely,
D) In any case,

Just as the state of New York has a des- 78

ignated state flower, tree, and bird, it also
Which choice completes the text with the most
has a state soil: Honeoye soil. Honeoye is
logical transition?
a fitting choice for state soil, in large part
because it can be found in abundance across A) At that time,
the state. it plays an important
role in New York’s agricultural industry and B) Alternatively,
is used to grow a variety of crops, like corn
C) Conversely,
and soybeans.
D) Moreover,

@satashkent 111
 Australia ratified the Outer Space Treaty, 79
an international agreement with over 100
Which choice completes the text with the most
signing nations that acts as the foundation
logical transition?
for the laws of space, on January 27, 1967.
Colombia signed the treaty; it has A) however,
yet to o”cially ratify it.
B) similarly,
C) specifically,
D) for example,

In her 2012 analysis of tree rings from 80

Japan’s Yaku Island, cosmic ray physicist
Which choice completes the text with the most
Fusa Miyake noted an anomalous carbon-14
logical transition?
spike dating to 774-775 CE, indicating that
a massive burst of radiation reached Earth A) Fittingly,
during that time. this unprece-
dented radiocarbon surge was dubbed a B) Similarly,
“Miyake event” in honor of its discoverer.
C) However,
D) In other words,

The Coastal Virginia O!shore Wind project 81

is anticipated to generate 2.6 gigawatts of
Which choice completes the text with the most
energy, enough to power almost one mil-
logical transition?
lion homes. As its name indicates, the
project—currently in development—consists A) In conclusion,
of wind turbines located o! the Virginia
coast. the project plan calls for B) In contrast,
176 large turbines to be placed at a site 27
C) As a result,
miles east of Virginia Beach.
D) To be exact,

With his room-sized installation Uni- 82

corn/My Private Sky, Norwegian artist
Which choice completes the text with the most
Børre Sæthre succeeds in creating a whim-
logical transition?
sical yet perplexing experience.
when visitors set foot inside the fantasti- A) Indeed,
cally blue room and encounter the life-sized
stu!ed unicorn preening at the far end of it, B) Second,
they are both dazzled and confused—as if
C) Nevertheless,
stepping into a strange and enchanting new
world. D) Instead,

@satashkent 112
 In 2005, notoriously shy American singer- 83
songwriter Ray LaMontagne saw his life
Which choice completes the text with the most
change with the success of his hit single
logical transition?
”Trouble.” That year, he performed more
than thirty live sets, including at Avalon A) similarly,
in Los Angeles, United States, and Théâtre
Outremont in Montreal, Canada; B) on the other hand,
he’d performed fewer than a dozen times in
C) additionally,
2004.
D) often,

With their distinctive cone shapes and 84

steeply sloping sides, the volcanoes Kuchi-
Which choice completes the text with the most
noshima (Japan) and Tantalus (Hawaii)
logical transition?
may look similar from afar. Gari Mayberry
and other volcanologists, can tell A) for example,
by how each was formed that Kuchinoshima
is a composite volcano, while Tantalus is a B) in addition,
cinder cone volcano.
C) therefore,
D) though,

In a 2022 analysis, researchers investigated 85

how negative adjectives like “ashamed”
Which choice completes the text with the most
evolve. the researchers applied a
logical transition?
statistical model to a set of words to infer
the rate of cognate replacement—the rate A) Specifically,
at which a word will be replaced over time
with a noncognate form—in Indo-European B) Therefore,
languages.
C) Thus,
D) Granted,

The title of “Of the Inequality amongst Us,” 86

an essay by French philosopher Michel de
Which choice completes the text with the most
Montaigne, suggests a straightforward topic.
logical transition?
However, Montaigne’s expansive, curious
mind meant that he never limited himself A) Lastly,
to one subject. the essay is not
just a discussion of inequality but a broad B) That said,
exploration of Montaigne’s entire worldview.
C) Predictably,
D) Additionally,

@satashkent 113
 In Argentina, the Chamber of Deputies is 87
elected via a proportional representation
Which choice completes the text with the most
(PR) system. In PR elections, votes are cast
logical transition?
(not for specific candidates, as they are in
single-member plurality systems, but for po- A) second of all,
litical parties) and then tabulated;
each qualifying party is awarded a number B) in fact,
of seats proportional to the number of votes
C) by contrast,
it received.
D) accordingly,

Before the first railroads were built in Aus- 88

tralia, engineers warned against using mul-
Which choice completes the text with the most
tiple track widths across the continent.
logical transition?
regional o”cials couldn’t agree on
a single-width system. Thus, railways in A) For this reason,
Queensland, like the Durundur Railway,
were made using narrow tracks, while those B) In other words,
in Victoria were built with wide tracks.
C) Similarly,
D) Nevertheless,

Joseph Goodrich was an outspoken aboli- 89

tionist whose Wisconsin home was a stop
Which choice completes the text with the most
on the underground railroad (the network of
logical transition?
people and places that some enslaved people
used to escape to freedom). sup- A) Occasionally,
porters of the railroad were secretive about
their antislavery views. By and large, they B) For example,
were vocal abolitionists like Goodrich.
C) Accordingly,
D) However,

The work of contemporary Asian American 90

poet John Yau often incorporates references
Which choice completes the text with the most
to other poems and works of visual art.
logical transition?
Typically, these allusive gestures are sub-
tle, recognized by only the most attentive A) though,
of Yau’s readers. In his 2013 poem ”Fur-
ther Adventures in Monochrome,” B) fittingly,
Yau explicitly identifies a particular art-
C) similarly,
work—Yves Klein’s 1960 painting Silence is
Golden—as the poem’s inspiration. D) for example,

@satashkent 114
 With some elements, like selenium, scien- 91
tists were able to isolate a relatively pure
Which choice completes the text with the most
sample of the substance shortly after dis-
logical transition?
covering its existence—but this wasn’t the
case with all elements. the isola- A) Often,
tion process took a few years. The element
molybdenum, for instance, was discovered in B) Even so,
1778 but not isolated until 1781.
C) Similarly,
D) Furthermore,

Firefly luciferase (Fluc) is a distinctly 92

evolved enzyme that can oxidize a substrate
Which choice completes the text with the most
called D-luciferin to induce bioluminescence
logical transition?
and can act as a fatty acyl-CoA synthetase
(ACS) enzyme, a class of enzyme present in A) In fact,
all insects. Fluc is a bifunctional
enzyme whose presence indicates an insect B) Moreover,
is capable of emitting light; in contrast, the
C) That is,
presence of ACS alone would be insu”cient
for determining bioluminescence. D) Nevertheless,

William Shakespeare likely arrived in Lon- 93

don as early as 1585, at the age of 21, to
Which choice completes the text with the most
pursue a career in the theater. Little is
logical transition?
known of his early years there, but by 1593
he was becoming known for plays such as A) In other words,
Richard III. in 1599, he would
delight audiences with Much Ado About B) Conversely,
Nothing, considered by some to be one of
C) Thus,
his greatest works.
D) Later,

Soil polluted with cadmium (a heavy metal) 94

is harmful to many plants and animals,
Which choice completes the text with the most
but the plant species Elodea canadensis, or
logical transition?
Canadian waterweed, not only thrives in
such conditions but also helps remediate A) specifically,
them. As a metal hyperaccumulator, Elodea
canadensis absorbs a large amount of cad- B) nevertheless,
mium and stores it safely in its roots and
C) in addition,
shoots; cadmium concentrations in
the soil decrease. D) accordingly,

@satashkent 115
 When, in 2017, Cambridge University stu- 95
dents Lucy Moss and Toby Marlow decided
Which choice completes the text with the most
they wanted to develop a musical together,
logical transition?
one of their goals was for their female-
actor friends to have good parts to play. A) In summary,
they created the show Six, a
retelling of the history of King Henry VIII’s B) In other words,
wives in which each of the six queens has a
C) For example,
starring role.
D) To that end,

The prime meridian, the global indicator 96

of zero degrees longitude established in
Which choice completes the text with the most
1884, was originally determined using as-
logical transition?
tronomically derived coordinates.
as decades passed, new calculations would A) Granted,
reveal increasingly precise coordinates, yet
the prime meridian remained unchanged; B) Again and again,
it wasn’t until the 1980s that, spurred by
C) Specifically,
improved geodetic data, the prime meridian
was o”cially moved—roughly one hundred D) To that end,
meters east.

Blair L. M. Kelley, a historian specializing 97

in the history of segregation in the US, con-
Which choice completes the text with the most
ducted extensive research while writing a
logical transition?
book about the landmark Brown v. Board
of Education court case. when the A) Likewise,
book was released, colleagues in her field re-
garded it as a reliable source of information B) Consequently,
on the subject.
C) Next,
D) Nevertheless,

Many English adjectives share a linguis- 98

tic origin with their associated nouns, like
Which choice completes the text with the most
the adjective ”monetary” and the noun
logical transition?
”money,” both of which come from the
Latin ”monetarius.” some adjec- A) Subsequently,
tives do not share an origin with their as-
sociated nouns. For example, the adjective B) For this reason,
”bovine” ultimately comes from the Latin
C) Nevertheless,
”bos,” while its associated noun, ”cow,”
comes from the Old English ”cu.” D) Specifically,

@satashkent 116
 The decades since the Second World War 99
have seen a range of outcomes for the in-
Which choice completes the text with the most
dependence movements of Micronesia,
logical transition?
Melanesia, and Polynesia. Many of the re-
gions’ islands and groups of islands have A) For example,
become independent nations. the
Northern Mariana Islands, a commonwealth B) Therefore,
in Micronesia consisting of fifteen islands,
C) In fact,
are part of the US, and the Society Islands,
a group of islands in Polynesia including D) On the other hand,
Tahiti and Bora Bora, are part of the terri-
tory of French Polynesia.

In 2015, geologist Peter Rogerson calculated 100

that the geographic center of Kansas was a
Which choice completes the text with the most
point 2.1 miles southeast of the municipality
logical transition?
of Bushton Bend. Rogerson’s calculation
was more accurate than the one from 1920 A) Ultimately,
by the US Geological Survey. this
earlier calculation was made using far more B) Of course,
rudimentary equipment—only cardboard
C) Likewise,
and string.
D) To that end,

A blend of gabardine and wool, the material 101

for Elvis Presley’s Peacock jumpsuit was
Which choice completes the text with the most
flexible enough to allow the singer to per-
logical transition?
form his signature dance moves.
the added weight of the suit’s embroidered A) However,
feathers in shades of blue and green likely
limited Elvis’s mobility to some degree. B) Firstly,
C) In other words,
D) For this reason,

When it was completed in 1889, the Ei!el 102

Tower in Paris, France, was criticized—even
Which choice completes the text with the most
protested—for the novelty of its unique
logical transition?
spire-like silhouette. the design
is commonplace, found in everything from A) On the contrary,
Ei!el Tower replicas like the one in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, to structures like the Copen- B) In conclusion,
hagen Zoo Tower in Copenhagen, Denmark.
C) Furthermore,
D) Nowadays,

@satashkent 117
 Scientists studying asteroid deflection have 103
focused on secondary objects such as S/2006
Which choice completes the text with the most
(311066), a moonlet orbiting the near-Earth
logical transition?
asteroid 2004 DC. In 2022 NASA inten-
tionally crashed a probe into just such an A) though,
object, successfully altering its orbit. Sci-
entists have yet to demonstrate, B) for example,
that 2004 DC and other primary objects
C) likewise,
would be similarly a!ected.
D) moreover,

In 2015, geologist Peter Rogerson calcu- 104

lated that the geographic center of North
Which choice completes the text with the most
Dakota was a point 2.7 miles southwest of
logical transition?
the municipality of McClusky. Rogerson’s
calculation was more accurate than the one A) Likewise,
from 1920 by the US Geological Survey.
this earlier calculation was made us- B) To that end,
ing far more rudimentary equipment—only
C) Of course,
cardboard and string.
D) Ultimately,

During the 1924 New York ticker-tape 105

parade for US Olympic champions, the
Which choice completes the text with the most
ribbonlike swirls descending on the scene
logical transition?
were paper spools from ”tickers,” telegraph
machines used to transmit stock prices. Of A) With this in mind,
course, the original ticker tape had long
since been retired by the 2019 parade for B) In addition,
the US women’s national soccer team,
C) Then,
shredded standard paper enriched
the celebration. D) In other words,

Soil polluted with manganese (a heavy 106

metal) is harmful to many plants and ani-
Which choice completes the text with the most
mals, but the plant species Typha latifolia,
logical transition?
or broadleaf cattail, not only thrives in
such conditions but also helps remediate A) nevertheless,
them. As a metal hyperaccumulator, Typha
latifolia absorbs a large amount of man- B) in addition,
ganese and stores it safely in its roots and
C) in turn,
shoots; manganese concentra-
tions in the soil decreases. D) specifically,

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 When printing money for the colony of 107
Pennsylvania in the 1730s, Benjamin
Which choice completes the text with the most
Franklin - then a Philadelphia show owner
logical transition?
- took steps to combat the circulation of
counterfeit notes, such as weaving blue A) Moreover,
threads and muscovite (a reflective min-
eral) into the paper he used. he B) Specifically,
stamped the notes with detailed imprints of
C) For example,
sage leaves that proved di”cult for forgers
to replicate. D) That said,

Marcel Duchamp intended his 1917 so-called 108

ready-made sculpture Fountain to chal-
Which choice completes the text with the most
lenge then-prevailing conceptions about the
logical transition?
nature of art. Duchamp’s Foun-
tain did just that, raising the question A) Instead,
of whether displaying any object in an
art gallery could be said to transform the B) In addition,
object–even, as Duchamp’s sculpture was, a
C) Similarly,
urinal–into a legitimate work of art.
D) Indeed,

Generally, sleek vehicles are more aerody- 109

namic than bulkier ones. The streamlined
Which choice completes the text with the most
nose of the Cessna 310 jet, helps
logical transition?
it glide through wind with relative ease,
while a boxy semitruck encounters more A) however,
wind resistance, making it less aerodynamic.
B) for example,
C) additionally,
D) meanwhile,

Eirene, one of the eighty known moons 110

of Jupiter, is designated as Jupiter LVII
Which choice completes the text with the most
(”LVII” means ”57”). Roman numerals typ-
logical transition?
ically indicate the order in which the moons
were named rather than the order of their A) moreover,
proximity to Jupiter. It is incorrect to as-
sume, that Eirene is fifty-seventh B) finally,
moon from Jupiter, in terms of proximity.
C) however,
D) then,

@satashkent 119
 With some elements, like phosphorus, sci- 111
entists were able to isolate a relatively pure
Which choice completes the text with the most
sample of the substance shortly after discov-
logical transition?
ering its existence – but this wasn’t the case
with all elements. the isolation pro- A) Even so,
cess took took a a few le years. The element
molybdenum. for instance, was discovered B) Similarly,
in 1778 but not isolated until 1781.
C) Furthermore,
D) Often,

Following the American Revolutionary War, 112

North American foodways underwent a rad-
Which choice completes the text with the most
ical transformation, fueled in large part by
logical transition?
spiking consumer demand for certain grains.
The cultivation, trade, and transportation A) by comparison,
of maize and wheat, reconfigured
the continent’s existing regional foodways B) second of all,
into a globally oriented food system.
C) alternatively,
D) in particular,

In 1965, Morrie Turner’s comic strip Wee 113

Pals became the first serial comic by a
Which choice completes the text with the most
Black cartoonist to be syndicated, appearing
logical transition?
in papers nationwide. many other
strips by Black cartoonists were syndicated, A) That is,
including Charles Boyce’s Compu-Toon in
1994 and Aaron McGruder’s The Boondocks B) Previously,
in 1996.
C) For example,
D) Later,

The star Wezen is unvaryingly bright, con- 114

sistently ranking as one of the brightest
Which choice completes the text with the most
stars in the sky (Wezen ranked 36th on a
logical transition?
recent list). By contrast, the brightness
of the red giant Betelgeuse varies consid- A) in sum,
erably. Indeed, between April and June
2023, Betelgeuse became an astonishing 40% B) in turn,
brighter; its ranking rose from 10th to
C) specifically,
7th.
D) for example,

@satashkent 120
 Generally, sleek vehicles are more aerody- 115
namic than bulkier ones. The streamlined
Which choice completes the text with the most
nose of the F-4 Phantom II jet,
logical transition?
helps it glide through wind with relative
ease, while a boxy semitruck encounters A) however,
more wind resistance, making it less aerody-
namic. B) meanwhile,
C) for example,
D) additionally,

Katharine Kuh and Bernarda Bryson Shahn 116

have both received Lifetime Achievement
Which choice completes the text with the most
Awards from the Women’s Caucus for
logical transition?
Art, though for di!erent reasons. Kuh was
honored for her work as an art historian; A) as a result,
Bryson, was recognized for her
contributions as a painter. B) for instance,
C) in other words,
D) by contrast,

In a 2022 analysis of 200 terms, researchers 117

found a broad pattern of valence-dependent
Which choice completes the text with the most
mutation for which negative words saw
logical transition?
a faster rate of cognate replacement–
the rate at which a word will A) likewise,
be replaced over time with a noncognate
form. Adjectives (e.g.. ”frightened”) saw B) that is,
the largest e!ect; nouns (e.g.. ”pain”),
C) for example,
meanwhile, saw the smallest.
D) in addition,

At past Olympics, in contrast to demon- 118

stration sports with international appeal,
Which choice completes the text with the most
regionally popular sports were exhibited
logical transition?
as onetime showcases. while the
internationally popular sport of handball A) Moreover,
became a medal event after demonstration,
kaatsen, a handball sport popular in the B) Accordingly,
Netherlands, only appeared at the 1928 Am-
C) Granted,
sterdam Olympics.
D) However,

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 Generally, sleek vehicles are more aerody- 119
namic than bulkier ones. The streamlined
Which choice completes the text with the most
nose of the T-38 Talon jet, helps it
logical transition?
glide through wind with relative ease, while
a boxy semitruck encounters more wind A) meanwhile,
resistance, making it less aerodynamic.
B) for example,
C) additionally,
D) however,

Marcel Duchamp intended his 1917 so-called 120

ready-made sculpture Fountain to chal-
Which choice completes the text with the most
lenge then-prevailing conceptions about
logical transition?
the nature of art. Duchamp’s
Fountain did just that, raising the ques- A) Similarly,
tion of whether displaying any object in an
art gallery could be said to transform the B) Instead,
object–even, as Duchamp’s sculpture was, a
C) Indeed,
urinal–into a legitimate work of art.
D) In addition,

Just as the state of Hawaii has a designated 121

state flower, tree, and bird, it also has a
Which choice completes the text with the most
state soil: Hilo soil. Hilo is a fitting choice
logical transition?
for state soil, in large part because it can
be found in abundance across the state. A) Alternatively,
it plays an important role in Hawaii’s
agricultural industry and is used to grow a B) By contrast,
variety of crops, like ginger and taro.
C) At that time,
D) Additionally,

In eastern Mexico, Monument 61 and Monu- 122

ment 1 are the names given to two massive
Which choice completes the text with the most
human head statues that were left behind
logical transition?
by the ancient Olmec civilization. Both
statues are made of stone and are extremely A) In any case,
heavy. they each weigh more than 5
tons! B) Earlier,
C) In fact,
D) Instead,

@satashkent 122
 In 2014, Nestor Gomez won his first-ever 123
storytelling competition, relating a tale
Which choice completes the text with the most
about his life as a Guatemalan immigrant
logical transition?
living in Chicago. in 2017, Gomez
created the show 80 Minutes Around the A) Instead,
World as a platform for others to share sto-
ries about their immigration experiences. B) For example,
C) Later,
D) In other words,

F. Julius LeMoyne was an outspoken aboli- 124

tionist whose Pennsylvania home was a stop
Which choice completes the text with the most
on the underground railroad (the network of
logical transition?
people and places that some enslaved people
used to escape to freedom). It was relatively A) Fittingly,
rare for supporters of the railroad to be se-
cretive about their antislavery views. B) Granted,
they were vocal abolitionists like LeMoyne.
C) More often,
D) For example,

Though Middle English was widely spoken 125

in fourteenth-century England, the English
Which choice completes the text with the most
language was rarely employed in literature
logical transition?
until poet Geo!rey Chaucer pioneered its
literary use, his manuscripts con- A) However,
tain the first documented uses of over 2,000
English words – like the word ”digestion” in B) Besides,
his 1395 poem ”The Squire’s Tale”– which
C) In fact,
led a contemporary to dub him ”the first
finder of our fair language.” D) On the contrary,

In skateboarding, the 900 – a trick in which 126

the skateboarder spins two and a half times
Which choice completes the text with the most
in midair – is so rare that every success-
logical transition?
ful execution of it is a historic occasion.
ever since Mitchie Brusco and Tas A) In conclusion,
Pappas performed their 900s (in 2011 and
2014, respectively), fans have revered them B) By comparison,
as titans of the sport.
C) For this reason,
D) Regardless,

@satashkent 123
 Visually distinguishing the common raven 127
(Corvus corax) from the Chihuahuan raven
Which choice completes the text with the most
(Corvus cryptoleucus) can confound even
logical transition?
seasoned bird watchers. the two
species share similarities that – at times – A) Instead,
make the birds appear virtually identical.
Size, though. remains a di!erentiating fea- B) Moreover,
ture: the common raven tends to be larger.
C) Indeed,
D) Thus,

Marcia Rieke is a space scientist who works 128

on the James Webb Space Telescope, or
Which choice completes the text with the most
JWST. Thanks in part to Rieke’s contribu-
logical transition?
tions, the telescope is now positioned near
the Sun-Earth L Lagrange point, almost one A) Therefore,
million miles beyond Earth’s orbit.
the JWST’s predecessor, the Hubble Tele- B) Similarly,
scope, is only about 340 miles above Earth’s
C) By contrast,
surface.
D) Secondly,

Photogrammetry and polygonal modeling, 129

methods used by digital artists to create
Which choice completes the text with the most
three-dimensional elements for video games,
logical transition?
typically require software to process geo-
metric shapes numbering in the thousands. A) For example,
these approaches are more eco-
nomical than surface model methods, which B) Instead,
require more powerful and expensive proces-
C) As such,
sors to manage polygons numbering in the
millions. D) Specifically,

The total solar eclipse of June 5, 762 BCE, 130

was the second-longest total eclipse before
Which choice completes the text with the most
the Dark Ages – 7 minutes, 25 seconds long.
logical transition?
Another memorable solar eclipse occurred
on March 21, 424 BCE, but unlike the 762 A) Meanwhile,
BCE eclipse, the 424 BCE eclipse was annu-
lar. the Moon didn’t cover the Sun B) That is,
completely, instead creating an annulus, or
C) For example,
”ring of fire.”
D) Nonetheless,

@satashkent 124
 John Thomson employed the pseudonym 131
”Gracchus” – the name of an ancient Ro-
Which choice completes the text with the most
man politician – in political essays he wrote
logical transition?
in 1795, a choice that accomplished far
more than simply concealing his authorship. A) Indeed,
it wasn’t an arbitrary pen name but
rather a complex rhetorical strategy through B) Conversely,
which Thomson aligned his political views
C) In addition,
with the venerated republican ideals of the
ancient world, thereby bolstering the au- D) However,
thority of his writing.

In Annie Dillard’s Pilgrim at Tinker Creek – 132

where, early on, the author marvels at a sin-
Which choice completes the text with the most
gle goldfish’s delicate fins but later winces
logical transition?
when imagining a horde of goldfish laying
and eating their own eggs –Dillard struggles A) Ultimately,
to reconcile the complicated juxtapositions
of the natural world. nature’s mes- B) To that end,
merizing intricacy and pitiless harshness
C) Hence,
prove inextricably linked for Dillard, like
”two branches of the same creek.” D) Moreover,

Textile artist Amber Joy Greenidge-Sabral 133

wanted to avoid using harsh synthetic dyes
Which choice completes the text with the most
that could be damaging to the environment.
logical transition?
she began experimenting with
more environmentally friendly natural dye A) With this in mind,
methods, using organic materials like Texas
paintbrush and madder root for their natu- B) To sum up,
ral brown and red colors.
C) Nevertheless,
D) In actuality,

While most animals prefer the safety of 134

nighttime migration, many poisonous am-
Which choice completes the text with the most
phibians – a category that includes the
logical transition?
red-bellied newt and the fire salamander –
safely engage in migratory behavior during A) At that time,
the day. with the sun in the sky,
the amphibians’ striking color patterns deter B) For example,
visually oriented daytime predators by serv-
C) In other words,
ing as a warning of toxicity.
D) However,

@satashkent 125
 Residents of Cairo, Egypt, rely on its rapid 135
transit system, the Cairo Metro, for mil-
Which choice completes the text with the most
lions of trips each year. city
logical transition?
o”cials strive to maintain the system’s 71
stations to ensure each of these journeys is A) For this reason,
as smooth as possible.
B) However,
C) For example,
D) Alternatively,

Box modeling, used by digital artists to 136

develop 3D assets for video games, yields
Which choice completes the text with the most
objects with precise mathematical propor-
logical transition?
tions. Granted, as they are formed from
perfect geometric shapes, such 3D elements A) consequently,
lack organic realism; post-modeling
processes such as UV surface mapping are B) similarly,
needed to achieve the level of verisimilitude
C) in sum,
gamers expect.
D) however,

In his painting At the Cycle-Race Track, 137

Jean Metzinger aims to depict a bike race
Which choice completes the text with the most
in four-dimensional space. Of course, Met-
logical transition?
zinger’s painting doesn’t technically repre-
sent a fourth dimension; humans can only A) For example,
see in three dimensions. by
depicting the race through multiple, simul- B) That said,
taneous perspectives, Metzinger o!ers a
C) In other words,
fascinating glimpse at what this other uni-
verse might look like. D) Moreover,

In 2015, geologist Peter Rogerson recalcu- 138

lated the geographic center of Nebraska,
Which choice completes the text with the most
which had previously been determined in
logical transition?
1920 by the US Geological Survey (USGS).
The USGS, Rogerson contended, had omit- A) Next,
ted important considerations, not least the
curvature of the earth. the state’s B) That being said,
USGS-determined center – a point 10 miles
C) Hence,
northwest of the municipality of Broken
Bow – was inaccurate. D) However,

@satashkent 126
 On August 5, 1938, aviator Douglas Cor- 139
rigan received a ticker-tape parade in New
Which choice completes the text with the most
York City in recognition of his transatlantic
logical transition?
flight. Of the 206 ticker-tape parades held
between 1886 and 2022, a number were for A) In addition,
achievements in aviation. Cor-
rigan’s parade was just one of 16 honoring B) Therefore,
pilots.
C) Indeed,
D) Nevertheless,

Guard cells are specialized cells that are 140

part of a plant’s pores. These cells help
Which choice completes the text with the most
regulate the amount of carbon dioxide a
logical transition?
plant takes in they help regulate a
plant’s water loss. A) In conclusion,
B) Additionally,
C) Instead,
D) Previously,

Elara, one of the eighty known moons of 141

Jupiter, is designated as Jupiter VII (”VII”
Which choice completes the text with the most
means ”7”). Roman numerals typically in-
logical transition?
dicate the order in which the moons were
named rather than the order of their prox- A) however,
imity to Jupiter. It is incorrect to assume,
that Elara is the seventh moon B) then,
from Jupiter in terms of proximity.
C) moreover,
D) finally,

@satashkent 127
Topic 4: Rhetorical Synthesis
164 Questions

DIRECTIONS

Must Know Tips:

• Don’t focus on the notes; instead, work with the question prompt and options.

• Options will not mislead you with the notes.

• If you can’t find a logical answer, refer to the notes.

• To find something, you need to know what you’re searching for.

Recommended time per question in this section: min: 30 sec, max: 60 sec, avg: 45 sec.
(*Exam level)

While researching a topic, a student has 1

taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• The Music by Black Composers (MBC)
from the given sentences to set up a discussion
project aims to inspire aspiring music stu-
of Walker’s career for an audience already
dents by archiving and sharing information
familiar with the MBC Project?
about the music of Black classical composers.
• George Theophilus Walker is a Black clas- A) While George Theophilus Walker is
sical music composer included in MBC’s considered a great composer included in
Historic Composers Directory. MBC’s Historic Composers Directory.
• He was born in 1922 and died in 2018.
B) Born in 1922, George Theophilus Walker
passed away in according to the MBC
project.
C) Among the many talented figures included
in the MBC project is classical music
composer George Theophilus Walker
D) The MBC project’s Historic Composers
Directory highlights Black classical
composers of the past, such as George
Theophilus Walker (1922-2018), in order to
inspire music students to become the
classical composers of the future.

@satashkent 128
 While researching a topic, a student has 2
taken the following notes:
The student wants to specify how much vitamin
• Blackberries are fruits that contain ascor-
C is in blackberries. Which choice most
bic acid, an essential nutrient for humans.
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
• Every 100 grams (g) of blackberries con-
notes to accomplish this goal?
tains 21 milligrams (mg) of ascorbic acid.
• Many animals can make ascorbic acid in A) Many animals can make ascorbic acid,
their bodies, but humans cannot. which is also known as vitamin C, in their
• Human must get ascorbic acid from foods, bodies, but humans cannot.
including fruits and vegetables.
• Ascorbic acid is also known as Vitamin C. B) There is 21 mg of vitamin C in every 100 g
of blackberries.
C) Since humans cannot make vitamin C in
their bodies, they must get this essential
nutrient from foods like blackberries.
D) Blackberries contain vitamin C, which
humans must get from food.

While researching a topic, a student has 3

taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize the duration of
• Sister cities are pairs of cities that form
Rhinebeck and Larreynaga’s sister city
social or legal partnerships to promote each
relationship. Which choice most e!ectively uses
other’s cultures.
relevant information from the notes to
• Previously known as ”town twinning,” the
accomplish this goal?
concept of sister cities evolved in Europe
after World War II as a way to repair bonds A) Since the end of world war II, sister cities
between cities. such as Rhinebeck, New York, and
• Many cities in New York State maintain Larreynaga, Nicaragua, have continued to
such partnerships with cities around the form social partnership to promote each
world. other’s cultures.
• Rhinebeck, New York, and Larreynaga,
Nicaragua, became sister cities in 1989. B) As sister cities, Rhinebeck, New York, and
Larreynago, Nicaragua, have engaged in
cultural exchange and partnership since
1989.
C) Larreyna, which in became a sister city-or
”twin town”-to Rhinebeck, New York, is
located in Nicaragua.
D) Despite their distance from each other, the
sister cities of Rhinebeck, New York, and
Larreyna Nicaragua have enjoyed the same
partnership as many other sister cities.

@satashkent 129
 While researching a topic, a student has 4
taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• In a 2011 study, Loydi tested the e!ect of
from the given sentences to specify the test site’s
plant litter on seeding emergence in a grass-
climate?
land setting.
• Plant litter includes dead leaves and other A) Loydi’s study was conducted in a
plant material. subtropic climate with year-round rain.
• The test site was a mesic grassland in Ar-
gentina B) A test was conducted in Argentina to
• It was in a subtropic climate with year- study the e!ect of plant litter on seedling
round rain emergence in a given climate.
• The researcher found that in these envi-
C) Loydi tested the e!ect of dead leaves and
ronmental conditions the presence of plant
other plant material on seedling emergence
litter had a neutral e!ect on seeding emer-
in Argentina.
gence.
D) In a study, Loydi found that the presence
of plant litter had a neutral e!ect on
seedling emergence.

While researching a topic, a student has 5

taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Trans Siberrean Orchestra (OTS) is a band
from the given sentences to emphasize the role
from US that was created in 1996.
Paul Morris played when performing with OTS?
• The band’s sound combines the genres of
hard rock and classical music, with an epic A) In 2000, Paul Morris performed with OTS
assembly of nearly fifty musician that in- as a touring keyboardist.
cludes over a dozen singers.
• Musicians are regularily invited to perform B) From keyboardist Paul Morris to electric
with OTS on tour. violinist Alison, musicians all over the
• Keyboardist Paul Morris toured with. OTS world have taken the opportunity to
in 2000. perform with OTS.
• Electric violinist Alison toured with OTS
C) Musicians Paul Morris and Alison both
in 2008.
toured with OTS.
D) It was in that keyboardist Paul Morris
performed with OTS.

@satashkent 130
 While researching a topic, a student has 6
taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Maya Lin is an American artist known for
from the given sentences to emphasize the
her memorials and works of installation art.
di!erence between the two works?
• She completed the Women’s table in 1993.
• It is a memorial sculpture consisting of A) Maya is well known for her memorials and
thirty-two-ton granite fountain, and it is installation art, such as the Women’s table
designed to commemorate female students at and Untitled.
Yale University.
• She completed Untitled in 1997. B) Completed in and 1997, respectively, the
• It is an installation artwork composed of Women’s table and Untitled are both large
wood that fills an entire gallery room. scale works.
C) Maya’s women’s Table is a memorial
sculpture, while Untitled is an installation
artwork.
D) Though Maya’s Untitled is not a memorial,
its gallery-filling scale may call to mind her
imposing Women’s Table, which consists of
a thirty-ton-granite fountain

While researching a topic, a student has 7

taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize a di!erence
• Epistolary novels are novels written pri-
between the two novels. Which choice most
marily as a series of fictional documents,
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
typically letters.
notes to accomplish this goal?
• Sometimes, the documents are journal
entries, newspaper clippings, and more. A) The French author lean Jacques Rousseau
• Julie, or The New Heloise (1761) is an and the American author Sharon Creech
epistolary novel by French author Jean have written epistolary novels.
Jacques Rousseau.
• It consists primarily of letters sent between B) While Julie, or The New Heloise and
a man and a woman living in a small French Absolutely Normal Chaos are both
town. epistolary novels, the former is composed
• Absolutely Normal Chaos (1990) is an primarily of letters and the latter of
epistolary novel by American author Sharon journal entries.
Creech.
C) Some epistolary novels consist primarily of
• It consists primarily of journal entries
journal entries. but most, like Jean
written by a student during her summer va-
Jacques Rousseau’s Julie, or The New
cation.
Heloise, consist primarily of letters.
D) Jean Jacques Rousseau’s Juile, or The
New Heloise and Sharon Creech’s
Absolutely Normal Chaos demonstrate the
variety of documents that can be used in
epistolary novels.

@satashkent 131
 While researching a topic, a student has 8
taken the following notes:
The student wants to explain how hard apatite
• The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is a
is in relation to other minerals. Which choice
ten point scale that orders minerals by hard-
most e!ectively uses relevant information from
ness based on their ability to scratch other
the notes to accomplish this goal?
minerals
• Minerals with larger numbers are harder A) In the Mohs scale of mineral hardness,
than minerals with smaller numbers and can topaz (8) is ranked higher than calcite (3)
leave visible scratches on them.
• Minerals with smaller numbers are softer B) Calcite, topaz, and apatite can be ordered
than minerals with larger numbers and can- by their ability to leave visible scratches on
not leave visible scratches on them. other minerals.
• The mineral calcite has a Mohs scale num-
C) Topaz has a Mohs scale number of 8,
ber of 3.
which means that it can scratch nor only
• The mineral apatite has a Mohs scale
calcite but also apatite.
number of 5.
• The mineral topaz las a Mohs scale number D) Apatite has a Mohs scale number of 5,
of 8. which means that it is harder than calcite
(3) but softer than topaz (8).

While researching a topic, a student has 9

taken the following notes:
The student wants to make and support a claim
• Kale is a vegetable that contains ascorbic
that kale is a better source of vitamin C than
acid, an essential nutrient for human.
blueberries are. Which choice most e!ectively
• Blueberries are fruits that contain ascorbic
uses relevant information from the notes to
acid.
accomplish this goal?
• There is 120 milligrams (mg) of ascorbic
acid per every 100 grams (g) of kale. A) Kale contains ascorbic acid (which humans
• There is 10 mg of ascorbic acid per every cannot make in their bodies) and
100 g of blueberries. blueberries do too.
• Humans cannot make ascorbic acid in
their bodies, so they must get it from foods, B) Blueberries contain mg of vitamin C per g,
including fruits and vegetables. but kale is a better source of vitamin C: in
• Ascorbic acid is also known as vitamin C. fact, kale contains mg, per g.
C) Kale is a better source of vitamin C, also
known as ascorbic acid, than blueberries
are.
D) Humans must get vitamin C from foods
like Kale and blueberries because they
cannot make it in their bodies

@satashkent 132
 While researching a topic, a student has 10
taken the following notes:
The student wants to specify how long
• A currency is a money system
Mozambique o”cially used the escudo. Which
• Sometimes, countries adopt a new cur-
choice most e!ectively uses relevant information
rency to replace an older one.
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
• Mozambique adopted the escudo as its o”-
cial currency in 1914. A) Countries sometimes adopt new currency
• The metical replaced the escudo in 1980. systems, as Mozambique did when it
• The metical remains Mozambique’s o”cial replaced the escudo with the metical.
currency.
B) Though Mozambique currently uses the
metical, the country’s former o”cial
currency was introduced in 1914.
C) The escudo was Mozambique’s o”cial
currency from 1914 to 1980.
D) The metical has been Mozambique’s
o”cial currency since 1980, when it
replaced the escudo.

While researching a topic, a student has 11

taken the following notes:
The student wants to provide a quotation from
• The Future of Nostalgia is a scholarly book
chapter 17. Which choice most e!ectively uses
by literary theorist Svetlana Boym.
relevant information from the notes to
• The book provides a multifaced exploration
accomplish this goal?
of the concept of nostalgia.
• Chapter 14 discusses themes of nostalgia A) After discussing themes of nostalgia in
in Joseph Brodsky’s writing. Joseph Brodsky’s writing, Svetlana Boym
• Chapter 17 discusses various skeptics’ goes on to discuss various skeptics’ takes
takes on the concept of nostalgia. on the concept of nostalgia.
• In chapter 17, Boym writes, ”The poethics
of nostalgia combines estrangement and hu- B) Svetlana Boym’s The Future of Nostalgia
man solidarity, a!ect and reflection.” is a multifaced exploration of nostalgia.
C) In an exploration of various skeptics’ takes
on the concept of nostalgia, Svetlana
Boym writes, ”The poethics of nostalgia
combines estrangement and human
solidarity, a!ect and reflection.”
D) Svetlana Boym discusses themes of
nostalgia in Joseph Brodsky’s writing in
chapter of her book.

@satashkent 133
 While researching a topic, a student has 12
taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasis the similarity
• The Archipelago-Madrean Mountains are
between the two mountain ranges. Which choice
located in northwestern Mexico.
most e!ectively uses relevant information from
• They cover an area of 1,038 square miles
the notes to accomplish this goal?
(mi²)
• The Big Hatchet Mountains are located in A) There are dozens of di!erent mountain
the southwestern United States. ranges in located in the southwestern US
• They cover an area of 65 mi² and northwestern Mexico.
• These mountain ranges are two of the
dozens of ”sky inlands” in the southwestern B) The Archipelago-Madrean Mountains and
US and northwestern Mexico. the Big Hatchet Mountains are both
• A sky inland is an isolated mountain range inland mountain ranges whose
whose environment di!ers dramatically from surroundings are di!erent from those of
that of the surrounding lowlands. the surrounding mountains.
C) The Archipelago-Madrean Mountains
cover an area of 1,mi², while the Big
Hatchet Mountains cover an area of mi².
D) Even though they are both sky inlands,
the Archipelago-Madrean Mountains and
the Big Hatchet Mountains are located in
di!erent countries.

While researching a topic, a student has 13

taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Ynés Mexı́a was a Mexican American
from the given sentences to emphasize when she
botanist.
collected both of the samples?
• Between 1917 and 1938, she collected over
150,000 botanical samples throughout the A) Thousands of botanical samples collected
Americas. by Ynés Mexı́a can now be found in one
• She collected a sample of Trixis antimen- place: online at the C.V. Starr Virtual
orrhoea in Minas Gerais, Brazil, on June 26, Herbarium.
1930.
• She collected a sample of Stephanomeria B) While both specimens collected by Ynés
thurberi in Chihuahua, Mexico, on May 27, Mexı́a are members of the same family,
1929. Trixis antimenorrhoea was found in Minas
• These specimens are members of the Gerais and Stephanomeria thurberi was
Asteraceae family. found in Chihuahua.
• They can now be viewed online at the C.V.
C) On June in 1930, Ynés Mexı́a added a new
Starr Virtual Herbarium.
specimen to her growing collection of
botanical samples: Trixis antimenorrhoea
of the Asteraceae family.
D) Ynés Mexı́a collected a sample of Trixis
antimenorrhoea in June of 1930, after
collecting Stephanomeria thurberi in May
of 1929.

@satashkent 134
 While researching a topic, a student has 14
taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Calida Garcia Rawles is an African Amer-
from the given sentences to emphasize the
ican painter.
location of the figures in Lost in the Shu#e?
• She is known for her large-scale, hyperre-
alistic paintings depicting African American A) At by inches, Rawles’s Lost in the Shu#e
figures in water. is even larger than the sizable 24-by
• The painting Lightness of Being (24 × 30-inch painting Lightness of Being.
30 in) depicts a young man with his arms
outstretched floating on the right side of the B) Rawles captures the water in paintings
canvas. such as Lightness of Being and Lost in the
• Lost in the Shu#e (36 × 24 in) depicts Shu#e in vivid hues of sky blue and indigo.
two young men with their arms outstretched
C) In Rawles’s painting Lost in the Shu#e,
floating in the bottom left and upper right
two young men are depicted in the bottom
corners of the canvas.
left and upper right corners of the canvas.
• She paints the water with vivid blue colors,
including sky blue and indigo. D) While the number of figures may di!er,
• The mood in the painting is calm.. constant among Rawles’s hyper realistic
works is the calm mood that painting
evokes.

While researching a topic, a student has 15

taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Grimanesa Amoros is a Peruvian Ameri-
from the given sentences to emphasize when and
can artist.
where Argentum debuted?
• She is well known for her large-scale LED
light sculptures. A) As is common of Grimanesa Amoros’s
• Argentum debuted in 2018 at the Bronx sculptures, the iridescent multicolored
Museum of the Arts in New York City, New LED domes of Argentum cut an imposing
York. cubic foot figure when the piece debuted
• It is made of iridescent multicolored LED
domes. B) Artist Grimanesa Amoros often works with
• It occupies 253 cubic feet of space. light in her sculptures, which tend to be
large in scale.
C) In 2018, Grimanesa Amoros debuted
Argentum in New York City, New York.
D) Grimanesa Amoros is a Peruvian
American artist who often works with
LED light in her large-scale sculptures,
such as Argentum [2018].

@satashkent 135
 While researching a topic, a student has 16
taken the following notes:
The student wants to contrast the two NWRs.
• The United States has designated more
Which choice most e!ectively uses relevant
than 500 areas National Wildlife Refuges
information from the notes to accomplish this
(NWRs).
goal?
• Some NWRs were established specifically
to protect endangered species. A) While the James River NWR is in
• The James River NWR is a 4,147-acre Virginia, on the Atlantic coast, the Hopper
area in Virginia, on the Atlantic coast. Mountain NWR is in California, on the
• It was established to protect the endangered Pacific coast.
bald eagle.
• The Hopper Mountain NWR is a 2,471- B) The US has designated more than areas
acre area in California, on the Pacific coast. NWRs, including the James River NWR in
• It was established to protect the endangered Virginia.
California condor.
C) Both the James River NWR and the
Hopper Mountain NWR were established
to protect endangered species.
D) Some NWRs were established specifically
to protect endangered species such as the
California condor.

While researching a topic, a student has 17

taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• The Botswana Federation of Trade Unions
from the given sentences to explain the
(BFTU) is a national union federation for
relationship between ITUC-Africa and the
the African nation of Botswana.
BFTU?
• It helps improve conditions for workers in
that nation. A) ITUC-Africa is a regional union federation.
• ITUC-Africa is a regional union federation
that represents national union federations B) The BFTU is one of the national union
across Africa. federations represented by ITUC-Africa.
• It represents the BFTU.
C) National union federations, such as the
BFTU, work to improve conditions for
workers in their member nations.
D) The BFTU is a national union federation.

@satashkent 136
 While researching a topic, a student has 18
taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Silent films can be valuable historical docu-
from the given sentences to emphasize a
ments of their time.
similarity between the two movies?
• Ninety percent of silent films made before
1930 are now lost. A) The Dungeon (1922) was directed by
• A film is considered lost when no remain- Oscar Micheaux, and The Fighting Ranger
ing copies are known to exist. (1925) was made by Jay Marchant.
• Director Oscar Micheaux’s 1922 silent film
The Dungeon is lost. B) Archives such as the Pacific Film Archive
• Director Jay Marchant’s 1925 silent film in Berkeley, California, play an integral
The Fighting Ranger is lost. part in preserving some of the surviving
• Archives such as the Pacific Film Archive silent films from the 1920s.
in Berkeley, California, help preserve some
C) Jay Marchant’s film The Fighting Ranger
of the remaining films from the 1920s.
is now considered lost, meaning no copies
are known to exist.
D) The Dungeon (1922) and The Fighting
Ranger (1925) would be valuable historical
documents of the era, but sadly both silent
films are lost.

While researching a topic, a student has 19

taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Antonio Stradivari (1644-1737) made
from the given sentences to emphasize why
about 1,000 violins in his lifetime.
Stradivarius violins are prized by musicians?
• Musicians prize his Stradivarius violins for
their famed sound quality. A) Many Stradivarius violins, like the Leonora
• Many of the 500 or so that exist today are Jackson, get their name from a former
named for a previous owner. owner.
• The Leonora Jackson Stradivarius is
named for Leonora Jackson, an American B) Among musicians, violins made by
violinist. Antonio Stradivari are renowned for their
sound quality.
C) Antonio Stradivari, a famous violin maker,
lived from to 1737.
D) Leonora Jackson was an American violinist
who once owned a Stradivarius violin.

@satashkent 137
 While researching a topic, a student has 20
taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Gianpaolo Bellini is an Italian particle
from the given sentences to specify Bellini’s role
physicist.
in neutrino research?
• Particle physicists study subatomic parti-
cles. A) Particle physicist Gianpaolo Bellini has
• Neutrinos are some of the least understood worked to advance the scientific
subatomic particles. understanding of neutrinos through his
• Neutrinos were first discovered in the mid- research on solar and geoneutrinos.
twentieth century.
• Bellini is known for his research on solar B) Neutrinos are a type of subatomic particle
and geoneutrinos. that particle physicists are still trying to
understand.
C) First discovered in the mid-twentieth
century, neutrinos are a type of subatomic
particle.
D) Gianpaolo Bellini is recognized for his
particle physics research.

While researching a topic, a student has 21

taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize a similarity
• Hina Hanta is an online archive curated by
between the two artifacts. Which choice most
the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma.
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
• It features images of cultural artifacts rele-
notes to accomplish this goal?
vant to the history of the Choctaw people.
• It features a spoon (ivpish ishtimpa in A) The bu!alo horn spoon (ivpish ishtimpa in
Choctaw) made of bu!alo horn. Choctaw) is featured in the Hina Hanta
• The spoon was made in 1800. archive.
• Hina Hanta features a purse (shukcha in
Choctaw) made of beaded leather. B) Featured in the Hina Hanta archive, the
• The purse was made in 1949. bu!alo horn spoon and the beaded leather
purse are both cultural artifacts relevant
to the history of the Choctaw people.
C) Not all artifacts in the Hina Hanta archive
are from the 1800s; indeed, the beaded
leather purse is from 1949.
D) There are more recent artifacts in the Hina
Hanta archive than the bu!alo horn spoon
from 1800.

@satashkent 138
 While researching a topic, a student has 22
taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• At London and New York Fashion Weeks,
from the given sentences to explain the role of
fashion designers debut new clothing collec-
color consultants at Fashion Week?
tions.
• Color consultants create trend reports on A) A shade of imaginative purple was an
the popular colors at a given Fashion Week. on-trend addition to one color consultant’s
• A report on 2018 London Fashion Week report on London Fashion Week.
noted the popularity of an imaginative purple
shade that was cool in tone and bright in B) A color consultant report on New York
intensity. Fashion Week highlighted the popularity
• A report on 2019 New York Fashion Week of a deep red shade.
noted the popularity of a deep red shade that
C) At Fashion Weeks in and 2019, shades
was warm in tone and rich in intensity.
favored by designers included an
imaginative purple and a deep red.
D) Each Fashion Week, color consultants
compile reports on the shades that have
proved popular with fashion designers.

While researching a topic, a student has 23

taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Generally, an object will heat up when
from the given sentences to explain the concept
twisted.
of torsional heating?
• The twisting of an object is known as tor-
sion. A) An object’s average surface temperature
• A 2019 study led by researchers Zunfeng will generally change due to torsion.
Liu and Ray Baughman tested the torsional
heating of various fibers. B) Torsional heating is the process by which
• When ethylene propylene diene monomer an object increases in temperature when it
(EPDM) rubber fiber was twisted, its average is twisted.
surface temperature increased by 12°C.
C) Researchers determined that when both
• When four-ply nickel-titanium (NiTi) wire
fibers were twisted, the surface
was twisted, its average surface temperature
temperature of four-ply NiTi wire
increased by 30.4°C.
increased more than that of EPDM rubber.
D) In 2019, researchers studied the e!ect of
torsional heating on various fibers, like
EPDM rubber and four-ply Nili wire.

@satashkent 139
 While researching a topic, a student has 24
taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize the di!erence
• A currency is a money system.
between the euro and the sol. Which choice
• In 1999, Luxembourg adopted the euro as
most e!ectively uses relevant information from
its o”cial currency.
the notes to accomplish this goal?
• Most other countries in Europe have
adopted the euro. A) Like most countries in Europe,
• In 1991, Peru adopted the sol as its o”cial Luxembourg has adopted the euro as its
currency. o”cial currency.
• Peru is the only country to have adopted
the sol. B) Luxembourg and Peru do not share an
o”cial currency.
C) A currency is a money system, like the
euro in Luxembourg and the sol in Peru.
D) The euro has been adopted by most
European countries, whereas the sol has
only been adopted by Peru.

While researching a topic, a student has 25

taken the following notes:
The student wants to specify the number of gray
• Yellowstone is a national park in the
wolves in Yellowstone. Which choice most
northwest United States.
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
• In 1995, gray wolves were reintroduced into
notes to accomplish this goal?
the park.
• Since then, the number of gray wolves in A) Gray wolves were reintroduced into
the park has stabilized at roughly 100. Yellowstone, a national park in the
• This number is believed to be the park’s northwest United States, in 1995.
carrying capacity.
• Carrying capacity describes the maximum B) As of 1995, there were gray wolves living
number of a species that a specific environ- in Yellowstone, a national park in the
ment’s resources can sustain over time. northwest United States.
C) The carrying capacity of an environment,
such as Yellowstone, describes the
maximum number of species that the
environment can sustain over time.
D) Yellowstone is a national park that has
roughly gray 100 wolves living in it

@satashkent 140
 In a 2002 study, Delach and Kimmerer 26
tested the e!ect of plant litter on seedling
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
emergence in a grassland setting:
from the given sentences to specify the
• Plant litter includes dead leaves and other
characteristics of the test site?
plant material.
• The test site was a flooded grassland in the A) The test was conducted in the United
United States. States, in a flooded grassland with a
• It was in a temperate midlatitude climate. temperate midlatitude climate.
• The researchers found that in these envi-
ronmental conditions the presence of plant B) A study on the e!ects of plant litter on
litter had a negative e!ect on seedling emer- seedling emergence was conducted by
gence. Delach and Kimmerer in 2002.
C) In a study, Delach and Kimmerer found
that the presence of plant litter had a
negative e!ect on seedling emergence.
D) The researchers studied seedlings’ ability
to sprout above ground and begin
photosynthesis, given the presence of plant
litter and certain environmental
conditions.

While researching a topic, a student has 27

taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• The Haystack Mountain School of Crafts
from the given sentences to emphasize the
(1961) is a building complex designed by
location of the Haystack Mountain School of
American architect Edward Larrabee Barnes.
Crafts?
• It is located in Deer Isle, Maine.
• It features a cluster of cedar-shingled build- A) Those wishing to see the Haystack
ings. Mountain School of Crafts in person will
• It is considered an impressive example of have to travel to Deer Isle, Maine.
critical regionalist architecture.
B) A stunning example of critical regionalist
architecture, Edward Larrabee Barnes’s
Haystack Mountain School of Crafts
features a cluster of cedar- shingled
buildings.
C) The architect responsible for designing the
Haystack Mountain School of Crafts in
Deer Isle, Maine, was Edward Larrabee
Barnes.
D) Edward Larrabee Barnes is known for
designing a building complex that features
a cluster of cedar-shingled buildings.

@satashkent 141
 While researching a topic, a student has 28
taken the following notes:
The student wants to specify when Euramerica
• A supercontinent is a single landmass
formed. Which choice most e!ectively uses
made up of most or all of Earth’s conti-
relevant information from the notes to
nents.
accomplish this goal?
• Over time, continents merge together
to form supercontinents, which then break A) The supercontinent Euramerica formed
apart. about million years ago.
• This process is believed to take hundreds of
millions of years and is known as the super- B) Over hundreds of millions of years, the
continent cycle. supercontinent cycle results in
• Euramerica and Kenorland were supercon- supercontinents forming and breaking
tinents. apart.
• Euramerica formed about 300 million
C) Euramerica was a supercontinent, a single
years ago.
landmass made up of most or all of Earth’s
• Kenorland formed about 2.6 billion years
continents.
ago.
D) Long ago, the Earth was home to
supercontinents like Euramerica and
Kenorland

While researching a topic, a student has 29

taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Maya Lin is an American artist known for
from the given sentences to emphasize a
her memorials and large-scale installation
di!erence between Water Line and Seven Earth
artworks.
Mountain?
• She became famous in 1982 when she
completed the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, A) After completing the Vietnam Veterans
which consists of two 246-foot granite walls. Memorial, Maya Lin completed Water
• She completed Water Line in 2006. Line, another large-scale work.
• It is an installation composed of aluminum
tubing that fills an entire gallery room. B) The sprawling size of Maya Lin’s Vietnam
• She completed Seven Earth Mountain in Veterans Memorial is echoed in Water
2015. Line, a work made of aluminum tubing
• It is an installation composed of soil that that fills an entire gallery room.
fills an entire gallery room.
C) Maya Lin’s Water Line is composed of
aluminum tubing; Seven Earth Mountain,
by contrast, is composed of soil.
D) Maya Lin is known for her memorials and
installation art, such as Water Line and
Seven Earth Mountain.

@satashkent 142
 While researching a topic, a student has 30
taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Richard Serra is an American artist.
from the given sentences to emphasize a
• He is known for his large metal sculptures.
di!erence between the two sculptures?
• His large sculpture Open Ended is made of
weathering steel. A) Open Ended and Strike: To Roberta and
• His large sculpture Strike: To Roberta and Rudy are both large metal sculptures by
Rudy is made of hot-rolled steel. artist Richard Serra.
B) Strike: To Roberta and Rudy is one of
artist Richard Serra’s large metal
sculptures.
C) Artist Richard Serra is the creator of the
weathering steel sculpture Open Ended.
D) Open Ended is made from a di!erent kind
of steel than Strike: To Roberta and Rudy.

While researching a topic, a student has 31

taken the following notes:
The student wants to contrast first-class levers
• A lever is a simple machine consisting of a
and second-class levers. Which choice most
rigid beam and a fulcrum.
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
• The fulcrum is the point about which the
notes to accomplish this goal?
beam pivots.
• The input force (e!ort) is the force applied A) In levers, the e!ort is the force applied to
to the lever. the lever; the load, in contrast, is the force
• The output force (load) is the force that the that the lever exerts on another object.
lever exerts on another object.
• In first-class levers, the fulcrum is located B) In first-class and second-class levers, the
between the e!ort and the load. fulcrum and the load are in di!erent
• In second-class levers, the load is located locations.
between the e!ort and the fulcrum.
C) First-class levers are simple machines
consisting of a rigid beam and a fulcrum,
but then again, the same is true of
second-class levers.
D) In first-class levers, the fulcrum is located
between the e!ort and the load, but in
second-class levers, the load is located
between the e!ort and the fulcrum.

@satashkent 143
 While researching a topic, a student has 32
taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Jean-Michel Basquiat was an American
from the given sentences to emphasize the scope
artist who produced more than two thousand
of Basquiat’s work?
drawings and paintings.
• Most of his works were completed in New A) Mater is just one of more than two
York City in the 1980s. thousand drawings and paintings
• His work Mater was completed in 1982. completed by American artist Jean-Michel
• The work is composed of acrylic and oil Basquiat.
stick on canvas and measures 72 inches by
84 inches. B) Though artist Jean-Michel Basquiat
• Mater was purchased by a private collec- completed most of his two thousand-plus
tion for $5.8 million in a 2009 auction. drawings in the 1980s, his work Mater is
composed of acrylic and oil stick on canvas.
C) At a auction, artist Jean-Michel Basquiat’s
Mater, composed of acrylic and oil stick on
canvas, sold for $5.million.
D) Decades after artist Jean-Michel Basquiat
completed his work Mater, a private
collection purchased it for $5.million.

While researching a topic, a student has 33

taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Calida Garcia Rawles is an African Amer-
from the given sentences to emphasize the
ican painter.
location of the figures in Lost in the Shu#e?
• She is known for her large-scale, hyperre-
alistic paintings depicting African American A) While the number of figures may di!er,
figures in water. constant among Rawles’s hyper realistic
• The painting Lightness of Being ( 24 * works is the placid mood that the
30 in) depicts a young man with his arms paintings evoke.
outstretched floating on the right side of the
canvas. B) In Rawles’s painting Lost in the Shu#e,
• Lost in the Shu#e (36 * 24in) depicts two young men are depicted in the bottom
two young men with their arms outstretched left and upper right corners of the canvas.
floating in the bottom left and upper right
C) At by inches, Rawles’s Lost in the Shu#e
corners of the canvas.
is even larger than the sizable 24-
• She paints the water with vivid blue colors,
by-30-inch painting Lightness of Being.
including periwinkle and cobalt.
• The mood in the paintings is placid. D) Rawles captures the water in paintings
such as Lightness of Being and Lost in the
Shu#e in vivid hues of periwinkle and
cobalt.

@satashkent 144
 While researching a topic, a student has 34
taken the following notes:
The student wants to provide a specific example
• Documentary TV programs in the slow TV
of a slow TV program. Which choice most
genre consist of uninterrupted broadcasts of
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
ordinary events in real time.
notes to accomplish this goal?
• Nordlandsbanen: Minutt for Minutt is a
Norwegian slow TV program. A) British film scholar Helen Wheatley writes
• The 10-hour-long program documented a about the slow TV genre in her book
train ride from Trondheim to Bodø. Spectacular Television: Exploring
• It first aired in 2012. Televisual Pleasure.
• In her book Spectacular Television: Ex-
ploring Televisual Pleasure, British film B) An example of the slow TV genre can be
scholar Helen Wheatley writes that slow TV seen in Nordlandsbanen: Minutt for
”o!ers ’unspectacular’ spectacle.” Minutt, a Norwegian show featuring an
uninterrupted 10-hour real-time broadcast
of a train ride from Trondheim to Bodø.
C) Slow TV programs provide uninterrupted
broadcasts of ordinary events, such as
train rides, in real time.
D) With their uninterrupted broadcasts, slow
TV programs o!er what film scholar Helen
Wheatley calls the ”unspectacular’
spectacle” of ordinary events occurring in
real time.

While researching a topic, a student has 35

taken the following notes:
The student wants to provide an example of a
• The poem “5 love haiku” is by African
poem from Morning Haiku. Which choice most
American writer Sonia Sanchez
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
• It was published in her 2010 poetry book
notes to accomplish this goal?
entitled Morning Haiku.
• The poem is written as a sequence of five A) Included in Sanchez’s poetry book
haiku. Morning Haiku (2010),“love haiku” is a
• According to the book’s publisher, Penguin poem written as a sequence of five haiku.
Random House (PRH), the book “celebrates
the gifts of life and mourns the deaths of B) Sanchez chose to write in the form of the
revered African American figures.” haiku because it helps “maintain memory
• According to Sanchez, she chose to write and dignity.”
in the form of haiku because it helps “main-
C) The poetry book Morning Haiku
tain memory and dignity.”
“celebrates the gifts of life and mourns the
deaths of revered African American
figures.”
D) The poem by Sanchez is written as a
sequence of five haiku.

@satashkent 145
 While researching a topic, a student has 36
taken the following notes:
The student wants to explain what Svetlana
• The Future of Nostalgia is a scholarly book
Boym writes about in chapter 1. Which choice
by literary theorist Svetlana Boym.
most e!ectively uses relevant information from
• The book explores the concept of nostalgia
the notes to accomplish this goal?
from various angles.
• Chapter 16 outlines the origins and use of A) Literary theorist Svetlana Boym outlines
the term nostalgia. the origins and use of the term nostalgia in
• Chapter 17 discusses various skeptics’ chapter 16 of her book.
takes on the concept of nostalgia.
• In chapter 17, Boym writes, “The poethics B) As Svetlana Boym writes in the
of nostalgia combines estrangement and hu- seventeenth chapter of her book, “The
man solidarity, a!ect and reflection.” poethics of nostalgia combines
estrangement and human solidarity, a!ect
and reflection.”
C) After outlining the origins and use of the
term nostalgia, Svetlana Boym goes on to
discuss various skeptics’ takes on the
concept of nostalgia.
D) Svetlana Boym’s The Future of Nostalgia
explores the concept of nostalgia from
various angles.

While researching a topic, a student has 37

taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize a similarity
• Dinosaur fossil specimens can be found at
between the two dinosaur fossil specimens.
science museums all over the world.
Which choice most e!ectively uses relevant
• A dinosaur fossil specimen nicknamed
information from the notes to accomplish this
Jane is housed at the Burpee Museum of
goal?
Natural History and Culture in Rockford,
Minois. A) Both the Tyrannosaurus fossil specimen
• Jane, a Tyrannosaurus, lived in the Late Jane and the Triceratops fossil specimen
Cretaceous period. Fafnir lived in the Late Cretaceous period.
• A dinosaur fossil specimen nicknamed
Fafnir is housed at the Science Museum of B) While the Tyrannosaurus fossil specimen
Minnesota in Saint Paul, Minnesota. Jane is inRockford, Minois, the Triceratops
• Fafnir, a Triceratops, lived in the Late fossil specimen Fafnir is in Saint Paul,
Cretaceous period. Minnesota.
C) The Burke Museum of Natural History is
home to Jane, a Tyrannosaurus fossil
specimen from the Late Cretaceous period.
D) Dinosaur fossil specimens can be found at
science museums all over the world,
including in Rockford, Minois, and Saint
Paul, Minnesota.

@satashkent 146
 While researching a topic, a student has 38
taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Richard Serra is an American artist.
from the given sentences to emphasize the size of
• He is known for his large metal sculptures.
the sculpture?
• His sculpture Cycle is roughly 62 feet wide
and 56 feet tall. A) Richard Serra is an American artist known
• It is made from weathering steel. for his large metal sculptures.
B) Cycle—a large metal sculpture by artist
Richard Serra—stretches roughly feet wide
and feet tall.
C) American artist Richard Serra creates
large sculptures from metals such as
weathering steel.
D) Richard Serra’s Cycle is made of
weathering steel.

While researching a topic, a student has 39

taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize Janaki
• In the 1930s, the Imperial Sugar Cane In-
Ammal’s achievement. Which choice most
stitute in India sought to limit the country’s
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
dependence on imported sugarcane.
notes to accomplish this goal?
• The institute enlisted botanist Janaki Am-
mal to breed a local variety of sugarcane. A) By crossbreeding the imported sugarcane
• She crossbred the imported sugarcane species Saccharum o”cinarum with grasses
species Saccharum oficinarum with grasses native to India, Ammal succeeded in
native to India. creating sugarcane hybrids well suited to
• She succeeded in creating sugarcane hy- India’s climate.
brids well suited to India’s climate.
B) In the 1930s, the Imperial Sugar Cane
Institute, which enlisted Ammal, sought to
limit dependence on imported sugarcane.
C) Ammal was enlisted by the Imperial Sugar
Cane Institute at a time when a local
variety of sugarcane needed to be
produced.
D) As part of e!orts to breed a local variety
of sugarcane, an imported sugarcane
species called Saccharum o”cinarum was
crossbred with grasses native to India.

@satashkent 147
 While researching a topic, a student has 40
taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize a similarity
• Documentary TV programs in the slow TV
between the two TV programs. Which choice
genre consist of uninterrupted broadcasts of
most e!ectively uses relevant information from
ordinary events in real time.
the notes to accomplish this goal?
• All Aboard! The Sleigh Ride (running
time: 2 hour) is a British slow TV program A) A prime example of the slow TV genre can
that aired in 2015. be seen in All Aboard! The Sleigh Ride, a
• It documented a sleigh ride along an arctic 2-hour British TV documentary program
postal route. documenting a sleigh ride along an arctic
• Monsen: Minutt for Minutt (running time: postal route.
5 hours) is a Norwegian slow TV program
that aired in 2020. B) While All Aboard! The Sleigh Ride depicts
• It documented a hike from Stigstuv to a sleigh ride along an arctic postal route,
Rauhelleren in Norway. Monsen: Minutt for Minutt depicts a hike
from Stigstuv to Rauhelleren in Norway.
C) Compared to the 5-hour-long Monsen:
Minutt for Minutt, the slow TV program
All Aboard! The Sleigh Ride is relatively
short, at hours.
D) Documenting ordinary events in real time,
All Aboard! The Sleigh Ride and Monsen:
Minutt for Mintt are both documentary
programs in the slow TV genre.

While researching a topic, a student has 41

taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize the mass of
• In astronomy, the mass of stars can be
Sirius A. Which choice most e!ectively uses
described in units called solar masses.
relevant information from the notes to
• One solar mass is roughly equal to the
accomplish this goal?
mass of the Sun.
• The mass of the star Proxima Centauri is A) The mass of stars, like Proxima Centauri,
0.122 solar masses. can be described in units called solar
• The mass of the star Sirius A is 2.063 masses.
solar masses.
B) In astronomy, the mass of stars can be
described in units called solar masses, and
one solar mass is roughly equal to the
mass of the Sun.
C) The Sun is more massive than Proxima
Centauri, which has a mass of 0.122 solar
masses.
D) With a mass of 2.063 solar masses, Sirius
A is more massive than the Sun.

@satashkent 148
 While researching a topic, a student has 42
taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize a similarity
• Dinosaur fossil specimens can be found at
between the two dinosaur fossil specimens.
science museums all over the world.
Which choice most e!ectively uses relevant
• A dinosaur fossil specimen nicknamed
information from the notes to accomplish this
Jane is housed at the Burpee Museum of
goal?
Natural History and Culture in Rockford,
Minois. A) Both the Tyrannosaurus fossil specimen
• Jane, a Tyrannosaurus, lived in the Late Jane and the Triceratops fossil specimen
Cretaceous period. Fafnir lived in the Late Cretaceous period
• A dinosaur fossil specimen nicknamed
Fafnir is housed at the Science Museum of B) While the Tyrannosaurus fossil specimen
Minnesota in Saint Paul, Minnesota. Jane is inRockford, Minois, the Triceratops
• Fafnir, a Triceratops, lived in the Late fossil specimen Fafnir is in Saint Paul,
Cretaceous period. Minnesota
C) The Burke Museum of Natural History is
home to Jane, a Tyrannosaurus fossil
specimen from the Late Cretaceous period.
D) Dinosaur fossil specimens can be found at
science museums all over the
worldincluding in Rockford, Minois, and
Saint Paul, Minnesota

While researching a topic, a student has 43

taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize the mass of
• In astronomy, the mass of stars can be
Sirius A. Which choice most e!ectively uses
described in units called solar masses.
relevant information from the notes to
• One solar mass is roughly equal to the
accomplish this goal?
mass of the Sun.
• The mass of the star Proxima Centauri is A) The mass of stars, like Proxima Centauri,
0.122 solar masses. can be described in units called solar
• The mass of the star Sirius A is 2.063 masses.
solar masses.
B) In astronomy, the mass of stars can be
described in units called solar masses, and
one solar mass is roughly equal to the
mass of the Sun.
C) The Sun is more massive than Proxima
Centauri, which has a mass of 0.solar
masses.
D) With a mass of 2.solar masses, Sirius A is
more massive than the Sun.

@satashkent 149
 While researching a topic, a student has 44
taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Ynés Mexı́a was a Mexican American
from the given sentences to emphasize when she
botanist.
collected both of the samples?
• Between 1917 and1938, she collected over
150,000 botanical samples throughout the A) Thousands of botanical samples collected
Americas. by Ynés Mexı́a can now be found in one
• She collected a sample of Achyrocline vau- place: online at the C.V. Starr Virtual
thieriana in Minas Gerais, Brazil,on May 3, Herbarium.
1930.
• She collected a sample of Vernonia lia- B) On May in 1930, Ynés Mexı́a added a new
troides in Jalisco, Mexico, on February14, specimen to her growing collection of
1927. botanical samples: Achyrocline
• These specimens are members of the vauthieriana of the Asteraceae family.
Asteraceae family.
C) While both specimens collected by Ynés
• They can now be viewed online at the C.V.
Mexı́a are members of the same family,
Starr Virtual Herbarium.
Achyrocline vauthieriana was found in
Minas Gerais and Vernonia liatroides was
found in Jalisco.
D) Ynés Mexı́a collected a sample of
Achyrocline vauthieriana in May of 1930,
after collecting Vernonia liatroides in
February of 1927.

While researching a topic, a student has 45

taken the following notes:
The student wants to explain what a sky island
• The El Pinito Mountains are a mountain
is. Which choice most e!ectively uses relevant
range located in northwestern Mexico.
information from the notes to accomplish this
• The range is one of the dozens of ”sky
goal?
islands” in the southwestern US and north-
western Mexico. A) The USFS considers the El Pinito
• A sky island is an isolated mountain range Mountains to be a ”unique ecosystem.”
whose environment di!ers drastically from
that of the surrounding lowlands. B) The El Pinito Mountains are an isolated
• The US Forest Service (USFS) said, mountain range located in northwestern
”The mountains are ’islands’ surrounded Mexico whose environment di!ers
by deserts that are ’seas.” drastically from that of the surrounding
• The USFS said, ”Each Sky Island is a lowlands.
unique ecosystem.”
C) A sky island is an isolated mountain range,
such as the El Pinito Mountains in
northwestern Mexico, whose environment
di!ers drastically from that of the
surrounding lowlands
D) The El Pinito Mountains, which are
considered to be a sky island, are located
in northwestern Mexico.

@satashkent 150
 While researching a topic, a student has 46
taken the following notes:
The student wants to present the study and its
• In 1965, Yale University historians
findings. Which choice most e!ectively uses
claimed that a world map called the Vin-
relevant information from the notes to
land Map was drawn in the fifteenth century.
accomplish this goal?
• Since that time, the map’s age has been the
subject of debate. A) Given the debate about the Vinland Map’s
• In 2021, researchers conducted a study age, researchers in conducted a study to
to analyze the elemental composition of the analyze the elemental composition of the
map’s ink map’s ink.
• Their analysis revealed that the ink con-
tains a titanium compound not used in inks B) A study of the Vinland Map’s ink revealed
until the 1920s. that it contains a titanium compound not
• The researchers concluded that the map used in inks until the 1920s, indicating
was drawn in the twentieth century. that the map was drawn in the twentieth
century.
C) The Vinland Map, believed by some to
have been drawn in the fifteenth century,
was the focus of a study.
D) Aware that a certain titanium compound
was not used in inks until the 1920s,
researchers in studied the elemental
composition of the Vinland Map’s ink.

While researching a topic, a student has 47

taken the following notes:
The student wants to explain how a Foucault
• The University of Oslo in Oslo, Norway, is
pendulum provides evidence of Earth’s rotation.
home to a Foucault pendulum.
Which choice most e!ectively uses relevant
• The pendulum consists of a weighted ball
information from the notes to accomplish this
that swings at the end of a roughly 14-
goal?
meter-long cable.
• Like all Foucault pendulums, it dangles A) The Foucault pendulum at the University
from a fixed point that ensures the swing of Oslo in Oslo, Norway, swings on an
path of the pendulum doesn’t change. unchanging path, but Earth rotates
• To an observer, the swing path of a Fou- beneath it.
cault pendulum appears to change over time
because Earth rotates beneath it. B) A Foucault pendulum, which consists of a
• Foucault pendulums are used as a simple weighted ball at the end of a long cable,
way to provide evidence of Earth’s rotation. provides evidence of Earth’s rotation.
C) Though it swings on an unchanging path,
a Foucault pendulum appears to change its
swing path over time because Earth
rotates beneath it.
D) In Oslo, Norway, a Foucault pendulum at
the University of Oslo provides evidence of
Earth’s rotation.

@satashkent 151
 While researching a topic, a student has 48
taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Birds of Northern South America is an
from the given sentences to emphasize a
identification guidebook by ornithologists
di!erence between the two birds?
Robin Restall, Clemencia Rodner, and
Miguel Lentino. A) The sooty-capped hermit and the
• It lists the thirty-five hummingbird species fiery-tailed awlbill are two of the thirty-five
found in Suriname. hummingbird species found in Suriname.
• The sooty-capped hermit is a large hum-
mingbird found in Suriname. B) Identifiable by its long, black, curved bill
• It is identifiable by its distinctive facial and its distinctive facial markings, the
markings and its long, black, curved bill. sooty-capped hermit is a large
• The fiery-tailed awlbill is a small hum- hummingbird found in Suriname.
mingbird found in Suriname.
C) Though they share several traits in
• It is identifiable by its mostly dark green
common, the sooty-capped hermit is larger
color and its short, black, upturned bill.
than the fiery-tailed awlbill.
D) The fiery-tailed awlbill is a small
hummingbird identifiable by its mostly
dark green color and its short, black,
upturned bill.

While researching a topic, a student has 49

taken the following notes:
The student wants to specify when al-Biruni
• Iranian scholar Abu Rayhan al-Biruni
published his landmass theory. Which choice
studied Earth’s physical features.
most e!ectively uses relevant information from
• He theorized that a large landmass existed
the notes to accomplish this goal?
west of Europe and east of Asia.
• Al-Biruni published his landmass theory in A) In 1037 CE, al-Biruni published his theory
1037 CE. that a large landmass existed west of
Europe and east of Asia.
B) Al-Biruni, who studied Earth’s physical
features, published a theory about a large
landmass.
C) Al-Biruni was an Iranian scholar who
studied Earth’s physical features.
D) An Iranian scholar who studied Earth’s
physical features, al-Biruni theorized that
a large landmass existed west of Europe
and east of Asia.

@satashkent 152
 While researching a topic, a student has 50
taken the following notes:
The student wants to compare the hardness of
• The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is a
talc and quartz. Which choice most e!ectively
ten-point scale that orders minerals by hard-
uses relevant information from the notes to
ness based on their ability to scratch other
accomplish this goal?
minerals.
• Minerals with larger numbers are harder A) The Mohs scale of mineral hardness can be
than minerals with smaller numbers and can used to order fluorite, talc, and quartz by
leave visible scratches on them. their ability to scratch other minerals.
• Minerals with smaller numbers are softer
than minerals with larger numbers and can- B) A mineral with a Mohs number of 4, like
not leave visible scratches on them. fluorite, is harder than one with a Mohs
• The mineral talc has a Mohs scale number number of 1, like talc.
of 1.
C) Quartz can leave visible scratches on
• The mineral fluorite has a Mohs scale
fluorite, which is why quartz has a higher
number of 4.
number than fluorite on the Mohs scale of
• The mineral quartz has a Mohs scale num-
mineral hardness.
ber of 7.
D) Quartz can leave visible scratches on talc,
which means that quartz is harder than
talc.

While researching a topic, a student has 51

taken the following notes:
The student wants to provide an example of a
• Metztitlán is a municipality in the state of
public service that Metztitlán is responsible for.
Hidalgo, Mexico.
Which choice most e!ectively uses relevant
• Municipalities are governmental regions
information from the notes to accomplish this
responsible for providing many public ser-
goal?
vices to their residents.
• One service they provide is water treat- A) Metztitlán, a governmental region in the
ment. state of Hidalgo, Mexico-provides public
• Metztitlán’s population was 20,962 in services to its residents.
2020.
• Hidalgo is divided into 84 municipalities. B) Metztitlán is one of municipalities in
Hidalgo providing public services to their
communities.
C) In 2020, the municipality of Metztitlán
had a population of 20,962.
D) As a municipality, Metztitlán is
responsible for providing water treatment
to its residents.

@satashkent 153
 While researching a topic, a student has 52
taken the following notes:
The student wants to make a generalization
• The human tongue contains taste receptors
about brown seaweed. Which choice most
for a rich, savory flavor called umami.
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
• Umami is triggered by the compounds in a
notes to accomplish this goal?
variety of foods, including pork and tomato
paste. A) Macrokelp is a type of brown seaweed, as
• Participants in a study tasted a sample of is ma-konbu.
macrokelp, a type of brown seaweed.
• They rated its umami intensity as moder- B) In a research study, participants tasted
ate. samples of macrokelp and ma-konbu, two
• The participants tasted a sample of ma- types of brown seaweed.
konbu, another type of brown seaweed.
C) Participants in a study rated the umami
• They rated its umami intensity as high.
intensity of various seaweeds.
D) Some types of brown seaweed trigger
umami flavor in human taste buds.

While researching a topic, a student has 53

taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• The Paralympic Games are a series of in-
from the given sentences to emphasize the
ternational sporting events involving athletes
number of gold medals won by Daniel Dias?
with an impairment.
• A gold medal indicates that an athlete fin- A) In his career as a Paralympic swimmer,
ished in first place. Daniel Dias won thirty-eight total medals
• Rolf Heinzmann competed as a Paralympic twenty- five of them were gold.
alpine skier from 1980 to 2002.
• He won fourteen medals, twelve of which B) Both multiple gold medalists, Roll
were gold. Heinzmann and Daniel Dias debuted at
• Daniel Dias competed as a Paralympic the Paralympic Games in and 2008,
swimmer from 2008 to 2020. respectively.
• He won thirty-eight medals, twenty-five of
C) At the Paralympic Games, a gold medal
which were gold.
indicates a first-place finish, and some
accomplished athletes like Rolf Heinzmann
have won many.
D) An accomplished Paralympian with thirty-
eight total medals, Daniel Dias competed
as a swimmer from to 2020.

@satashkent 154
 While researching a topic, a student has 54
taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Maya Lin is a US artist known for her
from the given sentences to emphasize a
memorials and large-scale installation art-
di!erence between Water Line and Seven Earth
works.
Mountain?
• She became famous in 1982 when she
completed the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, A) Maya Lin’s Water Line is composed of
which consists of two 246- foot granite walls. aluminum tubing; Seven Earth Mountain,
• She completed Water Line in 2006. by contrast, is composed of soil.
• It is an installation composed of aluminum
tubing that fills an entire gallery room. B) Maya Lin is known for her memorials and
• She completed Seven Earth Mountain in installation art, such as Water Line and
2015. Seven Earth Mountain.
• It is an installation composed of soil that
C) After completing the Vietnam Veterans
fills an entire gallery room.
Memorial, Maya Lin completed Water
Line, another large-scale work.
D) The sprawling size of Maya Lin’s Vietnam
Veterans Memorial is echoed in Water
Line, a work made of aluminum tubing
that fills an entire gallery room.

While researching a topic, a student has 55

taken the following notes:
The student wants to describe how scientific
• Scientists have long sought to deter-
understanding about the glass’s origin has
mine the origin of glass in Chile’s Atacama
evolved. Which choice most e!ectively uses
Desert.
relevant information from the notes to
• A 2017 study concluded that ancient grass
accomplish this goal?
fires had melted the area’s sandy soil into
glass. A) Mineral signatures of glass samples are
• In 2021, a di!erent study revealed that consistent with those of comet samples
the mineral signatures of glass samples were collected by NASA, according to new
consistent with the mineral signatures of research.
comet samples collected by NASA.
• That study concluded that the glass had B) A study concluded that ancient grass fires
formed as a result of a cometary explosion had caused the glass’s formation, but new
close to the desert’s surface. research suggests that the glass formed as
a result of a cometary explosion close to
the desert’s surface.
C) Scientists have long sought to determine
the origin of the glass, with one study
concluding that it formed when ancient
grass fires melted the area’s sandy soil.
D) No Correct Answer

@satashkent 155
 While researching a topic, a student has 56
taken the following notes:
The student wants to compare the hardness of
• The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is a
apatite and diamond. Which choice most
ten-point scale that orders minerals by hard-
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
ness based on their ability to scratch other
notes to accomplish this goal?
minerals.
• Minerals with larger numbers are harder A) A mineral with a Mohs number of 8, like
than minerals with smaller numbers and can topaz, is harder than one with a Mohs
leave visible scratches on them. number of 5, like apatite.
• Minerals with smaller numbers are softer
than minerals with larger numbers and can- B) The Mohs scale of mineral hardness can be
not leave visible scratches on them. used to order topaz, apatite, and diamond
• The mineral apatite has a Mons scale by their ability to scratch other minerals.
number of 5.
C) Diamond can leave visible scratches on
• The mineral topaz has a Mohs scale num-
apatite, which means that diamond is
ber of 8.
harder, than apatite.
• The mineral diamond has a Mons scale
number of 10. D) Diamond can leave visible scratches on
topaz, which is why diamond has a higher
number than topaz on the Mohs scale of
mineral hardness.

While researching a topic, a student has 57

taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• A copyright prevents a book’s contents
from the given sentences to explain why The
from being reproduced (published) without
Mother’s Recompense entered the public
permission from the copyright holder.
domain?
• When a book’s copyright expires, the book
enters the public domain. A) Once The Mother’s Recompense entered
• Public domain books can be legally repro- the public domain, anyone could publish
duced by anyone. its contents.
• The Mother’s Recompense is a novel by
Edith Wharton. B) The Mother’s Recompense, a novel by
• It was published in 1925 and entered the Edith Wharton, is freely available to the
public domain on January 1, 2021 (ninety- public.
six years later).
C) Before The Mother’s Recompense entered
the public domain only its copyright
holder could give permission for others to
reproduce its contents.
D) The copyright to The Mother’s
Recompense expired in 2021, causing the
novel to enter the public domain.

@satashkent 156
 While researching a topic, a student has 58
taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Cinematographers work with cameras and
from the given sentences to emphasize Prieto’s
lighting.
role in helping to make Biutiful?
• They help translate film directors’ ideas
into visual images. A) In filmmaking, directors work with others
• Biutiful (2010) was directed by Alejandro to translate their ideas into the visual
González Iñárritu. images that we encounter on the screen.
• Rodrigo Prieto was the film’s cinematogra-
pher B) In filmmaking, directors work with others
to translate their ideas into the visual
images that we encounter on the screen.
C) As the cinematographer, Rodrigo Prieto
worked with cameras and lighting to
translate Alejandro González Iñárritu’s
ideas into the visual images found in
Biutiful.
D) One example of Rodrigo Prieto’s work is
Alejandro González Iñárritu’s film Biutiful
(2010).

While researching a topic, a student has 59

taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Sister cities are pairs of cities that form
from the given sentences to emphasize the
social or legal partnerships to promote each
duration of Binghamton and Borovichi’s sister
other’s cultures.
city relationship?
• Previously known as ”town twinning”, the
concept of sister cities evolved in Europe A) As sister cities, Binghamton, New York,
after World War II as a way to repair bonds and Borovichi, Russia, have engaged in
between cities. cultural exchange and partnership since
• Many cities in New York State maintain 1990.
such partnerships with cities around the
world. B) Borovichi, which in became a sister city-or
• Binghamton, New York, and Borovichi, ”twin town”-to Binghamton, New York, is
Russia, became sister cities in 1990. located in Russia.
C) Despite their distance from each other, the
sister cities of Binghamton, New York, and
Borovichi, Russia, have enjoyed the same
partnership as many other sister cities.
D) Since the end of World War II, sister cities
such as Binghamton, New York, and
Borovichi, Russia, have continued to form
social partnerships to promote each other’s
cultures.

@satashkent 157
 While researching a topic, a student has 60
taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• In a 2012 study, Dybzinski and Tilman
from the given sentences to specify the test site’s
tested the e!ect of plant litter on seedling
climate?
emergence in a grassland setting.
• Plant litter includes dead leaves and other A) Dybzinski and Tilman tested the e!ect of
plant material. dead leaves and other plant material on
• The test site was a flooded grassland in the seedling emergence in the United States.
United States.
• It was in a temperate midlatitude climate. B) In a study, Dybzinski and Tilman found
• The researchers found that in these envi- that the presence of plant litter had a
ronmental conditions the presence of plant negative e!ect on seedling emergence.
litter had a negative e!ect on seedling emer-
C) Dybzinski and Tilman’s study was
gence.
conducted in a temperate midlatitude
climate.
D) A test was conducted in the United States
to study the e!ect of plant litter on
seedling emergence in a given climate.

While researching a topic, a student has 61

taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize a similarity in
• Thailand’s annual Songkran Water Festi-
how people in Bangkok and Chiang Mai
val is held each April.
celebrate Songkran. Which choice most
• It marks Songkran, the traditional Thai
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
New Year.
notes to accomplish this goal?
• People splash and spray each other for fun
at the festival’s community-wide water fights. A) People in both Bangkok and Chiang Mai
• In Bangkok, thousands gather along Silom celebrate Songkran, but they don’t do so
Road for the city’s largest water fight. in exactly the same way.
• In Chiang Mai, thousands gather at a his-
torical monument called the Tha Phae Gate B) Each April, people in Thailand celebrate
for the city’s largest water fight. Songkran, the traditional Thai New Year.
C) The largest water fight in Bangkok takes
place along a city street, whereas the
largest water fight in Chiang Mai takes
place at a historical monument.
D) In both Bangkok and Chiang Mai,
thousands gather to celebrate Songkran
with water fights.

@satashkent 158
 While researching a topic, a student has 62
taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Grimanesa Amoros is a Peruvian Ameri-
from the given sentences to emphasize when and
can artist.
where Substancial (Phase 4) debuted?
• She is well known for her large-scale LED
light sculptures. A) No Correct Answer
• Substancial (Phase 4) debuted in 2007 at
the Hudson River Community Health Center B) Grimanesa Amoros is a Peruvian
in Peekskill, New York. American artist who often works with
• It is made of iridescent multicolored LED LED light in her large-scale sculptures,
domes. such as Substancial (Phase 4) (2007).
• It occupies 2,816 cubic feet of space.
C) As is common of Grimanesa Amoros’s
sculptures, the iridescent multicolored
LED domes of Substancial (Phase 4) cut
an imposing 2.816-cubic-foot figure when
the piece debuted.
D) In 2007, Grimanesa Amoros debuted
Substancial (Phase 4) in Peekskill, New
York.

While researching a topic, a student has 63

taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Marine biology is primarily the study of
from the given sentences to emphasize a
sea life.
similarity between Rathbun and Snethlage?
• Mary Jane Rathbun was an American ma-
rine biologist born in 1860. A) The marine biologist Mary Jane Rathbun
• She is known for her research on freshwa- was born in 1860, but ornithologist Emilie
ter crabs. Snethlage was born later, in 1868.
• Ornithology is primarily the study of birds.
• Emilie Snethlage was a German-Brazilian B) Marine biology and ornithology are just
ornithologist born in 1868. two examples of the myriad fields in which
• She is known for her research on Brazilian scientists can specialize.
birds.
C) Mary Jane Rathbun conducted research on
freshwater crabs; Emilie Snethlage, by
contrast, is known for her research on
Brazilian birds.
D) Like marine biologist Mary Jane Rathbun,
ornithologist Emilie Snethlage dedicated
her scientific career to the study of living
organisms.

@satashkent 159
 While researching a topic, a student has 64
taken the following notes:
The student wants to specify where Dysphania
• Dysphania pusilla is a plant species.
pusilla was identified. Which choice most
• It was believed to be extinct until a living
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
specimen was identified in New Zealand in
notes to accomplish this goal?
2015.
• Pseudorca crassidens is a mammal species. A) In 1861, a living specimen of Pseudorca
• It was believed to be extinct until a living crassidens was found in Denmark.
specimen was identified in Denmark in 1861.
• They are considered Lazarus species. B) Previously believed to be extinct, a living
• ”Lazarus species” is a term for living specimen of Dysphania pusilla was
species of organisms that were once believed identified in New Zealand.
to be extinct.
C) A living specimen of Dysphania pusilla,
once believed to be extinct, was identified
in 2015.
D) Examples of Lazarus species can be found
in Dysphania pusilla as well as Pseudorca
crassidens.

While researching a topic, a student has 65

taken the following notes:
The student wants to explain why brine pools
• In 2022, University of Miami researchers
are toxic to most sea life. Which choice most
discovered brine pools in the Gulf of Aqaba.
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
• A brine pool is an underwater lake that
notes to accomplish this goal?
sits on the ocean floor.
• The water in brine pools is three to eight A) The brine pools in the Gulf of Aqaba are
times saltier than the surrounding ocean. toxic to most sea life and were discovered
• The extreme saltiness of this water makes by researchers in 2022.
it toxic to most sea life.
• Some forms of bacteria are able to survive B) The water in brine pools is toxic to most
in brine pools. sea life because it is three to eight times
saltier than the surrounding ocean.
C) The discovery of brine pools in the Gulf of
Aqaba by University of Miami researchers
in highlighted the diverse types of marine
life that can be found in underwater lakes.
D) Brine pools are salty underwater lakes that
sit on the ocean floor.

@satashkent 160
 While researching a topic, a student has 66
taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize a similarity
• Spinach is a vegetable that contains ascor-
between spinach and cauliflower. Which choice
bic acid. an essential nutrient for humans.
most e!ectively uses relevant information from
• There is 30 milligrams (mg) of ascorbic
the notes to accomplish this goal?
acid in every 100 grams (g) of spinach.
• Cauliflower is a vegetable that contains A) Humans cannot make vitamin C in their
ascorbic acid. bodies, so they must get this essential
• There is 48 mg of ascorbic acid in every nutrient from vegetables, such as spinach.
100 g of cauliflower.
• Humans cannot make ascorbic acid in B) Just like fruits, vegetables are a food that
their bodies, so they must get it from foods, humans can eat to get ascorbic acid, also
including fruits and vegetables. known as vitamin C.
• Ascorbic acid is also known as vitamin C.
C) Cauliflower is a vegetable that contains
ascorbic acid; in fact, there is 48 mg of it
in every 100 g of cauliflower.
D) One thing that spinach and cauliflower
have in common is that they both contain
vitamin C.

While researching a topic, a student has 67

taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Understanding the history of science is
from the given sentences to emphasize a
critical for understanding how knowledge
di!erence between Vickers and Crosfield?
evolves.
• Anna Vickers was a French algologist born A) Though it was conducted long ago, the
in 1852. research performed by algologist Anna
• She is known for her research on algae in Vickers and geologist Margaret Crosfield
the Canary Islands. can help us understand how scientific
• Margaret Crosfield was a British geologist knowledge evolves.
born in 1859.
• She is known for her research on the hills B) Algology and geology are just two
of Northeast Wales. examples of the myriad fields in which
scientists can specialize.
C) Anna Vickers studied algae in the Canary
Islands; Margaret Crosfield, however,
studied the hills of Northeast Wales.
D) Both Anna Vickers and Margaret Crosfield
are known for their contributions to
science.

@satashkent 161
 While researching a topic, a student has 68
taken the following notes:
The student wants to compare the causes of
• Crown shyness is a phenomenon in which
crown shyness proposed in the two theories.
the tops (crowns) of neighboring trees grow
Which choice most e!ectively uses relevant
close together but don’t overlap.
information from the notes to accomplish this
• To explain how this happens, Australian
goal?
forester M.R. Jacobs proposes the mutual
abrasion theory. A) Ng posits the mutual shade avoidance
• According to Jacobs’s theory, when trees theory, whereas Jacobs proposes an
brush against one another, branches break alternative theory.
o!.
• Malaysian scholar Francis S.P. Ng posits B) Both Jacobs and Ng have proposed
the mutual shade avoidance theory. theories to explain what causes crown
• According to Ng’s theory, when tree shyness.
branches detect shade from nearby trees’
C) While Jacobs proposes that crown shyness
branches, they stop growing.
is caused by neighboring tree branches
brushing against one another, Ng posits
that it occurs when branches detect shade
from nearby trees’ branches.
D) Jacobs’s mutual abrasion theory proposes
that when neighboring trees brush against
one another, branches break o!, resulting
in a phenomenon in which the tops of trees
grow close together but don’t overlap.

While researching a topic, a student has 69

taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize a di!erence
• Chromosomes are cellular structures that
between the two species of foxes. Which choice
contain genes.
most e!ectively uses relevant information from
• Genes carry critical instructions for deter-
the notes to accomplish this goal?
mining an organism’s physical traits.
• The fennec fox and the red fox are both A) Genes, which are in fennec fox
species of foxes. • As a species, the fennec chromosomes, carry critical instructions
fox has sixty-four chromosomes. for determining the fox’s physical traits.
• As a species, the red fox has thirty-four
chromosomes. B) While both are species of foxes, the fennec
fox and the red fox don’t have the same
number of chromosomes: fennec foxes have
sixty-four, whereas red foxes have only
thirty-four.
C) The fennec fox and the red fox both have
chromosomes, which contain genes.
D) The red fox, a species of fox, has
thirty-four cellular structures called
chromosomes.

@satashkent 162
 While researching a topic, a student has 70
taken the following notes:
The student wants to describe the format of ”7
• The poem ”7 haiku (for St. Augustine)” is
haiku (for St. Augustine).” Which choice most
by African American writer Sonia Sanchez.
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
• It was published in her 2010 poetry book
notes to accomplish this goal?
entitled Morning Haiku.
• The poem is written as a sequence of seven A) Sanchez chose the form used in the poem
haiku. ”haiku (for St. Augustine)” because it
• According to the book’s publisher, Penguin helps ”maintain memory and dignity.’”
Random House (PRH), the book ”celebrates
the gifts of life and mourns the deaths of B) The poem ”haiku (for St. Augustine)” was
revered African American figures.” published in the book Morning Haiku,
• According to Sanchez, she chose to write which ”celebrates the gifts of life and
in the form of haiku because it helps ”main- mourns the deaths of revered African
tain memory and dignity.” American figures.”
C) The poems in Morning Haiku (2010) are
each written as a sequence of haiku.
D) The poem ”haiku (for St. Augustine)” is
written as a sequence of seven haiku.

While researching a topic, a student has 71

taken the following notes:
The student wants to introduce the Slow Food
• The international Slow Food movement
movement to a new audience. Which choice
was founded in 1989 with the signing of the
most e!ectively uses relevant information from
”Slow Food Manifesto.”
the notes to accomplish this goal?
• The movement promotes universal access
to healthy, high- quality food. A) The international Slow Food movement,
• It calls for sustainable food production founded in 1989, promotes universal access
practices that protect local environments, to healthy, high-quality food that is
ecosystems, and biodiversity. produced sustainably by workers who are
• It advocates for fair treatment of and com- treated and compensated fairly
pensation for food production workers.
• The Slow Food USA organization was B) The Slow Food movement advocates for
founded in 2000. food production workers.
C) The signing of the ”Slow Food Manifesto”
in marked the founding of the international
Slow Food movement, while the Slow Food
USA organization was founded in 2000.
D) Goals of the movement include universal
access to healthy, high-quality food and
sustainable food practices.

@satashkent 163
 While researching a topic, a student has 72
taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize a similarity
• The Great Salt Lake is one of the world’s
between Artemia franciscana and Nodularia.
saltiest bodies of water.
Which choice most e!ectively uses relevant
• The lake is located in Utah.
information from the notes to accomplish this
• The northern portion of the lake has a
goal?
higher concentration of salt than the south-
ern portion. A) Crustaceans called Artemia franciscana
• Crustaceans called Artemia franciscana and bacteria called Nodularia both live in
live in the southern portion. the southern portion of the Great Salt
• Bacteria called Nodularia live in the south- Lake.
ern portion.
B) Bacteria called Nodularia live in the Great
Salt Lake, which is located in Utah.
C) The Great Salt Lake in Utah is one of the
saltiest bodies of water in the world.
D) Artemia franciscana, a type of crustacean,
lives in the Great Salt Lake.

While researching a topic, a student has 73

taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Since 1931, the New York Times (NYT)
from the given sentences to emphasize the
Best Sellers list has been a measure of the
di!erent years in which the books reached the
most successful books in the US.
NYT Best Sellers list?
• Kwame Alexander and Diana Ross are
Black authors who have reached the NYT A) Kwame Alexander and Diana Ross are
Best Sellers list. both NYT best- selling authors.
• The Crossover is a children’s book by
Kwame Alexander. B) The Crossover and Secrets of a Sparrow
• It reached the NYT Best Sellers list on are both books by Black authors that have
August 27, 2017. reached the NYT Best Sellers list.
• Secrets of a Sparrow is a memoir by Diana
C) Kwame Alexander’s The Crossover and
Ross.
Diana Ross’s Secrets of a Sparrow are both
• It reached the NYT Best Sellers list on
NYT best sellers, but the former is a
November 21, 1993.
children’s book, whereas the latter is a
memoir.
D) The memoir Secrets of a Sparrow became
an NYT best seller in 1993; The Crossover,
a children’s book, joined this list as well,
but in 2017.

@satashkent 164
 While researching a topic, a student has 74
taken the following notes:
The student wants to specify the shawl’s name
• Hina Hanta is an online archive curated by
in Choctaw. Which choice most e!ectively uses
the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma.
relevant information from the notes to
• Hina Hanta means ”bright path” in
accomplish this goal?
Choctaw.
• It features images of cultural artifacts rele- A) The cloth shawl, which is included in the
vant to the history of the Choctaw people. Hina Hanta online archive, is called an
• It includes a shawl (anchi in Choctaw) anchi in Choctaw.
made from cloth.
• It includes a fanner basket (ufko) made B) Hina Hanta, which means ”bright path” in
from cane. Choctaw, includes a shawl in its archive.
C) The Hina Hanta archive features cultural
artifacts, such as a shawl and a fanner
basket, that are relevant to the history of
the Choctaw people.
D) The name of the online archive Hina
Hanta means ”bright path” in Choctaw.

While researching a topic, a student has 75

taken the following notes:
The student wants to provide an example of a
• Asparagus is a vegetable that contains
vegetable that contains vitamin C. Which choice
ascorbic acid, an essential nutrient for hu-
most e!ectively uses relevant information from
mans.
the notes to accomplish this goal?
• Every 100 grams (g) of asparagus contains
6 milligrams (mg) of ascorbic acid. A) Humans cannot make ascorbic acid in
• Many animals can make ascorbic acid in their bodies, but they can get it from
their bodies, but humans cannot. foods, such as vegetables, for example.
• Humans must get ascorbic acid from foods,
including fruits and vegetables. B) Many animals can make ascorbic acid,
• Ascorbic acid is also known as vitamin C. which is also known as vitamin C, in their
bodies, but humans cannot.
C) Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid,
can be found in asparagus as well as other
vegetables.
D) Since humans cannot make vitamin C in
their bodies, they must get it from food.

@satashkent 165
 While researching a topic, a student has 76
taken the following notes:
The student wants to explain what Svetlana
• The Future of Nostalgia is a scholarly book
Boym writes about in chapter 3. Which choice
by literary theorist Svetlana Boym.
most e!ectively uses relevant information from
• The book explores the concept of nostalgia
the notes to accomplish this goal?
from various angles.
• Chapter 3 explores nostalgia in the 1993 A) After exploring nostalgia in the sci-fi
sci-fi action movie Jurassic Park. action movie Jurassic Park, Svetlana
• Chapter 16 discusses the nostalgic home Boym goes on to discuss the nostalgic
décor of Russian émigrés. home décor of Russian émigrés.
• In chapter 16, Boym writes, ”Their rooms
filled with diasporic souvenirs are not altars B) Literary theorist Svetlana Boym explores
to their unhappiness, but rather places for nostalgia in the sci-fi action movie Jurassic
communication.” Park in chapter 3 of her book.
C) As Svetlana Boym writes in the sixteenth
chapter 16 of her book, ”Their rooms filled
with diasporic souvenirs are not altars to
their unhappiness, but rather places for
communication.”
D) Svetlana Boym’s The Future of Nostalgia
explores the concept of nostalgia from
various angles.

While researching a topic, a student has 77

taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize the global rank
• Somalia is a country in East Africa.
of Somalia’s youth population. Which choice
• A high percentage of Somalia’s population
most e!ectively uses relevant information from
(46.4 percent) is under fifteen years old.
the notes to accomplish this goal?
• It has the sixth-largest under-fifteen popu-
lation in the world. A) Africa’s high population of young people is
• Roughly 40 percent of Africa’s population due in part to the high percentage of
is under fifteen years old-the highest of any young people in Somalia.
continent.
• According to the United Nations (UN), B) With 46.percent of its population under
• Africa’s ”high number of young people is fifteen years of age, Somalia has the
an opportunity for the continent’s growth-but sixth-largest population for that age range
only if these new generations are fully em- in the world.
powered to realise their best potential.”
C) Making up roughly percent of the
continent’s total population, Africa’s
under-fifteen population o!ers ”an
opportunity for the continent’s growth,”
according to the UN.
D) ”Only if these new generations are fully
empowered to realise their best potential,”
says the UN, will Africa’s high percentage
of young people lead to the continent’s
growth.

@satashkent 166
 While researching a topic, a student has 78
taken the following notes:
The student wants to describe where Fung is in
• Mary Kang is a Korean American portrait
the photograph to an audience already familiar
photographer.
with Kang and Fung. Which choice most
• She is based in New York City and in
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
Austin, Texas.
notes to accomplish this goal?
• One of Kang’s photographs features artist
Dominique Fung. A) Dominique Fung is in a photograph by
• In the portrait, Fung is seated on the floor. Mary Kang, a portrait photographer based
• Five of Fung’s paintings are resting against in New York City and Austin, Texas.
the wall behind her.
B) Mary Kang is a photographer based in
both New York City and Austin, Texas
C) In Kang’s portrait of her, Fung is seated
on the floor, with five of her paintings
resting against the wall behind her.
D) Five paintings by artist Dominique Fung
can be seen in the background of Mary
Kang’s photograph.

While researching a topic, a student has 79

taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize how far the
• In 1897, twenty Black US Army infantry-
infantrymen traveled. Which choice most
men rode bicycles from Montana to Mis-
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
souri.
notes to accomplish this goal?
• The 1,900-mile journey took forty-one
days. A) The 125th anniversary of the
• The goal was to test the idea of forming a infantrymen’s journey was in 2022.
military bicycle corps.
• In 2022, Erick Cedeño, a Black long- B) The US infantrymen rode their bicycles
distance cyclist, reenacted the journey. from Montana to Missouri- traveling a
• Cedeño wanted to honor the infantrymen total of 1,900 miles.
on the journey’s 125th anniversary.
C) The goal of the journey was to test the
idea of forming a military bicycle corps.
D) Over a century later, Erick Cedeño
honored the infantrymen by reenacting
their journey.

@satashkent 167
 While researching a topic, a student has 80
taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Vexillology is the study of flags.
from the given sentences to make and support a
• The flags of many countries include sym-
generalization about symbols on flags?
bols like animals, plants, or landforms.
• These symbols often represent an aspect of A) Papua New Guinea’s flag includes a
the region’s history, culture, or landscape. raggiana bird-of-paradise, a symbol that is
• The flag of Papua New Guinea includes a important to that country’s national
raggiana bird-of-paradise. identity.
• The flag of El Salvador includes a palm
branch. B) The flags of some countries include
symbols of animals; Papua New Guinea’s,
for example, includes a raggiana
bird-of-paradise.
C) Many countries feature symbols on their
flags, and the study of these designs is
known as vexillology.
D) Vexillology is the study of flags;
accordingly, vexillologists are interested in
flags from around the world.

While researching a topic, a student has 81

taken the following notes:
The student wants to provide a specific example
• Onomatopoeias are words that imitate the
of onomatopoeia. Which choice most e!ectively
sounds they represent.
uses relevant information from the notes to
• Onomatopoeias used to represent the same
accomplish this goal?
sound often vary from language to language.
• This variation is due in part to di!erences A) Di!erences in how languages are
in how languages are structured. structured can cause variations in the
• ”Ba-dumm” is a German onomatopoeia words used in di!erent languages to
that represents the sound of a heartbeat. represent the same sound.
• ”Doki doki” is a Japanese onomatopoeia
that represents the sound of a heartbeat. B) The Japanese word ”doki doki” both
• The term ”onomatopoeia” combines the imitates and represents the sound of a
Greek words for ”name” (on) and ”to make” heartbeat.
(poiein).
C) The languages of German and Japanese
use di!erent words to represent the sound
of a heartbeat.
D) The term ”onomatopoeia,” which refers to
words that imitate the sound they
represent, combines the Greek words for
”name” and ”to make.”

@satashkent 168
 While researching a topic, a student has 82
taken the following notes:
The student wants to identify the painting for
• Artist Pablo Picasso of Spain won a
which Picasso won a Carnegie Prize gold medal.
Carnegie Prize gold medal in 1930.
Which choice most e!ectively uses relevant
• The Carnegie Prize is an international art
information from the notes to accomplish this
competition.
goal?
• It is administered by the Carnegie Museum
of Art in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. A) Picasso won a Carnegie Prize gold medal
• Picasso’s winning artwork was a painting for the painting Portrait of Mme. Picasso.
entitled Portrait of Mme. Picasso.
B) The Carnegie Museum of Art awarded
Picasso a gold medal in 1930.
C) The Carnegie Prize is an international art
competition administered by the Carnegie
Museum of Art in Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania.
D) In 1930, an artist from Spain won a
Carnegie Prize gold medal for a painting.

While researching a topic, a student has 83

taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Richard Serra is an American artist.
from the given sentences to emphasize the size of
• He is known for his large metal sculptures.
the sculpture?
• His sculpture Gutter Corner Splash: Night
Shift is roughly 2 feet wide and 9 feet tall. A) Richard Serra is an American artist known
• It is made from lead. for his large metal sculptures.
B) Richard Serra’s Gutter Corner Splash:
Night Shift is made of lead.
C) Gutter Corner Splash: Night Shift-a large
metal sculpture by artist Richard
Serra-stretches roughly feet wide and feet
tall.
D) American artist Richard Serra creates
large sculptures from metals such as lead.

@satashkent 169
 While researching a topic, a student has 84
taken the following notes:
The student wants to make a generalization
• The Zim Smith Mid-County Trail is lo-
about rails-with-trails. Which choice most
cated in New York.
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
• It is one of more than 2,000 disused rail-
notes to accomplish this goal?
road corridors in the US that have been
converted into public trails since the 1960s. A) In the US, trails have been constructed
• Such trails are known as rail trails. from disused railroad corridors as well as
• The Union Pacific Railroad Trail in on property parallel to active rail lines.
Nevada is parallel to an active railway,
the Union Pacific Railroad. B) In the US, trails that share a right-of-way
• It is one of approximately 400 trails in the with an active rail line are less common
US that share a right-of-way with an active than some other types of railway trails.
rail line.
C) The Union Pacific Railroad Trail in
• Such trails are known as rails-with-trails.
Nevada is one of approximately US trails
that share a right-of-way with an active
rail line
D) Since the 1960s, thousands of public trails
in the US have been created from disused
railroad corridors.

While researching a topic, a student has 85

taken the following notes:
The student wants to indicate when the board
• Author H.P. Lovecraft wrote a number of
game was released. Which choice most
horror stories.
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
• Designer Richard Launius created a board
notes to accomplish this goal?
game based on these stories.
• The game is called Arkham Horror. A) The board game Arkham Horror was
• It was released in 2005. designed by Richard Launius.
B) The board game Arkham Horror was
released in 2005.
C) The board game Arkham Horror is based
on horror stories.
D) The board game Arkham Horror is based
on the writing of H.P. Lovecraft.

@satashkent 170
 While researching a topic, a student has 86
taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize a similarity
• Sue is the nickname of a dinosaur fossil
between the two specimens. Which choice most
specimen housed at the Field Museum of
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
Natural History.
notes to accomplish this goal?
• The Field Museum of Natural History is
located in Chicago, Illinois. A) The dinosaur fossil specimens Sue and
• Sue is a member of the genus Tyran- Thomas are both members of the genus
nosaurus. Tyrannosaurus.
• Thomas is the nickname of a dinosaur
fossil specimen housed at the Natural History B) While Sue is housed at the Field Museum
Museum of Los Angeles County. of Natural History, Thomas is housed at
• The Natural History Museum of Los An- the Natural History Museum of Los
geles County is located in Los Angeles, Angeles County.
California.
C) The Field Museum of Natural History,
• Thomas is a member of the genus Tyran-
where Sue is housed, is located in Chicago,
nosaurus.
Illinois.
D) Thomas is the nickname of a
Tyrannosaurus fossil specimen housed at
the Natural History Museum of Los
Angeles County in Los Angeles, California.

While researching a topic, a student has 87

taken the following notes:
The student wants to define the term ”Lazarus
• The black-footed ferret is a mammal
species” and provide an example of one. Which
species.
choice most e!ectively uses relevant information
• Up until 1981, it was believed to be extinct.
from the notes to accomplish these goals?
• That year, a live black-footed ferret was
identified in the wild in the United States. A) The term ”Lazarus species” describes a
• The black-footed ferret is considered a living species of organism, such as the
Lazarus species. black-footed ferret, that was once believed
• ”Lazarus species” is a term for living to be extinct.
species of organisms that were once believed
to be extinct. B) Sometimes, a species once believed to be
extinct is later found living in the wild.
C) The black-footed ferret, a species of
mammal, was identified in the wild in
1981.
D) One example of a Lazarus species is the
black-footed ferret, a mammal species that
was identified in the wild in the United
States in 1981.

@satashkent 171
 While researching a topic, a student has 88
taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize a di!erence
• The French Republican calendar was used
between quintidi and decadi. Which choice most
in France from 1793 to 1805.
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
• Each calendar week had ten days, two of
notes to accomplish this goal?
which were called quintidi and decadi.
• Each quintidi was given a unique name in A) One quintidi during the month of
honor of an animal. Thermidor was named after an animal, the
• Each decadi was given a unique name in ram.
honor of an agricultural tool.
• Bélier, a quintidi in the month of Thermi- B) Each quintidi in the calendar honored an
dor, was named after the ram. animal, such as the ram, whereas each
• Crible, a decadi in the month of Nivōse, decadi honored an agricultural tool, such
was named after the sieve. as the sieve.
C) There were ten days in each week of the
French Republican calendar, and two of
these days were called quintidi and decadi.
D) Each decadi was named after an
agricultural tool; for example, a decadi
during the month of Nivôse was named
after the sieve.

While researching a topic, a student has 89

taken the following notes:
The student wants to specify the number of
• A merchant ship is any ship hired to carry
merchant ships in Saudi Arabia in 2021. Which
cargo or passengers.
choice most e!ectively uses relevant information
• A ship’s carrying capacity is also known as
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
its deadweight tonnage (DWT).
• In 2021, there were a total of 392 mer- A) In total, Saudi Arabia’s merchant ships
chant ships registered in Saudi Arabia. had a carrying capacity, or deadweight
• The combined DWT of these ships was tonnage, of 13.7 million tons in 2021.
13.7 million tons.
B) Combined, Saudi Arabia’s merchant ships
had a deadweight tonnage of 13.7 million
tons in 2021.
C) The carrying capacity of a merchant ship
is also known as deadweight tonnage.
D) There were a total of 392 merchant
ships–ships hired to carry cargo or
passengers–registered in Saudi Arabia in
2021.

@satashkent 172
 While researching a topic, a student has 90
taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Vexillology is the study of flags.
from the given sentences to make and support a
• The flags of many countries include sym-
generalization about symbols on flags?
bols like animals, plants, or landforms.
• These symbols often represent an aspect of A) Many countries feature symbols on their
the region’s history, culture, or landscape. flags, and the study of these designs is
• The flag of Kazakhstan includes an eagle. known as vexillology.
• The flag of Slovenia includes Triglav
mountain. B) Kazakhstan’s flag includes an eagle, a
symbol that is important to that country’s
national identity.
C) Vexillology is the study of flags;
accordingly, vexillologists are C interested
in flags from around the world.
D) The flags of some countries include
symbols of animals; Kazakhstan’s, for
example, includes an eagle.

While researching a topic, a student has 91

taken the following notes:
The student wants to identify the sculpture for
• Artist Jean Arp of Germany won a
which Arp won a Carnegie Prize gold medal.
Carnegie Prize gold medal in 1964.
Which choice most e!ectively uses relevant
• The Carnegie Prize is an international art
information from the notes to accomplish this
competition.
goal?
• It is administered by the Carnegie Museum
of Art in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. A) In 1964, an artist from Germany won a
• Arp’s winning artwork was a sculpture Carnegie Prize gold medal for a sculpture.
entitled Sculpture Classique.
B) The Carnegie Museum of Art awarded Arp
a gold medal in 1964.
C) Arp won a Carnegie Prize gold medal for
the sculpture Sculpture Classique.
D) The Carnegie Prize is an international art
competition administered by the Carnegie
Museum of Art in Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania.

@satashkent 173
 While researching a topic, a student has 92
taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Ynés Mexı́a was a Mexican American
from the given sentences to begin a narration of
botanist.
Mexı́a’s collection of Wul”a maculata?
• Between 1917 and 1938, she collected over
150,000 botanical samples throughout the A) It was on January 25, 1930, in the state of
Americas. Minas Gerais, that Ynés Mexı́a added a
• She collected a sample of Wul”a maculata new specimen to her growing collection of
in Minas Gerais, Brazil, on January 25, botanical samples: Wul”a maculata of the
1930. Asteraceae family.
• She collected a sample of Senecio chapalen-
sis in Jalisco, Mexico, on January 17, 1927. B) Ynés Mexı́a collected a sample of Wul”a
• These specimens are part of the Asteraceae maculata in January of and Senecio
family. chapalensis in January of 1927.
• They can now be viewed online at the C.V.
C) While both specimens collected by Ynés
Starr Virtual Herbarium
Mexı́a are members of the Asteraceae
family, Wul”a maculata was collected in
Minas Gerais, Brazil, and Senecio
chapalensis was collected in Jalisco,
Mexico.
D) Thousands of botanical samples collected
from across the Americas by Ynés Mexı́a
can now be found in one place: online at
the C.V. Starr Virtual Herbarium.

While researching a topic, a student has 93

taken the following notes:
The student wants to compare the hardness of
• The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is a
the three minerals. Which choice most
ten-point scale that orders minerals by hard-
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
ness based on their ability to scratch other
notes to accomplish this goal?
minerals.
• Minerals with larger numbers are harder A) Based on their Mohs scale numbers,
than minerals with smaller numbers and can diamond (10) is harder than quartz (7),
leave visible scratches on them. and quartz is harder than fluorite (4).
• Minerals with smaller numbers are softer
than minerals with larger numbers and can- B) A mineral with a Mohs number of 10, like
not leave visible scratches on them. diamond, is harder than one with a Mohs
• The mineral fluorite has a Mohs scale number of 7, like quartz.
number of 4.
C) The Mohs scale of mineral hardness can be
• The mineral quartz has a Mohs scale num-
used to order quartz, fluorite, and diamond
ber of 7.
by their ability to scratch other minerals.
• The mineral diamond has a Mohs scale
number of 10. D) Diamond can leave visible scratches on
fluorite, which is why diamond has a
higher number than fluorite on the Mohs
scale of mineral hardness.

@satashkent 174
 While researching a topic, a student has 94
taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize a di!erence
• The French Republican calendar replaced
between the French Republican and Gregorian
the Gregorian calendar in France from 1793
calendars. Which choice most e!ectively uses
to 1805.
relevant information from the notes to
• Both calendars are divided into twelve
accomplish this goal?
months.
• The timelines for the months don’t match. A) Used in France from to 1805, the French
• The sixth month of the French Republican Republican calendar includes the months
calendar, Ventôse, begins during February, of Ventôse and Floréal (the sixth and
the second month of the Gregorian calendar. eighth months of the year).
• The eighth month of the French Republican
calendar, Floréal, begins during April, the B) The second and fourth months of the
fourth month of the Gregorian calendar. Gregorian calendar are February and
April, respectively.
C) The timelines for the months of the two
calendars don’t match; for example, the
sixth month of the French Republican
calendar begins during the second month
of the Gregorian calendar.
D) The French Republican calendar, which
replaced the Gregorian calendar in France
from to 1805, has twelve months, including
the months of Ventôse and Floréal.

While researching a topic, a student has 95

taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Birds of Northern South America is an
from the given sentences to emphasize a
identification guidebook by ornithologists
di!erence between the two birds?
Robin Restall, Clemencia Rodner, and
Miguel Lentino. A) Identifiable by its very long, black, curved
• It lists the thirty-five hummingbird species bill and its bronzy back, the great-billed
found in Suriname. hermit is a large hummingbird found in
• The great-billed hermit is a large hum- Suriname.
mingbird found in Suriname.
• It is identifiable by its bronzy back and its B) One way to distinguish the great-billed
very long, black, curved bill. hermit from the amethyst woodstar is to
• The amethyst woodstar is a small hum- look at their bills: the great-billed hermit’s
mingbird found in Suriname. is curved, whereas the amethyst
• It is identifiable by its green back and its woodstar’s is straight.
short, black, straight bill.
C) The great-billed hermit and the amethyst
woodstar are two of the thirty-five di!erent
hummingbird species found in Suriname.
D) The amethyst woodstar is a small
hummingbird identifiable by its green back
and its short, black, straight bill.

@satashkent 175
 While researching a topic, a student has 96
taken the following notes:
The student wants to specify the average length
• The green iguana is a species of reptile.
of the green iguana. Which choice most
• It can be found in Central America and
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
Brazil.
notes to accomplish this goal?
• The green iguana primarily eats leaves and
fruit. A) The green iguana is a reptile that
• It has an average length of 4.8 feet. primarily eats leaves and fruit.
B) One species of reptile found in Brazil
primarily eats leaves and fruit.
C) The green iguana can be found in Central
America.
D) The green iguana has an average length of
4.8 feet.

While researching a topic, a student has 97

taken the following notes:
The student wants to indicate where the short
• ”Raymond’s Run” is a short story.
story takes place. Which choice most e!ectively
• It was written by African American author
uses relevant information from the notes to
Toni Cade Bambara.
accomplish this goal?
• It was first published in her book Gorilla.
My Love in 1972. A) ”Raymond’s Run” takes place in Harlem.
• It is told from a first person perspective.
• It takes place in Harlem. B) ”Raymond’s Run” was written by Toni
Cade Bambara.
C) ”Raymond’s Run” was published in
Gorilla, My Love.
D) ”Raymond’s Run” is told from a first
person perspective.

@satashkent 176
 While researching a topic, a student has 98
taken the following notes:
The student wants to contrast two words that
• Onomatopoeias are words that imitate the
represent the same sound. Which choice most
sounds they represent.
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
• Words that represent the same sound are
notes to accomplish this goal?
often written and pronounced very di!erently
from language to language. A) Though they both represent the sound of
• This variation is due in part to di!erences snoring, the onomatopoeias ’korrrr’
in how the languages are structured. (Batak) and ’hū lū’ (Mandarin Chinese)
• ’Korrrr’ is a Batak onomatopoeia that are written and pronounced very
represents the sound of snoring. di!erently.
• ’Hū lū’ is a Mandarin Chinese ono-
matopoeia that represents the sound of B) Onomatopoeias, words that imitate the
snoring. sounds they represent, are often written
and pronounced very di!erently from
language to language.
C) The Batak word ’korrrr’ and the Mandarin
Chinese word ’hū lū’ are onomatopoeias
that represent the sound of snoring.
D) ”The Batak word ’korrrr,’ which represents
the sound of snoring, is an onomatopoeia.

While researching a topic, a student has 99

taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• ”Jean-Michel Basquiat was an American
from the given sentences to emphasize how these
artist who produced more than two thousand
two works are similar?
drawings and paintings.
• His work Untitled (Two Heads on Gold) A) Artist Jean-Michel Basquiat completed
was completed in 1982 and sold at auction in Untitled (Two Heads on Gold) in 1982,
2003. and Jazz followed in 1986.
• Untitled (Two Heads on Gold) is composed
of acrylic and oil stick on canvas and mea- B) Between artist Jean-Michel Basquiat’s
sures 10,000 square inches in area. works Untitled (Two Heads on Gold) and
• His work Jazz was completed in 1986 and Jazz, the former is the larger of the two.
sold at auction in 2020.
C) Composed by artist Jean-Michel Basquiat
• Jazz is composed of acrylic, oil, graphite,
in and 1986, respectively, both Untitled
crayon, and paper collage on wood and mea-
(Two Heads on Gold) and Jazz use acrylic
sures 1,807 square inches in area.”
paint as a medium.
D) Artist Jean-Michel Basquiat’s work
Untitled (Two Heads on Gold) is
composed of acrylic and oil stick, while
Jazz is composed of acrylic, oil, graphite,
crayon, and paper collage.

@satashkent 177
 While researching a topic, a student has 100
taken the following notes:
The student wants to provide a quotation from
• The Future of Nostalgia is a scholarly book
chapter 17. Which choice most e!ectively uses
by literary theorist Svetlana Boym.
relevant information from the notes to
• The book provides a multifaceted explo-
accomplish this goal?
ration of the concept of nostalgia.
• Chapter 9 describes nostalgia in the city of A) In a discussion of various skeptics’ takes on
St. Petersburg in Russia. the concept of nostalgia, Svetlana Boym
• Chapter 17 discusses various skeptics’ writes, ”The poetics of nostalgia combines
takes on the concept of nostalgia. estrangement and human solidarity, a!ect
• In chapter 17, Boym writes, ’The poetics and reflection.”
of nostalgia combines estrangement and hu-
man solidarity, a!ect and reflection. B) Svetlana Boym’s The Future of Nostalgia
provides a multifaceted exploration of
nostalgia.
C) Svetlana Boym describes nostalgia in the
city of St. Petersburg in Russia in chapter
of her book.
D) After describing nostalgia in the city of St.
Petersburg in Russia, Svetlana Boym goes
on to discuss various skeptics’ takes on the
concept of nostalgia

While researching a topic, a student has 101

taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize the size of
• Atitalaquia is a municipality in the state of
Atitalaquia. Which choice most e!ectively uses
Hidalgo, Mexico.
relevant information from the notes to
• Municipalities are governmental regions
accomplish this goal?
responsible for providing many public ser-
vices to their residents. A) Providing street lighting is just one
• One service they provide is street lighting. example of the public services that
• Atitalaquia covers an area of roughly 63 municipalities provide.
km².
• Hidalgo is divided into 84 municipalities. B) Atitalaquia is one of governmental regions,
known as municipalities, across Hidalgo.
C) Atitalaquia—a governmental region in the
state of Hidalgo, Mexico—provides many
public services to its residents.
D) The municipality of Atitalaquia in Hidalgo,
Mexico, covers an area of roughly 63 km²

@satashkent 178
 While researching a topic, a student has 102
taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• At London and New York Fashion Weeks,
from the given sentences to describe a color that
fashion designers debut new clothing collec-
was popular at 2019 New York Fashion Week?
tions.
• Color consultants create trend reports on A) Shades of light green-yellow and deep
the popular colors at a given Fashion Week. brown have both been featured in Fashion
• A report on 2018 London Fashion Week Week reports prepared by color
noted the popularity of a light green-yellow consultants.
shade that was cool in tone and soft in in-
tensity. B) The shade favored by designers at New
• A report on 2019 New York Fashion Week York Fashion Week was a departure from
noted the popularity of a deep brown shade the cool, soft shade of light green-yellow
that was warm in tone and rich in intensity. that had proved popular at London
Fashion Week.
C) Each Fashion Week, color consultants
compile reports on the colors that have
been popular among designers.
D) At New York Fashion Week, many
designer collections featured a warm, rich
shade of deep brown.

While researching a topic, a student has 103

taken the following notes:
The student wants to specify how many
• Chromosomes are cellular structures that
chromosomes the bat-eared fox has. Which
contain genes.
choice most e!ectively uses relevant information
• Genes carry critical instructions for deter-
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
mining an organism’s physical traits.
• Members of the same species typically have A) The bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis)
the same number of chromosomes. and the Bengal fox (Vulpes bengalensis)
• The bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis) both have chromosomes, but the bat-eared
and the Bengal fox (Vulpes bengalensis) are fox has more than the Bengal fox does.
species of foxes.
• The bat-eared fox has seventy-two chromo- B) The Bengal fox, a species of fox, has sixty
somes. structures called chromosomes.
• The Bengal fox has sixty chromosomes.
C) The bat-eared fox’s chromosomes contain
genes, which are critical to determining an
organism’s physical traits.
D) The bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis) has
seventy-two chromosomes.

@satashkent 179
 While researching a topic, a student has 104
taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize a similarity
• The Museu de les Ciències Prı́ncipe Felipe
between the two locations. Which choice most
is in Valencia, Spain.
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
• It is home to a Foucault pendulum.
notes to accomplish this goal?
• Vasile Alecsandri National College is in
Galat, i, Romania. A) Because Earth rotates beneath it, the
• It is home to a Foucault pendulum. swing path of the Foucault pendulum at
• A Foucault pendulum dangles from a fixed the Museu de les Ciències Prı́ncipe Felipe
point that ensures the swing path of the pen- appears to change over time.
dulum doesn’t change.
• To an observer, the swing path of a Fou- B) The Museu de les Ciències Prı́ncipe Felipe,
cault pendulum appears to change over time which is home to a Foucault pendulum, is
because Earth rotates beneath it. in Spain, not Romania.
C) The Museu de les Ciències Prı́ncipe Felipe
in Valencia, Spain, and Vasile Alecsandri
National College in Galat, i, Romania, both
house Foucault pendulums.
D) One Foucault pendulum is in Spain, and
the other is in Romania.

While researching a topic, a student has 105

taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Soo-Bong Kim is a South Korean particle
from the given sentences to specify what type of
physicist.
neutrino research Kim is known for?
• Particle physicists study subatomic parti-
cles. A) Neutrinos are a type of subatomic particle
• Neutrinos are some of the least understood that particle physicists are still trying to
subatomic particles. understand.
• Kim is known for his research on neutrino
oscillations. B) Soo-Bong Kim, whose research involves
particle physics, is from South Korea.
C) In the ongoing pursuit to better
understand these subatomic particles,
particle physicist Soo-Bong Kim is known
for his research on neutrino oscillations.
D) One scientist who has worked to advance
our understanding of neutrinos is the
South Korean particle physicist Soo-Bong
Kim.

@satashkent 180
 While researching a topic, a student has 106
taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Minor planets are astronomical objects
from the given sentences to emphasize the
that orbit the Sun but are neither planets nor
discovery of (15836) 1995 DA2 to an audience
comets.
already familiar with Jane Luu?
• Astronomer Jane Luu has discovered many
minor planets in her career. A) First there was the discovery of (15836)
• Alongside colleague David C. Jewitt, she DAon February 24, 1995, and then on
discovered the minor planet (15836) 1995 August 28, 1997, Jane Luu discovered yet
DA2 on February 24, 1995. another minor planet with the help of her
• Alongside colleagues David C. Jewitt, colleagues David C. Jewitt, Chadwick
Chadwick Trujillo, and K. Berney, she dis- Trujillo, and K. Berney.
covered the minor planet (24952) 1997 QH4
on August 28, 1997. B) Astronomer Jane Luu helped discover not
only the minor planet (15836) DAon
February 24, 1995, but also (24952) QHon
August 28, 1997.
C) Jane Luu is an astronomer famous for her
discovery of many minor planets in our
solar system, including (15836) DA2.
D) On February 24, 1995, Jane Luu and her
colleague David C. Jewitt made the
exciting discovery of the minor planet
(15836) DA2.

While researching a topic, a student has 107

taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Vexillology is the study of flags.
from the given sentences to make and support a
• The flags of many countries include sym-
generalization about symbols on flags?
bols like animals, plants, or landforms.
• These symbols often represent an aspect of A) The flags of some countries include
the region’s history, culture, or landscape. symbols of plants; San Marino’s, for
• The flag of San Marino includes a laurel example, includes a laurel branch.
branch.
• The flag of Croatia includes leopards. B) San Marino’s flag includes a laurel branch,
a symbol that is important to that
country’s national identity.
C) Vexillology is the study of flags;
accordingly, vexillologists are interested in
flags from around the world.
D) Many countries feature symbols on their
flags, and the study of these designs is
known as vexillology.

@satashkent 181
 While researching a topic, a student has 108
taken the following notes:
The student wants to provide an overview of the
• There are more than 500 National Wildlife
NWR program. Which choice most e!ectively
Refuges (NWRs) across the United States.
uses relevant information from the notes to
• The Mason Neck NWR is a 2,276-acre
accomplish this goal?
area in Virginia, on the Atlantic coast.
• It was established to protect the endangered A) Both the Mason Neck NWR and the
bald eagle. Nestucca Bay NWR were established to
• The Nestucca Bay NWR is a 457-acre area protect endangered species.
in Oregon, on the Pacific coast.
• It was established to protect the endangered B) Oregon’s Nestucca Bay NWR was
Aleutian Canada goose. established to protect the endangered
Aleutian Canada goose.
C) One of more than NWRs in the US, the
Mason Neck NWR encompasses 2,acres in
Virginia.
D) The US’s more than NWRs protect
endangered species from coast to coast.

While researching a topic, a student has 109

taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize the size of
• Tlaxcoapan is a municipality in the state of
Tlaxcoapan. Which choice most e!ectively uses
Hidalgo, Mexico.
relevant information from the notes to
• Municipalities are governmental regions
accomplish this goal?
responsible for providing many public ser-
vices to their residents. A) Providing street lighting is just one
• One service they provide is street lighting. example of the public services that
• Tlaxcoapan covers an area of roughly 42 municipalities provide.
km².
• Hidalgo is divided into 84 municipalities. B) The municipality of Tlaxcoapan in
Hidalgo, Mexico, covers an area of roughly
42 km².
C) Tlaxcoapan is one of governmental regions,
known as municipalities, across Hidalgo.
D) Tlaxcoapan—a governmental region in the
state of Hidalgo, Mexico—provides many
public services to its residents.

@satashkent 182
 While researching a topic, a student has 110
taken the following notes:
The student wants to specify Fafnir’s location.
• Fafnir is the nickname of a dinosaur fossil
Which choice most e!ectively uses relevant
specimen from the Late Cretaceous period.
information from the notes to accomplish this
• The Late Cretaceous period ended more
goal?
than 65 million years ago.
• Fafnir is a member of the genus Tricer- A) Saint Paul, Minnesota, is home to the
atops. Science Museum of Minnesota, which
• Fafnir is on display at the Science Mu- displays a dinosaur fossil specimen from
seum of Minnesota. the Late Cretaceous period.
• The Science Museum of Minnesota is in
Saint Paul, Minnesota. B) Fafnir is the nickname of a dinosaur fossil
specimen belonging to the genus
Triceratops.
C) Fafnir is on display at the Science Museum
of Minnesota in Saint Paul, Minnesota.
D) Fafnir lived in the Late Cretaceous period,
which ended more than million years ago.

While researching a topic, a student has 111

taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Thomas Edison is regarded as one of the
from the given sentences to introduce Reginald
most important inventors in US history.
Fessenden and what he is known for?
• Having received little formal schooling,
Edison relied on specialist employees at his A) Reginald Fessenden, an electronic
various laboratories and o”ces to complete communications specialist, worked at the
the technical work for many of his inven- Edison Machine Works manufacturing
tions. company.
• Reginald Fessenden was an electronic com-
munications specialist who worked at the B) Reginald Fessenden, an electronic
Edison Machine Works manufacturing com- communications specialist and former
pany. employee of Thomas Edison, is known for
• He is best known for pioneering radio tech- pioneering radio technology that led to the
nology that led to the first transmission of first transmission of speech by radio.
speech by radio.
C) Having received little formal education,
• Frank J. Sprague was a naval o”cer who
Thomas Edison depended on specialized
worked at the Menlo Park laboratory.
employees, including Reginald Fessenden
• He is best known for being the father of
and Frank J. Sprague, for many of his
electric traction
inventions.
D) Thomas Edison’s historic success would
not have been possible without naval
o”cer Frank J. Sprague, who is known for
being the father of electric traction.

@satashkent 183
 While researching a topic, a student has 112
taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Jean-Michel Basquiat was an American
from the given sentences to emphasize how the
artist who produced more than two thousand
two works are similar?
drawings and paintings.
• His work Mater was completed in 1982 and A) Between artist Jean-Michel Basquiat’s
sold at auction in 2017. works Mater and Flash in Naples, the
• Mater is composed of acrylic and oil stick former is the larger of the two.
on canvas and measures 6,048 square inches
in area. B) Composed by artist Jean-Michel Basquiat
• His work Flash in Naples was completed in in and 1983, respectively, both Mater and
1983 and sold at auction in 2009. Flash in Naples use acrylic paint as a
• Flash in Naples is composed of acrylic, oil medium.
stick, and oil on canvas and measures 3,992
C) Artist Jean-Michel Basquiat completed
square inches in area.
Mater in 1982, and Flash in Naples
followed in 1983.
D) Artist Jean-Michel Basquiat’s work Mater
is composed of acrylic and oil stick, while
Flash in Naples is composed of acrylic, oil
stick, and oil.

While researching a topic, a student has 113

taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• The Paralympic Games are a series of in-
from the given sentences to emphasize the
ternational sporting events involving athletes
number of medals won by Kenny?
with an impairment.
• Swimming has been an event at the Para- A) An accomplished Paralympian with
lympics since 1960. multiple gold medal wins, Mike Kenny
• Mike Kenny competed as a Paralympic competed as a swimmer from to 1988.
swimmer from 1976 to 1988.
• He won eighteen medals. B) During his career as a Paralympic
• Of these, sixteen were gold medals, which swimmer, Mike Kenny earned a total of
indicate a first-place finish. eighteen medals, sixteen of which were
gold.
C) Swimming, a sport in which Mike Kenny
took home sixteen gold medals, has been
an event at the Paralympic Games since
1960.
D) Mike Kenny competed at the Paralympic
Games, a series of international sporting
events.

@satashkent 184
 While researching a topic, a student has 114
taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize a similarity
• Sandvikens Gymnasieskola is in Sand-
between the two locations. Which choice most
viken, Sweden.
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
• It is home to a Foucault pendulum.
notes to accomplish this goal?
• The University of Oradea is in Oradea,
Romania. A) Sandvikens Gymnasieskola in Sandviken,
• It is home to a Foucault pendulum. Sweden, and the University of Oradea in
• A Foucault pendulum dangles from a fixed Oradea, Romania, both house Foucault
point that ensures the swing path of the pen- pendulums.
dulum doesn’t change.
• To an observer, the swing path of a Fou- B) Sandvikens Gymnasieskola, which is home
cault pendulum appears to change over time to a Foucault pendulum, is in Sweden, not
because Earth rotates beneath it. Romania.
C) One Foucault pendulum is in Sweden, and
the other is in Romania.
D) Because Earth rotates beneath it, the
swing path of the Foucault pendulum at
Sandvikens Gymnasieskola appears to
change over time.

While researching a topic, a student has 115

taken the following notes:
The student wants to explain the implications of
• The Clovis First hypothesis proposes that
the discovery at the Saltville site. Which choice
ancient humans known as Clovis were the
most e!ectively uses relevant information from
first to populate North America.
the notes to accomplish this goal?
• The Clovis arrived around 13,000 years
ago. A) It is the contention of the Clovis First
• Stone tools found at the Saltville site in hypothesis that the Clovis, an ancient
Virginia date to approximately 16,000 years human population, were the first to
ago. inhabit North America, arriving around
• These items support the idea that humans 13,years ago.
were present in North America before the
Clovis population arrived. B) Located in Virginia, Saltville is one of
• More than a dozen North American sites more than a dozen North American sites
containing pre-Clovis items have been identi- where pre-Clovis items have been
fied. discovered.
C) The approximately 16,000-year-old stone
tools found at Saltville, a site in Virginia,
should not be overlooked: they have
important implications for the Clovis First
hypothesis.
D) Contrary to the Clovis First hypothesis,
the approximately 16,000-year-old stone
tools found at Saltville suggest that
humans were in North America before the
Clovis arrived.

@satashkent 185
 While researching a topic, a student has 116
taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize a di!erence
• Louis Ballard was a classical composer and
between the two compositions. Which choice
citizen of the Quapaw Tribe.
most e!ectively uses relevant information from
• His compositions synthesize Western clas-
the notes to accomplish this goal?
sical music with elements of various Native
musical traditions. A) Kachina Dances and Fantasy Aborigine
• Ballard’s classical piece Kachina Dances No. are two compositions written by
features traditional Hopi songs. Ballard, a classical music composer.
• Ballard’s classical piece Fantasy Aborigine
No. 3 incorporates a Tewa seashell rattle, a B) In his two compositions Kachina Dances
traditional Native instrument. and Fantasy Aborigine No. 3, Ballard
blends elements of various Native musical
traditions, such as Indigenous songs or
instruments, with Western classical music.
C) Ballard has di!erent approaches to
blending Western classical music with
elements of various Native musical
traditions, such as using Indigenous songs
and instruments in his compositions.
D) While both compositions integrate various
Native musical traditions, Kachina Dances
does so by featuring traditional Hopi songs
and Fantasy Aborigine No. does so by
incorporating a Tewa seashell rattle.

While researching a topic, a student has 117

taken the following notes:
The student wants to specify how many
• Chromosomes are cellular structures that
chromosomes the American paddlefish has.
contain genes.
Which choice most e!ectively uses relevant
• Genes carry critical instructions for deter-
information from the notes to accomplish this
mining an organism’s physical traits.
goal?
• Members of the same species typically have
the same number of chromosomes. A) The American paddlefish’s chromosomes
• The American paddlefish (Polyodon contain genes, which are critical to
spathula) and the crucian carp (Caras- determining an organism’s physical traits.
sius carassius) are species of fish.
• The American paddlefish has 120 chromo- B) The American paddlefish (Polyodon
somes. spathula) and the crucian carp (Carassius
• The crucian carp has one hundred chromo- carassius) both have chromosomes, but the
somes. American paddlefish has more than the
crucian carp does.
C) The American paddlefish (Polyodon
spathula) has 120 chromosomes.
D) The crucian carp, a species of fish, has one
hundred structures called chromosomes.

@satashkent 186
 While researching a topic, a student has 118
taken the following notes:
The student wants to compare the curviness of
• A river’s stream length is the length of a
the two rivers. Which choice most e!ectively
line that follows along the river path.
uses relevant information from the notes to
• A river’s valley length is the length of a
accomplish this goal?
straight line drawn from the beginning of the
river to the end. A) The high-sinuosity Luni River in India is
• The river’s curviness, or sinuosity, is the curvier than the low-sinuosity Embarras
ratio of the river’s stream length to its valley River in Canada.
length.
• Low-sinuosity rivers have a stream length B) The Embarras River’s ratio of stream
1–1.5 times longer than their valley length, length to valley length, also known as
and high-sinuosity rivers have a stream sinuosity, is greater than that of the Luni
length 1.5 or more times longer than their River.
valley length.
C) In both the Embarras and the Luni rivers,
• The Embarras River in Canada has high
curviness is determined by comparing
sinuosity.
stream length to valley length.
• The Luni River in India has low sinuosity.
D) By comparing the stream lengths of the
Embarras and Luni rivers to their valley
lengths, one can calculate their curviness,
or sinuosity.

While researching a topic, a student has 119

taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize a di!erence
• Happiness Is Expensive is a 2012 sculpture
between the two sculptures. Which choice most
by American artist Alejandro Dı́az.
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
• It consists of a white neon sign that spells
notes to accomplish this goal?
out the title phrase.
• Harvest Moon is a 2013 sculpture by A) While the sculptures share a common
British/Pakistani artist Shezad Dawood. material, one spells out a phrase while the
• It consists of a yellow neon sign that forms other is decidedly more abstract.
an abstract moon shape.
• Neon signs became popular with advertisers B) American artist Alejandro Dı́az’s and
in the 1920s and began to decline in popular- British/Pakistani artist Shezad Dawood’s
ity in the 1960s. sculptures have employed neon signs in
• Neon signs became popular with artists in di!erent ways, demonstrating the
the 1960s and continue to be popular today. versatility of the popular material.
C) Dı́az’s sculpture was made in and
Dawood’s in 2013, both well after the
advertising heyday of neon signs had
passed.
D) Molded into an evocative phrase in
Happiness Is Expensive (2012), an abstract
form in Harvest Moon (2013), and an
advertising tool in decades past, neon
lighting has a number of di!erent
applications.

@satashkent 187
 While researching a topic, a student has 120
taken the following notes:
The student wants to provide an example of a
• Francis Halzen is a Belgian particle physi-
particle physicist whose research focuses on
cist.
neutrinos. Which choice most e!ectively uses
• Particle physicists study subatomic parti-
relevant information from the notes to
cles.
accomplish this goal?
• Neutrinos are some of the least understood
subatomic particles. A) The research done on high-energy
• Neutrinos were first discovered in the mid- astrophysical neutrinos exemplifies the
twentieth century. work particle physicists do to advance our
• Halzen is known for his discovery of high- understanding of subatomic particles.
energy astrophysical neutrinos.
B) By studying high-energy astrophysical
neutrinos—to name just one
example—particle physicists can learn
more about neutrinos.
C) Particle physicist Francis Halzen is known
for his discovery of high-energy
astrophysical neutrinos.
D) Neutrinos are a type of subatomic particle
that particle physicists are still trying to
understand.

While researching a topic, a student has 121

taken the following notes:
The student wants to describe the study’s
• In a 2010 study, researchers Katrin Heer,
research methodology. Which choice most
Larissa Albrecht, and Elisabeth K.V. Kalko
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
wanted to explore the e!ects of ingestion by
notes to accomplish this goal?
bats on the germination of Ficus obtusifolia
seeds in Panama. A) In the study, a lower percentage of Ficus
• The team of researchers tested 120 Ficus obtusifolia seeds ingested by bats
obtusifolia seeds that had been ingested by germinated than those that had not been
Jamaican fruit bats. ingested by bats.
• Of these, 111 seeds (93%) germinated.
• As a control, K. Heer et al. tested 120 B) The team of researchers tested the
Ficus obtusifolia seeds that had not been germination of Ficus obtusifolia seeds that
ingested by Jamaican fruit bats. had been ingested by Jamaican fruit bats
• Of these, 116 seeds (97%) germinated.” and Ficus obtusifolia seeds that had not
been ingested.
C) K. Heer et al. wanted to explore the e!ects
of Jamaican fruit bats’ ingestion on Ficus
obtusifolia seed germination.
D) No Correct Answer

@satashkent 188
 While researching a topic, a student has 122
taken the following notes:
The student wants to explain an advantage of
• Oak Tree House is an Ancestral Puebloan
the Oak Tree House dwelling site. Which choice
dwelling site located in southwestern Col-
most e!ectively uses relevant information from
orado.
the notes to accomplish this goal?
• It was built under a rock overhang and
inhabited from approximately 1180–1210 CE. A) The location of Oak Tree House, an
• The overhanging rock ledges o!ered protec- Ancestral Puebloan dwelling site in
tion from heavy rain and snow. southwestern Colorado, provided an
• Yucca House is an Ancestral Puebloan advantage to its inhabitants.
dwelling site located in southwestern Col-
orado. B) Located in southwestern Colorado, Oak
• It was built on relatively flat terrain and Tree House is an Ancestral Puebloan
inhabited from approximately 1080–1275 CE. dwelling site that was inhabited from
• This level surface allowed for the construc- approximately 1180–CE.
tion of large terraced buildings.
C) The relatively flat terrain on which Oak
Tree House was built allowed for the
construction of large terraced buildings.
D) Since it was built under a rock overhang,
Oak Tree House was naturally protected
from heavy rain and snow.

While researching a topic, a student has 123

taken the following notes:
The student wants to provide an example of a
• Ixmiquilpan is a municipality in the state
public service that Ixmiquilpan is responsible
of Hidalgo, Mexico.
for. Which choice most e!ectively uses relevant
• Municipalities are governmental regions
information from the notes to accomplish this
responsible for providing many public ser-
goal?
vices to their residents.
• One service they provide is water treat- A) Ixmiquilpan is one of municipalities in
ment. Hidalgo providing public services to their
• Ixmiquilpan’s population was 98,654 in communities.
2020.
• Hidalgo is divided into 84 municipalities. B) Ixmiquilpan—a governmental region in the
state of Hidalgo, Mexico—provides public
services to its residents.
C) As a municipality, Ixmiquilpan is
responsible for providing water treatment
to its residents.
D) In 2020, the municipality of Ixmiquilpan
had a population of 98,654.

@satashkent 189
 While researching a topic, a student has 124
taken the following notes:
The student wants to specify when Ur formed.
• A supercontinent is a single landmass
Which choice most e!ectively uses relevant
made up of most or all of Earth’s conti-
information from the notes to accomplish this
nents.
goal?
• Over time, continents merge together
to form supercontinents, which then break A) Ur was a supercontinent, a single landmass
apart. made up of most or all of Earth’s
• This process is believed to take hundreds of continents.
millions of years and is known as the super-
continent cycle. B) The supercontinent Ur formed about 3.1
• Ur and Columbia were supercontinents. billion years ago.
• Ur formed about 3.1 billion years ago.
C) Long ago, the Earth was home to
• Columbia formed about 1.8 billion years
supercontinents like Ur and Columbia.
ago.
D) Over hundreds of millions of years, the
supercontinent cycle results in
supercontinents forming and breaking
apart.

While researching a topic, a student has 125

taken the following notes:
The student wants to contrast the two samples.
• Generally, an object will heat up when
Which choice most e!ectively uses relevant
twisted.
information from the notes to accomplish this
• The twisting of an object is known as tor-
goal?
sion.
• A 2019 study led by Zunfeng Liu and Ray A) The natural rubber sample used in the
Baughman tested the torsional heating of study was thicker than the single-ply NiTi
various fibers. wire sample.
• When a 0.7-millimeter-thick sample of
single-ply nickel-titanium (NiTi) wire was B) When the fibers were twisted as part of
twisted, its average surface temperature in- the study, the surface temperature of both
creased by 21.3°C. samples increased.
• When a 2.2-millimeter-thick sample of
C) Twisting an object will generally cause its
natural rubber fiber was twisted, its average
temperature to increase, a process known
surface temperature increased by 15.3°C.
as torsional heating.
D) In 2019, researchers studied the e!ect of
torsional heating on various fibers,
including samples of natural rubber and
single-ply NiTi wire.

@satashkent 190
 While researching a topic, a student has 126
taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize a similarity
• Grimanesa Amoros is a Peruvian Amer-
between Uros House and Golden Waters. Which
ican artist well known for her LED light
choice most e!ectively uses relevant information
sculptures.
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
• Her sculpture Uros House is made of
smooth multicolored LED domes. A) Uros House is an LED light sculpture
• It occupies 250 cubic feet of space. made by Grimanesa Amoros, as is Golden
• Her sculpture Golden Waters is made of Waters.
entangled blue and white LED tubes.
• It occupies 118,080 cubic feet of space. B) The smooth LED domes of Grimanesa
Amoros’s Uros House stand in contrast to
the tangled LED tubes of Golden Waters.
C) Grimanesa Amoros is the artist behind
Uros House—a sculpture made of smooth
multicolored LED domes.
D) At 118,cubic feet in size, Grimanesa
Amoros’s Golden Waters cuts a larger
figure than the 250-cubic-foot Uros House.

While researching a topic, a student has 127

taken the following notes:
The student wants to specify an element’s
• Element abundance is a relative measure
relative abundance on Earth. Which choice most
of the occurrence of a chemical element in a
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
given environment.
notes to accomplish this goal?
• An element’s relative abundance can be
expressed as a mass fraction, mole fraction, A) Mass fraction, mole fraction, and volume
or volume fraction. fraction can all be used to express an
• Mass fraction is the ratio of an element’s element’s relative abundance in a given
mass to the combined mass of all elements in environment.
a given environment.
• The mass fraction of calcium (Ca) is B) Expressed as a mass fraction, the relative
17,100 parts per million (ppm), or 1.71%, abundance of potassium on Earth is ppm,
on Earth. or 0.016%.
• The mass fraction of potassium (K) is 160
C) The relative abundance of the element
ppm, or 0.016%, on Earth.
potassium on Earth can be expressed in
three di!erent ways.
D) On Earth, the mass fraction of potassium
is greater than that of calcium.

@satashkent 191
 While researching a topic, a student has 128
taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize a di!erence
• A supercontinent is a single landmass
between the two supercontinents. Which choice
made up of most or all of Earth’s conti-
most e!ectively uses relevant information from
nents.
the notes to accomplish this goal?
• Over time, continents merge together
to form supercontinents, which then break A) Euramerica formed about million years
apart. ago, but Ur formed much earlier—about
• This process is believed to take hundreds of 3.1 billion years ago.
millions of years and is known as the super-
continent cycle. B) Forming and breaking apart over hundreds
• Ur was a supercontinent that formed about of millions of years, supercontinents are
3.1 billion years ago. made up of most or all of Earth’s
• Euramerica was a supercontinent that continents.
formed about 300 million years ago.
C) Ur and Euramerica were both
supercontinents, single landmasses made
up of most or all of Earth’s continents.
D) Ur formed about 3.1 billion years ago but
eventually broke apart.

While researching a topic, a student has 129

taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize a di!erence
• Lighthouses send out crucial light signals
between the two lighthouse keepers. Which
to help ships and other watercraft navigate
choice most e!ectively uses relevant information
at night.
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
• Before automation, lighthouses were run
by lighthouse keepers. A) Elizabeth Lusby and Thelma Austin both
• Elizabeth Lusby was the lighthouse keeper played crucial roles in ensuring safe
at Turkey Point Light in Maryland. navigation for watercraft in past centuries.
• She held this position from 1844 to 1862.
• Thelma Austin was the lighthouse keeper B) As the lighthouse keeper at Point Fermin
at Point Fermin Light in California. Light, Thelma Austin helped watercraft
• She held this position from 1925 to 1941. navigate at night.
C) Elizabeth Lusby worked as a lighthouse
keeper in an earlier century than did
Thelma Austin.
D) From to 1862, the nighttime waters of
Maryland were made more navigable
thanks to Elizabeth Lusby.

@satashkent 192
 While researching a topic, a student has 130
taken the following notes:
The student wants to contrast the two plants.
• Most of the plant and bird species in Oahu,
Which choice most e!ectively uses relevant
Hawaii, are non-native.
information from the notes to accomplish this
• In a 2019 study, researchers wanted to
goal?
know what role non-native birds play in dis-
persing plant seeds in Oahu. A) In Oahu, Hawaii, seeds from Touchardia
• Researchers catalogued plant seeds found in latifolia and Hedychium gardnerianum
fecal samples from non-native birds. plants were found in the fecal samples of
• Touchardia latifolia, a flowering shrub, non-native birds.
was one of fifteen native species catalogued.
• Hedychium gardnerianum, an herbaceous B) The plants Touchardia latifolia and
vine, was one of twenty-nine non-native Hedychium gardnerianum can be found in
species catalogued. Oahu, Hawaii.
• Researchers concluded that non-native
C) Touchardia latifolia, a species of shrub, is
birds play a vital role in dispersing the seeds
native to Oahu, Hawaii, but Hedychium
of native and non-native plants.
gardnerianum, a species of vine, is not.
D) Most plant species found in Oahu, Hawaii,
like Hedychium gardnerianum, are
non-native.

While researching a topic, a student has 131

taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize a similarity
• The Simon Kenton Trail is a rail trail.
between the Simon Kenton Trail and the
• It is located in Ohio.
Papermill Trail. Which choice most e!ectively
• The Papermill Trail is a rail trail.
uses relevant information from the notes to
• It is located in Maine.
accomplish this goal?
• Rail trails are former railroad corridors
that have been converted into public paths. A) A public path created from a former
railroad corridor can be found in Maine.
B) Both the Simon Kenton Trail and the
Papermill Trail are rail trails.
C) The Simon Kenton Trail is in Ohio,
whereas the Papermill Trail is in Maine.
D) A former railroad corridor, the Simon
Kenton Trail is located in Ohio.

@satashkent 193
 While researching a topic, a student has 132
taken the following notes:
The student wants to compare the disadvantages
• The Wairakei geothermal power plant in
of the geothermal systems used at the Wairakei
New Zealand uses a flash steam system to
and Traunreut plants. Which choice most
generate electricity.
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
• Flash steam technology requires geothermal
notes to accomplish this goal?
reservoir temperatures above 180°C.
• The use of flash steam systems worldwide A) Unlike the Traunreut plant, the Wairakei
is limited because many geothermal reser- plant uses a flash steam system, which
voirs aren’t hot enough. requires a less common resource:
• The Traunreut geothermal power plant in geothermal reservoirs with temperatures
Germany uses a binary cycle system. above 180°C.
• Binary cycle technology can generate
energy from lower-temperature (less than B) Compared with the system used at the
180°C) geothermal reservoirs. Wairakei plant, the system used at the
• Binary cycle systems involve higher main- Traunreut plant has a notable
tenance costs than flash steam systems. disadvantage: its cost.
C) The system used at the Traunreut plant
overcomes the temperature limitations of
the Wairakei plant’s system but is more
costly to maintain
D) The system at the Wairakei plant requires
temperatures above 180°C, while the
system at the Traunreut plant can operate
at lower temperatures.

While researching a topic, a student has 133

taken the following notes:
The student wants to make a generalization
• A sailing trip that goes in a complete circle
about circumnavigations. Which choice most
around the world is called a circumnaviga-
e!ectively uses the relevant information from the
tion.
notes to accomplish this goal?
• Most circumnavigations include stops on
land. A) Pajkowska sailed FanFan around the
• Anne Liardet is a French sailor. world, while Liardet siled Roxy.
• Liardet sailed the boat Roxy on a nonstop,
119-day circumnavigation. B) Pajkowska and Liardet have both
• Asia Pajkowska is a Polish sailor. embarked on sailing journeys around the
• Pajkowska sailed the boat FanFan on a world, also called circumnavigations.
nonstop, 216-day circumnavigation.
C) Most circumnavigations include stops on
land, but some circumnavigations are
nonstop.
D) A circumnavigation is defined as a sailing
trip that goes in a complete circle around
the world.

@satashkent 194
 While researching a topic, a student has 134
taken the following notes:
The student wants to contrast the subjects
• Hyde Park is a 1931 color linocut print by
matter of the two prints. Which choice most
Canadian artist Sybil Andrews.
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
• It depicts a tranquil, everyday scene (a
notes to accomplish this goal?
spring day in a city park).
• Amanzi Amthatha (”The cold water takes A) The print by Tana is a black-and-white
him”) is a 2001 black-and-white linocut print linocut; by contrast, Andrews’s is a relief
by South African artist Nomathemba Tana. print.
• It features a scene with an explicitly polit-
ical point of view(a Xhosa warrior fighting B) Tana’s print expresses an explicitly
British colonial rule). political point of view, while Andrews’s
• Relief painting is a technique in which an depicts a tranquil, everyday scene.
image is carved onto a printing block, cov-
C) Andrews made Hyde Park in 1931, while
ered in ink or paint, and stamped onto paper.
Tana made Amanzi Amthatha (”The cold
• Lino cutting is a type of relief Printing
water takes him”) later, in 2001.
that uses linoleum tile as the printing block.
D) The scenes depicted in both works were
first carved onto a printing block, then
stamped onto paper; however, one work is
a linocut, while the other is a relief print.

While researching a topic, a student has 135

taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize a similarity
• A copyright prevents a book’s contents
between The Prophet and the Professor’s House.
from being reproduced (published) without
Which choice most e!ectively uses relevant
permission from the copyright holder.
information from the notes to accomplish this
• When a book’s copyright expires, the book
goal?
enters the public domain and can be legally
reproduced by anyone. A) The Prophet, a collection of prose poems
• The Prophet is a collection of prose poems by Kahlil Gibran, entered public domain
by Kahlil Gibran. in 2019, unlike Willa Cather’s novel The
• It entered the public domain in 2019. Professor’s House, which would do so later.
• The Professor’s House is a novel by Willa
Cather. B) The Prophet, a collection of prose poems
• It entered the public domain in 2021. by Kahlil Gibran, and The Professor’s
House, a novel by Willa Cather, recently
entered the public domain.
C) The Prophet is a collection of prose poems,
whereas The Professor’s House is a novel
D) The year was 2021, and the copyright to
Willa Cather’s The Professor’s House had
finally expired.

@satashkent 195
 While researching a topic, a student has 136
taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• The A.M Turing Award is a prestigious
from the given sentences to emphasize when
award given by the Association for Comput-
Shafi Goldwasser won A.M. Turing Award?
ing Machinery(ACM)
• The ACM gives the award for ”major A) For transformative work that laid the
contributions of lasting importance to com- foundations for digital cryptography, Shafi
puting” Goldwasser won the A.M. Turing Award.
• Shafi Goldwasser won the award in 2012
for transformative work that laid the founda- B) It was in 2012 that Shafi Goldwasser won
tions for digital cryptography. the A.M. Turing award.
C) Shafi Goldwasser is one winner of the A.M.
Turing Award.
D) The prestigious A.M. Turing Award is
given for ”major contributions of lasting
importance to computing.”

While researching a topic, a student has 137

taken the following notes:
The student wants to specify when the false
• The false killer whale is a mammal species.
killer whale was identified. Which choice most
• It was believed to be extinct until a living
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
false killer whale was identified in Denmark
notes to accomplish this goal?
in 1861.
• The Banggai crow is a bird species. A) A living false killer whale, once believed to
• It was believed to be extinct until a living be extinct, was identified in 1861.
Banggai crow was identified in Indonesia in
2007. B) Previously believed to be extinct, a living
• They are considered Lazarus species. false killer whale was identified in
• ”Lazarus species” is term for living species Denmark.
of organisms that were once believed to be
C) Identified in Indonesia, a living Banggai
extinct.
crow was found in 2007.
D) An example of a Lazarus species was found
in 2007.

@satashkent 196
 While researching a topic, a student has 138
taken the following notes:
The student wants to identify the year that the
• Ibn Sina was a Persian philosopher and
Canon of Medicine was published. Which choice
physician.
most e!ectively uses relevant information from
• His book The Canon of Medicine recorded
the notes to accomplish this goal?
the most advanced medical knowledge of his
time. A) Ibn Sina recorded the most advanced
• It was published in the years 1025 CE. medical knowledge of his time in his book
• It was used as a medical textbook in Middle The Canon of Medicine.
Eastern and European universities for cen-
turies. B) A Persian philosopher and physician wrote
a medical textbook called The Cannon of
Medicine.
C) The Cannon of Medicine was a medical
textbook used by Middle Eastern and
European universities for centuries.
D) Ibn Sina’s book The Canon of Medicine
was published in the year 1025 CE.

While researching a topic, a student has 139

taken the following notes:
The student wants to indicate how Fulton,
• The engineer Robert Fulton designed the
Missouri, got its name. Which choice most
Clermont steamboat in 1807.
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
• He designed it in New York City.
notes to accomplish this goal?
• Clermont was the world’s first commer-
cially successful steamboat. A) Fulton Street is in New York City, where
• The city of Fulton, Missouri, is named steamboat Clermont was designed in 1807.
after Robert Fulton.
• New York City’s Fulton Street is named B) Fulton, Missouri, is named after Robert
after him. Fulton, designer of the first commercially
successful steamboat.
C) Designed in in New York City, Clermont
was the first commercially successful
steamboat.
D) Fulton, Missouri, shares its name with
Fulton Street in New York City.

@satashkent 197
 While researching a topic, a student has 140
taken the following notes:
The student wants to proved an example of a
• The El Pinito Mountains are a mountain
sky island. Which choice most e!ectively uses
range located in northwestern Mexico.
relevant information from the notes to
• The range is one of the dozens of ”sky
accomplish this goal?
islands” in the southwestern US and north-
western Mexico. A) Sky islands are isolated mountain ranges
• A sky island is an isolated mountain range whose environments di!er drastically from
whose environment di!ers drastically from that of the surrounding lowlands; as the
that of the surrounding lowlands. USFS puts it, ”The mountains are ’islands’
• The US Forest Service (USFS) said, surrounded by deserts that are ’seas.’”
”The mountains are ’islands’ surrounded
by deserts that are ’seas.’” B) The USFS considers each of the sky
• The USFS said, ”Each sky Island is a islands, whose environments di!er
unique ecosystem.” drastically from that of the surrounding
lowlands, to be a ”unique ecosystem.”
C) There are dozens of sky islands in the
southwestern US and northwestern
Mexico, such as the El Pinito Mountains.
D) In the southwestern US and northwestern
Mexico, there are dozens of sky islands:
isolated mountain ranges whose
environments di!er drastically from that of
the surrounding lowlands.

While researching a topic, a student has 141

taken the following notes:
The student wants to indicate the title of a
• Samuel Delaney is a US writer known for
novel that won a Nebula Award. Which choice
his science fiction.
most e!ectively uses relevant information from
• Delaney’s science fiction novel Babel-17
the notes to accomplish this goal?
was published in 1966.
• The novel won a Nebula Award in 1967. A) One of Samuel Delaney’s novels was
• The Nebula Awards are given each year to among the best works of science fiction
the best works of science fiction published in published in the US.
the US.
B) Samuel Delaney is an award-winning US
writer known for his science fiction.
C) Babel-17, by Samuel Delaney, won a
Nebula Award in 1967.
D) Samuel Delaney published a science fiction
novel in 1966.

@satashkent 198
 While researching a topic, a student has 142
taken the following notes:
The student wants to contrast the orbits of the
• Uranus has twenty-seven moons, including
two moons. Which choice most e!ectively uses
Oberon and Miranda.
relevant information from the notes to
• Oberon completes an orbit of Uranus in
accomplish this goal?
13.46 Earth days on average.
• Miranda completes an orbit of Uranus in A) Miranda completes its orbit of Uranus
1.41 Earth days on average. many times faster than Oberon does.
• German mathematician and astronomer
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) described the B) Kepler’s three laws of planetary motion
orbits of planets as elliptical in shape rather describe the orbits of planets and natural
than circular. satellites, including those of Oberon and
• Kepler published three laws of planetary Miranda.
motion to describe the orbits of planets
C) Oberon’s orbit of Uranus is elliptical in
around the Sun.
shape and takes, on average, 13.46 Earth
• Kepler’s laws also apply to the elliptical
days, while Miranda’s orbit of Uranus is
orbits of natural satellites (e.g.. moons).
circular in shape and takes, on average,
1.41 Earth days.
D) Uranus’s moons, specifically Oberon and
Miranda, orbit their planet in the same
way the planets orbit the Sun.

While researching a topic, a student has 143

taken the following notes:
The student wants to define the term
• A U-shaped curve in a river channel is
”high-sinuosity river.” Which choice most
called a meander.
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
• A meander forms when water erodes sed-
notes to accomplish this goal?
iment from one side of the riverbank and
redeposits that sediment on the opposite side. A) A high-sinuosity river is one that has many
• Meanders will gradually change shape and meanders, or U-shaped curves.
migrate downstream over time.
• A river with high sinuosity has many me- B) A high-sinuosity river has U-shaped curves
anders, and a river with low sinuosity has called meanders that will gradually change
few. shape and shift downstream.
• The Willapa River in the United States has
C) High sinuosity is caused by the erosion and
high sinuosity.
redepositing of sediment in a riverbank
over time.
D) Over time, the many meanders in the
high-sinuosity Willapa River will change
shape and migrate downstream.

@satashkent 199
 While researching a topic, a student has 144
taken the following notes:
The student wants to describe the role of
• Freezers and other cooling technologies use
refrigerants in freezers. Which choice most
chemical compounds called refrigerants to
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
absorb heat and release cold air.
notes to accomplish this goal?
• When a refrigerant absorbs heat, it under-
goes vaporization, changing from a liquid to A) Freezers can absorb heat and release cold
a gas. air through vaporization and condensation.
• When it cools, it undergoes condensation,
changing from a gas to a liquid. B) The refrigerant fluoromethane, used in
• The refrigerant fluoromethane is a hy- freezers, is made up of hydrogen, fluorine,
drofluorocarbon (HFC). and carbon.
• HFCs are composed of the elements hydro-
C) Used in freezers, refrigerants such as
gen, fluorine, and carbon.
fluoromethane can change from a gas to a
liquid and back.
D) Freezers use refrigerants like fluoromethane
to absorb heat and release cold air.

While researching a topic, a student has 145

taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize a similarity
• The Carnegie Prize is an international art
between two artworks. Which choice most
competition administered by the Carnegie
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
Museum of Art in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
notes to accomplish this goal?
• Painter John Lavery of Ireland won a
Carnegie Prize gold medal in 1896. A) Both Lady in Brown and Mobile:
• Lavery’s winning artwork was a painting Pittsburgh are Carnegie Prize gold medal-
entitled Lady in Brown. winning artworks.
• Sculptor Alexander Calder of the US won
a Carnegie Prize gold medal in 1958. B) Lavery, a painter, won a Carnegie Prize
• Calder’s winning artwork was a sculpture gold medal in for Lady in Brown.
entitled Mobile: Pittsburgh.
C) The Carnegie Art Museum in Pittsburgh.
Pennsylvania, has awarded Carnegie Prize
gold medals to both painters and sculptors.
D) In contrast to Lady in Brown, a painting.
Mobile: Pittsburgh is a sculpture.

@satashkent 200
 While researching a topic, a student has 146
taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize a similarity
• A copyright prevents a book’s contents
between Harmonium and Barren Ground.
from being reproduced (published) without
Which choice most e!ectively uses relevant
permission from the copyright holder.
information from the notes to accomplish this
• When a book’s copyright expires, the book
goal?
enters the public domain and can be legally
reproduced by anyone. A) The year was 2021, and the copyright to
• Harmonium is a poetry collection by Wal- Ellen Glasgow’s Barren Ground had finally
lace Stevens. expired.
• It entered the public domain in 2019.
• Barren Ground is a novel by Ellen Glas- B) Harmonium, a poetry collection by
gow, Wallace Stevens, and Barren Ground, a
• It entered the public domain in 2021. novel by Ellen Glasgow, recently entered
the public domain.
C) Harmonium is a poetry collection, whereas
Barren Ground is a novel.
D) Harmonium, a poetry collection by
Wallace Stevens, entered the public
domain in 2019, unlike Ellen Glasgow’s
novel Barren Ground, which would do so
later.

While researching a topic, a student has 147

taken the following notes:
The student wants to explain an advantage of
• Antelope House is an Ancestral Puebloan
the Antelope House dwelling site. Which choice
dwelling site located in northeastern Ari-
most e!ectively uses relevant information from
zona.
the notes to accomplish this goal?
• It was built under a rock overhang and
inhabited from approximately 1050-1270 CE. A) The relatively flat terrain on which
• The overhanging rock ledges o!ered protec- Antelope House was built allowed for the
tion from heavy rain and snow. construction of large terraced buildings.
• Mud Springs Pueblo is a an Ancestral
Puebloan dwelling site located in southwest- B) Located in northeastern Arizona. Antelope
ern Colorado. House is an Ancestral Puebloan dwelling
• It was built on relatively flat terrain and site that was inhabited from
inhabited from approximately 1200-1250 CE. approximately 1050-.
• This level surface allowed for the construc-
C) The location of Antelope House, an
tion of large terraced buildings.
Ancestral Puebloan dwelling site in
northeastern Arizona, provided an
advantage to its inhabitants.
D) Since it was built under a rock overhang,
Antelope House was naturally protected
from heavy rain and snow.

@satashkent 201
 While researching a topic, a student has 148
taken the following notes:
The student wants to indicate the size of the
• The Coachella Valley National Wildlife
Coachella Valley NWR. Which choice most
Refuge (NWR) is a protected natural area in
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
California.
notes to accomplish this goal?
• It encompasses 3,592 acres.
• It was established to safeguard the habitat A) The Coachella Valley NWR is a natural
of the Coachella Valley fringe-toed lizard, an area in California, home to the Coachella
endangered species. Valley fringe-toed lizard.
• The Coachella Valley NWR is managed by
the US Fish & Wildlife Service. B) A protected natural area, the Coachella
• The US Fish & Wildlife Service limits Valley NWR encompasses 3,592 acres of
human activities in the area. land in California.
C) The Coachella Valley NWR is a protected
natural area managed by the US Fish &
Wildlife Service, which limits human
activities there.
D) Home to the Coachella Valley fringe-toed
lizard, California’s Coachella Valley NWR
is managed by the US Fish & Wildlife
Service.

While researching a topic, a student has 149

taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize the global rank
• Mauritania is a country in North Africa.
of Mauritania’s youth population. Which choice
• A high percentage of Mauritania’s popula-
most e!ectively uses relevant information from
tion (39.9 percent) is under fifteen years old.
the notes to accomplish this goal?
• It has the thirty-fourth-largest under-fifteen
population in the world. A) With 39.9 percent of its population under
• Roughly 40 percent of Africa’s population fifteen years of age, Mauritania has the
is under fifteen years old the highest of any thirty-fourth largest population for that
continent. age range in the world.
• According to the United Nations (UN),
Africa’s ”high number of young people is an B) Africa’s high population of young people is
opportunity for the continent’s growth – but due in part to the high percentage of
only if the new generations are fully empow- young people in Mauritania.
ered to realize their best potential.”
C) Making up roughly 40 percent of the
continent’s total population, Africa’s
under-fifteen population o!ers ”an
opportunity for the continent’s growth,”
according to the UN.
D) ”Only if these new generations are fully
empowered to realize their best potential,”
says the UN, will Africa’s high percentage
of young people lead to the continent’s
growth.

@satashkent 202
 While researching a topic, a student has 150
taken the following notes:
The student wants to provide an example of one
• Elizabeth Catlett (1915-2012) was a cele-
of Catlett’s sculptures. Which choice most
brated African American artist.
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
• She is best known for creating sculptures
notes to accomplish this goal?
and prints that explore the Black experience.
• Mahalia is a 2002 sculpture by Catlett. A) The sculpture Mahalia was created by
• Paulina is a 2009 print by Catlett. celebrated artist Elizabeth Catlett in 2002.
B) Elizabeth Catlett, a celebrated artist, was
born in 1915.
C) The print Paulina was created by
celebrated artist Elizabeth Catlett in 2009.
D) Artist Elizabeth Catlett is best known for
creating sculptures and prints that explore
the Black experience.

While researching a topic, a student has 151

taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Herpetology is primarily the study of am-
from the given sentences to emphasize a
phibians and reptiles.
similarity between Dickerson and Onslow?
• Mary Cynthia Dickerson was an American
herpetologist born in 1866. A) Mary Cynthia Dickerson conducted
• She is known for her research on frogs. research on frogs; Muriel Wheldale
• Biochemistry is primarily the study of the Onslow, by contrast, is known for her
chemical makeup and activity of organisms. research on the basis of petal color in
• Muriel Wheldale Onslow was a British dragon flowers.
biochemist born in 1880.
• She is known for her research on the basis B) Herpetology and biochemistry are just two
of petal color in dragon flowers. examples of the myriad fields in which
scientists can specialize.
C) Like herpetologist Mary Cynthia
Dickerson, biochemist Muriel Wheldale
Onslow dedicated her scientific career to
the study of living organisms.
D) The herpetologist Mary Cynthia Dickerson
was born in 1866, but biochemist Muriel
Wheldale Onslow was born later, in 1880.

@satashkent 203
 While researching a topic, a student has 152
taken the following notes:
The student wants to specify where Hadramphus
• Hadramphus tuberculatus is an insect
tuberculatus was identified. Which choice most
species.
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
• It was believe to be extinct until a living
notes to accomplish this goal?
specimen was identified in New Zealand in
2004. A) In 1974, a living specimen of Catagonus
• Catagonus wagneri is a mammal species. wagneri was found in Argentina.
• It was believed to be extinct until a liv-
ing specimen was identified in Argentina in B) A living specimen of Hadramphus
1974. tuberculatus, once believed to be extinct,
• They are considered Lazarus species. was identified in 2004.
• ”Lazarus species” is a term for living
C) Previously believed to be extinct, a living
species of organisms that were once believed
specimen of Hadramphus tuberculatus was
to be extinct.
identified in New Zealand.
D) Examples of Lazarus species can be found
in Hadramphus tuberculatus as well as
Catagonus wagneri.

While researching a topic, a student has 153

taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize how many
• In a 2021 study, researchers showed par-
participants selected an altered version of Fred
ticipants an unaltered image of a popular
Flintstone. Which choice most e!ectively uses
character or logo alongside two slightly al-
relevant information from the notes to
tered versions.
accomplish this goal?
• Fred Flintstone is a cartoon man in a spot-
ted tunic. A) When participants were asked to identify
• In the first alteration, the tunic had a the correct version of Fred Flintstone,
striped pattern. 86.9% selected the unaltered image.
• In the second alteration, the tunic had no
pattern. B) A study showed participants an unaltered
• Participants were asked to identify the image of Fred Flintstone, who is a cartoon
correct version. man in a spotted tunic, alongside two
• 86.9% of participants selected the unaltered altered versions.
image, and 13.1% selected an altered ver-
C) Participants were asked to identify the
sion.
correct version of Fred Flintstone, who is a
cartoon man in a spotted tunic.
D) When shown three versions of Fred
Flintstone and asked to select the correct
one, 13.1% of participants chose an altered
version.

@satashkent 204
 While researching a topic, a student has 154
taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize similarity
• Body positions are a fundamental aspect of
between the two positions. Which choice most
dance.
e!ectively uses relevant information from the
• In Vaganova method ballet, there is a
notes to accomplish this goal?
position for the dancer’s arms called first
position. A) First position in Vaganova method ballet
• In the position, both arms are rounded to and demi-seconde position in Royal
roughly align the fingers with the navel. Academy of Dance ballet are both
• In Royal Academy of Dance ballet, there positions for the dancer’s arms.
is a position for the dancer’s arms called
demi-seconde position. B) Both first position and demi-seconde
• In this position, both arms are out to the position are positions in Royal Academy of
sides but angled downward. Dance ballet.
C) In first position, both arms are rounded to
roughly align the fingers with the navel, in
contrast to demi-seconde position, where
both arms are out to the sides but angled
downward.
D) In Vaganova method ballet, there are a
number of positions, including first
position.

While researching a topic, a student has 155

taken the following notes:
The student wants to identify the title of Zora
• Zora Neale Hurston was an acclaimed
Neale Hurston’s first published short story.
writer.
Which choice most e!ectively uses relevant
• Her first published work of fiction was a
information from the notes to accomplish this
short story.
goal?
• It was called ”John Redding Goes to Sea.”
• It first appeared in Stylus in 1921. A) Zora Neale Hurston’s first published work
of fiction appeared in 1921.
B) Zora Neale Hurston’s first published short
story was called ”John Redding Goes to
Sea.”
C) In 1921, a short story by Zora Neale
Hurston appeared in Stylus.
D) Acclaimed writer Zora Neale Hurston’s
first published work of fiction was a short
story.

@satashkent 205
 While researching a topic, a student has 156
taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize a similarity
• The Galápagos penguin is a species of bird
between the Galápagos penguin and the grey
that can be found on the Galápagos Island of
warbler finch. Which choice most e!ectively uses
Floreana.
relevant information from the notes to
• It has an average weight of 2.5 kilograms.
accomplish this goal?
• The grey warbler finch is a species of bird
that can be found on the Galápagos Island of A) On average, the Galápagos penguin weighs
Floreana. 2.5 kilograms, while the grey warbler finch
• It has an average weight of 9 grams. weighs 9 grams.
B) The grey warbler finch, which weighs 9
grams on average, can be found on the
Galápagos Island of Floreana.
C) The grey warbler finch and the Galápagos
penguin can both be found on the
Galápagos Island of Floreana.
D) The Galápagos Island of Floreana is home
to several bird species, one of which is the
Galapagos penguin.

While researching a topic, a student has 157

taken the following notes:
The student wants to specify the total mass of
• Element abundance is a relative measure
Earth’s iron relative to that of all elements.
of the amount of a chemical elements in a
Which choice most e!ectively uses relevant data
given environment.
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
• Abundance can be expressed as a mass
fraction. A) The mass fraction of iron on Earth is
• A mass fraction is the ratio of the total 319,000 ppm.
mass of an element to the combined mass of
all the elements in a given environment. B) Iron’s mass relative to the combined mass
• The mass fraction of iron (Fe) on Earth is of all elements on Earth is 13 ppm.
319,000 parts per million (ppm).
C) Iron’s abundance can be expressed by a
• The mass fraction of strontium (Sr) on
mass fraction, the element’s mass relative
Earth is 13 ppm.
to that of all elements on Earth.
D) Iron’s abundance on Earth is greater than
strontium’s, as reflected by iron’s higher
mass fraction.

@satashkent 206
 While researching a topic, a student has 158
taken the following notes:
Which choice most e!ectively uses information
• Birds of Northern South America is an
from the given sentences to emphasize a
identification guidebook by ornithologists
similarity between two birds?
Robin Restall, Clemencia Rodner, and
Miguel Lentino. A) Birds of Northern South America is an
• It lists the thirty-five hummingbird species expertly compiled guidebook by
found in Suriname. ornithologists Robin Restall, Clemencia
• The green-throated mango is a large hum- Rodner, and Miguel Lentino.
mingbird found in Suriname.
• It is identifiable by its green throat and its B) Though they share several traits in
long, black, curved bill. common, the green-throated mango is
• The horned sungem is a medium-sized larger than the horned sungem.
hummingbird found in Suriname.
C) While each exhibits unique traits in
• It is identifiable by its distinctive multi-
common, the green-throated mango and
colored, tufted crown and its short, black,
the horned sungem both have black bills.
straight bill.
D) The horned sungem is a medium-sized
hummingbird identifiable by its distinctive
multicolored, tufted crown and its short,
black, straight bill.

While researching a topic, a student has 159

taken the following notes:
The student wants to recount the sequence of
• If a moon orbiting a planet comes close
events proposed by the researchers. Which
enough to that planet, tidal forces can cause
choice most e!ectively uses relevant information
the moon to break apart.
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
• In a 2022 study, researchers proposed that
Saturn was once orbited by a large moon A) According to researchers’ simulations,
they named Chrysalis. debris from Saturn’s rings would likely
• Their simulations indicated that Chrysalis have caused Chrysalis – a large moon
would likely have come very close to Saturn orbiting Saturn – to break apart around
around 160 million years ago. million years ago.
• At that distance. Chrysalis would have
been broken apart by tidal forces. B) In a study, researchers proposed that
• The researchers hypothesized that the re- Saturn was once orbited by a large moon
sulting debris formed Saturn’s rings. that broke apart.
C) Around million years ago, a ago, a large
moon (Chrysalis) may have come close
enough to Saturn that tidal forces broke
the moon apart: its debris then formed the
planet’s rings.
D) If a moon orbiting a planet (like Saturn)
comes close enough to that planet, tidal
forces can cause the moon to break apart.

@satashkent 207
 While researching a topic, a student has 160
taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize an objective of
• A multiyear study called GREEN SURGE
the GREEN SURGE study. Which choice most
examined forty-four di!erent types of UNAs
e!ectively uses relevant information from to
(urban natural areas) in cities throughout
accomplish this goal?
Europe.
• A primary aim of the study was to deter- A) For multiple years, the GREEN SURGE
mine the benefits of UNAs in these cities. study was conducted in cities throughout
• Large urban parks are among the types of Europe.
UNAs included in the study.
• Large urban parks are defined as green city B) To achieve its main objective, the GREEN
areas reserved for recreational use. SURGE study examined forty- four
• They can benefit urban environments by di!erent types of UNAs, including large
contributing to biodiversity. urban parks.
C) Determining the benefits of UNAs in
European cities was a primary aim of the
GREEN SURGE study.
D) Large urban parks, which were included in
the GREEN SURGE study, can benefit
urban environments by contributing to
biodiversity.

While researching a topic, a student has 161

taken the following notes:
The student wants to describe Silver Upper
• Maya Lin is an American artist known for
White River to a new audience. Which choice
her memorials and works of installation art.
most e!ectively uses relevant information from
• She completed the Women’s Table in 1993.
the notes to accomplish this goal?
• It is a memorial sculpture consisting of
a thirty-two-ton granite fountain, and it is A) Completed in 2015, Maya Lin’s Silver
designed to commemorate female students at Upper White River is a large-scale
Yale University. installation artwork composed of recycled
• She completed Silver Upper White River in silver that fills an entire gallery wall.
2015.
• It is an installation composed of recycled B) Artist Maya Lin is well known for her
silver that fills an entire gallery wall. installation art, such as Silver Upper
White River (2015), and for her memorials.
C) Maya Lin’s Women’s Table is a granite
memorial sculpture that commemorates
female students at Yale University, while
Silver Upper White River is an installation
artwork.
D) Though Maya Lin’s Silver Upper White
River (2015) is not a memorial, its
gallery-filling scale may call to mind the
imposing Women’s Table, which consists of
a thirty-two-ton granite fountain.

@satashkent 208
 While researching a topic, a student has 162
taken the following notes:
The student wants to define the term
• Georeferencing is the process of assigning
”georeferencing.” Which choice most e!ectively
geographic coordinates to an image.
uses relevant information from the notes to
• This process enables mapping software to
accomplish this goal?
place the image in its real-world al-world
location. A) Tania Lopez Marrero and colleagues used
• A 2017 project by Tania López Marrero georeferencing used in their analysis of the
and colleagues georeferenced a set of aerial earliest known aerial photographs of
photographs of Puerto Rico’s coastline taken Puerto Rico.
in 1930.
• These photographs are the earliest known B) Georeferencing is the process of assigning
aerial photographs of Puerto Rico. geographic coordinates to an image so that
• López Marrero’s project provided data mapping software can place it in its
that can help researchers analyze changes in real-world location.
Puerto Rico’s coastline.
C) A project by Tania López Marrero and
colleagues assigned geographic coordinates
to photographs of Puerto Rico’s coastline
and also used georeferencing.
D) Georeferenced aerial photographs from can
help researchers analyze changes in Puerto
Rico’s coastline.

While researching a topic, a student has 163

taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize a similarity
• Grimanesa Amoros is a Peruvian Amer-
between Uros House and Ocupante. Which
ican artist well known for her LED light
choice most e!ectively uses relevant information
sculptures.
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
• Her sculpture Uros House is made of
smooth multicolored LED domes. A) At 80,cubic feet in size, Grimanesa
• It occupies 250 cubic feet of space. Amoros’s Ocupante cuts a larger figure
• Her sculpture Ocupante is made of entan- than the cubic foot Uros House.
gled blue and white LED tubes.
• It occupies 80,000 cubic feet of space. B) Uros House is an LED light sculpture made
by Grimanesa Amoros, as is Ocupante.
C) The smooth LED domes of Grimanesa
Amoros’s Uros House stand in contrast to
the tangled LED tubes of Ocupante.
D) Grimanesa Amoros is the artist behind
Uros House-a sculpture made of smooth
multicolored LED domes.

@satashkent 209
 While researching a topic, a student has 164
taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize a similarity
• Dinosaur fossil specimens can be found at
between the two dinosaur fossil specimens.
science museums all over the world.
Which choice most e!ectively uses relevant
• A dinosaur fossil specimen nicknamed
information from the notes to accomplish this
Stan is housed at the Black Hills Institute in
goal?
Hill City, South Dakota.
• Stan, a Tyrannosaurus, lived in the Late A) Both the Tyrannosaurus fossil specimen
Cretaceous period. Stan and the Triceratops fossil specimen
• A dinosaur fossil specimen nicknamed Horridus lived in the Late Cretaceous
Horridus is housed at the Melbourne Mu- period.
seum in Melbourne, Australia.
• Horridus, a Triceratops, lived in the Late B) While the Tyrannosaurus fossil specimen
Cretaceous period. Stan is in Hill City, South Dakota, the
Triceratops fossil specimen Horridus is in
Melbourne, Australia.
C) Dinosaur fossil specimens can be found at
science museums all muse the world,
including in Hill City, South Dakota, and
Melbourne, Australia.
D) The Black Hills Institute is home to Stan,
a Tyrannosaurus fossil specimen from the
Late Cretaceous period.

@satashkent 210
 III
Information
and Ideas

@satashkent 211
Topic 5: Main Ideas
27 Questions

DIRECTIONS

Must Know Tips:

• The correct answer choice should cover all points of the passage.

• Use the “True, False, Not Given” technique.

• Eliminate options that are partly correct and partly incorrect.

• Be cautious with options that are too extreme (e.g., ”only,” ”first,” ”last,” ”most/best”).

• Don’t read the question prompt (it’s static).

Recommended time per question in this section: min: 45 sec, max: 1 min 30 sec, avg: 67.5
sec. (*Exam level)

The following text is adapted from Daniel 1

Defoe’s 1704 nonfiction book The Storm.
Which choice best states the main idea of the
The sermon is a sound of words spoken
text?
to the ear, and prepared only for present
meditation and extends no farther than A) People are less likely to forget a message
the strength of memory can convey it; a when they hear it spoken aloud than they
book printed is a record, remaining in every are when they read it in print.
man’s possession, always ready to renew its
acquaintance with his memory, and always B) Unless a spoken message is delivered by [a
ready to be produced as an authority or confident orator, it may be] ignored
voucher to any reports he makes out of it,
C) Most authors have little hope of being
and conveys its contents for ages to come,
remembered well past their lifetimes.
to the eternity- of mortal time, when the
author is forgotten in his grave. D) Words committed to print have a greater
permeance than messages that are merely
spoken aloud.

@satashkent 212
 The Far Side of the World, first published 2
in 1984, is a novel in Patrick O’Brain’s
Which choice best states the main idea of the
Aubrey/Maturin series, which includes
text?
twenty books plus an unfinished fragment
of a twenty-first. Like the rest of the books A) It is unfair that the Aubrey/Maturin series
in the series, The Far Side of the World has does not have the critical reputation of
a rather abrupt ending, but the following The Forsyte Saga, which has a similar
book, The Reverse of the Medal, picks up structure.
neatly where The Far Side of the World
leaves o!. Thus, the sudden ending is only B) The Far Side of the World and The
an issue if one considers the books as inde- Reverse of the Medal are [two] of the most
pendent texts- the Aubrey/Maturin series is complex of Patrick O’Brian’s [novels of the
best thought of as a single incredibly long Aubrey/Maturin series] with
work, similar to other multivolume stories, unconventional structures.
such as John Galsworthy’s The Forsyte C) The structure of each of the novels of the
Saga. Aubrey/ Maturin series suggests that the
series should be considered a single
continuous story.
D) Many readers find the Aubrey/Maturin
novels to be remarkably entertaining
despite flaws novels’ structures.

Master and Commander, first published 3

in 1969, is a novel in Patrick O’Brian’s
Which choice best states the main idea of the
Aubrey/Maturin series, which includes
text?
twenty completed books. Some critics have
found fault with the abrupt endings of Mas- A) The unusual structure that O’Brian uses
ter and Commander and other books in the for Master and Commander makes it one
series, saying that they do not finish con- of his most intricate books.
clusively but arbitrarily stop. Other critics,
however, argue that the books should not B) Critics have di!ering views regarding the
be thought of as discrete texts with tra- e”cacy of the structures of the novels in
ditional beginnings and endings but as a the Aubrey/Maturin series.
single incredibly long work, similar to other
C) Some critics think the Aubrey/Maturin
multivolume stories, such as John Galswor-
series should have the literary form of The
thy’s The story of Saga
story of Saga, while others disagree.
D) Many critics judge the Aubrey/Maturin
novels to be remarkably entertaining
despite flaws in the novel’s structures.

@satashkent 213
 Horses and barn owls can see in three di- 4
mensions (3D) which helps them perceive
Which choice best states the main idea of the
distance and depth. Octopuses and squid
text?
are thought to lack 3D vision. Many re-
searchers once thought the same about A) Researchers have long known that horses
cuttlefish, but Trevor Wardell and his team and barn owls can see in 3D.
wanted to test whether this assumption
was true. The team studied how cuttlefish B) Cuttlefish are surprisingly similar in
wearing 3D glasses reacted to 3D images structure to octopuses and squid.
of shrimp (a favorite prey) projected on a
C) Contrary to what many researchers had
tank wall. Cuttlefish changed their striking
assumed, cuttlefish may be able to see in
position to match the 3D images, suggesting
3D.
that their vision is more like that of horses
and barn owls than that of octopuses or D) The ability to see in 3D allows many
squid. animals to interact with one another.

Meredith E. Protas and colleagues have 5

explored how convergent evolution–a phe-
Which choice best states the main idea of the
nomenon that occurs when the same trait
text?
evolves independently in two reproductively
separate lineages–can result from a genetic A) Before Green and Extavour’s study,
mechanism shared by both lineages. Mean- convergence evolution was assumed to
while, Bas J. Zwaan and colleagues have in- require a shared genetic mechanism
vestigated how convergence occurs through between two lineages that shared the trait.
di!erent genetic mechanisms, but the rel-
ative prevalence of convergence through B) Green and Extavour’s study was conducted
shared and di!erent genetic processes is still using data from the studies by Protas and
poorly understood. This motivated biolo- colleagues and Zwaan and colleagues.
gist Delbert A. Green II and Cassandra G.
C) Green and Extavour’s study addresses
Extavour to evaluate both types of conver-
convergent evolution more
gence in a single study for their 2012 paper.
comprehensively than the studies by
Protas and colleagues and Zwaan and
colleagues do.
D) Both the study by Protas and colleagues
and that by Green and Extavour compare
convergence through shared genetic
mechanism to convergence through
di!erent genetic mechanisms.

@satashkent 214
 The following text is from Frances E.W. 6
Harper’s 1892 novel Jola Leroy. The text
Which choice best states the main idea of the
describes Robert Johnson, who has recently
text?
joined the US Army.
A) Robert is well suited to his role in the
He was daring, without being rash; prompt, military.
but not thoughtless; firm without being
harsh. Kind and devoted to the company he B) Robert has put great e!ort into getting the
drilled, he soon won the respect of his supe- attention of his comrades.
rior o”cers and the love of his comrades.
C) Robert mainly seeks to help his comrades
even if his superiors don’t appreciate it.
D) Robert has made some mistakes out some
good qualities.

Animals use many objects as tools to 7

achieve goals more easily. Such goals in-
Which choice best states the main idea of the
clude grooming, finding food, and protecting
text?
themselves. For a long time, people thought
tool use was unique to primates. Octopuses A) Unlike primates, octopuses are
and other animals, though, have busted the exceptionally skillful at using di!erent
myth that tool use requires hands. Inven- tools.
tively, octopuses use two halves of a seashell
to provide protection or a place to hide. B) There are many myths about tool use that
Greater vasa parrots also get creative. They researchers are starting to challenge.
use date pits to grind seashells into calcium
C) Animals find it di”cult to use objects as
powder.
tools.
D) Contrary to long-held beliefs, primates
aren’t the only animals to use tools.

@satashkent 215
 The following text is from Guy de Maupas- 8
sant’s 1884 short story ”A Recollection,”
Which choice best states the main idea of the
from the collection Guy de Maupassant
text?
Short Stories (translated by Albert M. C.
McMaster et al. in 1903). The narrator A) Having decided to leave his current
is on a walk in the countryside outside of employment, the narrator is returning to
Paris, France. his childhood home in the country
I walked slowly beneath the young leaves, B) The narrator’s natural surroundings help
drinking in the air, fragrant with the odor him escape his work concerns by
of young buds and sap. I sauntered along, prompting hopes about the future and
forgetful of musty papers, of the o”ces, of memories of youth.
my chief, my colleagues, my documents,
C) The narrator is using the quiet of the
and thinking of the good things that were
countryside to help him think about how
sure to come to me, of all the veiled un-
projects at work could be advantageous for
known contained in the future. A thousand
his career.
recollections of childhood came over me,
awakened by these country odors, and I D) The narrator forgets to address pressing
walked along, permeated with the fragrant, work issues because the smells of the
living enchantment, the emotional enchant- countryside distract him with thoughts of
ment of the woods warmed by the sun of his youth.
June.

Tanya Tagaq is a writer and musician and 9

a member of the Inuit community of Cam-
Which choice best states the main idea of the
bridge Bay in northern Canada. Critics
text?
and fellow writers have praised her work
for combining traditional Inuit stories with A) Non-Indigenous authors should consider
popular genres of literature, such as fantasy the expectations of Indigenous readers.
fiction. But Tagaq is not the only Indige-
nous writer to blend traditional stories with B) Several famous Indigenous writers
popular literature. In the 2020 novel The increased their book sales when they
Only Good Indians, Stephen Graham Jones began incorporating traditional stories.
successfully blended the oral storytelling
C) Recent Indigenous fiction writers are
tradition of his tribe, the Blackfeet Nation,
mixing traditional stories with popular
with horror fiction.
literary genres.
D) The success of Tanya Tagaq has influenced
non-Indigenous authors who write in
popular literary genres.

@satashkent 216
 Mexican textile artist Victoria Villasana 10
weaves stories of triumph, using her unique
Which choice best states the main idea of the
method of applying colorful yarn to pho-
text?
tographs of people. In some works, Vil-
lasana focuses on celebrating cultural icons A) Villasana’s portrayal of a young girl sitting
who are people of color, as she does in her on a sidewalk focuses more on human
depiction of musician and composer Prince. connection than it does on human
However, in other works, Villasana honors resilience.
ordinary people, as she does in her capti-
vating portrayal of a young girl sitting on a B) Villasana began her artistic career by
sidewalk. Villasana sees both of these ap- painting portraits of famous people and
proaches as ways of depicting the power and then transitioned to depicting everyday
interconnectedness of all people. people instead.
C) Villasana’s works focus on recognizing
both famous and everyday examples of
human strength and connection.
D) Villasana’s depiction of Prince receives
more attention from scholars than her
depiction of a young girl sitting on a
sidewalk does.

Horizontal gene transfer involves the ex- 11

change of genetic material between organ-
Which choice best states the main idea of the
isms not in a parent-o!spring relation-
text?
ship. It is common among prokaryotes
(single-celled organisms such as the bacte- A) A common perception of horizontal gene
ria Brevibacillus borstelensis and Massilia transfer is inaccurate.
timonae). The process can have the e!ect of
increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics; B) Horizontal gene transfer is more common
as such, an understanding of how to prevent than was initially thought.
horizontal gene transfer might result in the
C) The results of new research into horizontal
mitigation of dangerous pathogens (organ-
gene transfer cast doubt on earlier findings.
isms that cause disease).
D) The study of horizontal gene transfer may
yield findings with useful applications.

@satashkent 217
 In 2013 Oona M. Lönnstedt and colleagues 12
published a study concluding that ocean
Which choice best states the main topic of the
acidification has a strong e!ect on the
text?
behavior of Pomacentrus amboinensis, a
species of fish. However, Lönnstedt and col- A) A possible shortcoming of a study
leagues’ study relied on a mean sample size involving Pomacentrus amboinensis
of only about 28 fish. In a 2022 review of
various scientists’ conclusions about the im- B) A discovery regarding the evolution of
pacts of ocean acidification on fish behavior, Pomacentrus amboinensis
Je! C. Clements and colleagues caution that
C) A change in fish behavior first reported in
relying on such a relatively small sample
2022
size can increase the potential for biased
analysis. Such analysis, in turn, can con- D) A newly identified cause of ocean
tribute to reports of exaggerated e!ects. acidification

In a large community science e!ort, biolo- 13

gist Abbigail Merrill and colleagues collab-
Which choice best states the main idea of the
orated with hundreds of students and other
text?
amateur science enthusiasts for more than
three years to study how butterfly color and A) Time of day and butterfly color seem to
time of day relate to butterfly behavior. have less influence on butterfly behavior
They found that butterfly color might influ- than the location where the butterflies are
ence behavior more than butterfly size does, studied does.
and that butterflies were observed to feed
more often in the morning than at any other B) A recent study suggested that butterflies’
time of day. coloring seems to be less relevant to their
behavior than time of day.
C) Collaboration between professional
scientists and members of the public is
especially useful when studying the
behavior of butterflies and other flying
insects.
D) A large study suggested that butterfly
color and time of day might influence the
behavior of certain butterflies.

@satashkent 218
 President Richard Nixon is most famous 14
for his participation in the 1970s Water-
Which choice best states the main idea of the
gate political scandal, a convoluted tale of
text?
criminality and eroded ethics involving a
constellation of associates such as political A) Richard Nixon’s reputation is primarily
operative Jeb Stuart Magruder and Nixon’s due to the actions of his associates.
secretary Rose Mary Woods. But Nixon’s
legacy is complex: he has been praised for B) Some of Richard Nixon’s policies
his role in a”rming the sovereignty of tribal influenced the policies of later presidential
nations, and he once made an attempt at administrations.
reforming United States health care policy
C) Jeb Stuart Magruder and Rose Mary
that is arguably a precursor to the A!ord-
Woods were significant figures in the
able Care Act, which became law during the
presidency of Richard Nixon.
Barack Obama administration.
D) Richard Nixon is commonly linked with an
infamous historical event, but this
overshadows some of his notable
achievements.

Tomato is an example of a loanword—that 15

is, a word that originated in one language
Which choice best states the main idea of the
and was later adopted by another. The
text?
word came to English indirectly from to-
mate, the Spanish word for the widely culti- A) Many Spanish words with Indigenous
vated plant. Spanish had borrowed it from origins first passed through English before
Nahuatl, an Indigenous language of Central entering Spanish.
Mexico, in which the word’s original form
is tomatl. ”Maize” also has an Indigenous B) When borrowing from Indigenous
origin and entered English through Span- languages, Spanish adopted roughly as
ish. But in this case, the original source many words from Nahuatl as from Taı́no.
was Taı́no, a language of the Caribbean
C) When non-Indigenous languages borrowed
islands, in which the word for the corn plant
from Indigenous languages, the words often
is mahı́s.
underwent a significant change in meaning.
D) The English words ”tomato” and ”maize”
are both examples of loanwords from
Indigenous languages.

@satashkent 219
 Eighteenth-century economist Adam Smith 16
is famed for his metaphor of the invisible
Which choice best states the main idea of the
hand, which he putatively used to illustrate
text?
a robust model of how individuals produce
aggregate benefits by pursuing their own A) The reputation of Smith’s metaphor of the
economic interests. Note “putatively”: as invisible hand is not due to the importance
Gavin Kennedy has shown, Smith deploys of the metaphor in Smith’s work but rather
this metaphor only once in his economic to the promotion of the metaphor by some
writings—to make a narrow point about later economists for their own ends.
the then-dominant economic theory of
mercantilism—and it was largely ignored B) Smith’s metaphor of the invisible hand has
until some twentieth-century economists been interpreted as a model of how
eager to secure an intellectual pedigree for individuals acting in their own interest
their views elevated it to a fully-fledged produce aggregate benefits, but it was
paradigm. intended as a subtle critique of the
economic theory of mercantilism.
C) Some twentieth-century economists gave
Smith’s metaphor of the invisible hand a
significance it does not have in Smith’s
work, but it is nevertheless a useful model
of how individuals produce aggregate
benefits by pursuing their own economic
interests.
D) Although Smith is famed for his metaphor
of the invisible hand, the metaphor was
largely ignored until economists in the
twentieth century came to realize that the
metaphor was a robust model that
anticipated their own views.

@satashkent 220
 Roy McLendon’s Moonlit St. Lucie, a river- 17
scape featuring the silhouette of a single
Which choice best states the main idea of the
palm tree against the backdrop of shim-
text?
mering water and a brilliant moonlit sky,
is typical of paintings by the Florida High- A) Although similar in its subject matter to
waymen, an informal collective of landscape many paintings by the Florida
artists mainly active in the 1950s and ’60s. Highwaymen, Moonlit St. Lucie is now
Remarkable for anticipating and amplifying more highly regarded than other Florida
cultural perceptions of Florida that became Highwaymen paintings are.
pervasive in the public consciousness, paint-
ings by the Highwaymen are readily iden- B) Representative images found across many
tifiable by the natural iconography—placid paintings by McLendon and other Florida
inland rivers, windswept palm trees—that Highwaymen came to be widely associated
McLendon and colleagues perpetually revis- with Florida in part due to the Florida
ited. Highwaymen’s influence.
C) Although paintings by the Florida
Highwaymen were once celebrated for their
depictions of Florida’s natural
environments, the popularity of these
paintings waned after the 1960s.
D) The placid inland rivers and windswept
palm trees that are typical of McLendon’s
works, which are otherwise
indistinguishable from other Florida
Highwaymen paintings, help to
di!erentiate McLendon’s paintings from
those of his colleagues.

The following text is adapted from Jerome 18

K. Jerome’s 1889 novel Three Men in a Boat
Which choice best states the main idea of the
(To Say Nothing of the Dog). The narrator
text?
is traveling by boat with Harris and another
friend. A) During a previous boat trip, Harris spent
more time with the other passengers than
[Harris] told us anecdotes of how he had with the captain.
gone across the [English] Channel when it
was so rough that the passengers had to be B) Harris has a hard time remembering his
tied into their [beds], and he and the cap- first trip across the English Channel when
tain were the only two living souls on board his friends ask about it.
who were not ill. Sometimes it was he and
C) When Harris speaks of an earlier trip, he
the second mate who were not ill; but it was
often changes the details but always brags
generally he and one other man. If not he
about his own wellness.
and another man, then it was he by himself.
D) Harris is worried that he and his friends
will encounter rough waters during their
boat trip.

@satashkent 221
 Spanning the 1920s to the 1980s, Mexican 19
architect Luis Barragan’s prolific career
Which choice best states the main idea of the
evolved through distinct phases. After trav-
text?
eling to the United States and Europe in
the early 1930s and immersing himself in A) Barragan’s designs of the El Arenal Parish
an international architectural discourse, Church and the houses for Emiliano
Barragan began incorporating principles Robles Leon are considered paragons of a
derived from functionalism and modernism functionalist and modernist aesthetic.
in his work, as seen in the El Arenal Parish
Church, whose unadorned geometric forms B) Barragan’s design of the houses for
contrast with the historically inspired ar- Emiliano Robles Leon is considered more
chitecture found in the houses for Emil- experimental than his design for the El
iano Robles Leon, one of Barragan’s early Arenal Parish Church.
projects in Guadalajara.
C) Barragan’s early work shows an initial
dedication to a modernist aesthetic that he
later abandoned.
D) A notable shift in Barragan’s design
aesthetic reflects the influence of his time
abroad.

Like many other bird species that live 20

only on the Hawaiian archipelago, the
Which choice best states the main idea of the
Kaua’i ’amakihi has adapted to life in a
text?
well-defined habitat, resulting in highly
specialized physical and behavioral char- A) The Kaua’i ’amakihi is a species of bird
acteristics that aid the species in survival. that is related to many other Hawaiian
However, because the Kaua’i ’amakihi is birds but does not share a habitat with
highly specialized, it is especially vulnerable any of them.
to environmental changes that can disrupt
the delicately balanced ecosystem in which B) The Kaua’i ’amakihi is an example of a
it lives. highly specialized bird species found only
on the Hawaiian archipelago and is related
to several other highly specialized bird
species found there.
C) The Kaua’i ’amakihi is an example of a
species unique to the Hawaiian archipelago
that is highly specialized and therefore
particularly susceptible to habitat
disturbance
D) Hawaiian birds display a unique range of
physical and behavioral characteristics and
as a result can only live in habitats unique
to the Hawaiian archipelago.

@satashkent 222
 The following text is from Jose Rizal’s 1891 21
novel The Reign of Greed (translated by
Which choice best states the main idea of the
Charles Derbyshire in 1912).
text?
In his solitary retreat on the shore of A) The residence of Padre Florentino is
the sea, whose mobile surface was visi- especially isolated.
ble through the open windows, extending
outward until it mingled with the hori- B) Padre Florentino prefers to play music
zon, Padre Florentino was relieving the rather than listen to other musicians play.
monotony by playing on his harmonium
C) Padre Florentino has dedicated himself to
sad and melancholy tunes, to which the
becoming a skilled musician.
sonorous roar of the surf and the sighing
of the treetops of the neighboring wood D) The sadness of Padre Florentino’s music
served as accompaniments. Notes long, full, reflects his own feelings.
mournful as a prayer, yet still vigorous,
escaped from the old instrument. Padre
Florentino, who was an accomplished musi-
cian, was improvising, and, as he was alone,
gave free rein to the sadness in his heart.

The following text is from Ralph Waldo 22

Emerson’s 1841 essay ”The Method of Na-
Which choice best states the main idea of the
ture.”
text?
The scholars are the priests of that thought A) Military experience encourages Americans
which establishes the foundations of the to contemplate aspects of human life that
earth. No matter what is their special work they would not choose to otherwise.
or profession, they stand for the spiritual
interest of the world, and it is a common B) It is unfortunate that so many intellectuals
calamity if they neglect their post in a are concerned with material things rather
country where the material interest is so than ideas.
predominant as it is in America.
C) Many descriptions of the role of scholars in
society unfairly diminish their importance.
D) In a country whose citizens are largely
preoccupied with tangible gains, it is
crucial that some people work to foster
and preserve ideas

@satashkent 223
 At over a thousand pages across two vol- 23
umes, The Fifty-Year Mission, compiled
Which choice best states the main idea of the
by Edward Gross and Mark A. Altman, is
text?
presented as the ”complete, uncensored,
unauthorized oral history” as told by the A) The Fifty-Year Mission includes more
people behind the media franchise Star accounts from people involved with Star
Trek. The work aspires to be comprehensive Trek television shows than it does from
by, for example, including accounts from people involved with Star Trek films.
cast and crew members of every Star Trek
television series and film to date. But while B) The compilers of The Fifty-Year Mission
The Fifty-Year Mission is clearly a unique had lofty goals for their oral history of the
and valuable resource, it has a shortcom- Star Trek franchise, but the published
ing common among oral histories: it lacks work lacks information about many key
a clear authorial point of view that could events in the franchise’s history.
otherwise unite the various accounts into a
C) The large amount of material compiled
cohesive whole.
into The Fifty-Year Mission is surprising
given that many of the people involved in
the Star Trek franchise did not participate
in the oral history project
D) The Fifty-Year Mission represents a
worthwhile attempt to thoroughly recount
the history of the Star Trek franchise, but
its approach has an important limitation.

Why do black-footed cats purr but leopards 24

roar? Researchers hypothesize that this
Which choice best states the main idea of the
di!erence between the two feline species
text?
may be partly due to a U-shaped bone in
their throats called the hyoid. Black-footed A) Both black-footed cats and leopards have
cats, which are much smaller than leopards, U-shaped hyoid bones, but black-footed
have a rigid hyoid that rumbles when the cats’ hyoids are rigid whereas leopards’
cat’s larynx vibrates, resulting in a purr. By hyoids are flexible
contrast, leopards have a somewhat flexible
hyoid, and the bone is attached to the skull B) Leopards and most other species of big
with a stretchy ligament that black-footed cats can roar because they have flexible
cats lack. These traits allow leopards and hyoid bones that are attached by stretchy
most other species of big cats to produce ligaments to their skulls.
powerful roars. The same traits may also
C) Researchers are uncertain why relatively
prevent most big cats from purring.
small cats, such black-footed cats, purr but
relatively large cats, such as leopards, roar.
D) Di!erences related to the hyoid bone in
black-footed cats and leopards may help
explain why one species purrs and the
other roars.

@satashkent 224
 In their meta-analysis of research on ad- 25
vergames (video games developed to pro-
Which choice best states the main idea of the
mote products or services), Zeph M.C. van
text?
Berlo et al, confirm that such games, though
they can elicit player interest, may not fa- A) The limited capacity model of motivated
cilitate subsequent recall of product and mediated message processing developed by
brand information. This phenomenon can Lang provides a means of explaining the
be explained by the finite nature of cogni- finding by van Berlo et al. that players
tive capacity as it is articulated in Annie may not readily recollect the brand and
Lang’s limited capacity model of motivated product information embedded in
mediated message processing. In this case, advergames.
players’ cognitive resources are directed
foremost toward the advergame’s mechanics, B) The meta-analysis by van Berlo et al.
leaving little or no capacity for encoding reveals that higher engagement in
and storing the information the advertiser advergame mechanics is linked to lower
intends to be salient. e!ectiveness in persuading players to
purchase particular brands and products.
C) Although the limited capacity model of
motivated mediated message processing
developed by Lang suggests otherwise,
advergames can succeed as marketing
tools, provided that they achieve a balance
between game mechanics and the
promotion of a brand or product.
D) Research by van Berlo et al. corroborates
Lang’s conclusion that because people
predominantly focus on game mechanics
when playing video games, it is di”cult for
advergames to communicate brand and
product information in ways that are
highly memorable

@satashkent 225
 Like many other bird species that live only 26
on the Hawaiian archipelago, the ’akeke’e
Which choice best states the main idea of the
has adapted to life in a well-defined habi-
text?
tat, resulting in highly specialized physical
and behavioral characteristics that aid the A) Hawaiian birds display a unique range of
species in survival. However, because the physical and behavioral characteristics and
’akeke’e is highly specialized, it is especially as a result can only live in habitats unique
vulnerable to environmental changes that to the Hawaiian archipelago.
can disrupt the delicately balanced ecosys-
tem in which it lives. B) The ’akeke’e is an example of a species
unique to the Hawaiian archipelago that is
highly specialized and therefore
particularly susceptible to habitat
disturbances.
C) The ’akeke’e is a species of bird that is
related to many other Hawaiian birds but
does not share a habitat with any of them.
D) The ’akeke’e is an example of a highly
specialized bird species found only on the
Hawaiian archipelago and is related to
several other highly specialized bird
species found there.

Community science involves professional 27

scientists collaborating with members of
Which choice best states the main idea of the
the public to study a topic. This approach
text?
to research can promote community en-
gagement by o!ering insight into the daily A) Abbigail Merrill and colleagues used a
life of a scientist. It’s also very e!ective community science approach in their
because it greatly increases the amount of butterfly research and were surprised at
data that can be collected, such as when bi- the e!ect this had on public understanding
ologist Grace Herzel and colleagues studied of the nature of scientists’ work.
butterfly color and its relation to behavior
and used findings reported by hundreds of B) A community science approach can
students and community members in north- increase public understanding of the
western Arkansas. nature of scientists’ work and generate
large amounts of data, benefiting both
communities and researchers.
C) A community science approach can benefit
communities by increasing public
understanding of the nature of scientists’
work, but it’s less likely to help researchers
obtain accurate data.
D) A community science approach allows
researchers to collect significantly more
data even though it’s unlikely to have
much of an e!ect on public understanding
of the nature of scientists work.

@satashkent 226
Topic 6: Details Question
56 Questions

DIRECTIONS

Must Know Tips:

• The correct option will focus on just one point of the passage.

• Read the entire passage to avoid silly mistakes.

• Use the “True, False, Not Given” technique.

• Be cautious with options that are too extreme (e.g., ”only,” ”first,” ”last,” ”most/best”).

• Eliminate options that are partly correct and partly incorrect.

• To find something, you need to know what you’re searching for.

Recommended time per question in this section: min: 45 sec, max: 1 min 20 sec, avg: 62.5
sec. (*Exam level)

In a study by Mika R. Moran, Daniel A. 1

Rodriguez, and colleagues, residents of
The text makes which point about the di!erence
Panama City, Panama, and Fortaleza,
between the proportions of Panama City
Brazil, were surveyed about parks in their
residents and Fortaleza residents using parks?
cities. Of the 318 respondents from Panama
City, 53.5% indicated that they use the A) It was much larger than the researchers
city’s parks, and of 938 respondents from conducting the study expected.
Fortaleza 35.7% indicated using city parks.
Given that the percentage of Panama City B) It could be due to inaccuracies in the
respondents who reported living within a survey results.
10-minute walk of a park was much lower
C) It was calculated using sources that
than that reported by Fortaleza respon-
predate the survey.
dents, greater proximity alone can’t explain
the di!erence in park use. D) It is caused by something other than the
parks’ proximity to the residents.

@satashkent 227
 Like all species of baleen whales, the com- 2
mon minkle whale feeds on tiny creatures
Based on the text, what can most reasonably be
known as Krill by filtering water through
concluded about krill consumption among
bristlelike keratin structures called baleen
common minkle and fin whales?
plates. In this way, baleen whales can eat
up to 30% of their total mass per day. And A) Both of them can eat as much as 24000 kg
while no one would call the common min- of krill per day.
kle whale small- it can have a mass as high
as 4000 kg- it is one of the smaller baleen B) The quantities of krill consumed by fin
whales and it is much smaller than the fin whales has made it di!cult for minkle
whale, which can weigh a whopping 80000 whales to find su!cient food.
kg and consume as much as 24000 kg of krill
C) The fin whale is able to eat more krill per
per day.
day than the minkle whale.
D) Most baleen whales include krill in their
diets, but the minkle whale is less likely
than the fin whale to do so.

The following text is adapted from Ar- 3

mando’s short story “The Love of Clotide,”
According to the text, what change coincided
originally published in Spanish in 1884.
with Don becoming a patron of the theater?
It was said that in {Don’s} youth he once A) He achieved public recognition for an essay
wrote a play which won him nothing but he had written earlier.
hisses and free entry for life behind the
scenes of theaters. Whether resigned or not B) He stopped writing plays.
to the verdict of the public, he ceased to
C) He accepted a new job as a critic.
write plays and assumed instead the nobler
role of a patron to unrecognized authors and D) He moved to a town outside Madrid
artist and to ruined managers. Any youth
from the province who arrived in Madrid
with a drama in his pocket could take no
surer road to seeing it produced than that
which led to the home of Don. One and all,
he received them with open arms, the good
and the bad alike.

@satashkent 228
 Researchers Ceasr, Elisa, and Andres cre- 4
ated a computer model to predict the mix of
According to the text, why did the team employ
movie theaters, gyms, and other businesses
a clustering algorithm?
found in a given neighborhood. How we
define a neighborhood and its boundaries A) It could be used to evaluate the reasons for
is subjective, so the team used a cluster- a business closing.
ing algorithm to locate dense groupings of
amenities that represent human-identified B) It provided insights into how consumers
neighborhoods like Boston’s Harvard square. are made aware of new movie theaters and
The predictive model, which incorporates gyms.
this algorithm, is sure to be invaluable in
C) It could predict which types of businesses
determining the optimal mix of a city’s
would be successful in a given
amenities.
neighborhood.
D) It gave them an objective way to identify
neighborhood.

In O’odham, an Indigenous language from 5

the Southwest region of what is now the
The text makes which point about the O’odham
United States, gogs means ”a dog” whereas
word gogogs?
gogogs is used to refer to several dogs. This
phenomenon, in which an element of a root A) It contains a repetition of the element ”go”
word is repeated, sometimes with modifica- in gogs.
tion, within another word that is related to
the root word is called reduplication. In this B) It doesn’t have a clear equivalent in
case, the element “go” in gogs gets repeated English.
in gogogs. There are many examples of this
C) It is the only word in O’odham that uses
type of reduplication in O’odham
reduplication.
D) It is identical in meaning to several other
words in O’odham

The following text is adapted from Adib 6

Khorrams 2018 novel Darius the Great Is
Based on the text, what does the narrator
Not Okay. Darius, a teenager from the
mainly remember about the times when his
United States, is visiting his family mem-
mother chanted to him?
bers in Iran.
A) That he liked the characters in the stories
I dozed and floated on the clouds of Farsi his mother made up while chanting
that blew my way from the front seat of
Day (Uncle) Jamsheed’s SUV. It reminded B) That his mother had music playing in the
me of when I was little, and Mom chanted background while she chanted
to me in Farsi every night before bedtime.
C) That his mother didn’t usually chant at
It’s hard to describe Farsi chanting the way
night
Mom drew her voice out like the notes of
a cello as she recited poems by Rumi or D) That he found the sound of his mother’s
Hafez. I didn’t know what they meant, but chanting to be calming
that didn’t matter. It was quiet and sooth-
ing.

@satashkent 229
 Researcher César A. Hidalgo, Elisa 7
Castañer, and Andres Sevtsuk created a
According to the text, what is one potential
computer model to predict the mix of busi-
drawback of Hidalgo and colleagues’ method?
nesses and places of interest found in a
given neighborhood. The team used data A) It depends upon data that are likely to be
from the Google Places API service to help outdated.
identify furniture stores, florists, and other
businesses and map their locations. This B) It is based on recent advancements from
approach has some limits-data from Places other fields that have yet to be applied
API tend to be restricted to places that the outside of those contexts.
customer facing-but the data set nonetheless
C) It is likely to contribute to inaccurate
provides an extremely reliable source to
identifications of the boundaries of specific
study colocation patterns of neighborhood
neighborhoods.
amenities.
D) It may lead to conclusions that are not
reflective of all the amenities in a given
neighborhood.

The groundbreaking Negro Ensemble Com- 8

pany (NEC), founded in 1967, produced
According to the text, how did Hooks and Ward
Paul Carter Harrison’s award-winning play
initially meet?
The Great MacDaddy in 1974. The com-
pany was cofounded by Robert Hooks, an A) Hooks and Ward participated in the same
actor, producer, and activist, and actor workshop at NEC.
and playwright Douglas Turner Ward, who
had met while performing in a 1960 touring B) Harrison introduced Hooks to Ward at a
production of Lorraine Hansberry’s play performance of The Great MacDaddy.
A Raisin in the Sun. They shared a vision
C) Hooks and Ward attended the same
of a theater company that would nurture
performance of The Great MacDaddy.
and showcase the work of Black theater
professionals. Since its beginning, NEC has D) Hooks and Ward were both actors in a
provided a forum for the voices of Harrison production of A Raisin in the Sun.
and other Black playwrights through work-
shops and performances.

@satashkent 230
 Like all species of baleen whales, the 9
Antarctic minke whale feeds on tiny crea-
Based on the text, what can most reasonably be
tures known as krill by filtering water
concluded about krill consumption among
through bristlelike keratin structures called
Antarctic minke and bowhead whale?
baleen plates. In this way, baleen whales
can eat up to 30 percent of their total mass A) The bowhead whale is able to eat more
per day. And while no one would call the krill per day than the Antarctic minke
Antarctic minke whale small-it can have a whale is.
mass as high as 10,000 kg-it is one of the
smaller whales and is much smaller than the B) Both the Antarctic minke whale and the
bowhead whale, which can weigh a whop- bowhead whale can eat as much as 19,800
ping 66,000 kg and consume as much as kg of krill per day.
19,800 kg of krill per day
C) The quantities of krill consumed by
bowhead whale has made it di!cult for
Antarctic minke whales to find su!cient
food.
D) Most baleen whales included krill in their
diary, but the Antarctic minke whale is less
likely than the bowhead whale to do so.

Researchers César A. Hidalgo, Elisa 10

Castañer, and Andres Sevtsuk created a
According to the text, why did the team employ
computer model to predict the mix of gyms,
a clustering algorithm?
beauty salons, and other businesses found
in a given neighborhood. How we define a A) The algorithm provided insight into how
neighborhood and its boundaries is subjec- customers are made aware of new gyms
tive, so the team used a clustering algorithm and beauty salons.
to locate dense groupings of amenities that
represent human-identified neighborhoods B) The algorithm gave them an objective way
like Boston’s Central Square. The predictive to identify neighborhoods.
model, which incorporates this algorithm,
C) The algorithm could be used to evaluate
is sure to be invaluable in determining the
the reasons for a business’s closing.
optimal mix of a city’s amenities.
D) The algorithm could predict which types
of businesses would be successful in a given
neighborhood.

@satashkent 231
 Known for the albums Quiet Nights and 11
Milestones, jazz trumpeter Miles Davis
According to the text, what is true about the
collaborated several times with pianist Gil
aria ”I Got Plenty of Nuthin’”?
Evans. Their 1958 adaptation of George
Gershwin’s opera Porgy and Bess bears lit- A) It appears in the Gershwin opera Porgy
tle resemblance to the 1935 original. Davis and Bessan adaptation by Davis and
and Evans felt no desire to please listen- Evans.
ers expecting an exact duplication of the
opera. They omitted parts, such as the aria B) A brief quotation from it appears in Davis
”I Got Plenty of Nuthin’,” and sometimes and Evans’s adaptation of Porgy and Bess.
made only brief gestures toward Gershwin’s
C) Listeners familiar with Gershwin’s body of
melodies. But Davis and Evans’s willingness
work generally disliked it.
to recompose Gershwin’s work led to one of
the most enduring albums in Davis’s cata- D) It was adapted by Davis in a recording
log. that appears on his album Milestones.

Baleen whales eat up to 30 percent of their 12

total body mass in krill (tiny shrimplike
Based on the text, what can most reasonably be
creatures) per day. So, in one day, an
concluded about Antarctic minke and southern
Antarctic minke whale weighing 10,000
right whales?
kg could eat 3,000 kg, while a southern right
whale weighing 80,000 kg could ingest a A) Populations of both Antarctic minke and
whopping 24,000 kg. Over the last century, southern right whales have declined
baleen whale populations have declined, and significantly over the last century due to
contrary to some scientists’ expectations, so decreasing levels of iron in the ocean.
have krill populations. Matthew S. Savoca
and colleagues resolve this apparent discrep- B) As krill consumption by Antarctic minke
ancy by pointing out that baleen whales whales has decreased, the krill
cycle iron in the ocean, helping support consumption of southern right whales has
phytoplankton populations, which, in turn, increased.
sustain krill populations.
C) The southern right whale is able to eat
more krill per day than the Antarctic
minke whale is.
D) Both Antarctic minke and southern right
whales can eat krill, but of the two only
the Antarctic minke whale can also subsist
on phytoplankton.

@satashkent 232
 Cocoa is an example of a loanword—that is, 13
a word that originated in one language and
The author makes which point about the
was later adopted by another. The word
Spanish language?
came to English indirectly from cacao, the
Spanish word for the plant that chocolate is A) It has served as a medium through which
made from. Spanish had borrowed it from Indigenous languages have influenced
Nahuatl, an Indigenous language of Central English.
Mexico, in which the word’s original form
is cacahuatl. ”Puma” is also Indigenous in B) Its contribution to English vocabulary
origin and entered English through Spanish. roughly equals the collective contribution
But in this case, the original source was by Indigenous languages.
Quechua, a language of South America, in
C) It adopted Nahuatl and Quechua words in
which the word for the mountain lion is also
approximately equal numbers.
puma.
D) It has borrowed words from Indigenous
languages and contributed words to them.

In Bolivia, use of solid fuel (e.g., coal, wood) 14

as a share of total household fuel use fell
Based on the text, the author would most likely
by more than half between 2000 and 2015;
agree with which statement about household
such shifts are typically explained by appeal
income?
to the energy ladder, a model holding that
fuel choice is mediated mainly by house- A) It can explain some but not all of the
hold income (specifically, high-technology di”erences in fuel choice across households.
fuels displace solid fuels as incomes rise).
Richard Hosier and Je”rey Dowd’s study of B) It is often said to influence household fuel
fuel use in Zimbabwe shows how reductive choice but actually does not.
this model is, however: although income
C) It a”ects household fuel choice but not for
of course constrained fuel choice, several
the reasons assumed by the energy ladder
factors, including the di!culty of acquiring
model.
fuel sources, influenced decisions.
D) It constrains the amount of fuel households
use but not the type of fuel they use.

@satashkent 233
 To understand how temperature change 15
a”ects microorganism-mediated cycling
It can most reasonably be inferred from the text
of soil nutrients in alpine ecosystems, Eva
that the finding about the microorganism
Kaštovská et al. collected plant-soil cores in
community composition was important for
the Tatra Mountains at elevations around
which reason?
2,100 meters and transplanted them to
elevations of 1,700-1,800 meters, where A) It provided preliminary evidence that
the mean air temperature was warmer by microorganism-mediated nutrient cycling
2°C. Microorganism-mediated nutrient cy- was accelerated in the transplanted cores.
cling was accelerated in the transplanted
cores; crucially, microorganism commu- B) It suggested that temperature-induced
nity composition was unchanged, allowing changes in microorganism activity may be
Kaštovská et al. to attribute the acceler- occurring at increasingly high elevations.
ation to temperature-induced increases in
C) It ruled out a potential alternative
microorganism activity.
explanation for the acceleration in
microorganism-mediated nutrient cycling.
D) It clarified that microorganism activity
levels in the plant-soil cores varied
depending on which microorganisms
comprised the community.

Michael G. Campana and colleagues re- 16

lied on historical DNA (hDNA)—genomic
Information in the text best supports which
data incidentally preserved in specimens
statement about hDNA?
housed in natural history collections—to
investigate the evolutionary origins of a A) It may yield insights that other types of
fungal pathogen a”ecting bats. Although genomic data cannot.
this approach o”ers unique benefits, such
as access to genomic data from extirpated B) It has thus far proved valuable mainly to
populations, it remains a relatively under- researchers studying pathogens.
utilized resource because hDNA is often to
C) It may be underused because of its
some extent degraded, a situation not easily
controversial status among scientists.
remediable under current methodological
paradigms and with extant DNA extraction D) It tends to be much more degraded than
and analysis technologies. other types of DNA of comparable age.

@satashkent 234
 The ancient writing system used in the 17
Maya kingdoms of southern Mexico and
According to the text, what do some historians
Central America had a symbol for the num-
suggest about Maya civilization?
ber zero. The earliest known example of the
symbol dates to more than 2,000 years ago. A) Maya civilization acquired the use of zero
At that time, almost none of the writing from the Olmec civilization.
systems elsewhere in the world possessed a
zero symbol. And the use of zero in Mexico B) Maya civilization respected its historians
and Central America may be even more more than it respected its mathematicians.
ancient. Some historians suggest that Maya
C) Maya civilization was highly secretive
mathematicians inherited it from the Olmec
about its intellectual achievements.
civilization, which flourished in the region
2,400-3,600 years ago. D) Maya civilization tried to introduce its
writing system to other civilizations.

In Costa Rica, use of solid fuel (e.g., coal, 18

wood) as a share of total household fuel use
Based on the text, which choice best explains
fell by approximately 60 percent between
why the author characterizes the energy ladder
2000 and 2019; such shifts are typically ex-
as “reductive”?
plained by appeal to the energy ladder, a
model holding that fuel choice is mediated A) The energy ladder asserts that households
mainly by household income (specifically, only consider one aspect of fuel when
high-technology fuels displace solid fuels as making fuel choices, but Heltberg’s study
incomes rise). Rasmus Heltberg’s study of showed that households ignore that
fuel use in Guatemala shows how reductive characteristic of fuel and evaluate several
this model is, however: household fuel use other factors instead.
was heterogeneous, flexible, and influenced
by several factors, including local price of B) The energy ladder holds that the adoption
di”erent sources. of one type of fuel means that another
type of fuel must be displaced, but
Heltberg’s study showed that several
di”erent fuel types are typically used in
equal proportion.
C) The energy ladder assumes that the same
factor influences household fuel choice in
all locations, but Heltberg’s study showed
that fuel choice in Guatemala is influenced
by di”erent factors than is fuel choice in
Costa Rica.
D) The energy ladder attributes household
fuel choice primarily to a single
characteristic of households, but Heltberg’s
study showed that multiple circumstances
can a”ect household fuel choice.

@satashkent 235
 The groundbreaking Negro Ensemble Com- 19
pany (NEC), founded in 1967, produced
According to the text, how did Hooks and Ward
Paul Cater Harrison’s award-winning play
initially meet?
The Great MacDaddy in 1974. The com-
pany was cofounded by Robert Hooks, an A) Harrison introduced Hooks to Ward at a
actor, producer, and activist, and actor performance of The Great MacDaddy.
and playwright Douglas Turner Ward, who
had met while performing in a 1960 touring B) Hooks and Ward attended the same
production of Lorraine Hansberry’s play performance of The Great MacDaddy.
A Raisin in the Sun. They shared a vision
C) Hooks and Ward participated in the same
of a theater company that would nurture
workshop at NEC.
and showcase the work of Black theater
professionals. Since its beginning, NEC has D) Hooks and Ward were both actors in a
provided a forum for the voices of Harrison production of A Raisin in the Sun.
and other Black playwrights through work-
shops and performances.

Marrakech has high pedestrian tra!c, but 20

simply replicating a feature of Marrakech
Based on the text, Alfonzo would most likely
associated with walkability—e.g., its highly
agree with which statement about studies of
varied streetscape—may be insu!cient to
decision-making about walking?
induce increased walking in other cities. As
urbanist Mariela Alfonzo argues, our un- A) They would be improved by e”orts to
derstanding of individuals’ decision-making identify the features that cities with high
about whether to walk is insu!ciently ro- pedestrian tra!c have in common.
bust: some studies emphasize the role of
demographic characteristics, others the role B) They are unlikely to find convincing
of public transit availability, and so on, but evidence that any single factor consistently
walking decisions are made in complex con- predicts walking decisions.
texts in which multiple conditions and needs
C) They have overstated the extent to which
inform individuals’ choices.
people di”er in their decision-making
processes regarding walking.
D) They tend to be misleading because they
ignore the most important factor
influencing walking decisions.

@satashkent 236
 Researchers César A. Hidalgo, Elisa 21
Castañer, and Andres Sevtsuk created a
According to the text, what is one potential
computer model to predict the mix of busi-
drawback of Hidalgo and colleagues’ method?
nesses and places of interest found in a
given neighborhood. The team used data A) It may lead to conclusions that are not
from the Google Places API service to help reflective of all the amenities in a given
identify movie theaters, gyms, and other neighborhood.
businesses and map their locations. This
approach has some limits—data from Places B) It is likely to contribute to inaccurate
API tend to be restricted to places that are identifications of the boundaries of specific
customer facing—but the data set nonethe- neighborhoods.
less provides an extremely reliable source to
C) It is based on recent advancements from
study colocation patterns of neighborhood
other fields that have yet to be applied
amenities.
outside of those contexts.
D) It depends upon data that are likely to be
outdated.

Vadamalai Elangovan and Ganapathi 22

Marimuthu showed that high moonlight
According to the text, what did Elangovan and
intensity inhibits the activity of the greater
Marimuthu find and why does that occur?
short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus sphinx),
a finding explicable in terms of benefits A) Greater short-nosed fruit bats tend to be
and costs: greater lunar intensity may not more active during periods of high lunar
enable the bats to increase foraging success intensity than at other times because such
enough to o”set the higher chance of detec- conditions allow them to increase their
tion by predatory owls or hawks. Though foraging success without making them
many other nocturnal mammals respond easier to detect.
to lunar intensity variations similarly to
greater short-nosed fruit bats, mongoose B) Greater short-nosed fruit bats reduce their
lemurs (Eulemur mongoz) display the op- activity during periods of high lunar
posite pattern, as their heavy reliance on intensity because predators can more
visual foraging results in a di”erent balance easily spot the bats in brighter conditions,
of reward and risk. and such conditions do not benefit the
bats enough to justify that risk.
C) During periods of high lunar intensity,
greater short-nosed fruit bats reduce their
activity because it is easier for predators
to detect the bats in relatively bright
conditions than it is for predators to detect
mongoose lemurs in such conditions.
D) During periods of high lunar intensity,
mongoose lemurs show a di”erent
behavioral response than greater
short-nosed fruit bats and many other
nocturnal mammals do because the risks
to mongoose lemurs under such conditions
are greater.

@satashkent 237
 A number of artists associated with hyper- 23
pop, a movement in electronic music that
Based on the text, the author would be most
emerged in the 2010s, aggressively manipu-
likely to disagree with which statement about
late their recorded voice. The duo 100 gecs,
vocal manipulation in hyperpop?
for example, shifts the pitch of lead singer
Laura Les’s vocals to be much higher than A) It is an aesthetic feature that has little or
that of her natural range. And even the no social import.
hyperpop artists who don’t rely on pitch-
shifting, such as Shygirl, often distort their B) It confirms hyperpop’s ability to o”set
vocals using digital tools. Rather than being certain negative e”ects of digital
an arbitrary stylistic choice, hyperpop’s per- technology.
sistent modification of the voice functions
C) It is a symbol of the influence that
as a commentary on how digital technology
hyperpop exerts on listeners’ sense of self.
mediates human experience today.
D) It represents changes to human experience
brought about by technology.

In a study by Mika R. Moran, Daniel A. 24

Rodriguez, and colleagues, residents of Mex-
The text makes which point about the di”erence
ico City, Mexico, and La Paz, Bolivia, were
between the proportions of Mexico City
surveyed about parks in their cities. Of the
residents and La Paz residents using parks?
562 respondents from Mexico City, 77.6%
indicated that they use the city’s parks, and A) It could be due to inaccuracies in the
of the 528 respondents from La Paz, 67.5% survey results.
indicated using city parks. Given that the
percentage of Mexico City respondents who B) It was calculated using sources that
reported living within a 10-minute walk of a predate the survey.
park was much lower than that reported by
C) It was much larger than the researchers
La Paz respondents, greater proximity alone
conducting the study expected.
can’t explain the di”erence in park use.
D) It is caused by something other than the
parks’ proximity to city residents.

@satashkent 238
 External shopping cues are a type of mar- 25
keting that uses obvious messaging-a display
Which response from a survey given to shoppers
featuring a new product, for example, or
who made a purchase at a retail store best
a ”buy one, get one free” o”er to entice
supports the researchers’ explanation?
consumers to make spontaneous purchases.
In a study, data scientist Sam K. Hui and A) ”I needed to buy some cleaning supplies,
colleagues found that this e”ect can also be but they weren’t in their regular place.
achieved with a less obvious cue: rearrang- While I was looking for them, I saw this
ing a store’s layout. The researchers explain interesting notebook and decided to buy
that trying to find items in new locations it, too.”
causes shoppers to move through more of
the store, exposing them to more products B) ”I didn’t buy everything on my shopping
and increasing the likelihood that they’ll list today. I couldn’t find a couple of the
buy an item they hadn’t planned on pur- items in the store, even though I looked all
chasing. over for them.”
C) ”The store sent me a coupon for a new
brand of soup, so I came here to find out
what kinds of soup that brand o”ers. I
decided to buy a few cans because I had
the coupon.”
D) ”This store is larger than one that’s closer
to where I live, and it carries more
products. I came here to buy some things
that the other store doesn’t always have.”

Like all species of baleen whales, the sei 26

whale feeds on tiny creatures known as krill
Based on the text, what can most reasonably be
by filtering water through bristlelike keratin
concluded about krill consumption among sei
structures called baleen plates. In this way,
and bowhead whales?
baleen whales can eat up to 30 percent of
their total mass per day. And while no one A) The quantities of krill consumed by
would call the sei whale small-it can have bowhead whales has made it di!cult for
a mass as high as 25,000 kg-it is one of the sei whales to find su!cient food.
smaller baleen whales and is much smaller
than the bowhead whale, which can weigh a B) Both the sei whale and the bowhead whale
whopping 66,000 kg and consume as much can eat as much as 19,800 kg of krill per
as 19,800 kg of krill per day. day.
C) Most baleen whales include krill in their
diets, but the sei whale is less likely than
the bowhead whale to do so.
D) The bowhead whale is able to eat more
krill per day than the sei whale is.

@satashkent 239
 The food industry has long used ther- 27
mal technologies to preserve food in large
Based on the text, what is one disadvantage of
batches. Recent advancements in infrared
some conventional thermal methods?
heating were made through research in
Mexico on the preservation of bean flour. A) They are especially vulnerable to
Infrared heating is generally considered to technological breakdowns.
be an improvement over more conventional
thermal preservation methods: whereas B) They are only e”ective in heating foods
conventional methods transfer energy from that are lightweight and small in size.
the surface of a food to its interior, infrared
C) Their cooking times are longer than those
heating uses high-intensity infrared light to
of other methods.
generate heat within the food itself, thus
reducing industrial cooking times. D) They require more energy than other
methods do.

Cocoa is an example of a loanword - that is, 28

a word that originated in one language and
The author makes which point about the
was later adopted by another. The word
Spanish language?
came to English indirectly from cacao, the
Spanish word for the plant that chocolate is A) It has served as a medium through which
made from. Spanish had borrowed it from Indigenous languages have influenced
Nahuatl, an Indigenous language of Central English.
Mexico, in which the word’s original form
is cacahuatl. ”Iguana” is also Indigenous in B) Its contribution to English vocabulary
origin and entered English through Spanish. roughly equals the collective contribution
But in this case, the original source was by Indigenous languages.
Taino, a language of the Caribbean islands,
C) It has borrowed words from Indigenous
in which the word for the group of related
languages and contributed words to them.
lizard species is iwana.
D) It adopted Nahuatl and Taino words in
approximately equal numbers.

Reyjane P. Oliveira and colleagues relied 29

on historical DNA (hDNA) - genomic data
Information in the text best supports which
incidentally preserved in specimens housed
statement about hDNA?
in natural history collections to investigate
the evolutionary trajectory of the Malagasy A) It may yield insights that other types of
grass genus Chasechloa. Although this ap- genomic data cannot.
proach o”ers unique benefits, such as the
ability to ascertain the biogeographical ori- B) It may be underused because of its
gins of organisms, it remains a relatively controversial status among scientists.
underutilized resource because hDNA is
C) It has thus far proved valuable mainly to
often to some extent degraded, a situation
researchers studying flora.
not easily remediable under current method-
ological paradigms and with extant DNA D) It tends to be much more degraded than
extraction and analysis technologies. other types of DNA of comparable age.

@satashkent 240
 In Armenia, use of solid fuel (e.g., coal, 30
wood) as a share of total household fuel use
Based on the text, the author would most likely
fell by approximately 90 percent between
agree with which statement about household
2000 and 2018; such shifts are typically ex-
income?
plained by appeal to the energy ladder, a
model holding that fuel choice is mediated A) It constrains the amount of fuel households
mainly by household income (specifically, use but not the type of fuel they use.
high-technology fuels displace solid fuels as
incomes rise). Boukary Ouedraogo’s study B) It a”ects household fuel choice but not for
of fuel use in Burkina Faso shows how re- the reasons assumed by the energy ladder
ductive this model is, however: although model.
income of course constrained fuel choice,
C) It can explain some but not all of the
several factors, including the frequency with
di”erences in fuel choice across households.
which certain dishes are cooked, influenced
decisions. D) It is often said to influence household fuel
choice but actually does not.

The following text is from Yung Wing’s 31

1909 memoir My Life in China and Amer-
Based on the passage, how does Yung perceive
ica.
New York to have changed between 1847 and
1909?
We landed in New York on the 12th of
April, 1847, after a passage of ninety-eight A) The city has become more developed and
days of unprecedented fair weather. The populated.
New York of 1847 was altogether a di”erent
city from the New York of 1909. It was a B) The architecture of the city has become
city of only 250,000 or 300,000 inhabitants; more practical and less appealing.
now it is a metropolis rivaling London in
C) The city’s residents have become more
population, wealth and commerce. The
politically active.
whole of Manhattan Island is turned into
a city of skyscrapers, churches and palatial D) The city’s population has become much
residences. more diverse than London’s.

@satashkent 241
 The following text is from Julia Alvarez’s 32
2000 novel In the Name of Salomé. Salomé,
Based on the text, what most likely motivates
a poet, is hosting guests in the front parlor
Tia Ana’s behavior during Salome’s salon?
of her family home, and Ramona is her sis-
ter. A) She considers the guests to be
uninteresting and is trying to convince
A salon is a social gathering for the explo- them to leave.
ration of intellectual ideas. It was evening
when the two men got up to leave. Tia Ana B) She is anxious for the gathering to disperse
had already come into the room several so that she can ready the space for her
times to see if these guests had departed own needs.
yet. The front parlor had always been her
C) She is impatient to share her plans to start
special province, as she used it for her little
a new school with the guests and hopes
school. Now, every evening, it turned into
they will support her.
Salomé’s salon, as Ramona called it, and
it was never in order for its transformation D) She is frustrated because she needs
back to a classroom the following morning. assistance elsewhere in the house, but
Salomé is unavailable while entertaining
the guests.

In her 1998 book Blues Legacies and Black 33

Feminism, Angela Y. Davis bases her anal-
What does the text most strongly suggest about
ysis in part on recordings of songs sung in
the songs sung by Rainey and Smith?
the 1920s by Gertrude ”Ma” Rainey and
Bessie Smith. Davis focuses on how Rainey A) The songs have grown in popularity since
and Smith improvised the lyrics-replacing Rainey and Smith first sang them.
the original lines with mischievous jokes and
wordplay. Davis’s work was particularly B) According to Davis, the songs sung by
labor intensive because in order to tran- Rainey were more musically innovative
scribe, or write down, the lyrics as Rainey than those sung by Smith typically were.
and Smith sang them, Davis had to listen
C) There were more recordings made of
repeatedly to the vinyl recordings, which
Rainey’s songs than there were of Smith’s.
weren’t very clear.
D) There were few, if any, reliable
transcriptions of Smith’s and Rainey’s
improvised lyrics when Davis began her
research.

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 Historians point to the rule of the Piast 34
dynasty as crucial to the formation of
According to the text, what is a di”erence
the Polish state. However, some di”er-
between how historians view Lestek and how
entiate between members of the dynasty
they view W#ladys#law I Herman?
like W#ladys#law I Herman, who ruled as
duke from 1079 to 1102 CE, and less well- A) Historians believe that the Gesta
documented figures like Lestek, who is said principum Polonorum provides more
to have ruled in the 9th and 10th centuries evidence for Lestek’s existence than it does
but whose historical actuality is disputed. for W#ladys#law I Herman’s existence.
Lestek appears in the Gesta principum
Polonorum, a chronicle of medieval Polish B) Historians agree that W#ladys#law I Herman
history written between 1112 and 1118. existed, but disagree about whether Lestek
However, the chronicle’s documentation of existed.
Lestek relies on oral tradition, unlike its
C) Historians agree that Lestek ruled Poland
records of later rulers.
much later than W#ladys#law I Herman.
D) Historians find the orally transmitted
stories a!rming the existence of
W#ladys#law I Herman to be more
convincing than similar stories about
Lestek.

The following text is adapted from Lady 35

Gregory’s 1904 play Spreading the News.
Based on the text, what does Jack most likely
Jack Smith and Bartley Fallon have encoun-
believe about Bartley?
tered each other at the local fair.
A) Bartley will be able to help Jack with
JACK: It isn’t to the fair I came myself, cutting the hay.
but up to the Five Acre Meadow I’m going
where I have a contract for the hay. We’ll B) Bartley is concerned that Jack hasn’t
get a share of it into tramps [drying stacks] prepared for the weather.
today.
C) Bartley is a poor judge of the weather.
BARTLEY: You will not get it into tramps D) Bartley will find fault with any situation.
today. The rain will be down on it by
evening, and on myself too. It’s seldom I
ever started on a journey but the rain would
come down on me before I’d find any place
of shelter.

JACK: If it didn’t itself, Bartley, it is my

belief you would carry a leaky pail on your
head in place of a hat, that way you’d not
be without some cause of complaining.

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 Fernand Braudel and other historians of 36
capitalism rarely discuss domestic capital-
Which statement about Ili”e and other
ism in Africa before the period of European
Africanist scholars is best supported by
colonization, implicitly presenting capitalism
information in the text?
as external to and imposed on Africa. John
Ili”e and other Africanist scholars have A) They likely make use of di”erent types of
shown, however, that in parts of Africa, evidence than historians of capitalism
institutionally protected private land own- typically rely on.
ership, the existence of salaried labor, and
other features of capitalism predated colo- B) They likely have a di”erent view about
nization. One reason for this discrepancy which activities should be considered
is that historians of capitalism tend to fo- capitalist in nature than historians of
cus on longitudinal economic data drawn capitalism do.
from archival records, which do not exist for
C) They likely di”er from historians of
much of precolonial Africa.
capitalism in the methods they use to
derive longitudinal economic data from
archival records.
D) They likely view capitalism as having been
more beneficial for Africa than historians
of capitalism do.

In 2016 Marta S. Pimentel and colleagues 37

published a study concluding that ocean
What does the text most directly suggest about
acidification has a strong e”ect on the be-
Pimentel and colleagues’ conclusion?
havior of Sparus aurata, a species of fish.
However, Pimentel and colleagues’ study A) It was based on the same mean sample size
relied on a mean sample size of only 12 used in many earlier studies of fish species.
fish. In a 2022 review of various scientists’
conclusions about the impacts of ocean acid- B) It likely has broad implications for other
ification on fish behavior, Timothy D. Clark species of fish besides Sparus aurata.
and colleagues caution that relying on such
C) None of the above
a relatively small sample size can increase
the potential for biased analysis. Such anal- D) It has been largely invalidated by results
ysis, in turn, can contribute to reports of obtained from similar studies.
exaggerated e”ects.

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 Goujun He and colleagues studied a food- 38
delivery phone app that is popular in China.
According to the text, which choice best
The researchers found that having “no
describes a conclusion He and colleagues drew
cutlery” automatically selected influences
from their study?
whether customers request disposable plas-
tic utensils with their food orders. Based A) Production of plastic waste in China is
on their results, the researchers concluded likely to increase in the near future.
that this and other small changes to the app
could reduce plastic waste in China by as B) Food-delivery apps that prevent customers
much as 3.26 million metric tons per year. from requesting cutlery are becoming more
popular.
C) Customers who understand how
food-delivery apps work make more
environmentally friendly choices.
D) Small changes to how a food-delivery app
works can greatly lower plastic waste.

Can field mustard plants grow on Mars? 39

Can pea plants? You might think the an-
According to the text, what percentage of field
swer to these questions is obviously no,
mustard seeds planted in Martian soil sprouted?
but researchers in the Netherlands recently
showed that the seeds of many common A) 18 percent
plant species can germinate in soil designed
to simulate Martian conditions, as long B) 30 percent
as water is supplied. In fact, some species
C) 100 percent
actually did better in Martian soil than in
Earth soil: 30 percent of field mustard seeds D) 5 percent
sprouted when planted in simulated Martian
soil, compared with 4 percent that did when
planted in soil from their home planet.

Superlubricity, the state of virtually no fric- 40

tion between materials, has desirable appli-
According to the text, what happened when the
cations in many industries. For example, it
researchers added oil to the surfaces covered in
can make aircraft engines more e!cient. To
graphene fragments?
produce a coating that achieves superlubric-
ity, Chanaka Kumar and colleagues broke A) All the pieces of graphene collected on just
down carbon nanotubes into fragments of one of the two surfaces.
graphene to fully cover two surfaces that
would rub together. Friction between pieces B) The low amount of friction between the
of graphene is generally extremely low, and surfaces became even lower.
when the researchers added a drop of oil as
C) Carbon nanotubes on the surfaces
lubrication, that friction nearly vanished.
fractured into smaller pieces.
This new coating may drastically lower
friction-related energy costs. D) Friction between the surfaces did not
noticeably change right away.

@satashkent 245
 Companies involved in petroleum extrac- 41
tion include drilling equipment among their
What claim does the text make about the
assets. But petroleum extraction is a very
demand for petroleum?
carbon-intensive industry, so as social atti-
tudes increasingly favor using less carbon A) Companies involved in petroleum
intensive sources of energy, demand for extraction are not a”ected by the demand
petroleum falls and the drilling equipment for petroleum.
will eventually, or even suddenly, become a
liability as reduced petroleum prices make B) The societal preference for low-carbon
it more di!cult to recover the expense of energy sources is a factor in the demand
maintaining such equipment. for petroleum.
C) The demand for petroleum follows a
predictable annual cycle.
D) Companies involved in petroleum
extraction can benefit from a decline in the
demand for petroleum.

Why do flat-headed cats purr but jaguars 42

roar? Researchers hypothesize that this
According to the text, which trait do researchers
di”erence between the two feline species
think may contribute to a flat-headed cat’s
may be partly due to a U-shaped bone in
ability to purr?
their throats called the hyoid. Flat-headed
cats, which are much smaller than jaguars, A) The shape of the flat-headed cat’s larynx
have a rigid hyoid that rumbles when the
cat’s larynx vibrates, resulting in a purr. By B) The ligament attaching the hyoid bone to
contrast, jaguars have a somewhat flexible the flat-headed cat’s skull
hyoid, and the bone is attached to the skull
C) The flat-headed cat’s rigid hyoid bone
with a stretchy ligament that flat-headed
cats lack. These traits allow jaguars and D) The relative size of the flat-headed cat’s
most other species of big cats to produce body and throat
powerful roars. The same traits may also
prevent most big cats from purring.

Biologist Grace Herzel and colleagues con- 43

ducted a study of how butterfly color and
According to the text, which factors seemed to
weather conditions relate to butterfly be-
be linked to the behavior of butterflies in Grace
havior, which wouldn’t have been possible
Herzel and colleagues’ study?
without data gathered by students and
other amateur science enthusiasts in the A) Weather conditions but not butterfly color
community. Considering over three years
worth of data, the researchers found that B) Butterfly color but not weather conditions
white butterflies were observed on green
C) Neither butterfly color nor weather
flowers more often than any other butterflies
conditions
were, and that butterflies were observed
to feed more often on cloudy days than on D) Both butterfly color and weather
other days. conditions

@satashkent 246
 “Coyote” is an example of a loanword—that 44
is, a word that originated in one language
The author makes which point about the
and was later adopted by another. The
Spanish language?
word came to English indirectly from coy-
ote, the Spanish word for the wild canine A) It has served as a medium through which
species. Spanish had borrowed it from Indigenous languages have influenced
Nahuatl, an Indigenous language of Central English.
Mexico, in which the word’s original form
is coyotl. “Condor” is also Indigenous in B) Its contribution to English vocabulary
origin and entered English through Spanish. roughly equals the collective contribution
But in this case, the original source was by Indigenous languages.
Quechua, a language of South America, in
C) It has borrowed words from Indigenous
which the word for the large vulture species
languages and contributed words to them.
is kuntur.
D) It adopted Nahuatl and Quechua words in
approximately equal numbers.

Ke Bi and colleagues relied on historical 45

DNA (hDNA)—genomic data incidentally
What does the text most strongly suggest about
preserved in specimens housed in natural
specimens from natural history collections?
history collections—to investigate the evo-
lutionary trajectory of the alpine chipmunk A) While they may contain valuable genomic
(Tamias alpinus). Although this approach data, not all of them can yield usable
o”ers unique benefits, such as the ability hDNA.
to contrast historical genomic data with
present-day data, it remains relatively un- B) They are primarily used as sources of
derutilized because archival specimens are genomic data by scientists studying
sometimes stored in ways that compromise organisms that have undergone major
DNA quality, a situation not easily remedia- evolutionary change.
ble under current methodological paradigms
C) Because of their often deteriorated
and with extant DNA extraction and analy-
condition, they tend to yield genomic data
sis technologies.
that are time-consuming to extract and
interpret.
D) While they were used in a study that made
an important scientific discovery, they are
generally of marginal value as sources of
genomic data.

@satashkent 247
 In the 1960s, Gloria Richardson led a move- 46
ment to promote racial equality. Her in-
According to the text, what did Gloria
volvement in this e”ort was inspired by
Richardson lead?
her daughter, Donna Richardson. In 1961,
Donna joined protests organized by the Stu- A) A new business in Cambridge, Maryland
dent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in
Cambridge, Maryland. Following her daugh- B) The Cambridge movement
ter, Gloria joined these protests too. Gloria
C) Protests to support environmental
soon became the cochair of the Cambridge
protections
Nonviolent Action Committee. She was also
the leader of what became known as the D) Her daughter Donna’s high school
Cambridge movement.

Mexican textile artist Victoria Villasana 47

weaves stories triumph, using her unique
According to the text, what kind of material
method of applying colorful yarn to pho-
does Villasana use in her artworks?
tographs of people. In some works, Vil-
lasana focuses on celebrating cultural icons A) Stone
who are people of color, as she does in her
depiction of artist Yayoi Kusama. However, B) Chalk
in other works, Villasana honors ordinary
C) Paint
people, as she does in her captivating por-
trayal of a woman making tortillas. Vil- D) Yarn
lasana sees both of these approaches as ways
of depicting the power and interconnected-
ness of all people.

@satashkent 248
 Mauricio Drelichman and Hans-Joachim 48
Voth’s research on the fiscal vulnerability
What does the text most strongly suggest about
of Philip II (who ruled not only Spain but
the value of Drelichman and Voth’s research to
other regions including Milan from 1556 to
their discipline?
1598) builds on other studies of European
early modern state finance, including Ho”- A) Drelichman and Voth’s research uses newly
man and Norberg’s work on the relationship compiled evidence to eliminate one
between state finance and political develop- possible reason Philip II defaulted on his
ment. But Drelichman and Voth’s unique debts and to a!rm another.
contribution is their reconstruction of the
earliest extant set of annual fiscal records B) Drelichman and Voth’s research revealed
for any sovereign state, which demonstrate the role of Philip II’s debt defaults in
that Philip’s defaults were caused by short- exacerbating short-term liquidity crises.
term liquidity crises, not long-term unsus-
C) Drelichman and Voth’s research builds on
tainable debts.
earlier work about a particular aspect of
European early modern state finance By
Ho”man and Norberg and corrects errors
in that earlier work.
D) Drelichman and Voth’s research presented
a novel body of evidence supporting
Ho”man and Norberg’s hypothesis
regarding why Philip II default on several
loans.

@satashkent 249
 Google’s introduction of the Chrome web 49
browser in 2008 is a quintessential instance
Based on the text, which potential study design
of brand extension the company leveraged
would most likely to produce evidence that
its brand recognition as an internet search
would enable Grasby et al. to answer their
provider to enter a product category where
research question?
it had not previously competed. An out-
standing question is whether perceived A) Have a representative sample of the
category similarity predicts consumers like- households rate the similarity of the
lihood of purchasing brand extensions. To product categories in each extended-brand
answer this question, Alicia Grasby et al. pair, then determine how, if at all, those
identified 30 extended-brand pairs (e.g., ratings correlate with the change in
the same brand of shoes and gloves) in 52 probability that the team calculated for
weeks of purchases by approximately 60,000 each pair.
households and, for each pair, calculated
the change in probability of a brand in one B) Poll a representative sample of the
category being purchased if the same brand households to determine the degree of
was purchased in the other category. brand recognition of each brand in the
extended-brand pairs, then determine how,
if at all, the degree of brand recognition
correlates with the average cost of each
product in the pairs.
C) Have a representative sample of the
households rate the similarity of one
product in each extended-brand pair to
other products in the same category, then
determine how, if at all, those ratings
correlate with the change in probability
that the team calculated for each pair.
D) Poll a representative sample of the
households to determine the degree of
brand recognition for each brand in the
extended-brand pairs, then determine how,
if at all, the degree of brand recognition
correlates with the frequency with which a
di”erent group of households purchased at
least once product of that brand.

@satashkent 250
 In Costa Rica, use of solid fuel (e.g, coal, 50
wood) as a share of total household fuel use
Based on the text, which choice best explains
fell by approximately 60 percent between
why the author characterizes the energy ladder
2000 and 2019; such shifts are typically ex-
as “reductive”?
plained by appeal to the energy ladder, a
model holding that fuel choice is mediated A) The energy ladder asserts that households
mainly by household income (specifically, only consider one aspect of fuel when
high-technology fuels displace solid fuels as making fuel choices, but Heltberg’s study
incomes rise). Rasmus Heltberg’s study of showed that households ignore that
fuel use in Guatemala shows how reductive characteristic of fuel and evaluate several
this model is, however: household fuel use other factors instead.
was heterogeneous, flexible, and influenced
by several factors, including local price of B) The energy ladder holds that the adoption
di”erent sources. of one type of fuel means that another
type of fuel must be displaced, but
Heltberg’s study showed that several
di”erent fuel types are typically used in
equal proportion.
C) The energy ladder assumes that the same
factor influences household fuel choice in
all locations, but Heltberg’s study showed
that fuel choice in Guatemala is influenced
by di”erent factors than is fuel choice in
Costa Rica.
D) The energy ladder attributes household
fuel choice primarily to a single
characteristic of households, but Heltberg’s
study showed that multiple circumstances
can a”ect household fuel choice.

The groundbreaking Negro Ensemble Com- 51

pany (NEC), founded in 1967, produced
According to the text, how did Hooks and Ward
Paul Cater Harrison’s award-winning play
initially meet?
The Great MacDaddy in 1974. The com-
pany was cofounded by Robert Hooks, an A) Harrison introduced Hooks to Ward at a
actor, producer, and activist, and actor performance of The Great MacDaddy.
and playwright Douglas Turner Ward, who
had met while performing in a 1960 touring B) Hooks and Ward attended the same
production of Lorraine Hansberry’s play performance of The Great MacDaddy.
A Raisin in the Sun. They shared a vision
C) Hooks and Ward participated in the same
of a theater company that would nurture
workshop at NEC.
and showcase the work of Black theater
professionals. Since its beginning, NEC has D) Hooks and Ward were both actors in a
provided a forum for the voices of Harrison production of A Raisin in the Sun.
and other Black playwrights through work-
shops and performances.

@satashkent 251
 The following text is from Julia Alvarez’s 52
2000 novel In the Name of Salome. The
Based on the text, why does Miguel accompany
narrator and her sister, daughters of a fa-
his brother to the sisters’ house one day?
mous poet, are being tutored by Alejandro
Román. A) Miguel has learned all his brother can
teach him and now desires to be tutored
Our tutor, Alejandro Román, brought by the sisters.
his younger brother, Miguel, to class one
day. By now I was eighteen and had learned B) Miguel has not received formal instruction
everything Alejandro had to teach me, so in poetry and wants to ask the sisters’
I was glad for a new face. Miguel was an famous father to be his mentor.
aspiring poet, and he had heard from his
C) Miguel wants to recite his poems to the
brother that the Ureña girls were none other
sisters and inquire about their perspectives
than the daughters of Nicolás Ureña, and
on his work.
they were smart as clockwork. Miguel was
hoping not only to meet us but to make the D) Miguel anticipates having the opportunity
acquaintance of the poet himself at Mama’s to be introduced to both the sisters and
house. their father.

In 2004, Andrew Rogers created Ancient 53

Language. In this work, Rogers created an
Based on the text, what can be inferred about
80-meter-long geoglyph out of rocks in the
Ancient Language?
Atacama Desert. Rogers’s work is part of
the land art movement, in which artists re- A) Its location may be considered surprising.
ject the confinement and commercialization
of art galleries. These artists usually install B) It marked a shift in the popularity of the
large-scale pieces outdoors, often in surpris- land art movement.
ing locations.
C) It may have had more commercial success
in a di”erent outdoor location.
D) It was created early in Rogers’s career

Optimal foraging theory (OFT) holds that 54

animals’ foraging behaviors reflect cost-
Which choice best describes the finding made by
benefit trade-o”s that vary by species and
Curtis and colleagues, as presented in the text?
with dynamic ecological circumstances. One
such circumstance is lunar intensity, which A) Increased lunar intensity is more beneficial
Joel Brown and colleagues found to be neg- for mongoose lemurs than it is for Arizona
atively associated with foraging by Arizona pocket mice.
pocket mice but Deborah J. Curtis and col-
leagues found to be positively associated B) As lunar intensity increases, mongoose
with foraging by mongoose lemurs. This lemurs increase their foraging activity.
discrepancy is explicable in terms of OFT:
C) During periods of high lunar intensity,
the lemurs’ greater reliance on vision means
mongoose lemurs increase their reliance on
that higher lunar intensity benefits them
vision.
more than it benefits the mice.
D) As lunar intensity increases, Arizona
pocket mice reduce their foraging activity.

@satashkent 252
 The following text is from Thomas Mann’s 55
1924 novel The Magic Mountain, translated
What does the text most strongly suggest about
by John E. Woods in 1995.
the story of Hans Catrop?
The story of Hans Castorp that we in- A) Though it is true that stories of even the
tend to tell here – not for his sake (for the most uninteresting people are themselves
reader will come to know him as a perfectly interesting because all people are unique,
ordinary, if engaging young man), but for the reason this story is interesting is
the sake of the story itself, which seems to nonetheless di!cult to understand because
us to be very much worth telling (although of the passage of time.
in Hans Castorp’s favor it should be noted
that it is his story, and that not every story B) Even though it is a story of a person of no
happens to everybody) – is a story that particular importance, its age and the
took place long ago, and is, so to speak, manner in which it therefore must be told
covered with the patina of history and must are both indicators that the story itself is
necessarily be told with verbs whose tense is important.
that of the deepest past.
C) It is a remarkable story that happened to
an unremarkable person, though one could
plausibly argue that because the story is
valuable, some of its value accrues to the
person at its center.
D) Like all stories about the lives of
inconsequential people, this story must
necessarily be related in a particular way if
the reason the story is consequential is to
be made evident to the audience.

@satashkent 253
 The Lego Group’s introduction of 56
the Legoland theme park in 1968 is a
Based on the text, which potential study design
quintessential instance of brand extension –
would be most likely to produce evidence that
the company leveraged its brand recognition
would enable Grasby et al. to answer their
as a toy manufacturer to enter a product
research question?
category where it had not previously com-
peted. An outstanding question is whether A) Have a representative sample of the
perceived category similarity predicts con- households rate the similarity of the
sumers’ likelihood of purchasing brand product categories in each extended-brand
extensions. To answer this question, Alicia pair, then determine how, if at all, those
Grasby et al. identified 30 extended-brand ratings correlate with the change in
pairs (e.g., the same brand of wristwatch probability that the team calculated for
and necktie) in 52 weeks of purchases by ap- each pair.
proximately 60,000 households and, for each
pair, calculated the change in probability of B) Poll a representative sample of the
a brand in one category being purchased if households to determine the degree of
the same brand was purchased in the other brand recognition for each brand in the
category. extended-brand pairs, then determine how,
if at all, the degree of brand recognition
correlates with the frequency with which a
di”erent group of households purchased at
least one product of that brand.
C) Poll a representative sample of the
households to determine the degree of
brand recognition of each brand in the
pairs, then determine how, if at all, the
degree of brand recognition correlates with
the average cost of each product in the
pairs.
D) Have a representative sample of the
households rate the similarity of one
product in each extended-brand pair to
other products in the same category, then
determine how, if at all, those ratings
correlate with the change in probability
that the team calculated for each pair.

@satashkent 254
Topic 7: Inference
107 Questions

DIRECTIONS

Must Know Tips:

• Learn causation/correlation logic.

• Learn classification logic.

• Remember that the correct answer is a logical conclusion based on the passage.

• Pay attention to every single character, place, object, and date.

• Don’t read the question prompt (it’s static).

Recommended time per question in this section: min: 1 min, max: 1 min 45 sec, avg: 1 min
22.5 sec. (*Exam level)

The Study on Global Ageing and Adult 1

Health (SAGE) seeks to discover long-term
Which choice most logically completes the text?
trends related to aging by compiling and an-
alyzing evidence from approximately 66,000 A) such studies are likely to be a lower
participants in multiple countries. As with priority for funding than SAGE.
most longitudinal studies, extensive funding
support is needed for SAGE to collect the B) the sociology study is unlikely to be able
relevant data over timescales and at inter- to recruit 66,000 participants.
vals that will support robust conclusions.
C) expanding the scope of such studies is
But the quality of a more constrained inves-
unlikely to be feasible.
tigation, such as a sociology study seeking
only to yield the average age at which peo- D) such studies are not trying to identify
ple in a given city first become parents, is trends over time.
much less dependent on high levels of fund-
ing because

@satashkent 255
 Anne Bronte’s 1847 novel Agnes Grey con- 2
tains elements drawn from Bronte’s own
Which choice most logically completes the text?
life: there are many parallels between the
experiences of the novel’s tide character and A) Agnes Grey is less of an imaginative
those of Bronte, and as a result Agnes Grey achievement than it actually is.
is regularly described as an autobiographical
novel. This characterization can be useful, B) the real-world counterparts of other
but it also presents drawbacks in terms of characters in Agnes Grey are hard to
how the work is perceived, as it may lead identify.
readers to believe that Bronte merely fic-
C) Bronte should not have claimed that
tionalized true events, which, in an artistic
Agnes Grey is based on real events.
field where creativity and inventiveness are
prized, can suggest that D) critics disagree about whether Agnes Grey
shows greater originality than works
without autobiographical elements.

Previous research has shown that plant 3

species with a narrow geographical range
Which choice most logically completes the text?
tend to be more genetically homogeneous
than plant species with extensive ranges A) several other Mammillaria species could
are. Based on these findings, researchers survive in Tamaulipas in the future.
recently ran simulations to predict how the
genetic variation of several species of Mam- B) the genetic homogeneity of M. klissingiana
millaria, a genus of cactus found throughout decreased over time.
the Americas, might change in di!erent dis-
C) there was a gradual increase in the genetic
tribution conditions. One of these species,
homogeneity of Mammillaria species in
M. klissingiana, is found only in the state
states neighboring Tamaulipas.
of Tamaulipas. The researchers simulated
what would happen if M. klissingiana spread D) Mammillaria species other than M.
to new habitats outside Tamaulipas, and, klissingiana would become more common
consistent with previous findings, the results in Tamaulipas.
showed that

To better understand people living with 4

PTSD, laboratory experiments conducted
Which choice most logically completes the text?
on mice determined that the brain stores
remote fear memories from the past per- A) To more e!ective treatment of individuals
manently. Due to the connections between su!ering from PTSD and other
memory neurons in the prefrontal cortex, fear–related disorders.
the brain can hold onto distressing expe-
riences from a few months to decades ago. B) To a better understanding of what causes
These results are expected to contribute PTSD in the mice that were studied.
C) To the realization that there is a
connection between memory neurons in
the prefrontal cortex.
D) To additional studies conducted on mice
and other lab animals to gain further
insights.

@satashkent 256
 In order to identify research trends, Shirley 5
Ann Williams et al. reviewed a collection
Which choice most logically completes the text?
of studies of the social media website Twit-
ter, such as the 2021 paper by Celik et al. A) a group of researchers had an extensive
titiled “Learning Semantic Relationships discussion on Twitter about the design of
between Entities in Twitter.’ Williams’s tractor engines.
team searched for the term “Twitter” on
the Scopus and Web of Science databases B) most of the papers in the Scopus and Web
and found that, though most papers re- of Science databases do not discuss
turned by the search did in fact focus on automotive engines or social media
the social media platform, a few discussed websites.
unrelated subjects such as sounds made by
C) the word “Twitter’ may not always refer to
tractor engines. one reasonable explanation
a social media website, but to other
for this result is that it occurred because
subjects such as noises made by machines.
D) academics who are active on social
networks are likely to announce their
recent publications on Twitter.

In a 2012 study in the United States. 6

Michael E. Berndt and Travis K. Bavin
Which choice most logically completes the text?
found a positive association between levels
of dissolved organic carbon and mercury in A) the mercury levels reported in oh and
bodies of fresh water. Many other studies colleagues study were much higher than
have yielded similar results, suggesting to those reported in the study by Berndt and
some scientists that this association is true Bavin even though the dissolved organic
for all bodies of fresh water. But much of carton levels reported in the two studies
that research has been conducted at broadly were approximately she same.
similar sites in North America, and when
Seam oh and colleagues examined bodies B) Berndt and Bavin may have inadvertently
of fresh water in South Korea, they found measured a di!erent characteristic of
a negative association between dissolved bodies of fresh water than their levels of
organic carbon levels and mercury levels. If dissolved organic carbon and mercury.
similar findings emerge from other locations
C) the relationship between dissolved organic
outside North America, that could suggest
carbon and mercury reported by Berndt
That
and Bavin reflects conditions that are
characteristic of certain kinds of
ecosystems in North America rather than
universal conditions.
D) most of the studies conducted in North
America have measured dissolved organic
carbon and mercury levels at a higher level
of precision than was the case in Noh and
colleagues study.

@satashkent 257
 The British Bronze Age began when so- 7
phisticated techniques for making tools,
Which choice most logically completes the text?
weapons, and other objects from metal were
introduced to the British Isles around 2500 A) some hoards contained no gold, as was the
BCE, and it lasted until around 700 BCE. case for the Parc-y-Meirch hoard.
In Britain during this time, collections of
valuable metal objects (called hoards) were B) most Bronze Age gold objects were melted
sometimes buried for safekeeping. Some down so that the gold could be reused.
stayed buried for many centuries, such as
C) the skills needed to make tools and
the Parc-y-Meirch hoard, which was un-
weapons from bronze were to adapt to
earthed around 1868, and the Fittleworth
making decorative items from gold.
hoard, discovered in 1995. And although
the period is known as the Bronze Age, D) some hoards were found as a result of
some hoards, like the Fittleworth hoard, artifacts being dug up by accident.
contained decorative objects made of gold;
gold was much rarer than bronze, however,
and thus it is not surprising that

The state of North Dakota has designated 8

the spiny water flea as an invasive species
Which choice most logically completes the text?
that could outcompete some of the state’s
native species. Many other states draw A) It’s useful at present for North Dakota to
similar distinctions between invasive and distinguish between invasive and native
native species. But researchers Alejan- species in some instances but not in the
dro Camacho and Jason McLachlan have case of the spiny water flea.
pointed out that Earth’s climate is changing
in ways that challenge such designations. B) North Dakota was previously home to
Climate changes may cause animals to some spiny water flea but they were
leave their current ranges and establish new outcompeted by invasive species.
ones. Climate changes may also create good
C) state such as North Dakota may need to
habitats in areas where a species couldn’t
reevaluate their classifications of species.
live previously. These observations suggest
that D) North Dakota should coordinate with
other states to protect their native species
from invasive species.

@satashkent 258
 In June of 1987, South Korean liberalized 9
its stock market, meaning that it began al-
Which choice most logically completes the text?
lowing foreign individuals and businesses to
invest money in South Korean companies. A) investment growth is likely to be more
This was part of a wave of stock markets consistent in countries that liberalize than
liberalization from the mid-1980s through in countries that do not.
the mid-1990s-Brazil in 1988, Venezuela
in 1900, and so on. In an analysis of eco- B) it typically takes at least three years for
nomic data from 1976 to 1993, Ross Levine companies to benefit from government
and Sara Zervos found that liberalization policies allowing foreign investment, but
did not lead to enduring increases in in- governments rarely maintain such policies
vestment in companies based in countries for that long.
that liberalized. Peter Blair Henry, how-
C) economist’s expectations about the e!ect
ever, found that, on average, investment in
of liberalization on investment were largely
companies in liberalized countries increased
correct.
significantly in the three years following
liberation. Taken together, these results D) companies based in countries that begin
suggest that allowing foreign investment will probably
see short term increases in investment, but
that their gains are unlikely to last.

The Bronze Age in Britain lasted from 10

around 2500 BCE to approximately 700
Which choice most logically completes the text?
BCE. Collections of metal items (called
hoards) from all periods of the Bronze Age A) both the Llanarmon-yn-Iâl hoard and the
have been found in Britain, including the Horsehope Craig hoard, only the latter
Llanarmon-yn-Iål hoard of artifacts from included evidence of more refined sword
the 16th century BCE, unearthed around production.
1982, and the much later Horsehope Craig
hoard of artifacts from the 7th century B) hoards discovered before 1865, no such
BCE, unearthed around 1865. Sometime evidence was found in hoards that were
in the Middle Bronze Age (approximately discovered later.
from the 14th century BCE to the 10th
C) the Llanarmon-yn-Iâl hoard, no intact
century BCE), metalsmiths in Britain began
swords were found among the items in the
to develop swords for the first time. This
hoard.
fact helps explain why, whereas evidence of
sword production was found in D) the Horsehope Craig hoard, no such
evidence was found in the
Llanarmon-yn-Iâl hoard.

@satashkent 259
 In a 2017 study that took place in Sweden, 11
Andrea G. Bravo and colleagues found a
Which choice most logically completes the text?
negative association between levels of dis-
solved organic carbon and mercury in bod- A) Bravo and colleagues study may have
ies of fresh water. It may seem reasonable inadvertently measured a di!erent
to be skeptical of this finding, since most characteristic of bodies of fresh water than
other studies, such as research conducted their levels of dissolved organic carbon and
in 2014 in Canada by Claire J. Oswald and mercury.
Brian A. Branfireun, have found that dis-
solved organic carbon and mercury levels B) few of the studies conducted in North
rise together. Like the latter study, how- America have been able to measure
ever, most studies of the topic have been dissolved organic carbon and mercury
conducted in North America, and many of levels with the same level of precision as in
those study sites have similar characteristics Bravo and colleagues’ study.
to one another, suggesting that
C) the mercury levels reported in Bravo and
colleagues study were much higher than
those reported in the study by Oswald and
Branfireun even though the dissolved
organic carbon levels reported in the two
studies were approximately the same.
D) Bravo and colleagues finding may di!er
from the findings of other studies due to a
di!erence in environmental circumstances
that a!ects the relationship between
dissolved organic carbon and mercury in
fresh water.

South Africa has classified the Gaboon viper 12

as an invasive species that could outcompete
Which choice most logically completes the text?
some of the country’s native species. Many
other countries draw similar distinctions A) South Africa should coordinate with other
between invasive and native species. But countries to protect their native species
researchers Alejandro Camacho and Jason from invasive species.
McLachlan have pointed out that Earth’s
climate is changing in ways that challenge B) it’s useful at present for South Africa to
such classifications. Climate changes may distinguish between invasive and native
cause animals to leave their current ranges species in some instances but not in the
and establish new ones. Climate changes case of the Gaboon viper.
may also create good habitats in areas
C) distinctions among species that countries
where a species couldn’t live previously.
such as South Africa have made may not
These observations suggest that
fit well with changing circumstances.
D) South Africa was previously home to some
Gaboon vipers but they were outcompeted
by invading species.

@satashkent 260
 The Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) exam- 13
ines trends in childhood development among
Which choice most logically completes the text?
19,000 people in the United Kingdom un-
folding over many years. As is true of most A) 19,000 people is more than enough for
longitudinal studies, this need for years of MCS to find trends in childhood
data collection results in high costs. By development.
contrast, a relatively straightforward fitness
study, such as one that is merely trying to B) longitudinal methods are probably suitable
identify the percentage of regular exercisers for the fitness study.
in a city who do weight training, may not
C) the fitness study can be done well without
need a large budget because
years of data collection.
D) it would be easy for MCS researchers to
add questions to their childhood
development study.

The small white heron and the little blue 14

heron are long legged birds that live in
Which choice most logically completes the text?
wetlands. like the Everglades in Florida.
Laura D’Acunto and colleagues wanted to A) attract little blue herons to the area than
know how these birds choose an area in they are to attract small white herons to
which to live. They looked at features of the area.
these birds’ habitats, such as how quickly
water drains from the area and the amount B) extend the average lifespan of small white
of tree-canopy cover there is in the area. herons already in the area than they are to
They found that small white herons prefer attract a greater number of those birds to
areas with extensive canopy cover, but this the area.
was not true for little blue herons. The re-
C) decrease the area’s appeal to both small
searchers therefore concluded that wetland-
white herons and little blue herons than
management strategies that increase the
they are to increase the appeal to other
amount of tree canopy in potential wetland
species.
bird habitats are less likely to
D) attract birds that don’t typically live in
wetlands to the area than they are to
attract small white herons or little blue
herons to the area.

Architects looking for inspiration may 15

examine photographs of iconic buildings
Which choice most logically completes the text?
such as the Leaning Tower in Pisa. A two-
dimensional photograph, however, cannot A) conceals the subtle deterioration of the
capture how a building interacts with its building’s materials.
surroundings, whether by complementing,
blending in with, or perhaps even clashing B) serves to exaggerate the building’s
with sights and activities nearby. An image historical importance.
of the Leaning Tower thus
C) misrepresents how the building is perceived
by people who have never visited Pisa.
D) fails to convey the full impact of the
building’s design and structure.

@satashkent 261
 The Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) seeks to 16
discover long-term trends related to child-
Which choice most logically completes the text?
hood development by compiling and ana-
lyzing evidence from approximately 12,000 A) such studies are not trying to identify
participants in Germany. As with most lon- trends over time.
gitudinal studies, extensive funding support
is needed for SOEP to collect the relevant B) the transportation study is unlikely to be
data over timescales and at intervals that able to recruit 12,000 participants.
will support robust conclusions. But the
C) expanding the scope of such studies is
quality of a more constrained investigation,
unlikely to be feasible.
such as a transportation study seeking only
to yield the average number of people per D) such studies are likely to be a lower
day who use a city’s public transportation priority for funding than SOEP.
system, is much less dependent on high lev-
els of funding because

In a 2017 study, Nitika Sharma and Rekha 17

Dayal found that for consumers who value
Which choice most logically completes the text?
environmental conservation, their likelihood
of purchasing a product increased when A) there is not a meaningful di!erence in the
their perception of the product’s e!ective- average likelihood of purchasing
ness at addressing an environmental issue environmentally friendly products among
increased-in other words, the more environ- the demographic groups included in the
mentally friendly a product is perceived to study.
be by a consumer, the more likely that con-
sumer is to buy it. Subsequently, another B) the new food product is less appealing to
research team conducted a study of various middle-aged adults than other similar
demographic groups in Chile, investigating products on the market are.
participants’ intention to purchase a new
C) middle-aged adults might be more likely
food product, and found that, on average,
than participants in the other demographic
middle-aged adults gave the food product
groups to purchase the food product.
a higher environmental e!ectiveness rating
than any other demographic group did. D) middle-aged adults likely prioritize other
Assuming that the results of Sharma and factors over a product’s environmental
Dayal’s study are broadly applicable, this sustainability when making purchasing
finding suggests that decisions.

@satashkent 262
 Many studies have found a positive asso- 18
ciation between levels of dissolved organic
Which choice most logically completes the text?
carbon and mercury in bodies of fresh water
in North America. But Andrea G. Bravo A) levels of dissolved organic carbon and
and colleagues did not find this correlation mercury in bodies of fresh water are both
in a study conducted in Sweden, leading much higher in Sweden than elsewhere.
some scientists to hypothesize that the as-
sociation is particular to North America. B) dissolved organic carbon and mercury
However, several other studies conducted levels do typically rise and fall together in
outside North America, such as one by fresh water.
Clara E. Moreno and colleagues in Norway,
C) there were circumstances unique to Moreno
showed similar results to the North Ameri-
and colleagues’ study that impeded
can studies, while few have produced results
accurate measurements of mercury levels.
similar to those of Bravo and colleagues’
study, suggesting that D) the hypothesis that the positive association
is particular to North America is correct

The Mammillaria cactus M. guerreronis oc- 19

curs naturally only in the state of Guerrero
Which choice most logically completes the text?
in Mexico, and the smallness of its range
makes it especially vulnerable to extinction. A) lead to a better understanding of how the
The traditional single-species approach to distribution of Mammillaria species
conservation emphasizes the need to fo- throughout Mexico has a!ected their
cus on individual species most at risk, like survival
M. guerreronis, but recently, conservation-
ists have argued that an ecosystem-based B) allow conservationists to better consider
approach that incorporates the many in- how climatic changes a!ecting Guerrero
teractions between the climate, terrain, may reduce the number of species
and various species of a given geographical competing with M. guerreronis
area may lead to better outcomes for all
C) erroneously shift the focus of conservation
the species in a given location. If this view
e!orts away from M. guerreronis itself
is correct, the single-species approach to
the conservation of M. guerreronis could D) fail to consider the ways in which the
thus survival of M. guerreronis may be
influenced by changes in the populations of
other species that inhabit Guerrero

@satashkent 263
 The Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) is a 20
longitudinal study surveying approximately
Which choice most logically completes the text?
12,000 individuals in Germany to glean ex-
tended trends in childhood development. A) the expense of SOEP is likely greater than
To carry out the necessary sampling of the the cost of longitudinal studies of
population over many years, SOEP needs transportation
extensive financial support, but this method
provides valuable insights into causal re- B) conclusions drawn from SOEP are likely to
lationships. However, when questions of be more authoritative than those from the
causation are irrelevant, as with a trans- transportation study
portation study seeking only to reveal the
C) longitudinal methods are suitable for
number of people per day who use a city’s
studies of childhood development but
public transportation system, longitudinal
ought to be avoided for those of
methods are unnecessary, and so
transportation
D) the success of the transportation study
likely requires significantly less financial
outlay than that needed for SOEP

Arthurian legends (tales related to the char- 21

acter of King Arthur) derive from many
Which choice most logically completes the text?
sources, such as Annales Cambriae, com-
posed around 970, and the Mabinogion from A) Le Morte d’Arthur is more historically
the 12th and 13th centuries. One of the accurate than History, because the
most significant sources, Geo!rey of Mon- Mabinogion had not been written when
mouth’s History of the Kings of Britain, was Geo!rey of Monmouth was writing his
written in Latin in the 1130s; some material work
from it was later adapted by the Norman
poet Wace into the Roman de Brut in 1155. B) Geo!rey of Monmouth’s accounts of
But while no source before 1155 includes Arthurian legends in his History are more
references to the famous Round Table at similar overall in content to the accounts
which Arthur’s knights assembled, both in the Mabinogion than they are to the
the Roman de Brut and Sir Thomas Mal- accounts in Roman de Brut
ory’s 15th century compilation of Arthurian
C) Malory did not use Annales Cambriae as a
legends, Le Morte d’Arthur do. It can
source for information he presented about
therefore be inferred that
the Round Table.
D) Geo!rey of Monmouth was unaware of
stories of the Round Table when
composing his History, though historians
know that works containing such stories
were available to him.

@satashkent 264
 Research such as the 2015 study of mam- 22
mals by Jessie Patrice Bunkley and Jesse
Which choice most logically completes the text?
Rex Barber has shown that noise from hu-
man activity, like tra”c on a busy highway, A) the e!ects of noise on birds have been less
has significant e!ects on animals, and many extensively documented than the e!ects on
governments require studies of the potential mammals have.
noise e!ects on wildlife before approving
highway construction projects. A report B) the severity of the e!ects of noise on
on one such study proposed many more di!erent species of birds can di!er
actions to mitigate the e!ects on birds in significantly.
the area than it did to mitigate the e!ects
C) the measures intended to protect birds can
on mammals in the area. Despite the lack of
sometimes have adverse e!ects on
focus on measures specifically for mammals,
mammals.
conservationists were satisfied that the pro-
posed mitigations were su”cient to protect D) the measures aimed at protecting birds
all the wildlife in the area because will likely also minimize most of the e!ects
on mammals.

Ships in the British Royal Navy during the 23

Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) were ranked
Which choice most logically completes the text?
based on military strength. The system
considered the number of a ship’s cannons A) the Temeraire had between 850 and 875
and decks. ’First-rate’ was the highest rank- crewmen, but the Waterloo and the
ing, and ’sixth-rate’ was the lowest ranking, Caledonia each had fewer than 850
followed by unranked ships. The size of crewmen.
a ship’s crew was based on this ranking:
first-rate ships had between 850 and 875 B) the Waterloo had a smaller crew than the
crewmen, while lower-ranked ships had Caledonia.
fewer. Three of the ships in the British
C) all ships with three decks were ranked as
Royal Navy were the Waterloo (80 cannons
first-rate ships.
and two decks), the Temeraire (98 cannons
and three decks), and the Caledonia (120 D) the Caledonia needed a crew larger than
cannons and three decks). Among these, 875 people in order to operate e”ciently.
only the Caledonia was a first-rate ship. It
can therefore be concluded that

@satashkent 265
 Indigenous songs can be repositories of eco- 24
logical information, from Yi songs about
Which choice most logically completes the text?
the natural environment to Tlingit songs
about wildlife encounters. Kwakwaka’wakw A) the Kwakwaka’wakw people encouraged
song keeper Kwaxsistalla Wathl’thla aided the health of clam gardens and reduced
research by ethnobiologist Dana Lepofsky pressure on them by periodically
et al. by contributing songs that reference increasing their reliance on other sources
creating terraced intertidal gardens to foster of sustenance.
the healthy development of clams, a staple
in the Kwakwaka’wakw people’s diet. Such B) the practical approach described in the
structures date as far back as 3,500 years Kwakwaka’wakw songs e!ectively
ago. Intriguingly, analysis of local paleoeco- maintained clams as a sustainable food
logical marine bivalve records has revealed source.
significant increases in clam size and pro-
C) the Kwakwaka’wakw people initially
ductivity as clam garden practices became
adapted their clam garden practices from
more prevalent and harvesting pressure
similar methods observed among other
increased-a finding that bolsters the notion
Indigenous peoples in neighboring areas.
that
D) contemporary Kwakwaka’wakw people
have only minimally deviated from the
clam-gardening practices described in the
people’s songs.

Saeed M.Z.A. Tarabieh conducted a study 25

of consumer attitudes toward Jordanian
Which choice most logically completes the text?
food and beverage companies and found
that for consumers who value environmental A) the new TV is more appealing to rural
conservation, their likelihood of purchasing residents than other similar products on
a product decreased when their perception the market are.
of the product’s risk of causing environ-
mental harm increased. Subsequently, other B) rural residents likely prioritize other
researchers conducted a study of various factors over a product’s environmental
demographic groups in China, investigating sustainability when making purchasing
participants’ intentions to purchase a new decisions.
television, and found that, on average, rural
C) there is not a meaningful di!erence in the
residents had the highest perception among
average likelihood of purchasing
all the demographic groups in the study of
environmentally friendly products among
the environmental risks of the TV. Assum-
the demographic groups included in the
ing that the results of Tarabieh’s study are
study.
broadly applicable, this finding suggests
that D) rural residents might be less likely than
participants in the other demographic
groups to purchase the TV.

@satashkent 266
 Quasars-such as APM 08279+5255, located 26
in the Lynx constellation-are extremely
Which choice most logically completes the text?
luminous galactic nuclei powered by su-
permassive black holes, some of which are A) future models of the early universe may
known to have developed within the first not need to include conditions that explain
billion years of the formation of the uni- early quasars since those quasars may not
verse. Based on simulations they conducted, have actually existed at the time.
astrophysicists Daniel Whalen. Muhammad
Latif, and colleagues concluded that these B) it may be possible to develop models of the
early quasars developed partly as a result early universe that rest on more credible
of rare convergences of gases in space with- assumptions than previous models have.
out the need for ultraviolet backgrounds
C) factors that previous models of the early
or other extreme and implausible environ-
universe assumed were necessary for the
mental conditions that models of the early
formation of quasars may have actually
universe have included to account for the
been consequences of the formation of
presence of these quasars. If this conclusion
quasars.
is correct, it suggests that
D) previous models of the early universe may
have underemphasized the importance of
ultraviolet backgrounds to quasar
formation.

Nora Ephron’s 1983 novel Heartburn is reg- 27

ularly described as autobiographical. That
Which choice most logically completes the text?
characterization is apt-there are many par-
allels between the experiences of the novel’s A) overemphasizing the extent to which
narrator, Rachel Samstat, and those of Ephron took inspiration from earlier
Ephron-but it should not be taken to mean writers.
that all the people and events depicted in
Heartburn are based on actual people and B) positing unsupportable connections
events. The novel is largely pure invention, between Heartburn and Ephron’s life.
and readers who neglect this fact and in-
C) misrepresenting Heartburn as being more
stead try to identify more and more real-life
widely read than it actually is.
analogues thus risk
D) minimizing the fact that Ephron drew on
real-world material when writing
Heartburn.

@satashkent 267
 The great blue heron and the small dark 28
heron are long-legged birds that live in wet-
Which choice most logically completes the text?
lands, like the Everglades in Florida. Laura
D’Acunto and colleagues wanted to know A) attract small dark herons to the area than
how these birds choose an area in which to they are to attract great blue herons to the
live. They looked at features of the birds’ area.
habitats, such as the geographic location of
the area and how deep the water is during B) extend the average lifespan of great blue
the birds’ breeding season. They found that herons already in the area than they are to
great blue herons prefer areas with deep wa- attract a greater number of those birds to
ter during breeding season, but that was not the area.
true for small dark herons. The researchers
C) attract birds that don’t typically live in
concluded that water management strategies
wetlands to the area than they are to
that increase the depth of water in potential
attract great blue herons or small dark
wetland bird habitats during breeding sea-
herons to the area.
son are therefore less likely to
D) decrease the area’s appeal to both great
blue herons and small dark herons than
they are to increase the appeal to both.

Evan MacLean and colleagues evaluated 29

behavioral and genetic data from over
Which choice most logically completes the text?
14,000 dogs, representing more than 100
breeds, and found that certain similarities A) their similarities with respect to that
in behavior between breeds correspond to behavior could result from a shared aspect
genetic similarities between those breeds, of their genetics.
suggesting a genetic basis for breed di!er-
ences in behavior. This was the case for B) individual French bulldogs likely display
both dog rivalry and energy but was espe- higher levels of chasing than individual
cially pronounced for chasing, which can be bullmasti!s.
seen when a dog pursues small animals like
C) French bulldogs and bullmasti!s show a
birds or squirrels. A di!erent study found
greater tendency toward chasing than
that the French bulldog and the bullmasti!
most other dog breeds do.
breeds exhibit similar chasing behavior, sug-
gesting that D) the two breeds will likely become less
genetically similar over time.

@satashkent 268
 Buried collections of Bronze Age metal 30
items (called hoards) have been found all
Which choice most logically completes the text?
over Britain. For hoards discovered since
the 1960s, such as the 1965 discovery of the A) include gold jewelry.
Walderslade hoard, advancements like inex-
pensive metal detectors, ground-penetrating B) result from artifacts being unearthed
radar, and aerial surveys have made it much accidentally.
easier for searchers to locate hoards be-
C) include rare items from the 10th century
fore putting the first shovel in the ground.
BCE.
Hoards found before the 1960s, however,
such as the discovery of the Auchnacree D) occur before the ground was disturbed.
hoard around 1921, were not aided by such
technologies and thus were much more likely
to

The state of Wisconsin has classified the 31

walnut twig beetle as an invasive species
Which choice most logically completes the text?
that could harm some of the state’s native
species. But researchers Alejandro Cama- A) the state was previously home to some
cho and Jason McLachlan have pointed out walnut twig beetles but they were
that ’invasive’ and ’native’ are labels that outcompeted by invading species.
describe temporary circumstances. Changes
in Earth’s climate may force animals from B) it’s useful at present for the state to
their current ranges. Climate changes may distinguish between invasive and native
also create good habitats in areas where a species in some instances but not in the
species couldn’t live previously. In the case case of the walnut twig beetle.
of Wisconsin, these observations suggest
C) even if Earth’s climate doesn’t change in
that
the way scientists predict, the walnut twig
beetle will likely establish itself in the
state.
D) the state’s designation of the walnut twig
beetle as invasive may be appropriate now
but not in the future.

@satashkent 269
 In May of 1986, the Philippines liberalized 32
its stock market, meaning that it began
Which choice most logically completes the text?
allowing foreign individuals and businesses
to invest money in Filipino companies. This A) companies in Malaysia experienced a
was part of a wave of stock market liberal- greater increase in investment following
izations around the world-Malaysia in 1987, liberalization than did companies in the
Morocco in 1988, and so on. The standard Philippines.
view among economists at the time was
that liberalization would make it easier for B) economists who held the standard view of
companies to raise money from investors. liberalization failed to anticipate some
Economist Peter Blair Henry examined the serious negative e!ects of liberalization.
economies of 11 countries that were part of
C) companies did not benefit from
the liberalization wave and found that, on
liberalization until at least three years
average, companies based in those countries
after liberalization occurred.
received significant increases in investment
in the three years following liberalization, D) empirical evidence was consistent with the
suggesting that scholarly consensus about the
consequences of liberalization.

J.G. Ballard’s 1984 novel Empire of the 33

Sun contains elements drawn from Ballard’s
Which choice most logically completes the text?
own life-there are many parallels between
the experiences of the novel’s protagonist, A) Ballard should not have claimed that
Jim Graham, and those of Ballard and as Empire of the Sun is based on real events.
a result Empire of the Sun is regularly de-
scribed as an autobiographical novel. This B) the real-world counterparts of other
characterization can be useful, but it also characters in Empire of the Sun are hard
presents drawbacks in terms of how the to identify.
work is perceived, as it may lead readers
C) Empire of the Sun is less of an imaginative
to believe that Ballard merely fictionalized
achievement than it actually is.
true events, which, in an artistic field where
creativity and inventiveness are prized, can D) critics disagree about whether Empire of
suggest that the Sun shows greater originality than
works without autobiographical elements.

@satashkent 270
 Indigenous songs are an important re- 34
source for ecological information. Songs
Which choice most logically completes the text?
of the Warlpiri people in Yuendumu, Aus-
tralia, convey information about wild edible A) recognize that Indigenous languages likely
seeds, and the songs of the Sakha people have more unique expressions that
in Siberia, Russia, address the e!ects of represent ecological knowledge than
climate change on local ecosystems. There represent other types of information.
have been e!orts made to preserve Indige-
nous languages over the years-e.g., the B) acknowledge that Indigenous songs are
United Nations’ International Decade of largely but not entirely composed using
Indigenous Languages (2022-2032). How- phrases taken from spoken language.
ever, such attempts have typically focused
C) incorporate the preservation of songs into
on spoken language despite the fact that
their broader e!orts to protect Indigenous
some expressions in these languages appear
languages.
only in songs. Therefore, if those involved in
such e!orts want to ensure that a compre- D) None of the above
hensive range of information is secured, they
must

In a 2014 study that took place in Laos, 35

Stéphane Guédron, Delphine Tisserand,
Which choice most logically completes the text?
and colleagues found a negative association
between levels of dissolved organic carbon A) few of the studies conducted in North
and mercury in bodies of fresh water. It America have been able to measure
may seem reasonable to be skeptical of this dissolved organic carbon and mercury
finding, since most other studies, such as levels with the same level of precision as in
research conducted in 2015 in Canada by Guédron, Tisserand, and colleagues’ study.
Stéphanie Hamelin and colleagues, have
found that dissolved organic carbon and B) the mercury levels reported in Guédron,
mercury levels rise together. Like the latter Tisserand, and colleagues’ study were
study, however, most studies of the topic much higher than those reported in the
have been conducted in North America, study by Hamelin and colleagues even
and many of those study sites have similar though the dissolved organic carbon levels
characteristics to one another, suggesting reported in the two studies were
that approximately the same.
C) Guédron, Tisserand, and colleagues’ study
may have inadvertently measured a
di!erent characteristic of bodies of fresh
water than their levels of dissolved organic
carbon and mercury.
D) Guédron, Tisserand, and colleagues’
finding may di!er from the findings of
other studies due to a di!erence in
environmental circumstances that a!ects
the relationship between dissolved organic
carbon and mercury in fresh water.

@satashkent 271
 As complex life cycle parasites, Opechona 36
sp. and Cucullanellus kanabus require
Which choice most logically completes the text?
multiple host species throughout their de-
velopment. Extrapolating from parasite A) although Opechona sp. and C. kanabus
counts on Pacific herring and seven other both require Pacific herring as a host, C.
fish species collected from Puget Sound from kanabus was more adversely a!ected by
1880 to 2019, Chelsea Wood et al. found warming- driven changes in the Pacific
that the abundance of three-host parasites, herring population than Opechona sp. was.
such as Opechona sp., negatively correlated
with rising average annual sea temperatures; B) a parasite’s sensitivity to warming
the abundance of two-host parasites, such as temperatures is negatively correlated with
C. kanabus, was largely stable. Noting that the number of unique vertebrate species it
fish and other marine vertebrates are espe- depends on throughout its life cycle.
cially vulnerable to climate change, Wood et
C) warming-induced population changes
al. observed that all three-host parasites in
among Puget Sound vertebrates may have
the study depend on at least two vertebrate
suppressed some parasite populations, but
species, while all two- host parasites depend
there were no changes among the eight
on only one, suggesting that
studied host species that a!ected two-host
parasite abundance.
D) population size and density of the eight
fish species examined in the study were
likely largely una!ected by rising sea
temperatures.

New Zealand has classified the rainbow lori- 37

keet as an invasive species that could harm
Which choice most logically completes the text?
some of the country’s native species. But
researchers Alejandro Camacho and Jason A) New Zealand was previously home to some
McLachlan have pointed out that Earth’s rainbow lorikeets but they were
climate is changing in ways that challenge outcompeted by invading species.
such classifications. Climate changes may
force animals from their current ranges. B) even if Earth’s climate doesn’t change in
Climate changes may also create good habi- the way scientists predict, the rainbow
tats in areas where a species couldn’t live lorikeet will likely establish itself in New
previously. These observations suggest that Zealand.
C) labels like the one that New Zealand has
applied to the rainbow lorikeet reflect
environmental conditions that may not
persist.
D) it’s useful at present for New Zealand to
distinguish between invasive and native
species in some instances but not in the
case of the rainbow lorikeet.

@satashkent 272
 All stainless steel contains varying amounts 38
of iron, carbon, and corrosion- inhibiting
Which choice most logically completes the text?
chromium. However, ferritic stainless steel,
often used for induction cookers, contains A) similar magnetic properties to stainless
a higher percentage of chromium (at least steel used to manufacture induction
10.5%) than does austenitic stainless steel cookers.
and a higher concentration of iron, which
is responsible for its magnetic properties. B) a concentration of manganese greater than
Unlike ferritic stainless steel, austenitic 10.5%, while stainless steel used to
stainless steel has a face-centered cubic crys- manufacture indoor architecture will not.
talline structure resulting from the addition
C) a face-centered cubic crystalline structure,
of nickel to the alloy. Austenitic stainless
while stainless steel used to manufacture
steel has two subtypes: the 300 series, often
induction cookers will not.
used for storage containers, and the 200
series, which has less nickel and more man- D) a lower percentage of nickel in its
ganese than the 300 series and is used for composition than stainless steel used to
indoor architecture. Thus, stainless steel manufacture induction cookers will.
used to manufacture storage containers will
have

As complex life cycle parasites, Lecithaster 39

sp. and Capillaria parophrysi require mul-
Which choice most logically completes the text?
tiple host species throughout their develop-
ment. Extrapolating from parasite counts A) although Lecithaster sp. and C.
on Pacific herring and seven other fish parophrysi both require Pacific herring as
species collected from Puget Sound from a host, C. parophrysi was more adversely
1880 to 2019, Chelsea Wood et al. found a!ected by warming- driven changes in the
that the abundance of three-host parasites, Pacific herring population than Lecithaster
such as Lecithaster sp., negatively correlated sp. was.
with rising average annual sea temperatures;
the abundance of two-host parasites, such B) population size and density of the eight
as C. parophrysi, was largely stable. Noting fish species examined in the study were
that fish and other marine vertebrates are likely largely una!ected by rising sea
especially vulnerable to climate change, temperatures.
Wood et al. observed that all three-host
C) warming-induced population changes
parasites in the study depend on at least
among Puget Sound vertebrates may have
two vertebrate species, while all two- host
suppressed some parasite populations, but
parasites depend on only one, suggesting
there were no changes among the eight
that
studied host species that a!ected two-host
parasite abundance.
D) a parasite’s sensitivity to warming
temperatures is negatively correlated with
the number of unique vertebrate species it
depends on throughout its life cycle

@satashkent 273
 Over 600 languages are spoken in New 40
York City in addition to English- one can
Which choice most logically completes the text?
find Aromanian spoken in the neighbor-
hood of Ridgewood, or Hindi in Gramercy A) Chinese immigrants who emigrated to New
Park. Many immigrants from north China, York City many years ago are more likely
where Mandarin is the primary language, to speak several Chinese languages than
reside in the neighborhood of Flushing (part are more recent Chinese immigrants.
of New York City’s borough of Queens)
while those who emigrated from south B) there are geographic di!erences in primary
China, where many people speak Can- language within China that are reflected in
tonese or Fuzhounese as a first language, the settlement patterns of Chinese
tend to reside in Chinatown, in the bor- immigrants in New York City.
ough of Manhattan. Among speakers of
C) Chinese immigrants regularly change their
Chinese languages, those in Flushing tend
residences between Queens and Manhattan
to speak Mandarin as their primary lan-
after they emigrate, rather than staying in
guage while those in Chinatown tend to
one borough.
speak Cantonese or Fuzhounese as their pri-
mary language. This is most likely because D) taken together, there are more Cantonese
and Fuzhounese speakers among Chinese
immigrants in New York City than there
are Mandarin speakers.

Indigenous songs are an important resource 41

for ecological information. Songs of the
Which choice most logically completes the text?
Warlpiri people in Yuendumu, Australia,
convey information about wild edible seeds, A) analyze musical similarities in the songs of
and the songs of the Karen (hta) Hin Lad the Warlpiri and Karen (hta) Hin Lad Nai
Nai people in Thailand o!er detailed infor- people.
mation about bees. There have been e!orts
made to preserve Indigenous languages over B) acknowledge that Indigenous songs are
the years-e.g., the United Nations’ Inter- largely but not entirely composed using
national Decade of Indigenous Languages phrases taken from spoken language.
(2022-2032). However, such attempts have
C) incorporate the preservation of songs into
typically focused on spoken language despite
their broader e!orts to protect Indigenous
the fact that some expressions in these lan-
languages.
guages appear only in songs. Therefore, if
those involved in such e!orts want to ensure D) recognize that Indigenous languages likely
that a comprehensive range of information have more unique expressions that
is secured, they must represent ecological knowledge than
represent other types of information.

@satashkent 274
 In a 2012 study that took place in Brazil, 42
Enelton Fagnani, José Roberto Guimarã,
Which choice most logically completes the text?
and Pedro Sérgio Fadini found a negative
association between levels of dissolved or- A) few of the studies conducted in North
ganic carbon and mercury in bodies of America have been able to measure
fresh water. It may seem reasonable to be dissolved organic carbon and mercury
skeptical of this finding, since most other levels with the same level of precision as in
studies, such as research conducted in 1995 Fagnani, Guimarã, and Fadini’s study.
in the United States by Charles T. Driscoll
and colleagues, have found that dissolved B) Fagnani, Guimarã, and Fadini’s finding
organic carbon and mercury levels rise to- may di!er from the findings of other
gether. Like the latter study, however, most studies due to a di!erence in
studies of the topic have been conducted in environmental circumstances that a!ects
North America, and many of those study the relationship between dissolved organic
sites have similar characteristics to one an- carbon and mercury in fresh water.
other, suggesting that
C) Fagnani, Guimarã, and Fadini’s study may
have inadvertently measured a di!erent
characteristic of bodies of fresh water than
their levels of dissolved organic carbon and
mercury.
D) the mercury levels reported in Fagnani,
Guimarã, and Fadini’s study were much
higher than those reported in the study by
Driscoll and colleagues even though the
dissolved organic carbon levels reported in
the two studies were approximately the
same.

@satashkent 275
 As complex life cycle parasites, Anisakis sp. 43
and Cucullanellus kanabus require multiple
Which choice most logically completes the text?
host species throughout their development.
Extrapolating from parasite counts on A) although Anisakis sp. and C. kanabus
spotted ratfish and seven other fish species both require spotted ratfish as a host, C.
collected from Puget Sound from 1880 to kanabus was more adversely a!ected by
2019, Chelsea Wood et al. found that the warming-driven changes in the spotted
abundance of three-host parasites, such as ratfish population than Anisakis sp. was.
Anisakis sp., negatively correlated with ris-
ing average annual sea temperatures; the B) warming-induced population changes
abundance of two-host parasites, such as among Puget Sound vertebrates may have
C. kanabus, was largely stable. Noting that suppressed some parasite populations, but
fish and other marine vertebrates are espe- there were no changes among the eight
cially vulnerable to climate change, Wood et studied host species that a!ected two-host
al. observed that all three-host parasites in parasite abundance.
the study depend on at least two vertebrate
C) population size and density of the eight
species, while all two- host parasites depend
fish species examined in the study were
on only one, suggesting that
likely largely una!ected by rising sea
temperatures.
D) a parasite’s sensitivity to warming
temperatures is negatively correlated with
the number of unique vertebrate species it
depends on throughout its life cycle.

The glossy ibis and the small dark heron are 44

long-legged birds that live in wetlands, like
Which choice most logically completes the text?
the Everglades in Florida. Laura D’Acunto
and colleagues wanted to know how these A) attract glossy ibises to the area than they
birds choose an area in which to live. They are to attract small dark herons to the
looked at features of the birds’ habitats, area.
such as the geographical location of the
area and how deep the water is during the B) attract birds that don’t typically live in
birds’ breeding season. They found that wetlands to the area than they are to
glossy ibises prefer areas with deeper wa- attract glossy ibises or small dark herons
ter during breeding season, but that was to the area.
not true for small dark herons. The re-
C) extend the average lifespan of glossy ibises
searchers concluded that water management
already in the area than they are to
strategies that increase the depth of water
attract a greater number of those birds to
in potential wetland bird habitats during
the area.
breeding season are therefore more likely to
. D) decrease the area’s appeal to both glossy
ibises and small dark herons than they are
to increase the appeal to either.

@satashkent 276
 Scientists recently created a model to pre- 45
dict how increasing human activity will
Which choice most logically completes the text?
a!ect future mammal population sizes in
U.S. national forests. Unfortunately, when A) exaggerate the e!ect of increasing human
the model is applied to large forests, its pre- activity on small mammals.
dictions for large-mammal populations are
too high, and when applied to small forests, B) overestimate the actual population sizes of
its predictions for small-mammal popula- large mammals.
tions are too high. Beaverhead-Deerlodge
C) ignore the predator-prey relationships
National Forest in Montana is a large forest,
between large and small mammals.
covering more than 3 million acres. If used
to evaluate the e!ect of increasing human D) reflect factors a!ecting large mammals
activity on this forest in years, the model other than increasing human activity.
would likely therefore

Narwhals are shy whales that live in the 46

remote Arctic Ocean. Some of them have a
Which choice most logically completes the text?
long tusk, like a unicorn horn, with sensitive
nerves. Narwhals are known for this tusk, A) some narwhals would seek a new habitat.
but many actually don’t have one and its
purpose is unknown. One group of scien- B) more narwhals would have a tusk.
tists came up with a possible purpose in
C) fewer marine animals would also have tusk
2014. The scientists suggested that the tusk
may help narwhals determine when water D) fewer marine animals would also have tusk
around them is likely to start freezing and
become dangerous for them. Marine biolo-
gist Kristin Laidre disagrees with that idea,
though. She reasons that if the narwhal’s
tusk serves such an important purpose, then
it’s most likely that

@satashkent 277
 Over 600 languages are spoken in New York 47
City in addition to English—one can find
Which choice most logically completes the text?
Bartangi spoken in the neighborhood of
Yorkville, or Ghaile in Jackson Heights. A) languages tend to change more rapidly in
Most speakers of Chinese languages reside areas where many languages are spoken
in the neighborhood of Flushing (part of than in areas where few languages are
New York City’s borough of Queens) and in spoken.
Chinatown, in the borough of Manhattan.
New immigrants from north China, where B) correlations in a country between
Mandarin is the primary first language, tend languages and regions where they are
to settle in Queens, while new immigrants spoken can replicate themselves in a new
from south China, where many people speak country to which the original country’s
Cantonese or Fuzhounese as a first lan- citizens emigrate.
guage, tend to settle in Manhattan. It can
C) languages spoken by immigrant peoples
therefore be inferred that
can di!er significantly in vocabulary and
pronunciation from those same languages
in their country of origin.
D) there is a positive correlation between the
physical size of a country and the number
of languages spoken in that country.

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s 1920 novel This Side 48

of Paradise contains elements drawn from
Which choice most logically completes the text?
Fitzgerald’s own life—there are many par-
allels between the experiences of the novel’s A) This Side of Paradise is less of an
protagonist, Amory Blaine, and those of imaginative achievement than it actually
Fitzgerald—and as a result This Side of is.
Paradise is regularly described as an auto-
biographical novel. This characterization B) Fitzgerald should not have claimed that
can be useful, but it also presents drawbacks This Side of Paradise is based on real
in terms of how the work is perceived, as it events.
may lead readers to believe that Fitzgerald
C) critics disagree about whether This Side of
merely fictionalized true events, which, in an
Paradise shows greater originality than
artistic field where creativity and inventive-
works without autobiographical elements.
ness are prized, can suggest that
D) the real-world counterparts of other
characters in This Side of Paradise are
hard to identify.

@satashkent 278
 Over 600 languages are spoken in New York 49
City in addition to English—one can find
Which choice most logically completes the text?
Acehnese spoken in the neighborhood of
Astoria, for example, or Hindi in Gramercy A) Younger speakers of Spanish in New York
Park. English is the most common, with City would be more likely to use a dialect
65% of New Yorkers speaking it at home; specific to New York City than older
Spanish is second, at 20%. A linguist hy- speakers living in the same neighborhood
pothesizes that a Spanish dialect—a vari- would be.
ation di!ering from the parent language
in some of its vocabulary, pronunciation, B) The proportion of younger speakers who
and grammar—has developed in New York use a Spanish dialect specific to New York
City, partly due to its linguistic interaction City is higher in neighborhoods where
with English. Previous research shows that many languages are spoken than in
younger speakers of nonmajority languages neighborhoods where Spanish and English
are more likely to borrow words from the predominate.
majority language of a region than are older
C) Both the number of languages spoken in
speakers. If the linguist’s hypothesis is cor-
New York City and the number of dialects
rect, it is therefore likely to be the case that
of each of those languages will increase
.
over time.
D) Spanish used by younger speakers in New
York City tends to have more words
borrowed from other nonmajority
languages than borrowed from English.

Arthurian legends (tales related to the char- 50

acter of King Arthur) derive from many
Which choice most logically completes the text?
sources, such as Preiddeu Annwfn, com-
posed around 900, and Erec and Enide from A) Malory did not use Preiddeu Annwfn as a
around 1170. One of the most significant source for information he presented about
sources, Geo!rey of Monmouth’s History of the Round Table.
the Kings of Britain, was written in Latin in
the 1130s; some material from it was later B) Geo!rey of Monmouth was unaware of
adapted by the Norman poet Wace into stories of the Round Table when
the Roman de Brut in 1155. But while no composing his History, though historians
source before 1155 includes references to know that works containing such stories
the famous Round Table at which Arthur’s were available to him.
knights assembled, both the Roman de
C) Le Morte d’Arthur is more historically
Brut and Sir Thomas Malory’s 15th-century
accurate than History, because Erec and
compilation of Arthurian legends, Le Morte
Enide had not been written when Geo!rey
d’Arthur, do. It can therefore be inferred
of Monmouth was writing his work.
that .
D) Geo!rey of Monmouth’s accounts of
Arthurian legends in his History are more
similar overall in content to the accounts
in Erec and Enide than they are to the
accounts in Roman de Brut.

@satashkent 279
 An analysis by Alain Elayi and colleagues 51
of coins minted in Sidon in the fifth and
Which choice most logically completes the text?
fourth centuries BCE reveals a change in
their composition over time: while a coin A) keep the amount of silver in Sidonian coins
from circa 450 BCE contains about 98% consistent with that in coins minted in 367
silver and 1% copper, a coin from 367 BCE BCE but decrease their weight.
(the end of Ba‘alšillem II’s reign) contains
74.2% silver and 24.7% copper, giving it a B) proclaim that the percentage of silver in
relatively yellowish appearance that traders coins suitable for trade would be raised to
would have noticed. Because coins with a threshold higher than 80%.
a silver content below 80% were widely
C) fund the mining of some copper deposits
considered unsuitable for trade, Elayi et
that were not available to Ba‘alšillem II.
al. speculate that a crisis in confidence in
the currency occurred in Sidon around 367 D) begin minting heavier coins with a
BCE, which was likely relieved—despite proportion of silver to copper similar to
Sidon’s persistent oppressive financial obli- that in coins minted in 367 BCE.
gations—as a result of Ba‘alšillem II’s suc-
cessor Abd’aštart I’s decision to .

Over 600 languages are spoken in New 52

York City in addition to English—one can
Which choice most logically completes the text?
find Bengali spoken in the neighborhood of
Parkchester, or Fujianese in Sunset Park. A) correlations in a country between
Most speakers of Chinese languages reside languages and regions where they are
in the neighborhood of Flushing (part of spoken can replicate themselves in a new
New York City’s borough of Queens) and in country to which the original country’s
Chinatown, in the borough of Manhattan. citizens emigrate.
New immigrants from north China, where
Mandarin is the primary first language, tend B) there is a positive correlation between the
to settle in Queens, while new immigrants physical size of a country and the number
from south China, where many people speak of languages spoken in that country.
Cantonese or Fuzhounese as a first lan-
C) languages tend to change more rapidly in
guage, tend to settle in Manhattan. It can
areas where many languages are spoken
therefore be inferred that .
than in areas where few languages are
spoken.
D) languages spoken by immigrant peoples
can di!er significantly in vocabulary and
pronunciation from those same languages
in their country of origin

@satashkent 280
 The Mammillaria cactus M. anniana occurs 53
naturally only in the state of Tamaulipas
Which choice most logically completes the text?
in Mexico, and the smallness of its range
makes it especially vulnerable to extinction. A) fail to consider the ways in which the
The traditional single-species approach to survival of M. anniana may be influenced
conservation emphasizes the need to focus by changes in the populations of other
on individual species most at risk, like M. species that inhabit Tamaulipas.
anniana, but recently, conservationists have
argued that an ecosystem-based approach B) erroneously shift the focus of conservation
that incorporates the many interactions e!orts away from M. anniana itself.
between the climate, terrain, and various
C) lead to a better understanding of how the
species of a given geographical area may
distribution of Mammillaria species
lead to better outcomes for all the species in
throughout Mexico has a!ected their
a given location. If this view is correct, the
survival.
single-species approach to the conservation
of M. anniana could thus . D) allow conservationists to better consider
how climatic changes a!ecting Tamaulipas
may reduce the number of species
competing with M. anniana.

Arthurian legends (tales related to the char- 54

acter of King Arthur) derive from many
Which choice most logically completes the text?
sources, such as Preiddeu Annwfn, com-
posed around 900, and Tom a Lincoln from A) Geo!rey of Monmouth’s accounts of
around 1607. One of the most significant Arthurian legends in his History are more
sources, Geo!rey of Monmouth’s History of similar overall in content to the accounts
the Kings of Britain, was written in Latin in in Tom a Lincoln than they are to the
the 1130s; some material from it was later accounts in Roman de Brut.
adapted by the Norman poet Wace into
the Roman de Brut in 1155. But while no B) Geo!rey of Monmouth was unaware of
source before 1155 includes references to stories of the Round Table when
the famous Round Table at which Arthur’s composing his History, though historians
knights assembled, both the Roman de know that works containing such stories
Brut and Sir Thomas Malory’s 15th-century were available to him.
compilation of Arthurian legends, Le Morte
C) Malory did not use Preiddeu Annwfn as a
d’Arthur, do. It can therefore be inferred
source for information he presented about
that
the Round Table.
D) Le Morte d’Arthur is more historically
accurate than History, because Tom a
Lincoln had not been written when
Geo!rey of Monmouth was writing his
work.

@satashkent 281
 Exclusively inhabiting tropical countries 55
such as Sierra Leone, wild chimpanzees lack
Which choice most logically completes the text?
adaptations to seasonal variations in ultra-
violet B (UVB) irradiance from sunlight; A) averaged across seasons, vitamin D levels
since UVB exposure enables vertebrates to in zoo chimpanzees in mid-latitude
synthesize vitamin D, this raises questions countries such as Sweden tend to be
about how chimpanzees in mid-latitude comparable to those in wild chimpanzees
zoos are a!ected by the lower and more in tropical countries such as Sierra Leone.
variable UVB irradiance in those locations.
In a study of zoo chimpanzees in Sweden B) adaptations to seasonal variations in UVB
and other mid-latitude countries, Sophie irradiance may be emerging in zoo
Moittié and colleagues found not only that chimpanzees in Sweden and other
chimpanzees’ vitamin D levels correlate with mid-latitude countries.
UVB irradiance but also that vitamin D lev-
C) providing supplemental vitamin D to
els show no evidence of plateauing as UVB
chimpanzees in zoos in Sweden and other
irradiance reaches its highest local levels,
mid-latitude countries would likely not be
suggesting that
beneficial.
D) zoo chimpanzees in Sweden and other
mid-latitude countries tend to synthesize
less vitamin D than they are inherently
capable of synthesizing.

Many Indian snack foods, such as bhatoora 56

and paneer pakora, acquire their flavor from
Which choice most logically completes the text?
being fried in oil; some are also coated in
batter beforehand. Chemists Marc A. Mey- A) have a more viscous crust when frying is
ers and Andrew Grazela studied the mass completed than it would have if it were
and heat transfer processes that occur when fried with a coating of hydrocolloid batter.
foods are fried in batters containing hydro-
colloids, polymers that become viscous or B) have a higher fat content than it would
gel-like in water. During frying, water in have if it were fried with a coating of
the food evaporates, leaving voids that oil hydrocolloid batter.
(a pure fat) can fill. As the process con-
C) need to be cooked more quickly at a higher
tinues, water from the food’s center moves
temperature than it would need to be
to the crust as long as the crust remains
cooked if it were fried with a coating of
permeable. However, hydrocolloids can
hydrocolloid batter.
create structures in the crust that reduce
the transfer of moisture out of the food’s D) need to be cooked in a di!erent oil than it
core during frying. Therefore, a food fried would need to be cooked in if it were fried
without a hydrocolloid batter coating will with a coating of hydrocolloid batter.
likely

@satashkent 282
 Zooarchaeologist Ophélie Lebrasseur and 57
her team examined a fox skeleton discovered
Which choice most logically completes the text?
in 1991 at an archaeological site alongside
artifacts of human habitation (like spear A) the humans who were alive at the same
points) in central Argentina. Lebrasseur et time as the fox most likely ate more meat
al. determined that the fox was Dusicyon than the fox did.
avus, an extinct species resembling a jackal,
and radiocarbon dating placed the fox at B) the fox had a diet more similar to that of
the site at the same time as human inhab- jackals than to that of wild foxes.
itants. (Indeed, the inhabitants may have
C) the humans who were alive at the same
deliberately buried the fox.) In addition,
time as the fox hunted using the spears
while wild foxes have a diet entirely made
whose points were also found at the site.
of meat, isotopic signatures of the skele-
ton’s teeth indicated that the fox’s diet, like D) the fox may have been a companion
that of the humans, was partly composed of animal of the humans who inhabited the
plant material. Lebrasseur et al. therefore site at the same time.
concluded that

Prolonged exposure to anthropogenic noise 58

(sounds from human sources like tra”c
Which choice most logically completes the text?
or mining) can a!ect animals, as Graeme
Shannon and colleagues found in a 2014 A) some studies of fish found larger e!ects of
study of black-tailed prairie dogs. Re- exposure to anthropogenic noise than some
searchers conducted a meta-analysis of stud- studies of mammals did.
ies of how such noise a!ects animals and
found that, for every study, relevant traits B) the di!erences that studies attribute to
or behaviors of the animals were observably exposure to anthropogenic noise are likely
di!erent between the exposed group and to be more pronounced for fish than they
the otherwise similar but unexposed group. are for mammals.
Although, on average, studies of mammals
C) the di!erence found in the study conducted
showed larger di!erences than studies of fish
by Graeme Shannon and colleagues was
did, for every class of animals examined,
likely larger than the average di!erence for
there were individual studies showing di!er-
studies of black-tailed prairie dogs
ences well above the average for mammals.
included in the meta-analysis.
Therefore, the results of the meta-analysis
suggest that D) the studies in the meta-analysis that
examined mammals were more likely than
those that examined fish to specify
whether the observed e!ects were
detrimental.

@satashkent 283
 Liverpool Football Club won more than 59
half its home matches between 1947 and
Which choice most logically completes the text?
2003, helping to distinguish the team as a
top British professional soccer club. Ad- A) played more aggressively than they would
ditionally, Liverpool, whose home uniform have if their own uniforms were red.
color is mainly red, was more successful
in home matches than was Watford Foot- B) been influenced by the color of Liverpool’s
ball Club, whose home uniform color is not uniforms.
red. Research has shown that many people
C) been aware that Liverpool’s uniform color
associate the color red with power and dom-
a!ected their own performance.
inance. Past experiences with red objects
such as stop signs can even cause people to D) been una!ected by the red clothing worn
respond to the color red with caution and by fans in the stadium.
hesitation. These findings, if applicable in
the context of athletic competitions, could
suggest that in matches played at Liver-
pool’s home stadium, opponents may have

India has classified the spiraling whitefly as 60

an invasive species that could harm some of
Which choice most logically completes the text?
the country’s native species. But researchers
Alejandro Camacho and Jason McLachlan A) the country’s designation of the spiraling
have pointed out that “invasive” and “na- whitefly as invasive may be appropriate
tive” are labels that describe temporary now but not in the future.
circumstances. Changes in Earth’s climate
may force animals from their current ranges. B) it’s useful at present for the country to
Climate changes may also create good habi- distinguish between invasive and native
tats in areas where a species couldn’t live species in some instances but not in the
previously. In the case of India, these obser- case of the spiraling whitefly.
vations suggest that
C) even if Earth’s climate doesn’t change in
the way scientists predict, the spiraling
whitefly will likely establish itself in the
country.
D) the country was previously home to some
spiraling whiteflies but they were
outcompeted by invading species.

@satashkent 284
 As exemplified by Temiar songs about land- 61
forms and landmarks and Lakota songs
Which choice most logically completes the text?
about gathering mouse beans, ecological in-
formation can be transmitted in Indigenous A) representation of practical applications of
songs, and in some instances is maintained ecological knowledge is the defining
only in this way. Kwaxsistalla Wathl’thla, a characteristic of the music of certain
song keeper for the Kwakwaka’wakw people Indigenous peoples.
in Canada, collaborated with ethnobiolo-
gist Dana Lepofsky et al., sharing songs B) the Kwakwaka’wakw people likely would
referencing terraced intertidal clam gar- not have detailed their creation of clam
dens the people implemented in the past gardens in songs if their e!orts had not
to foster healthy development of a dietary produced significantly larger clams.
staple. Drawing on archaeological evidence
C) the clams harvested from intertidal
as well, Lepofsky et al. determined that the
terraces by Kwakwaka’wakw people in the
prevalence of the practice described in the
past likely were a di!erent species than the
songs corresponded with growth in clam size
clams found in those areas today.
and abundance despite increased harvesting
pressure—a finding that demonstrates that D) e!ective methods for the cultivation of
sources of sustenance are among the
ecological knowledge preserved in
Indigenous songs.

A group of primate conservationists re- 62

cently began a long-term study of the e!ects
Which choice most logically completes the text?
of di!erent conservation strategies on the
white-headed langur (Trachypithecus po- A) risk making inaccurate conclusions about
liocephalus). The species population is the e!ectiveness of di!erent conservation
currently estimated to be around 1,000. strategies.
It is challenging to accurately count these
primates, however, which makes it di”cult B) cause other conservationists to adopt a
to tell whether the population is increasing, new methodology for counting populations.
decreasing, or staying stable. The study
C) benefit from including species beyond the
may thus
white-headed langur.
D) fail to consider less-well-known
conservation approaches for the
white-headed langur.

@satashkent 285
 Scholars are increasingly exploring the 63
communication and preservation of ecolog-
Which choice most logically completes the text?
ical knowledge through Indigenous songs
(e.g., Temiar songs about landforms and A) there is greater corroboration in the
landmarks and those of the Tlingit people archaeological record of ecological
about wildlife encounters). In one study, practices described in Kwakwaka’wakw
ethnobiologist Dana Lepofsky et al. received songs than of those described in Temiar
insight from Kwaxsistalla Wathl’thla, a song and Tlingit songs.
keeper for the Kwakwaka’wakw people in
Canada, into songs referencing the people’s B) non-Indigenous people around the Pacific
use of terraced gardens in intertidal zones Northwest coast adopted the practice
along the Pacific Northwest coast for the developed by the Kwakwaka’wakw people
cultivation of clams for consumption. Ar- after observing its e”cacy.
chaeological evidence of significant increases
C) although contemporary Kwakwaka’wakw
in clam size and abundance in that area
people have a deep understanding of and
concurrent with the documented past imple-
appreciation for the fishing and farming
mentation of the method described in the
practices used by their ancestors, they no
songs supports the conclusion that
longer implement those methods.
D) the practice used by ancestors of modern
Kwakwaka’wakw people not only
e!ectively maintained a food source but
also promoted its robustness.

For its 1974 work Instant Mural, the Chi- 64

cano art collective Asco taped members
Which choice most logically completes the text?
Patsy Valdez and Humberto Sandoval to an
outdoor wall in East Los Angeles. The work A) while Valdez’s presence in Instant Mural
is manifestly a commentary on constraint, represents the social constraints placed on
but many critics focus on Valdez and the women at the time, Sandoval’s presence
social constraints women faced at the time, represents Chicano muralists’ frustration
which is understandable but leaves the pres- at their lack of recognition by the art
ence of Valdez’s male collaborator Sandoval establishment.
unexplained. We should instead consider
that in 1974, the art establishment’s recog- B) the main subject of Instant Mural is
nition of Chicano artists was (and had long female Chicano artists’ experience of being
been) restricted to sociohistorical muralists, doubly constrained by gender-role
leaving nonmuralist Chicano artists—like expectations and the marginalization of
Asco’s members—struggling to even ex- certain types of art.
hibit their work; attending to this context
C) Instant Mural is best understood not as a
opens an interpretation that accounts for all
critique of the social constraints placed on
the evidence, allowing us to conclude that
women but rather as a critique of
sociohistorical muralists’ depictions of
Chicano culture.
D) Instant Mural is a reflection on the
constraining aesthetic expectations placed
on Chicano artists in general rather than
on the social constraints placed on women
specifically.

@satashkent 286
 A road was recently built in a Maryland 65
woodland that is home to the house finch.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
Some finches’ nests were situated close to
the new road and others were deeper in the A) finch eggs will make up about the same
woodland. Common ravens, which eat finch percentage of common ravens’ diet as they
eggs, can spot nests near the open spaces did before the road was built.
of roads more easily than they can spot
nests surrounded by woodland. Accordingly, B) the number of finches building nests near
researchers in Maryland trying to predict the road will gradually increase as the
the impact of the new road on finches have finches adapt to the presence of the
suggested that common ravens.
C) finches nesting near the road will lose eggs
to common ravens at a higher rate than
will finches nesting far from the road.
D) finches nesting far from the road will lay
fewer eggs per nest than will finches
nesting near the road.

Biologists Rebecca M. Calisi-Rodriguez and 66

George E. Bentley examined research on
Which choice most logically completes the text?
species such as dark-eyed juncos and tucos,
which have both been studied under labo- A) more suitable than wild settings for
ratory conditions as well as in the wild, to studying tucos’ patterns of rest and
see whether there were significant di!erences activity.
between findings in the wild and in the lab.
And, for example, they found for tucos that B) a!ecting the results for both tucos and
daytime is the most active period for wild dark-eyed juncos.
individuals but not for captive individu-
C) more suitable for studying dark-eyed
als. Calisi-Rodriguez and Bentley therefore
juncos than for studying tucos.
concluded that the laboratory setting was
likely D) interfering with tucos’ patterns of rest and
activity.

@satashkent 287
 All stainless steel contains varying amounts 67
of iron, carbon, and corrosion-inhibiting
Which choice most logically completes the text?
chromium. However, ferritic stainless steel,
often used for induction cookers, contains A) furnaces and stainless steel used to
a higher percentage of chromium (at least manufacture washing machines will both
10.5%) than does austenitic stainless steel have a chromium content of less than
as well as a higher concentration of iron. 10.5%.
Unlike ferritic stainless steel, austenitic
stainless steel has a face-centered cubic crys- B) washing machines will have a higher
talline structure held stable by the presence concentration of nickel in its composition
of nickel and nitrogen. Austenitic stainless than stainless steel used to manufacture
steel has two subtypes: the 200 series, often furnaces will.
used for washing machines, and the 300
C) induction cookers will have a face-centered
series, which has more nickel than the 200
cubic crystalline structure, but stainless
series and is often used for storage contain-
steel used to manufacture storage
ers or furnaces. Thus, stainless steel used to
containers will not.
manufacture
D) storage containers and stainless steel used
to manufacture induction cookers will have
a similar concentration of nitrogen in their
compositions.

The Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) is an 68

expanse of abyssal plain and seamounts
Which choice most logically completes the text?
(underwater mountains) between Hawai‘i
and Mexico in which mining is permitted, A) more likely to properly distinguish between
but the area’s biodiversity is poorly under- morphologically similar but distinct
stood. The vast majority of invertebrate invertebrate species than is the method
species found in a recent survey of the CCZ used to identify Prionospio branchioclada.
were hitherto unknown to scientists, and
sampling for animal life has been highly B) more frequently used for identifying
concentrated in the eastern part of the zone. species with physiological characteristics
Some species like Ledella knudseni were like those of Ledella knudseni than
identified both morphologically and molec- morphological analysis is.
ularly (using DNA analysis), whereas Pri-
C) better suited to distinguishing Prionospio
onospio branchioclada and other species for
branchioclada from morphologically
which molecular sampling was impracticable
similar species than to distinguishing
were identified solely based on physical mor-
Ledella knudseni from morphologically
phology. Since molecular analysis does not
similar species.
require distinguishing subtle physiological
di!erences, it is D) capable of providing greater physiological
detail about a species than is the method
used for Prionospio branchioclada.

@satashkent 288
 As exemplified by Sakha songs about local 69
ecosystems and Kaluli songs about rain-
Which choice most logically completes the text?
forest sounds, ecological information can
be transmitted in Indigenous songs, and in A) the clams harvested from intertidal
some instances is maintained only in this terraces by Kwakwaka’wakw people in the
way. Kwaxsistalla Wathl’thla, a song keeper past likely were a di!erent species than the
for the Kwakwaka’wakw people in Canada, clams found in those areas today.
collaborated with ethnobiologist Dana
Lepofsky et al., sharing songs referencing B) the Kwakwaka’wakw people likely would
terraced intertidal clam gardens the people not have detailed their creation of clam
implemented in the past to foster healthy gardens in songs if their e!orts had not
development of a dietary staple. Drawing produced significantly larger clams.
on archaeological evidence as well, Lepofsky
C) representation of practical applications of
et al. determined that the prevalence of the
ecological knowledge is the defining
practice described in the songs corresponded
characteristic of the music of certain
with growth in clam size and abundance
Indigenous peoples.
despite increased harvesting pressure—a
finding that demonstrates that D) e!ective methods for the cultivation of
sources of sustenance are among the
ecological knowledge preserved in
Indigenous songs.

Researchers have noted that people with 70

clinically typical hearing perceive sounds
Which choice most logically completes the text?
they believe to be meaningful as quieter
than sounds of the same volume that they A) experienced the nature sounds as louder
believe to be noise (i.e., meaningless to the than ’Sad but True’ even though they were
listener). In a recent study, Antonia Olivia not.
Dolan and colleagues allowed participants to
listen to (and adjust the volume of) record- B) believed that neither the nature sounds
ings of music in popular genres like heavy nor ’Sad but True’ were at a volume of
metal and acoustic folk, as well as record- 61.5 decibels.
ings of nature sounds. The researchers
C) perceived the nature sounds and ’Sad but
noted that participants may have treated
True’ to be comparably meaningful despite
the nature sounds as noise, which suggests
perceiving the music to be quieter.
that if a participant was exposed to Metal-
lica’s ’Sad but True’ and the nature sounds D) adjusted the volume of the nature sounds
at a volume of 61.5 decibels, the participant to be greater than 61.5 decibels.
likely would have

@satashkent 289
 Evan MacLean and colleagues evaluated be- 71
havioral and genetic data from over 14,000
Which choice most logically completes the text?
dogs, representing more than 100 breeds,
and found that variation in behavior be- A) the French bulldog and the cairn terrier
tween breeds can be attributed to genetic di!er with respect to the genetic
variations between those breeds, suggest- underpinnings for attachment and
ing a genetic basis for breed di!erences in attention-seeking.
behavior. This was the case for both sep-
aration problems and dog rivalry but was B) the French bulldog and the cairn terrier
especially pronounced for attachment and will likely become more genetically similar
attention-seeking, which can be seen when over time.
a dog solicits a!ection or attention. In a
C) French bulldogs and cairn terriers show a
di!erent study, researchers found that, with
greater tendency toward attachment and
regard to attachment and attention-seeking,
attention-seeking than most other dog
the French bulldog behaves notably di!erent
breeds do.
ways than the cairn terrier. Together these
findings D) individual French bulldogs may display
higher levels of attachment and
attention-seeking than individual cairn
terriers

The lacy hawkmoth, a large-bodied moth, 72

defends itself against the eastern red bat
Which choice most logically completes the text?
and other insect-eating bats, which use
echolocation to hunt, by emitting ultra- A) anti-bat ultrasound production may be a
sonic clicks that can, for instance, disrupt more prevalent defense strategy among
the bats’ echolocation signals. To inves- large-bodied moths than previously known
tigate moths’ defense ultrasound—which to researchers.
researchers had thought was exclusive to
tiger moths, hawkmoths and one species of B) ultrasound production is only one of a
geometrid moths—Akito Y. Kawahara et al. diverse range of e!ective strategies moths
recorded the responses of moths from 252 employ to evade bat attacks.
genera, representing most families of large-
C) unlike the 52 moth genera that emit
bodied moths, to audio playback of bat
ultrasonic clicks, most moth genera have
echolocation. The researchers found that
likely not developed defenses specifically
52 of the genera, including several genera
against bat attacks.
belonging to the geometer family, produced
defensive ultrasonic clicks. This result sug- D) some genera of large-bodied moths may
gests that use ultrasonic signaling for purposes other
than avoiding capture by predators such as
the eastern red bat.

@satashkent 290
 As exemplified by Yi songs about the nat- 73
ural environment and Tlingit songs about
Which choice most logically completes the text?
wildlife encounters, ecological information
can be transmitted in Indigenous songs, and A) representation of practical applications of
in some instances is maintained only in this ecological knowledge is the defining
way. Kwaxsistalla Wathl’eth, a song keeper characteristic of the music of certain
for the Kwakwaka’wakw people in Canada, Indigenous peoples.
collaborated with ethnobiologist Dana
Lepofsky et al., sharing songs referencing B) the Kwakwaka’wakw people likely would
terraced intertidal clam gardens the people not have detailed their creation of clam
implemented in the past to foster healthy gardens in songs if their e!orts had not
development of a dietary staple. Drawing produced significantly larger clams.
on archeological evidence as well, Lepofsky
C) the clams harvested from intertidal
et al. determined that the prevalence of the
terraces by Kwakwaka’wakw people in the
practice described in the songs corresponded
past likely were a di!erent species than
with growth in clam yield and abundance
wild clams found in those areas today.
despite increased harvesting pressure—a
finding that demonstrates that D) e!ective methods for the cultivation of
sources of sustenance are among the
ecological knowledge preserved in
Indigenous songs.

Researchers have noted that people with 74

clinically typical hearing perceive sounds
Which choice most logically completes the text?
they believe to be meaningful as quieter
than sounds of the same volume that they A) adjusted the volume of the nature sounds
believe to be noise (i.e., meaningless to the to be greater than 61.5 decibels.
listener). In a recent study, Antonia Olivia
Dolan and colleagues allowed participants to B) believed that neither the nature sounds
listen to (and adjust the volume of) record- nor “Heartbeats” were at a volume of 61.5
ings of music in popular genres like acoustic decibels.
folk and orchestral, as well as recordings of
C) experienced the nature sounds as louder
nature sounds. The researchers noted that
than “Heartbeats” even though they were
participants may have treated the nature
not.
sounds as noise, which suggests that if a
participant was exposed to Jose Gonzalez’s D) perceived the nature sounds and
“Heartbeats” and the nature sounds at a “Heartbeats” to be comparably meaningful
volume of 61.5 decibels, the participant despite perceiving the music to be quieter.
likely would have

@satashkent 291
 Evan MacLean and colleagues evaluated 75
behavioral and genetic data from over
Which choice most logically completes the text?
14,000 dogs, representing more than 100
breeds, and found that variations in be- A) the English masti! and the Yorkshire
havior between breeds can be attributed terrier will likely become more genetically
to genetic variations between those breeds, similar over time.
suggesting a genetic basis for breed di!er-
ences in behavior. This was the case for B) the English masti! and the Yorkshire
both separation problems and energy but terrier di!er with respect to the genetic
was especially pronounced for trainability, underpinnings for trainability.
which can be seen when a dog demonstrates
C) individual English masti!s may display
willingness to fetch objects. In a di!erent
higher levels of trainability than individual
study, researchers found that, with regard
Yorkshire terriers.
to trainability, the English masti! behaves
in notably di!erent ways than the Yorkshire D) English masti!s and Yorkshire terriers
terrier. Together, these findings imply that show a greater tendency toward
trainability than most other dog breeds do.

The jade hawkmoth, a large-bodied moth, 76

defends itself against Brandt’s myotis and
Which choice most logically completes the text?
other insect-eating bats, which use echolo-
cation to hunt, by emitting ultrasonic clicks A) unlike the 52 moth genera that emit
that can, for instance, signal the moths’ ultrasonic clicks, most moth genera have
unpleasant taste. To investigate moths’ likely not developed defenses specifically
defensive ultrasound—which researchers against bat attacks.
had thought was exclusive to tiger moths,
hawkmoths, and one species of geometer B) some genera of large-bodied moths may
moths—Jesse R. Barber et al. recorded the use ultrasonic signaling for purposes other
responses of moths from 252 genera, repre- than avoiding capture by predators such as
senting most families of large-bodied moths, Brandt’s myotis.
to audio playback of bat echolocation. The
C) ultrasound production is only one of a
researchers found that 52 of the genera,
diverse range of e!ective strategies moths
including several genera belonging to the ge-
employ to evade bat attacks.
ometer family, produced defensive ultrasonic
clicks. This result suggests that D) anti-bat ultrasound production may be a
more prevalent defense strategy among
large-bodied moths than previously known
to researchers.

@satashkent 292
 As exemplified by Yi songs about the nat- 77
ural environment and Tlingit songs about
Which choice most logically completes the text?
wildlife encounters, ecological information
can be transmitted in Indigenous songs, and A) representation of practical applications of
in some instances is maintained only in this ecological knowledge is the defining
way. Kwaxsistalla Wathl’thla, a song keeper characteristic of the music of certain
for the Kwakwaka’wakw people in Canada, Indigenous peoples.
collaborated with ethnobiologist Dana
Lepofsky et al., sharing songs referencing B) the Kwakwaka’wakw people likely would
terraced intertidal clam gardens the people not have detailed their creation of clam
implemented in the past to foster healthy gardens in songs if their e!orts had not
development of a dietary staple. Drawing produced significantly larger clams.
on archaeological evidence as well, Lepofsky
C) the clams harvested from intertidal
et al. determined that the prevalence of the
terraces by Kwakwaka’wakw people in the
practice described in the songs corresponded
past likely were a di!erent species than the
with growth in clam size and abundance
clams found in those areas today.
despite increased harvesting pressure—a
finding that demonstrates that D) e!ective methods for the cultivation of
sources of sustenance are among the
ecological knowledge preserved in
Indigenous songs.

She”eld United Football Club won more 78

than half its home matches between 1947
Which choice most logically completes the text?
and 2003, helping to distinguish the team
as a top British professional soccer club. A) been una!ected by the red clothing worn
Additionally, She”eld United, whose home by fans in the stadium.
uniform color is mainly red, was more suc-
cessful in home matches than was Cardi! B) played more aggressively than they would
City Football Club, whose home uniform have if their own uniforms were red.
color is not red. Researches has shown that
C) been influenced by the color of the
many people associate the color red with
She”eld United’s uniforms.
power and dominance. Past experiences
with red objects such as stop signs can even D) been aware that She”eld United’s uniform
cause people to respond to the color red color a!ected their own performance.
with caution and hesitation. These find-
ings, if applicable in the context of athletic
competitions, could suggest that in matches
played at She”eld United’s home stadium,
opponents may have

@satashkent 293
 In June 1986, India liberalized its stock 79
market, meaning that it began allowing
Which choice most logically completes the text?
foreign individuals and businesses to invest
money in Indian companies. This was part A) liberalization may provide a boost to
of a wave of Stock market liberalizations investment that fades over time.
from the mid-1980s through the mid-1990s
- Colombia in 1991, Nigeria in 1995, and so B) economists’ expectations about the e!ect
on. In an analysis of economic data from of liberalization on investment were largely
1976 to 1993, Ross Levine and Sara Zervos correct.
found that liberalization did not lead to
C) companies typically do not benefit from
enduring increases in investment in com-
liberalization until at least three years
panies based in countries that liberalized.
after liberalization occurs.
Peter Blair Henry, however, found that, on
average, investment in companies increased D) investment growth is likely to be more
significantly in the three years following consistent in countries that liberalize than
liberalization. Taken together, these results in countries that do not.
suggest that

Data collected by the Mars rover Curios- 80

ity at the Gale Crater’s Murray Formation
Which choice most logically completes the text?
are suggestive of hydrological deposition
of sediment in the distant past. To char- A) a lake existed at the Murray Formation for
acterize the nature of the depositional a prolonged period, though the lake
environment, Frances Rivera-Hernández et occasionally experienced drying and there
al analyzed the grain size of Murray Forma- were periods in which one or more streams
tion sediment, finding that although there were present.
are intervals of coarse grains, most of the
sediment consists of fine grains that show B) a stream-fed lake was present at Murray
signs of cracking due to episodic desiccation. Formation for extended period, and
Rivera-Hernández et al. concluded that the although the streams experienced
coarse grains are sandstone, which tends to occasional drying, the lake did not.
be deposited by flowing water, whereas the
C) one or more streams existed at the Murray
fine grains are mudstone, which is slowly
Formation for an extended period until
deposited by settling out of suspension in
being replaced by a lake that persisted for
low-flow water, leading the researchers to
only a brief period before permanently
posit that
drying.
D) although the area of the Murray Formation
experienced a prolonged period of dryness
that prevented a lake from forming, water
flowing from a distant source was present.

@satashkent 294
 Although the language of the Olmec civ- 81
ilization, which flourished in southern
Which choice most logically completes the text?
Mexico circa 1500 BCE-400 BCE, hasn’t
been identified, it likely belonged to the A) North Central Mixe and the other
Mixe-Zoquean family, a group of related languages of the Mixe branch likely
languages whose present-day representa- supplanted the language of the Zoque
tives are spoken in an area corresponding to branch sometime before 1500 BCE.
ancient Olmec sites. The family can be sub-
divided into a Zoque branch, which includes B) the language of the Olmec civilization was
Francisco León Zoque, and a Mixe branch, likely the founding of the family that
which includes North Central Mixe. Many includes Mayan languages.
words in the Mayan languages - languages
C) the language of the Olmec civilization
spoken in the region but otherwise unrelated
contributed words not only to Mayan
to the Mixe-Zoquean family - are Mixe-
languages but also to other languages in
Zoquean in origin and were likely borrowed
the Mixe-Zoquean family.
during the period when the Olmecs dom-
inated the entire area. Tellingly all those D) the Mixe-Zoquean family had already
words derive from Zoque branch, suggesting diverged into the Mixe and Zoque
that branches by the time the Olmecs became
the prevailing power in the region.

Manchester United Football Club won more 82

than half its home matches between 1947
Which choice most logically completes the text?
and 2003, helping to distinguish the team
as a top British professional soccer club. A) increased Manchester United player’s sense
Additionally. Manchester United, whose of excitement.
home uniform color is mainly red, was more
successful in home matches than was Coven- B) negatively e!ected the performance of
try City Football Club, whose home uniform players on opposing teams.
color is not red. Research has shown that
C) led fans to perceive the team’s opponents
many people associate the color red with
as more dominant than they actually were.
power and dominance. Past experiences
with red objects such as stop signs can even D) caused Manchester United’s players to
cause people to respond to the color red play less skillfully.
with caution and hesitation. These findings,
if applicable in the context of athletic com-
petitions, could suggest that the uniforms
worn by Manchester United’s players in
their home matches may have

@satashkent 295
 Biologists Rebecca M. Calisi-Rodriguez and 83
George L. Bentley examined research on
Which choice most logically completes the text?
white- throated sparrows and degus, both of
which have been studied in the laboratory A) hormone levels were higher in wild males
as well as in the wild, to see how studies’ than in captive male degus.
settings might have a!ected their results.
Lab studies are useful because they make B) captive sparrows and wild sparrows usually
it easy to control important variables, but exhibited very similar hormone levels.
white-throated sparrows’ surroundings can
C) significant di!erence in hormone levels
significantly a!ect their hormone levels.
between individuals were found for both
Therefore, it’s not altogether surprising that
captive sparrows and wild sparrows.
when Calisi-Rodriguez and Bentley exam-
ined studies of white- throated sparrows, D) baseline levels of the hormone
they found that corticosterone are higher in captive
sparrows than they are in wild sparrows.

Exclusively inhabiting tropical countries 84

such as Liberia, wild chimpanzees lack
Which choice most logically completes the text?
adaptations to seasonal variations in ultra-
violet B (UVB) irradiance from sunlight; A) averaged across seasons, vitamin D levels
since UVB exposure enables vertebrates to in zoo chimpanzees in mid-latitude
synthesize vitamin D, this raises questions countries such as Norway tend to be
about how chimpanzees in mid-latitude comparable to those in wild chimpanzees
zoos are a!ected by the lower and more in tropical countries such as Liberia.
variable UVB irradiance in those locations.
In a study of zoo chimpanzees in Norway B) adaptations to seasonal variations in UVB
and other mid latitude countries, Sophie irradiance may be emerging in zoo
Moittié and colleagues found not only that chimpanzees in Norway and other
chimpanzees’ vitamin D levels correlate with mid-latitude countries.
UVB irradiance but also that vitamin D lev-
C) zoo chimpanzees in Norway and other
els show no evidence of plateauing as UVB
mid-latitude countries tend to synthesize
irradiance reaches its highest local levels,
less vitamin D than they are inherently
suggesting that
capable of synthesizing
D) providing supplemental vitamin D to
chimpanzees in zoos in Norway and other
mid-latitude countries would likely not be
beneficial.

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 To understand consumer loyalty to spe- 85
cific online retailers, Marina Žižakov and
Which choice most logically completes the text?
colleagues conducted a survey using 58
statements as proxy indicators of customer A) additional research is needed with
experience with receiving online purchases. participants from countries of varying
The statements were categorized by topic levels of economic development to
– e.g., statement 13, ’I am eagerly awaiting determine whether delivery time and
the delivery of the ordered items,’ was cat- tracking are more important than package
egorized as anticipation and respondents all design to customers broadly.
of whom were from Serbia (which is char-
acterized as having a developing economy), B) customers in countries with higher levels of
rated the importance of each statement to economic development than that of Serbia
their experience. Researchers found that are likely to regard package design as
participants placed low importance on relatively more important than delivery
package aesthetics and high importance on time and transparency.
speedy delivery and package tracking, but
C) online retailers that operate in a variety of
the researchers cautioned against applying
countries are more likely to increase
the findings to customers generally, suggest-
customer loyalty if they make their
ing that
deliveries in less time and allow customers
to track those deliveries than if they
improve their packaging.
D) the greater importance assigned to
delivery time and tracking than to package
design may not be observed if the survey
were to be given to a larger group of
Serbian participants.

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 Chelsea Wood et al. tracked temperature- 86
driven changes in the abundance of Ope-
Which choice most logically completes the text?
chona sp (a complex life cycle parasite,
or CLP, that requires three host species A) CLPs primarily transmitted by ingestion
throughout its life cycle), Anthocotyle were less dependent on host species
merlucci (a directly transmitted parasite, adversely a!ected by warming
which requires only one host species), and temperatures than were CLPs that use
83 other parasite taxa found on eight fish other transmission strategies.
species. CLPs are transmitted when an in-
fected host is ingested by an individual of B) as the number of host species involved in a
another species, typically shielding CLPS parasite’s transmission increases, the
from the external environment, whereas parasite is better protected against rising
directly transmitted parasites are exposed temperatures.
to external conditions during transmission.
C) directly transmitted parasites identified in
However, Wood et al. found that three-host
the study were more likely to use
CLP abundance decreased as sea temper-
transmission strategies that shield them
atures rose, whereas directly transmitted
from warming temperatures than were
parasite abundance was largely stable, sug-
three-host CLPS.
gesting that
D) any advantages that the transmission
strategy used by three-host CLPs may
have conferred did not completely o!set
the negative e!ects of other temperature
driven factors on CLP abundance.

Prolonged exposure to anthropogenic noise 87

(sounds from human sources like tra”c or
Which choice most logically completes the text?
mining) can a!ect animals, as Debra M.
Shier and colleagues found in a 2012 study A) some studies of amphibians found larger
of Stephens kangaroo rats. Researchers con- e!ects of exposure to anthropogenic noise
ducted a meta-analysis of studies of how than some studies of mammals did.
such noise a!ects animals and found that,
for every study, relevant traits or behaviors B) the studies in the meta-analysis that
of the animals were observably di!erent be- examined mammals were more likely than
tween the exposed group and the otherwise those that examined amphibians to specify
similar but unexposed group. Although, on whether the observed e!ects were
average, studies of mammals showed larger detrimental.
di!erences than studies of amphibians did,
C) the di!erences that studies attribute to
for every class of animals examined, there
exposure to anthropogenic noise are likely
were individual studies showing di!erences
to be more pronounced for amphibians
well above the average for mammals. There-
than they are for mammals.
fore, the results of the meta-analysis suggest
that D) the di!erence found in the study conducted
by Debra M. Shier and colleagues was
likely larger than the average di!erence for
studies of Stephens kangaroo rats included
in the meta-analysis.

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 Liverpool Football Club won more than half 88
its home matches between 1947 and 2003,
Which choice most logically completes the text?
helping to distinguish the team as a top
British professional soccer club. Addition- A) been una!ected by the red clothing worn
ally, Liverpool, whose home uniform color by fans in the stadium.
is mainly red, was more successful in home
matches than was Oldham Athletic Associ- B) played more aggressively than they would
ation Football Club, whose home uniform have if their own uniforms were red.
color is not red. Research has shown that
C) been aware that-Liverpool’s uniform color
many people associate the color red with
a!ected their own performance.
power and dominance. Past experiences
with red objects such as stop signs can even D) been influenced by the color of Liverpool’s
cause people to respond to the color red uniforms.
with caution and hesitation. These find-
ings, if applicable in the context of athletic
competitions, could suggest that in matches
played at Liverpool’s home stadium, oppo-
nents may have

In November of 1989. Argentina liberalized 89

its stock market, meaning that it began
Which choice most logically completes the text?
allowing foreign individuals and businesses
to invest money in Argentinian companies. A) economists’ expectations about the e!ect
This was part of a wave of stock market of liberalization on investment were largely
liberalizations from the mid-1980s through correct.
the mid-1990s-Bangladesh in 1991, Nige-
ria in 1995, and so on. In an analysis of B) companies typically do not benefit from
economic data from 1976 to 1993, Ross liberalization until at least three years
Levine and Sara Zervos found that liberal- after liberalization occurs.
ization did not lead to enduring increases
C) investment growth is likely to be more
in investment in companies based countries
consistent in countries that liberalize than
that liberalized. Peter Blair Henry, how-
in countries that do not.
ever, found that, on average, investment in
companies in liberalized countries increased D) liberalization may provide a boost to
significantly in the three years following investment that fades over time.
liberalization. Taken together, these results
suggest that

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 Data collected by the Mars rover Curios- 90
ity at the Gale Crater’s Murray Formation
Which choice most logically completes the text?
are suggestive of hydrological deposition of
sediment in the distant past. To charac- A) although the area of the Murray Formation
terize the nature of the depositional envi- experienced a prolonged period of dryness
ronment, Frances Rivera-Hernández et al. that prevented a lake from forming, water
analyzed the grain size of Murray Forma- flowing from a distant source was present.
tion sediment, finding that although there
are intervals of coarse grains, most of the B) a lake existed at the Murray Formation for
sediment consists of fine grains that show a prolonged period, though the lake
signs of cracking due to episodic desiccation. occasionally experienced drying and there
Rivera-Hernández et al concluded that the were periods in which one or more streams
coarse grains are sandstone, which tends to were present.
be deposited by flowing water, whereas the
C) one or more streams existed at the Murray
fine grains are mudstone, which is slowly
Formation for an extended period until
deposited by settling out of suspension in
being replaced by a lake that persisted for
low- flow water, leading the researchers to
only a brief period before permanently
posit that
drying.
D) a stream-fed lake was present at the
Murray Formation for an extended period,
and although the streams experienced
occasional drying, the lake did not.

Although the language of the Olmec civ- 91

ilization, which flourished in southern
Which choice most logically completes the text?
Mexico circa 1500 BCE-400 BCE, hasn’t
been identified, it likely belonged to the A) Isthmus Mixe and the other languages of
Mixe-Zoquean family, a group of related the Mixe branch likely supplanted the
languages whose present-day representa- languages of the Zoque branch sometime
tives are spoken in an area corresponding before 1500 BCE.
to ancient Olmec sites. The family can be
subdivided into a Zoque branch, which in- B) the Mixe-Zoquean family had already
cludes Copainalá Zoque, and a Mixe branch, diverged into the Mixe and Zoque
which includes Isthmus Mixe. Many words branches by the time the Olmecs became
in the Mayan languages – languages spoken the prevailing power in the region.
in the region but otherwise unrelated to the
C) the language of the Olmec civilization
Mixe-Zoquean family – are Mixe-Zoquean
contributed words not only to Mayan
in origin and were likely borrowed during
languages but also to other languages in
the period when the Olmecs dominated
the Mixe-Zoquean family.
the entire area. Tellingly, all those words
derive from the Zoque branch, suggesting D) the language of the Olmec civilization was
that likely the founding language of the family
that includes Mayan languages.

@satashkent 300
 Austria, which, according to international 92
indices, has relatively strong democratic
Which choice most logically completes the text?
institutions and low intranational income
inequality, experienced an inflation rate of A) factors other than the Austria’s political
2.08% in 2017, whereas Cameroon, which structure contributed to the country’s
shows the opposite pattern on such indices, inflation rate exceeding that of Cameroon
had an inflation rate of only 0.64% that in 2017.
year. Such a comparison may seem consis-
tent with the theoretical critique that by B) the 2017 di!erence between Austria’s
diluting control over the economy, demo- inflation rate and Cameroon’s inflation
cratic institutions inhibit states’ ability rate is primarily but not exclusively
to counteract inflationary pressures, but attributable to the di!erent levels of
when Raj Desai et al. examined democratic intranational income inequality in the two
strength, intranational inequality, and infla- countries.
tion in more than 100 countries, they found
C) international indices may have
that democratic strength, if associated with
underestimated the strength of the
low inequality, restrains inflationary pres-
Austria’s democratic institutions relative
sures, which would suggest that
to Cameroon’s.
D) inflation in the Austria in 2017 would have
been higher if the Austria’s government
had less control over the economy.

In the early 19th century, ships in the 93

British Royal Navy were ranked based
Which choice most logically completes the text?
on military strength. The system considered
the number of a ship’s cannons and decks. A) not all ships with three decks were ranked
’First-rate’ was the highest ranking, and as first-rate ships.
’sixth-rate’ was the lowest ranking, followed
by unranked ships. This ranking determined B) all ships with at least 98 cannons were
the size of a ship’s crew: first-rate ships ranked as first-rate ships.
had between 850 and 875 crewmen, while
C) the Dreadnought had between 850 and 875
lower-ranked ships had fewer. Two of the
crewmen.
ships in the British Royal Navy from this
period were the Dreadnought (98 cannons D) the Caledonia needed a crew larger than
and three decks) and the Caledonia (120 875 people in order to operate e”ciently.
cannons and three decks). Of these two,
only the Caledonia was ranked a first rate
ship. It can therefore be concluded that

@satashkent 301
 Research such as the 2010 study of arthro- 94
pods by Advin Yim-Hol Chan and col-
Which choice most logically completes the text?
leagues has shown that noise from human
activity, like tra”c on a busy highway, has A) the measures aimed at protecting birds
significant e!ects on animals, and many will likely also minimize most of the e!ects
governments require studies of the potential on arthropods.
noise e!ects on wildlife before approving
highway construction projects. A report on B) the severity of the e!ects of noise on
one such study proposed many more actions di!erent species of birds can di!er
to mitigate the e!ects on birds in the area significantly.
than it did to mitigate the e!ects on arthro-
C) the e!ects of noise on birds have been less
pods in the area. Despite the lack of focus
extensively documented than the e!ects on
on measures specifically for arthropods,
arthropods have.
conservationists were satisfied that the pro-
posed mitigations were su”cient to protect D) the measures intended to protect birds can
all the wildlife in the area because sometimes have adverse e!ects on
arthropods.

Mariana Lopes Barata and Pedro Simoes 95

Coelho collected data from 324 music-
Which choice most logically completes the text?
streaming service users to identify factors
that influence users to opt for paid (pre- A) users’ intentions to pay for premium
mium) versions of music streaming services, streaming services are probably una!ected
like Spotify. They hypothesized that per- by factors other than performance
formance expectancy (how much the use expectancy.
of a service is perceived to benefit the con-
sumer) would be positively correlated with B) participants who strongly agreed with the
users’ intentions to adopt premium versions. statement “Overall, a paid music
The researchers asked participants to rate streaming service is advantageous” were
statements such as “Overall, a paid music more likely to express loyalty to Spotify
streaming service is advantageous.” They than to other streaming services.
found that, indeed, performance expectancy
C) the statement “Overall, a paid music
positively influences the intention to adopt
streaming service is advantageous” is not a
premium streaming service versions, which
reliable measure of performance
suggests that
expectancy.
D) it may be advantageous for music
streaming companies to try to influence
the extent to which potential users
perceive the use of the premium version to
be beneficial.

@satashkent 302
 The olona shrub is one of many forest plant 96
species native to Oahu (a Hawaiian island)
Which choice most logically completes the text?
that are at risk of extinction. The survival
of most of these species in the wild largely A) are dropping higher numbers of native
depends on birds eating their fruits and forest plant seeds around the island than
then dropping the seeds in di!erent loca- native bird species did in the past.
tions. Although Oahu’s native fruit-eating
birds have all gone extinct, the common B) show significantly more interest in eating
waxbill and other fruit eating bird species the fruits of native forest plants than in
have been introduced to the island and eating the fruits of non-native ones.
are now common there. Studies confirm
C) may be necessary for the continued
that these non-native birds are spreading
survival of vulnerable forest plant species,
plant seeds on Oahu, suggesting that the
such as the olona shrub.
birds
D) may also engage in other activities that
a!ect the ability of olona shrubs and other
vulnerable forest plants to continue to
spread to new areas.

Many studies have found a positive asso- 97

ciation between levels of dissolved organic
Which choice most logically completes the text?
carbon and mercury in bodies of fresh water
in North America. But Petri Porvari and A) the hypothesis that the positive association
Matti Verta did not find this correlation in is particular to North America is correct.
a study conducted in Finland, leading some
scientists to hypothesize that the association B) levels of dissolved organic carbon and
is particular to North America. However, mercury in bodies of fresh water are both
several other studies conducted outside much higher in Finland than elsewhere.
North America, such as one by Sara M.
C) there were circumstances unique to
Ekström and colleagues in Sweden, showed
Ekström and colleagues’ study that
similar results to the North American stud-
impeded accurate measurements of
ies, while few have produced results similar
mercury levels.
to those of Porvari and Verta’s study, sug-
gesting that D) dissolved organic carbon and mercury
levels do typically rise and fall together in
fresh water.

@satashkent 303
 Chelsea Wood et al. tracked temperature- 98
driven changes in the abundance of Anisakis
Which choice most logically completes the text?
sp. (a complex life cycle parasite, or CLP,
that requires three host species throughout A) any advantages that the transmission
its life cycle), Gyrodactylus sp. (a directly strategy used by three-host CLPs may
transmitted parasite, which requires only have conferred did not completely o!set
one host species), and 83 other parasite taxa the negative e!ects of other
found on eight fish species. CLPs are trans- temperature-driven factors on CLP
mitted when an infected host is ingested by abundance.
an individual of another species, typically
shielding CLPs from the external environ- B) CLPs primarily transmitted by ingestion
ment, whereas directly transmitted parasites were less dependent on host species
are exposed to external conditions during adversely a!ected by warming
transmission. However. Wood et al. found temperatures than were CLPs that use
that three-host CLP abundance decreased other transmission strategies.
as sea temperatures rose, whereas directly
C) as the number of host species involved in a
transmitted parasite abundance was largely
parasite’s transmission increases, the
stable, suggesting that
parasite is better protected against rising
temperatures.
D) directly transmitted parasites identified in
the study were more likely to use
transmission strategies that shield them
from warming temperatures than were
three-host CLPs.

Prolonged exposure to anthropogenic noise 99

(sounds from human sources like tra”c or
Which choice most logically completes the text?
mining) can a!ect animals, as Amy Morris-
Drake and colleagues found in a 2017 study A) the studies in the meta-analysis that
of dwarf mongooses. Researchers conducted examined mammals were more likely than
a meta-analysis of studies of how such noise those that examined birds to specify
a!ects animals and found that, for every whether the observed e!ects were
study, relevant traits or behaviors of the detrimental.
animals were observably di!erent between
the exposed group and the otherwise sim- B) the di!erences that studies attribute to
ilar but unexposed group. Although, on exposure to anthropogenic noise are likely
average, studies of mammals showed larger to be more pronounced for birds than they
di!erences than studies of birds did, for are for mammals.
every class of animals examined, there were
C) the di!erence found in the study
individual studies showing di!erences well
conducted by Amy Morris-Drake and
above the average for mammals. Therefore,
colleagues was likely larger than the
the results of the meta-analysis suggest
average di!erence for studies of dwarf
that
mongooses included in the meta-analysis.
D) some studies of birds found larger e!ects of
exposure to anthropogenic noise than some
studies of mammals did.

@satashkent 304
 Studies conducted in individual Western 100
societies have demonstrated associations
Which choice most logically completes the text?
between personality traits and five musi-
cal factors (mellowness, unpretentiousness, A) the five-factor framework can likely be
sophistication, intensity, and contempo- used to predict preferences for
rariness) underlying individual preferences non-Western music styles based on
for styles of Western music. To investigate personality traits even if the characteristics
these associations across cultures, David M. of those styles substantially di!er from
Greenberg et al. collected music-preference characteristics of Western music styles.
assessments for Western genres and self-
reported personality traits from participants B) the strength of the relationship between
in fifty-three corn countries across six con- personality traits and musical preferences
tinents. The study confirmed that the varies less across cultures than researchers
five-factor framework accurately captured had previously assumed.
participants’ tastes in Western music, and,
C) people with a relatively high degree of
moreover, the study found similar correla-
familiarity with Western music styles are
tions between patterns of these factors and
likely to express stronger preferences for
of personality traits, suggesting that
those styles than people with a relatively
low degree of familiarity with those styles
are.
D) across cultural contexts, people who share
similar profiles of personality traits tend to
prefer listening to similar types of [not
complete]

The oceanic whitetip shark and the Pacific 101

halibut are ectothermic (cold- blooded) fish,
Which choice most logically completes the text?
whereas the shortfin mako shark and the
yellowfin tuna are regional endotherms-they A) yellowfin tuna and the shortfin mako shark
retain metabolic heat resulting in body are likely to be more variable than the
temperatures above the ambient water tem- body temperature of the basking shark.
perature. Modeling the e!ect of falling am-
bient temperatures on ectotherms indicated B) Pacific halibut and the basking shark are
to researchers Haley R. Dolton and col- at least partly determined by the ambient
leagues that ectotherms’ body temperatures water temperature.
inexorably decrease toward the ambient
C) basking shark and the shortfin mako shark
temperature. Data from wild basking sharks
remain fixed even as ambient water
show that even though their body tempera-
temperature changes, while the body
ture consistently remains 1.0 to 1.5°C above
temperature of the Pacific halibut changes
ambient, it also declines as the ambient
with variations in the ambient water
temperature falls. This suggests that the
temperature.
body temperatures of the
D) basking shark and the yellowfin tuna
remain fixed even if the ambient water
temperature changes, while the body
temperature of the oceanic whitetip shark
varies even if the ambient temperature is
stable.

@satashkent 305
 Humans have a very strong bias toward 102
right-handedness, with approximately 85-
Which choice most logically completes the text?
90% having right as their dominant hand.
Among studies of nonhuman primates, A) the apparent di!erence between the two
James Welles’s 1976 study of captive chim- studies’ results may be partly attributable
panzees and catarrhine monkeys reported to the 1976 study using a di!erent
more right-handed individuals than left- standard to determine handedness than
handed ones, but William C. McGrew the 1999 study did.
and colleagues’ 1999 study of wild chim-
panzees did not find a tendency toward B) the right-handedness exhibited by the
right-handedness. It’s important to note, captive chimpanzees and catarrhine
however, that captive animals spend signif- monkeys might be, in part, an e!ect of
icantly more time with humans than wild extended contact with humans.
animals do, and therefore
C) the number of individuals in the study of
captive chimpanzees and catarrhine
monkeys is likely too small to support the
claim that the species tends toward
right-handedness.
D) the number of individuals in the study of
wild chimpanzees is probably too small to
support the claim that no tendency toward
right handedness was found in that
population.

Arthurian legends (tales related to the char- 103

acter of King Arthur) derive from many
Which choice most logically completes the text?
often contradictory sources, such as An-
nales Cambriae, composed around 970, A) when a version of an Arthurian legend
and Tom a Lincoln from around 1607. Sir contradicted the version in History, Malory
Thomas Malory’s 15th-century text Le preferred to include Geo!rey of
Morte d’Arthur was an attempt to com- Monmouth’s version in Le Morte d’Arthur.
pile these stories into a coherent narrative.
Many of Malory’s sources derive from Geof- B) Le Morte d’Arthur is more historically
frey of Monmouth’s History of the Kings of accurate than History, because Tom a
Britain, written in the 1130s. While neither Lincoln had not been written when
History nor any works that predate it men- Geo!rey of Monmouth was writing his
tion Arthur’s famous Round Table at which work.
his knights assembled, Le Morte d’Arthur
C) Geo!rey of Monmouth’s accounts of
does, suggesting that
Arthurian legends in History are more
similar overall in content to the accounts
in Tom a Lincoln than they are to the
accounts in Le Morte d’Arthur.
D) Malory encountered the Round Table in a
source that Geo!rey of Monmouth was not
familiar with when writing his History.

@satashkent 306
 Prolonged exposure to anthropogenic noise 104
(sounds from human sources like tra”c or
Which choice most logically completes the text?
mining) can a!ect animals, as Kirsty Eliz-
abeth McLaughlin and Hansjoerg P. Kunc A) the studies in the meta-analysis that
found in a 2015 study of zebra cichlids. examined fish were more likely than those
Researchers conducted a meta-analysis of that examined birds to specify whether the
studies of how such noise a!ects animals observed e!ects were detrimental.
and found that. for every study, relevant
traits or behaviors of the animals were B) the di!erence found in the study conducted
observably di!erent between the exposed by Kirsty Elizabeth McLaughlin and
group and the otherwise similar but unex- Hansjoerg P. Kunc was likely larger than
posed group. Although, on average, studies the average di!erence for studies of zebra
of fish showed larger di!erences than studies cichlids included in the meta-analysis.
of birds did, for every class of animals exam-
C) some studies of birds found larger e!ects of
ined, there were individual studies showing
exposure to anthropogenic noise than some
di!erences well above the average for fish.
studies of fish did.
Therefore, the results of the meta-analysis
suggest that D) the di!erences that studies attribute to
exposure to anthropogenic noise are likely
to be more pronounced for birds than they
are for fish.

The musical Hadestown was produced o!- 105

Broadway in New York in 2016. A revised
Which choice most logically completes the text?
version of the musical premiered on Broad-
way in 2019, in a larger production. In a A) Hadestown improved greatly between 2016
review of the Broadway production, theater and its premiere on Broadway.
critic Jesse Green enthusiastically praised
the musical’s storytelling. However, Green B) the 2016 version of Hadestown had fewer
also explained that he had seen the earlier storytelling problems than the 2019
version of Hadestown in 2016 and had found version did.
the storytelling to be very confusing. This
C) Hadestown should have had a larger
suggests that in Green’s view,
production in 2019 than it actually did.
D) the 2019 version of Hadestown was less
enjoyable than the 2016 version

Biochemists I. Sam Saguy and Eli J. 106

Pinthus studied the mass and heat transfer
Which choice most logically completes the text?
processes that occur when foods, such as the
Indian snacks makka poha and shankarpali, A) the less the fat content is increased
are fried in oil. During frying, water in the through frying.
crust evaporates, leaving voids that oil can
fill, thereby increasing the food’s fat con- B) the higher the temperature must be to fry
tent. As the process continues, water from the food.
the food’s center moves to the crust as long
C) the slower the crust will lose its
as the crust remains permeable. Therefore,
permeability.
the less moisture a food loses during frying,
D) the crispier the crust will be when frying is
completed

@satashkent 307
 To address the susceptibility of materials 107
used in components of high- performance
Which choice most logically completes the text?
machinery, such as aircraft engines, to creep
(deformation that is induced by persistent A) unlike the two polymer-derived SiC fibers,
mechanical stress and that often occurs the nitrogen-treated SiC fiber can
at elevated temperatures), materials re- substantially inhibit creep, provided that
searchers have developed silicon carbide temperatures and loads are consistent.
(SiC) fibers for producing aerospace com-
posites. Testing the thermomechanical B) aerospace composites containing t the
properties of several commercially available nitrogen-treated SiC fiber may have the
SiC fibers, Ramakrishna T. Bhatt et al. ability to withstand mechanical stress for a
found that in comparison with two polymer- longer period of time than can aerospace
derived SiC fibers, a nitrogen-treated SiC composites containing either of the two
fiber which a stress! exhibited a lower min- polymer-derived SiC fibers.
imum creep rate, a measure of the rate at
C) composites based on the two
which a stress- exposed material deforms at
polymer-derived SiC fibers have chemical
a constant temperature and uniaxial load.
properties that may improve the
The finding suggests that
mechanical and thermal stability of
aerospace equipment to a greater extent
than do composites based on the
nitrogen-treated SiC fiber.
D) the two polymer-derived SiC fibers likely
hold similar potential for reducing the
creep resistance of materials exposed to
stress and elevated temperatures, thus
prolonging the life span of aerospace
machinery.

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Topic 8: Command of Evidence - Support
37 Questions

DIRECTIONS

Must Know Tips:

• Use a visual map (e.g., if A rises, B goes down).

• Read the question prompt to know if it’s a support or weaken question.

• The passage is always in two parts: Background information and Hypothesis

• You should not support or weaken the entire passage but the claim itself (hunt the claim).

Recommended time per question in this section: min: 1 min, max: 1 min 35 sec, avg: 1 min
17.5 sec. (*Exam level)

The bird species Myiobius barbatus (the 1

bearded flycatcher), which forages in rela-
Which finding, if true, would most directly
tively dense vegetation, and Platyrinchus
support Martinez and colleagues’ hypothesis?
saturatus (the cinnamon-crested spadebill),
which forages in open areas or low-density A) When Martinez and colleagues played T.
vegetation, share territory in French Guiana caesius alarm calls, M. barbatus and P.
with Thainnomanes caesius (the cinereous saturatus displayed no reaction, whereas
antshrike), which emits a loud alarm call T. caesius displayed predator-avoidance
when it detects predators. Biologist Ari behavior.
Martinez and colleagues, who studied the
ecological community the species share, B) Many local bird species with similar
hypothesized that there is an inverse rela- foraging habits to those of M. barbatus
tionship between birds’ field of vision while displayed no reaction when Martinez and
foraging and their sensitivity to alarm calls colleagues played T. caesius alarm calls,
from neighboring species. whereas M. barbatus displayed
predator-avoidance behavior.
C) Some individuals of P. saturatus displayed
predator-avoidance behavior when
Martinez and colleagues played T. caesius
alarm calls, whereas nearly all did when
M. barbatus alarm calls were played.
D) P. saturatus displayed no reaction when
Martinez land colleagues played T. caesius
alarm calls, whereas M. barbatus displayed
predator avoidance behavior in response to
the calls.

@satashkent 309
 New research suggests that co!ee could have 2
a positive e!ect on cardiovascular health.
Which finding, if true, would most directly
Although ca!eine is co!ee’s most well-
support the researchers’ conclusion?
known constituent, the beverage contains
more than 100 biologically active com- A) Whereas regular co!ee contains from
ponents. In a study led by Jiyoung Kim, 70-140 mg of ca!eine per cup, decaf
researchers at Seoul National University contains approximately 0-7mg.
concluded that non-ca!einated compounds
likely play a role in the positive relationship B) Deca!einated co!ee causes cells to produce
between co!ee consumption and health. NQO1, an enzyme that has
neuroprotective benefits.
C) Extracts from ca!einated co!ee have been
shown to aid weight loss more than a
placebo.
D) People who drink several cups of co!ee
every day are less vulnerable to certain
diseases.

It was only when Alma Thomas turned 3

away from figurative art and toward ab-
Which choice, if true, would most e!ectively
straction that she rose to acclaim as an
support the writer’s claim?
artist. When the solidity of her line gave
way to broken, vibrant colors, the beauty A) Her painting Starry Night and the
she had long seen emerged. Astronauts (1972) includes a small
kaleidoscope of red, orange, and yellow
that suggests the spaceship Apollo 10.
B) Thomas was fascinated by the natural
world, incorporating everything from the
flowers in her garden to the stars in the
night sky into her paintings.
C) Her Still Life with Vases and Flowers
(1964), which contains realistic images,
feels labored, whereas Lunar Surface
(1970) glows with rich splashes of purple
and blue.
D) Although Thomas’s own works focused on
nature, she believed that art could also
evoke the energy of airplanes, cars,
skyscrapers, and electric signals.

@satashkent 310
 Biologist Rosanna Alegato believes that we 4
might learn how multicellular organisms
Which finding, if true, would most directly
developed from single celled ones if we un-
support Alegato and colleagues’ conclusion?
derstand why the single celled organism
Salpingoeca rosetta, the oldest living rela- A) Bowman and Ahmed found that S rosetta
tive of animals, sometimes forms colonies tended to form colonies after bacterial
of cells. Alegato and colleagues reviewed exposure.
data from many studies of how S. rosetta
responds when exposed to another type of B) Bowman found that S, rosetta tended to
single-celled organism, bacteria, including form colonies after bacterial exposure, but
lohn P. Bowman’s work with Algoriphagus Ahmed did not.
ratkowsky bacteria and Iftikhar Ahmed’s
C) Ahmed found that s. rosetta tended to
work with Algoriphagus boritolerans bac-
form colonies after bacterial exposure, but
teria. Alegato and colleagues concluded
Bowman did not.
that both A. ratkowsky and A. boritaterans
might have played a role in the development D) Neither Bowman nor Ahmed found that S
of multicellular organisms. rosetta tended to form colonies after
bacterial exposure.

Veronice L. Bura, Akito Y. Kawahara, and 5

Jayne E. Yack investigated the evolution
Which finding, if true, would most directly
and function of sound production in silk
support Bura and colleagues’ claim?
moth and hawk moth caterpillars. They
found that during harmless simulated at- A) In most case, the sound that caterpillar
tacks on isolated caterpillars, 33% of the species produced during simulated attacks
tested species produced sound, which ranged was not produced by other caterpillar
from clicks in Manduca pellenia to whistles species during simulated attacks.
in Rhodinia fugax. Although some insects
use sound to communicate with members B) Chickens and yellow warblers, two
of the same species, the researchers claim predators of caterpillars, have been
that the caterpillar sounds recorded in their observed to stop their attacks in response
study are directed primarily at predators. to caterpillars sounds.
C) Caterpillar clicks were emitted in a
frequency of detectable by birds that prey
on caterpillar, but caterpillar whistles were
not.
D) Each caterpillar species tended to produce
one sound during simulated attacks,
although individuals occasionally made a
variety of other sounds during simulated
attacks as well.

@satashkent 311
 Psychologists Gregory Bryant, Dorsa Amir, 6
and colleagues investigated cross-cultural
Which potential finding from another study, if
perceptions of spontaneous (real) laughter
true, would most directly strengthen the team’s
and volitional (fake or forced) laughter.
conclusion?
Study participants from 21 societies, includ-
ing those in Austria and Turkey, listened to A) Acoustic features of spontaneous laughter,
randomized recordings of 18 spontaneous such as pitch and intensity, have
laughs taken from natural conversations measurable variations both within and
between pairs of women and 18 volitional across societies.
laughs produced separately by 18 di!er-
ent women in response to an instruction to B) There is some evidence of correlation
laugh. Analysis of the participants’ eval- between the average size of communities in
uations of the laughs prompted the team a society and judgments of spontaneous
to conclude that the ability to distinguish and volitional laughter by listeners in that
between spontaneous and volitional laughter society.
appears to be universal across cultures.
C) Listeners from both Austria and Turkey
tend to be able to determine how well two
people know each other based on
recordings of their conversation.
D) Spontaneous laughter typically has a
recognizably higher pitch than volitional
laughter, regardless of what society the
speakers in a conversation are from.

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 The Arapaho language of the Plains re- 7
gion in the United States has 16 vowel and
Which finding, if true, would best support the
consonant sounds. In contrast, the Hadza
researcher’s hypothesis?
language of eastern Africa has 70. Why
would languages di!er in this way? One A) Languages that emerged in northwestern
researcher has hypothesized that when mod- North America tend to have more sounds
ern humans arose in Africa, they spoke a than languages that emerged in East Asia
single language, but as humans gradually do, even though northwestern North
spread throughout Africa and then around America is farther away from Africa than
the globe, that language developed into new East Asia is.
languages. Those developed into still more
languages as small bands of humans spread B) Languages that emerged in Eastern
even farther, with each new language retain- Europe tend to have more sounds than
ing fewer sounds from humanity’s original languages that emerged in East Asia do,
language. and Eastern Europe is closer to Africa
than East Asia is.
C) Languages that emerged in Western
Europe tend to have fewer sounds than
languages that emerged in East Asia do,
and Western Europe is closer to Africa
than East Asia is.
D) Languages that emerged in Southeast Asia
tend to have more sounds than languages
that emerged in East Asia do, even though
the two regions are roughly the same
distance from Africa.

Biologist Rosanna Alegado believes that 8

we might learn how multicellular organ-
Which finding, if true, would most directly
isms developed from single-celled ones if we
support Alegado and colleagues’ conclusion?
understand why the single-celled organism
Salpingoeca rosetta, the oldest living rela- A) S. rosetta tended to form colonies when
tive of animals, sometimes forms colonies exposed to A. marincola but not when
of cells. Alegado and colleagues reviewed exposed to D. fermentans.
data from many studies of how S rosetta
responds when exposed to another type of B) Although several studies involving other
single-celled organism, bacteria, including bacteria species found that S. rosetta
Eric W. Triplett’s work with Dyadobacter tended to form colonies after bacteria
fermentans bacteria and Jung-Hoon Yoon’s exposure, only the studies using D.
work with Algoriphagus marincola bacteria. fermentans and A. marincola tested
Alegado and colleagues concluded that both whether the amount of bacteria exposure
D. fermentans and A. marincola might have a!ected the rate of colony formation.
played a role in the development of multicel-
C) S. rosetta tended to form colonies when
lular organisms.
exposed to D. fermentans but not when
exposed to A. marincola.
D) S. rosetta tended to form colonies when
exposed to D. fermentans and when
exposed to A. marincola.

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 External shopping cues are a type of mar- 9
keting that uses obvious messaging-a display
Which response from a survey given to shoppers
featuring a new product, for example, or
who made a purchase at a retail store best
a ”buy one, get one free” o!er to entice
supports the researchers’ explanation?
consumers to make spontaneous purchases.
In a study, data scientist Sam K. Hui and A) I needed to buy some cleaning supplies,
colleagues found that this e!ect can also be but they weren’t in their regular place.
achieved with a less obvious cue: rearrang- While I was looking for them, I saw this
ing a store’s layout. The researchers explain interesting notebook and decided to buy
that trying to find items in new locations it, too.
causes shoppers to move through more of
the store, exposing them to more products B) I didn’t buy everything on my shopping
and increasing the likelihood that they’ll list today. I couldn’t find a couple of the
buy an item they hadn’t planned on pur- items in the store, even though I looked all
chasing. over for them.
C) The store sent me a coupon for a new
brand of soup, so I came here to find out
what kinds of soup that brand o!ers. I
decided to buy a few cans because I had
the coupon.
D) This store is larger than one that’s closer
to where I live, and it carries more
products. I came here to buy some things
that the other store doesn’t always have.

A number of artists associated with hyper- 10

pop, a movement in electronic music that
Which description of vocal manipulation in
emerged in the 2010s, aggressively manipu-
hyperpop is best supported by the text?
late their recorded voice. The singer Dorian
Electra, for example, shifts the pitch of their A) It serves as an example of digital
vocals to be much deeper than that of Elec- technology’s negative influence on daily
tra’s natural range. And even the hyperpop life.
artists who don’t rely on pitch-shifting, such
as Rina Sawayama, often distort their vocals B) It represents the continuity of human
using digital tools. By persistently modify- experience despite social and historical
ing the voice, hyperpop invites the listener change.
to reflect on the extent to which digital
C) It functions as a commentary on
technology mediates the human experience
contemporary social conditions.
today.
D) It symbolizes the power of contemporary
music to influence listeners’ sense of self.

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 The phrase usa-don sonda is a future- 11
oriented expression used by members of
Which finding, if true, would most directly
the Yupno, an Indigenous group in Papua
support Núñez and colleagues claim?
New Guinea, that translates to ”next week.”
Rafael Núñez and colleagues recorded A) Yupno speakers were observed making
Yupno speakers explaining several of these temporal gestures both indoors and
temporal-related words and phrases and outdoors, though with greater frequency
coded each speaker’s manual gestures. Pre- when indoors.
vious research has found evidence of Spanish
speakers referring to the left/right axis B) When outdoors and referring to the future,
to describe events in time, and many re- Yupno speakers facing uphill gesture in
searchers believe that this tendency to make front of themselves, whereas those facing
temporal distinctions along imagined linear downhill gesture behind themselves.
axes is universal. However, Núñez and col-
C) Yupno speakers typically use their left
leagues claim that this tendency is not in
hand to make temporal gestures regardless
fact ubiquitous.
of whether the gestures are past oriented
or future oriented.
D) Some Yupno grammatical structures used
when talking about time are also used in
Spanish.

Periods of subfreezing temperatures in 12

Alaska have been growing shorter in re-
Which finding, if true, would most directly
sponse to climate warming, potentially
support the researchers’ conclusion?
enabling increased carbon dioxide (CO2)
absorption through greater productivity A) Early snow melt reduces the amount of soil
of creeping dogwood (Cornus canadensis) moisture available for the growth of plant
plants and other vegetation, but also po- species such as C. canadensis, and it raises
tentially enabling increased CO2 output the rate of heterotrophic respiration.
through greater heterotrophic respiration
(CO2 generated by the activity of soil mi- B) Early snow melt extends the period in
croorganisms). Hydrologist Yonghong Yi which plant species such as C. canadensis
and her colleagues developed a model in- can absorb CO2, but has no e!ect on the
corporating numerous inputs—years of rate of heterotrophic respiration.
solar radiation and snow cover data among
C) Early snow melt slows the growth of plant
them—to evaluate the e!ects of warming
species such as C. canadensis by reducing
on the CO2 balance in Alaska, concluding
soil insulation, and it suppresses
that net CO2 is likely to increase if warming
heterotrophic respiration.
hastens spring snow melt.
D) Early snow melt amplifies the e!ect of
solar radiation on the growth of plant
species such as C. canadensis and on the
rate of heterotrophic respiration.

@satashkent 315
 Neurobiologists Laura Cuaya, Raúl 13
Hernández-Pérez, and colleagues investi-
Which finding from the study, if true, would
gated the language detection abilities of
most directly support the team’s conclusion?
eighteen dogs. The researchers monitored
the brain activity of Bran (a border collie), A) The pattern of brain activity that
Alma (a mixed breed), and other dogs while long-headed dogs showed when hearing the
the animals listened to three recordings: one scrambled recording was di!erent from the
of The Little Prince being read in Spanish, pattern of brain activity that short-headed
the second in Hungarian, and a third made dogs showed when hearing the language
up of short, randomly selected fragments of they were accustomed to.
the first two, scrambled so that they didn’t
resemble human speech. Each dog was fa- B) Long-headed dogs accustomed to hearing
miliar with either Spanish or Hungarian, Spanish tended to show more brain
but not both. The team concluded that activity when hearing Spanish than
di!erences in dogs’ anatomical features may long-headed dogs accustomed to hearing
a!ect their ability to distinguish speech Hungarian showed when hearing
from nonspeech. Hungarian.
C) Compared with longer-headed dogs,
shorter-headed dogs showed less di!erence
in brain activity when hearing either
Spanish or Hungarian than when hearing
the scrambled recording.
D) Compared with longer-headed dogs,
shorter-headed dogs showed a greater
di!erence in brain activity when hearing
the language they were accustomed to
than when hearing the other language.

@satashkent 316
 The onsets of growing seasons in Alaska 14
have been shifting earlier, potentially en-
Which finding from the researchers’ study, if
abling increased carbon dioxide (CO) ab-
true, would most directly support the
sorption through greater productivity of
researchers’ conclusion?
mooseberry (Viburnum edule) plants and
other vegetation, but also potentially en- A) Higher average heterotrophic respiration
abling increased CO output through greater rates were found for summer months than
heterotrophic respiration (CO generated by for winter months when modeled using
the activity of soil microorganisms). Hy- either a grid of 1km2 cells or a grid of
drologist Yonghong Yi and her colleagues 10km2 cells.
modeled seasonal changes in net CO in
Alaska in a landscape grid of 1 square kilo- B) No correlations between seasonal
meter (km²) cells and again in a grid of 10 variations in average heterotrophic
km² cells, which are finer resolutions than respiration and CO2 absorption by V.
most models of net CO have achieved. The edule and other plant species were found
researchers concluded that variations in the when modeled using either a grid of 1km2
landscape a!ect net CO in ways that most cells or a grid of 10km2 cells.
models are too coarse to capture.
C) Lower average heterotrophic respiration
rates were found for autumn months when
modeled using a grid of 1 km2 cells than
when modeled using a grid of 10km2 cells.
D) When seasonal fluxes in average CO2
absorption and heterotrophic respiration
were modeled using a grid of 1 km² cells,
much more data were generated than when
seasonal fluxes were modeled using a grid
of 10km2 cells, though the two models
reported identical net CO2.

@satashkent 317
 Fernand Braudel and other historians of 15
capitalism rarely discuss domestic capital-
Which statement about Ili!e and other
ism in Africa before the period of European
Africanist scholars is best supported by
colonization, implicitly presenting capitalism
information in the text?
as external to and imposed on Africa. John
Ili!e and other Africanist scholars have A) They likely make use of di!erent types of
shown, however, that in parts of Africa, evidence than historians of capitalism
institutionally protected private land own- typically rely on.
ership, the existence of salaried labor, and
other features of capitalism predated colo- B) They likely have a di!erent view about
nization. One reason for this discrepancy which activities should be considered
is that historians of capitalism tend to fo- capitalist in nature than historians of
cus on longitudinal economic data drawn capitalism do.
from archival records, which do not exist for
C) They likely di!er from historians of
much of precolonial Africa.
capitalism in the methods they use to
derive longitudinal economic data from
archival records.
D) They likely view capitalism as having been
more beneficial for Africa than historians
of capitalism do.

Veronica L. Bura, Akito Y. Kawahara, and 16

Jayne E. Yack investigated the evolution
Which finding, if true, would most directly
and function of sound production in silk
support Bura and colleagues’ claim?
moth and hawk moth caterpillars. They
found that during harmless simulated at- A) None of the species that emitted sounds
tacks on isolated caterpillars, 33% of the did so before the simulated attacks, and
tested species produced sound, which ranged nearly all stopped emitting sounds within
from clicks in Manduca pellenia to vocal- ten seconds after the attacks.
izations in Sphecodina abbottii. Although
some insects use sound to communicate B) In most cases, the sound that a caterpillar
with members of the same species, the re- species produced during simulated attacks
searchers claim that the caterpillar sounds was not produced by other caterpillar
recorded in their study are directed primar- species during simulated attacks.
ily at predators.
C) Caterpillar clicks were emitted in a
frequency detectable by birds that prey on
caterpillars, but caterpillar vocalizations
were not.
D) Each caterpillar species tended to produce
one sound during simulated attacks,
although individuals occasionally made a
variety of other sounds during simulated
attacks as well.

@satashkent 318
 Thomas Piketty and other historians of cap- 17
italism rarely discuss domestic capitalism
Which statement about Alfagali and other
in Africa before the period of European
Africanist scholars is best supported by
colonization, implicitly presenting capital-
information in the text?
ism as external to and imposed on Africa.
Crislayne Alfagali and other Africanist A) They likely view capitalism as having been
scholars have shown, however, that in parts more beneficial for Africa than historians
of Africa, export-oriented manufacturing, of capitalism do.
the existence of salaried labor, and other
features of capitalism predated coloniza- B) They likely have a di!erent view about
tion. One reason for this discrepancy is that which activities should be considered
historians of capitalism tend to focus on lon- capitalist in nature than historians of
gitudinal economic data drawn from archival capitalism do.
records, which do not exist for much of pre-
C) They likely make use of di!erent types of
colonial Africa.
evidence than historians of capitalism
typically rely on.
D) They likely di!er from historians of
capitalism in the methods they use to
derive longitudinal economic data from
archival records.

Past research suggests that pollination 18

by honeybees is responsible for up to 10
Which finding, if true, would most directly
percent of total Chinese cabbage crop
support the researchers’ claim?
production. Now researchers are trying
to determine how dependent cucumber A) The shielding used in the first phase of the
crop production is on honeybees. The first study did not a!ect the amount of sunlight
phase of their study involved shielding some the cucumber plants received.
cucumber plants to prevent insects from
pollinating them, resulting in those plants B) Other insects like solitary bees also
having 40 to 90 percent lower crop pro- pollinate Chinese cabbage plants, and
duction than plants that were pollinated some studies have allowed them to
normally. However, the researchers claim pollinate normally while excluding
that the first-phase experiment alone didn’t honeybees.
tell them how much of that di!erence in
C) Other insects like squash bees also
crop production is due specifically to ex-
pollinate cucumber plants, and the
cluding honeybees.
shielding in the first phase of the study
blocked them as well.
D) Honeybees are more commonly used to
pollinate cucumber plants than Chinese
cabbage plants.

@satashkent 319
 A film studies student is researching early 19
20th-century film serials, which consisted
Which finding, if true, would most directly
of individual episodes of a single long story
support the student’s claim?
that were shown weekly in theaters. Clancy
of the Mounted is a 1933 serial that, over A) The 12th episode of Clancy of the
its 12 episodes, kept its audience interested Mounted was the most expensive episode
with the suspense and drama that are typ- of the series to produce.
ical of the northern adventure genre. The
student, however, claims that ultimately B) The 12th episode of Clancy of the
audiences of the time preferred resolution Mounted was viewed by more people than
and closure over ongoing tension. was any previous episode in the series.
C) Modern critics generally regard the first
episode as the best installment of Clancy
of the Mounted.
D) Audiences of the time considered Clancy of
the Mounted to belong to a genre other
than the northern adventure genre.

Water flowing around an obstruction creates 20

vortices (patterns of swirls) of varying size;
Which finding, if true, would most directly
by detecting the vortices, fish can deter-
support the second research team’s hypothesis?
mine the size and position of the obstruc-
tion. Testing by Yuzo R. Yanagisuru, Otar A) A study using obstructions that created
Akanyeti, and James C. Liao using models large vortices in low-visibility conditions
of three head shapes—narrow (low ratio of found that the intermediate-headed black
width to length), intermediate, and wide sea bass (Centropristis striates) bumped
(high ratio of width to length)—showed into the obstructions just as often as the
that for large vortices, fish with interme- wide-headed Synodontis macropunctata
diate heads would be better able than did.
wide-headed fish to distinguish between
vortices and general turbulence in the water. B) A study using obstructions that created
A second research team has therefore hy- large vortices in low-visibility conditions
pothesized that in low-visibility conditions, found that the wide-headed Synodontis
intermediate-headed fish will be more likely macropunctata bumped into obstructions
than wide-headed fish to detect obstructions more often than the intermediate-headed
that create large vortices. black sea bass (Centropristis striates) did.
C) A study using obstructions that created
large vortices in low-visibility conditions
found that some specimens of the
intermediate-headed black sea bass
(Centropristis striates) bumped into the
obstructions more often than other
specimens of the same fish did.
D) A study using obstructions that created
large vortices in low-visibility conditions
found that the Synodontis macropunctata,
which has a relatively wide head, bumped
into more than half of the obstructions.

@satashkent 320
 Some toothpastes contain titanium dioxide 21
nanoparticles (TiO-NPs), which can leach
Which finding, if true, would most directly
into waterways and soils via wastewater. In
support the hypothesis presented in the text?
a 2015 study, Adeline Bourgeault and col-
leagues found that TiO-NPs can accumulate A) In comparable environments, D.
in the bodies of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha and C. carpio display
polymorpha). While bioaccumulation of comparable rates of TiO-NP uptake.
manufactured nanoparticles may be inher-
ently worrisome, it has been hypothesized B) Compared with C. carpio, D. polymorpha
that TiO-NP bioaccumulation in inverte- can tolerate significantly higher TiO-NP
brates like D. polymorpha could serve a concentrations without displaying any
valuable proxy role, obviating the need for negative e!ects.
manufacturers to conduct costly and intru-
C) It is easier to detect low and harmless
sive sampling of vertebrate species—such as
concentrations of TiO-NPs in D.
common carp (Cyprinus carpio), commonly
polymorpha than it is to detect high and
used in regulatory compliance testing—for
harmful concentrations of TiO-NPs in C.
nanoparticle bioaccumulation, as environ-
carpio.
mental protection laws currently require.
D) TiO-NP concentrations in D. polymorpha
tend to vary more from individual to
individual than do TiO-NP concentrations
in C. carpio when the species are exposed
to similar levels of TiO-NPs.

Almost all works of fiction contain refer- 22

ences to the progression of time, including
Which finding from the study, if true, would
the time of day when events in a story take
most directly support the researchers’
place. In a 2020 study, Allen Kim, Charuta
conclusion?
Pethe, and Steven Skiena claim that an ob-
servable pattern in such references reflects A) Novels published after the year 1800
a shift in human behavior prompted by the include the clock phrase 10 a.m. less often
spread of electric lighting in the late nine- than novels published before the year 1800
teenth century. The researchers drew this do.
conclusion from an analysis of more than
50,000 novels spanning many centuries and B) Among novels published in the nineteenth
cultures, using software to recognize and century, implied time references become
tally both specific time references—that steadily more common than clock phrases
is, clock phrases, such as 7 a.m. or 2:30 as publication dates approach 1900.
p.m.—and implied ones, such as mentions of
C) The time references of noon (12 p.m.) and
meals typically associated with a particular
midnight (12 a.m.) are used with roughly
time of day.
the same frequency in the novels.
D) Novels published after 1880 contain
significantly more references to activities
occurring after 10 p.m. than do novels
from earlier periods.

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 Early Earth is thought to have been char- 23
acterized by a stagnant lid tectonic regime
Which finding, if true, would most directly
in which the upper lithosphere (the outer
support the researchers’ conclusion?
rocky layer) was essentially immobile and
there was no interaction between the litho- A) Mantle-derived rocks older than 3.2 billion
sphere and the underlying mantle. Re- years show significantly more
searchers investigated the timing of the compositional diversity than lithospheric
transition from a stagnant lid regime to a rocks older than 3.2 billion years do.
tectonic plate regime, in which the litho-
sphere is fractured into dynamic plates that B) There is a positive correlation between the
in turn allow lithospheric and mantle mate- age of lithospheric rocks and their chemical
rial to mix. Examining chemical data from similarity to mantle-derived rocks, and
lithospheric and mantle-derived rocks rang- that correlation increases significantly in
ing from 285 million to 3.8 billion years old, strength at around 3.2 billion years old.
the researchers dated the transition to 3.2
C) Among rocks known to be older than 3.2
billion years ago.
billion years, significantly more are mantle
derived than lithospheric, but the opposite
is true for the rocks younger than 3.2
billion years.
D) Mantle-derived rocks younger than 3.2
billion years contain some material that is
not found in older mantle-derived rocks
but is found in older and contemporaneous
lithospheric rocks.

Honda’s introduction of a walk-behind 24

lawnmower in 1978 is an instance of brand
Which finding, if true, would provide evidence
extension—the company leveraged its brand
that the possibility Grasby et al. investigated
recognition as an automobile manufacturer
does occur?
to enter a product category where it had
not previously competed. To determine A) Consumers’ ratings and the changes in
if perceived category similarity predicts probability calculated by the researchers
consumers’ likelihood of purchasing brand were both a!ected by level of brand
extensions, Alicia Grasby et al. identified recognition.
30 extended-brand pairs (e.g., the same
brand of hand lotion and mouthwash) in 52 B) There was a strong positive correlation
weeks of purchases by approximately 60,000 between consumers’ ratings and the
households; for each pair, Grasby et al. had changes in probability calculated by the
consumers rate the similarity of the prod- researchers.
uct categories and calculated the change in
C) Consumers’ ratings varied substantially by
probability of a brand in one category being
category pair, whereas the changes in
purchased if the same brand was purchased
probability calculated by the researchers
in the other category.
were broadly similar for each pair.
D) Consumers tended to purchase more
products in categories in which
extended-brand pairs are found than in
categories in which extended-brand pairs
are not found.

@satashkent 322
 Microsoft’s introduction of the Xbox con- 25
sole in 2001 is an instance of brand ex-
Which finding, if true, would provide evidence
tension—the company leveraged its brand
that the possibility Grasby et al. investigated
recognition as a software producer to enter
does occur?
a product category where it had not previ-
ously competed. To determine if perceived A) Consumers’ ratings varied substantially by
category similarity predicts consumers’ category pair, whereas the changes in
likelihood of purchasing brand extensions, probability calculated by the researchers
Alicia Grasby et al. identified 30 extended- were broadly similar for each pair.
brand pairs (e.g., the same brand of mobile
phone and headphones) in 52 weeks of pur- B) Consumers tended to purchase more
chases by approximately 60,000 households; products in categories in which
for each pair, Grasby et al. had consumers extended-brand pairs are found than in
rate the similarity of the product categories categories in which extended-brand pairs
and calculated the change in probability of are not found.
a brand in one category being purchased if
C) There was a strong positive correlation
the same brand was purchased in the other
between consumers’ ratings and the
category.
changes in probability calculated by the
researchers.
D) Consumers’ ratings and the changes in
probability calculated by the researchers
were both a!ected by level of brand
recognition.

@satashkent 323
 The utilization of deceptive antipredator 26
displays is well documented in the little
Which finding, if true, would most strongly
ringed plover (Charadrius dubius) and other
support the researchers’ conclusion?
species of the avian order Charadriiformes.
An extensive literature review conducted by A) Across the orders in the study,
Léna de Framond et al. revealed that this approximately 54% of the bird species
trait has evolved across a surprisingly large brood in ranges from 50° to 80° absolute
phylogenetic distribution of 13 Aves orders, latitude, but most of the birds that are
including Caprimulgiformes and Gruiformes. known to use deceptive antipredator
Subsequent investigation of potential selec- displays brood between 0° and 30° absolute
tion mechanisms prompted the researchers latitude.
to conclude that independent of avian order,
the prevalence of the trait is mediated by B) Deceptive antipredator displays are
environmental variations associated with the documented in Charadriiformes species
absolute latitude of brooding sites. across the entire range of absolute
latitudes of brooding sites within that
order, but in species from other orders,
deceptive antipredator displays are
documented only when brooding sites are
at absolute latitudes 10°–20° higher than
what is typical for those species.
C) The use of deceptive antipredator displays
is widespread among Charadriiformes
species independent of the absolute
latitude of their breeding sites, but its
prevalence in other avian orders is limited
to species with brooding sites located in
absolute latitudes of 0°–30°.
D) Across the orders in the study, deceptive
antipredator displays are observed in
approximately 34% of species with
brooding ranges of 0°–30° absolute latitude
and approximately 60% of species with
brooding ranges of 50°–80° absolute
latitude.

@satashkent 324
 Neurobiologists Laura Cuaya, Raúl 27
Hernández-Pérez, and colleagues investi-
Which finding from the study, if true, would
gated the language detection abilities of
most directly support the team’s conclusions?
eighteen dogs raised in similar settings. The
researchers monitored the brain activity of A) Dogs showed a di!erent pattern of brain
Barney (a golden retriever), Bingo (a mixed activity when hearing the language they
breed), and other dogs while the animals lis- were accustomed to than when hearing the
tened to three recordings: one of The Little scrambled recording and the di!erence in
Prince being read in Spanish, the second in brain activity increased with the age of the
Hungarian, and a third made up of short, dog scanned.
randomly selected fragments of the first
two, scrambled so that they didn’t resemble B) Although the dog’s general hearing
human speech. Each dog was familiar with sensitivity declined with age, dogs of all
either Spanish or Hungarian, but not both. ages showed more brain activity in
The team concluded that the amount of pre- response to hearing the language they were
vious language exposure a dog has received accustomed to than in response to hearing
may influence its ability to distinguish fa- the other language.
miliar languages from unfamiliar ones.
C) The similarity between the pattern of
brain activity a dog showed in response to
hearing the scrambled recording and the
pattern of brain activity it showed in
response to hearing the language it was
not accustomed to was greatest among
older dogs.
D) The di!erence between the pattern of
brain activity a dog showed when hearing
the language it was accustomed to and the
pattern of brain activity it showed when
hearing the language it was not
accustomed to was greatest among older
dogs.

@satashkent 325
 Cardi!, Wales, has installed engineered 28
structures – mainly breakwalls – along 87%
Which finding, if true, would most directly
of its shoreline to protect infrastructure
support the researchers’ hypothesis?
from storm surges and other hazards, a
practice known as shoreline hardening. In- A) Waterbird communities at Back River, a
vestigating the impact of such structures site with a relatively high percentage of
on waterbird communities at various sites developed land and a relatively low
in the Chesapeake Bay on the US East percentage of hardened shoreline, had
Coast, Diann Prosser et al. hypothesized higher average IWCI scores than did
that shoreline hardening more negatively waterbird communities at Margothy, a site
a!ects waterbirds than does land develop- with a lower percentage of developed land
ment for uses such as housing or agriculture. but a higher percentage of hardened
To evaluate the responses of local waterbird shoreline.
species, including the osprey, to landscape
alterations, the researchers utilized the B) Waterbird communities at Langford, a site
Index of Waterbird Community Integrity with a relatively high percentage of
(IWCI), on which a low score corresponds to developed land and a relatively low
low community integrity. percentage of hardened shoreline, had
lower average IWCI scores than did
waterbird communities at Mill, a site with
a lower percentage of developed land but a
higher percentage of hardened shoreline.
C) Waterbird communities at Stony and
Curtis, two sites with relatively high
percentages of developed land and
hardened shoreline, had similar IWCI
scores, whereas waterbird communities at
Ware and Honga, two sites with relatively
low percentage of developed land and
hardened shoreline, had widely di!ering
IWCI scores.
D) Waterbird communities at Old Road, a
site with a relatively high percentage of
developed land and hardened shoreline,
had lower average IWCI scores than did
waterbird communities at Onancock, a site
with a relatively low percentage of
developed land and hardened shoreline.

@satashkent 326
 The bird species Schistocichla leucostigma 29
(the spot-winged antbird) shares some
Which finding, if true, would most directly
territory in French Guiana with Thamno-
support Martinez and colleagues’ conclusion?
manes caesius (the cinereous antshrike),
which emits a loud alarm call when it de- A) In some instances, S. leucostigma froze in
tects predators. Biologist Ari Martinez and place or scattered into vegetation when
colleagues recorded T. caesius alarm calls Martinez and colleagues approached but
and played them in the vicinity of wild S. before they began playing sounds.
leucostigma. Finding that the birds often
froze in place or scattered into vegetation B) When Martinez and colleagues played
upon hearing the calls, they concluded that control sounds of random noise in the
S. leucostigma associates T. caesius alarm vicinity of S. leucostigma, the birds
calls with danger. displayed no reaction.
C) Other bird species than S. leucostigma also
showed a tendency to freeze in place or
scatter into vegetation when Martinez and
colleagues played T. caesius alarm calls.
D) Martı́nez and colleagues played alarm calls
from di!erent T. caesius individuals and
observed no significant variation in the
responses of S. leucostigma.

@satashkent 327
 Mooseberry (Viburnum edule) plants are 30
native to Alaska, where harsh conditions
Which finding, if true, would most directly
have historically impeded potential invasive
support Mulder and Spellman’s conclusion?
species. As the boreal climate has warmed
in recent decades, however, common knot- A) Although V. edule and P. aviculare both
grass (Polygonum aviculare) plants have tended to produce leaves later into autumn
established themselves in Alaska. It has in years with late subfreezing temperature
been suggested that warming-induced delays onset, the extension was much greater for
in the onset of subfreezing temperatures P. aviculare than for V. edule.
in autumn can benefit invasives more than
native species; to evaluate this possibil- B) Although significant interannual variations
ity, biologists Christa Mulder and Katie in subfreezing temperature onset were
Spellman tracked V. edule and P. aviculare, observed during the study, neither P.
along with other native and invasive species, aviculare nor V. edule showed any
over several years, concluding that invasives significant interannual variation in the
are advantaged by delays in subfreezing cessation of leaf production.
temperature onset in Alaska.
C) Although V. edule and P. aviculare tended
to stop producing leaves at about the same
time in years with historically typical
temperature patterns, P. aviculare stopped
producing leaves sooner than V. edule did
in years with late subfreezing temperature
onset.
D) Although V. edule and P. aviculare both
tended to produce more leaves overall in
years with late subfreezing temperature
onset than they did in years with
historically typical temperature patterns,
the years with late subfreezing
temperature onset also had early growing
season onset in spring.

@satashkent 328
 Water flowing around an obstruction cre- 31
ates vortices (patterns of swirls) of varying
Which finding, if true, would most directly
size; by detecting the vortices, fish can
support the second research team’s hypothesis?
determine the size and position of the ob-
struction. Testing by Yuzo R. Yanagisuru, A) A study using obstructions that created
Otar Akanyeti, and James C. Liao using large vortices in low-visibility conditions
models of three head shapes – narrow (low found that the devil catfish (Bagarius
ratio of width to length), intermediate, bagarius), which has a relatively wide
and wide (high ratio of width to length) – head, bumped into more than half of the
showed that for large vortices, fish with in- obstructions.
termediate heads would be better able than
wide-headed fish to distinguish between B) A study using obstructions that created
vortices and general turbulence in the water. large vortices in low-visibility conditions
A second research team has therefore hy- found that the wide-headed devil catfish
pothesized that in low-visibility conditions, (Bagarius bagarius) bumped into
intermediate-headed fish will be more likely obstructions more often than the
than wide-headed fish to detect obstructions intermediate-headed rainbow trout
that create large vortices. (Oncorhynchus mykiss) did.
C) A study using obstructions that created
large vortices in low-visibility conditions
found that the intermediate-headed
rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
bumped into the obstructions just as often
as the wide-headed devil catfish (Bagarius
bagarius) did.
D) A study using obstructions that created
large vortices in low-visibility conditions
found that some specimens of the
intermediate-headed rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss) bumped into the
obstructions more often than other
specimens of the same fish did.

@satashkent 329
 The bird species Myiobius barbatus (the 32
bearded flycatcher) shares some territory
Which finding, if true, would most directly
in French Guiana with Thamnomanes cae-
support Martinez and colleagues’ conclusion?
sius (the cinereous antshrike), which emits
a loud alarm call when it detects preda- A) Other bird species than M. barbatus also
tors. Biologist Ari Martinez and colleagues showed a tendency to freeze in place or
recorded T. caesius alarm calls and played scatter into vegetation when Martinez and
them in the vicinity of wild M. barbatus. colleagues played T. caesius alarm calls.
Finding that the birds often froze in place
or scattered into vegetation upon hearing B) Martinez and colleagues played alarm calls
the calls, they concluded that M. barbatus from di!erent T. caesius individuals and
associates T. caesius alarm calls with dan- observed no significant variation in the
ger. responses of M. barbatus.
C) In some instances, M. barbatus froze or
scattered into vegetation when Martinez
and colleagues approached but before they
began playing sounds.
D) When Martinez and colleagues played
control sounds of random noise in the
vicinity of M. barbatus, the birds displayed
no reaction.

The linguistic niche hypothesis (LNH) 33

posits that the exotericity of languages
Which finding, if true, would most directly
(how prevalent non-native speakers are)
support Shcherbakova and colleagues’ claim?
and grammatical complexity are inversely
related, which the LNH ascribes to attri- A) Shcherbakova and colleagues’ analysis
tion of complex grammatical rules as more showed a slightly positive correlation
non-native speakers adopt the language between grammatical complexity and
but fail to acquire those rules. Focusing on fusion.
two characteristics that are positive indices
of grammatical complexity, fusion (when B) Shcherbakova and colleagues’ analysis
new phonemes arise from the merger of showed a slightly negative correlation
previously distinct ones) and informativity between grammatical complexity and
(languages’ capacity for meaningful varia- exotericity.
tion), Olena Shcherbakova and colleagues
C) Shcherbakova and colleagues’ analysis
conducted a quantitative analysis for more
showed a slightly positive correlation
than 1,300 languages and claim the outcome
between fusion and exotericity and
is inconsistent with the LNH.
between informativity and exotericity.
D) Shcherbakova and colleagues’ analysis
showed a slightly negative correlation
between grammatical complexity and
fusion and between grammatical
complexity and informativity.

@satashkent 330
 Among the most visited art museums in 34
the world, the Museo Reina Sofı́a in Madrid
Which statement, if true, would most directly
had approximately 4.4 million visitors in
support the administrators’ claim?
2019. The Museo Reina Sofı́a also o!ers
virtual tours that art lovers can view online A) Most surveyed visitors to the Museo Reina
for free. Although there were initial con- Sofı́a indicated that they lived somewhere
cerns that people who viewed the virtual other than Madrid.
tours would then consider an in-person visit
unnecessary, museum administrators claim B) Many surveyed visitors to the Museo Reina
that their surveys of in-person visitors show Sofı́a indicated that the virtual tours
that those concerns were unjustified. convinced them to plan an in-person visit.
C) Many surveyed visitors to the Museo
Reina Sofı́a indicated that they would
likely view the virtual tours in order to
reminisce about their in-person visit.
D) Most surveyed visitors to the Museo Reina
Sofı́a indicated that they were unaware of
the virtual tours before their first
in-person visit.

Growing seasons in Alaska have been ex- 35

tending further into the year in response
Which finding, if true, would most directly
to climate warming, potentially enabling
support the researchers’ conclusion?
increased carbon dioxide (CO) absorption
through greater productivity of marsh cin- A) Early snow melt extends the period in
quefoil (Comarum palustre) plants and which plant species such as C. palustre can
other vegetation, but also potentially en- absorb CO but has no e!ect on the rate of
abling increased CO output through greater heterotrophic respiration.
heterotrophic respiration (CO generated by
the activity of soil microorganisms). Hy- B) Early snow melt slows the growth of plant
drologist Yonghong Yi and her colleagues species such as C. palustre by reducing soil
developed a model incorporating numerous insulation, and it suppresses heterotrophic
inputs – years of solar radiation and snow respiration.
cover data among them – to evaluate the
C) Early snow melt reduces the amount of soil
e!ects of warming on the CO balance in
moisture available for the growth of plant
Alaska, concluding that net CO is likely
species such as C. palustre, and it raises
to increase if warming hastens spring snow
the rate of heterotrophic respiration.
melt.
D) Early snow melt amplifies the e!ect of
solar radiation on the growth of plant
species such as C. palustre and on the rate
of heterotrophic respiration.

@satashkent 331
 A team of public transportation experts in 36
Detroit is creating a new streetcar stop for
Which finding, if true, would most directly
the Woodward Avenue Streetcar system
support the researcher’s claim?
that will service a neighborhood in which
a stop does not currently exist. To decide A) The number of sidewalks and crosswalks in
where to place the stop, the team is using the neighborhood that the streetcar stop
a survey from ten years ago that asked how will service has increased substantially in
far neighborhood residents would be will- the last ten years.
ing to walk to a streetcar stop. The team
also looked at studies showing that peo- B) Residents of Detroit are much less likely to
ple’s willingness to walk to public transit is use public transit on rainy days than on
influenced by factors like weather and the clear days.
presence of paved sidewalks and available
C) There has been a sharp increase in the last
crosswalks. A researcher has argued that
ten years in cyclists who use the roads in
the survey does not accurately reflect the
the neighborhood that the streetcar stop
feelings of today’s residents of this neighbor-
will service.
hood.
D) Current users of the Woodward Avenue
Streetcar are satisfied with the number of
stops along the line.

Some food packaging contains silver 37

nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), which can leach
Which finding, if true, would most directly
into waterways and soils via wastewater. In
support the hypothesis presented in the text?
a 2015 study, Tina Ramskov and colleagues
found that Ag-NPs can accumulate in the A) When C. teleta and S. salar are exposed to
bodies of marine annelid worms (Capitella similar levels of Ag-NPs, individuals of the
teleta). While bioaccumulation of manu- two species tend to accumulate similar
factured nanoparticles may be inherently amounts of Ag-NPs, adjusted for body
worrisome, it has been hypothesized that size.
Ag-NP bioaccumulation in invertebrates
like C. teleta could serve a valuable proxy B) Ag-NP concentrations in C. teleta
role, obviating the need for manufacturers correlate strongly with Ag-NP levels in the
to conduct costly and intrusive sampling of environment, whereas Ag-NP
vertebrate species – such as Atlantic salmon concentrations in S. salar are fairly stable
(Salmo salar), commonly used in regulatory regardless of environment.
compliance testing – for nanoparticle bioac-
C) Compared with S. salar, C. teleta can
cumulation, as environmental protection
tolerate significantly higher Ag-NP
laws currently require.
concentrations without displaying any
negative e!ects.
D) It is easier to detect low and harmless
concentrations of Ag-NPs in C. teleta than
it is to detect high and harmful
concentrations of Ag-NPs in S. salar.

@satashkent 332
Topic 9: Command of Evidence - Weaken
15 Questions
18

DIRECTIONS

Must Know Tips:

• Use a visual map (e.g., if A rises, B goes down).

• Read the question prompt to know if it’s a support or weaken question.

• The passage is always in two parts: Background information and Hypothesis

• You should not support or weaken the entire passage but the claim itself (hunt the claim).

Recommended time per question in this section: min: 1 min, max: 1 min 35 sec, avg: 1 min
17.5 sec. (*Exam level)

Hypothesizing that lullabies, characterized 1

by their slow tempos, are universally calm-
Which finding, if true, would most directly
ing to infants, Constance M. Bainbridge and
weaken critic’s claim?
colleagues played a lullaby sung in the Scot-
tish Gaelic language and a non-lullaby sung A) Blinking, which indicates attention, was
in the Seri language to a group of infants. equally frequent whether infants were
The team found that the infants’ heart rates listening to the song in Scottish Gaelic or
decreased more during the lullaby than song in Seri.
during the non-lullaby. Since a decrease in
heart rate is associated with relaxation, the B) Neither the Scottish Gaelic language nor
team concluded that the lullaby relaxed the the melody of the traditional Scots lullaby
infants. Noting that reduced heart rate can was familiar to infants in the study.
also be associated with increased attention,
C) The infants’ pupils were smaller when the
one critic argues that instead, the lullaby
infants were listening to lullabies than
simply attracted the infants’ attention.
when they were listening to non-lullabies.
Bainbridge and colleagues also measured
pupil size, as pupils typically become larger D) Parents of infants in the study chose the
when a stimulus captures a person’s atten- lullaby over the non-lullaby when asked
tion. which song they would use to calm their
child.

@satashkent 333
 Dinosaurs, with the exception of the an- 2
cestors of birds, disappeared during a mass
Which finding, if true, would undermine the
extinction 65 million years ago when an
genetic paleontologists’ proposal?
asteroid struck the Earth. Because a high
metabolic rate has generally been suggested A) The metabolisms of non-avian dinosaurs
as one of the key advantages when it comes may have decreased over time.
to surviving mass extinctions, some genetic
palaeontologists have proposed that birds B) Because some non-avian dinosaurs moved
survived while non-avian dinosaurs did not quickly, they likely had high metabolic
because of the birds’ increased metabolic rates.
capacity.
C) Birds have some of the highest metabolism
rates of any creatures on Earth.
D) Many dinosaurs with very high metabolic
rates went extinct 65 million years ago.

Hypothesizing that lullabies, characterized 3

by their lower melodic complexity, are uni-
Which finding, if true, would most weaken the
versally calming to infants, Constance and
critic’s claim?
colleagues played a lullaby sung in the Luk
Saami language and a non-lullaby sung in A) More frequent blinking has also been found
the Tundra language to a group of infants. to be a reliable indication of attention.
The team found that the infants’ heart rates
and pupil size both decreased more during B) Parents of infants in the study preferred
the lullaby than during the non-lullaby. the Luk Saami lullaby over the other.
Since a decrease in heart rate is associated
C) Increased attention to a stimulus is usually
with relaxation, the team concluded that
accompanied by an increase in pupil size.
the lullaby relaxed the infants. However,
noting that reduced heart rate can also be D) Infants of the study had no familiarity
associated with increased attention, one with either of them.
critic argues that instead, the lullaby simply
attracted the infants’ attention.

@satashkent 334
 Callie W Babbitt, Hema Madaka, and col- 4
leagues assembled a database of materials
Which finding, if true, would most directly
used in consumer electronics by studying
challenges the second research team’s
products in the lab and by gathering data
conclusion?
from similar product studies. The team
gave each of these studies a rating for level A) The study by Huisman and colleagues had
of traceability (with a higher rating for a lower traceability rating than the study
clearer description of procedures) and for by Oguchi and colleagues did.
category consistency (with a higher rating
for using materials categories more closely B) The study by Huisman and colleagues had
aligned with the categories in the team’s a high consistency rating and a high
database). Based on these ratings, a second traceability rating.
research team concluded that the method-
C) The study by Huisman and colleagues had
ology was better explained in a study by
a lower consistency rating than the study
Jaco Huisman and colleagues than it was in
by Oguchi and colleagues did.
a study by Oguchi Masahiro and colleagues.
D) The study by Oguchi and colleagues had a
low consistency rating and a low
traceability rating.

Rafael Nunez and colleagues studied how 5

members of the Yupno, an Indigenous
Which finding, if true, would most directly
group in Papua New Guinea, conceptual-
weaken the student’s claim?
ize time. The researchers recorded Yupno
speakers explaining certain temporal words A) A Yupno speaker points in opposite
and phrases, such as kalip bishap, a past- directions when indicating a past event
oriented expression that translates to ”past versus a future event.
times,” and coded each speaker’s manual
gestures. Previous research has found a B) Some Yupno grammatical structures used
tendency in many cultures to make tem- when talking about time are also used in
poral distinctions using spatial concepts Spanish.
and gestures, particularly along egocentric
C) Although Yupno speakers and Spanish
axes (i.e., relative to the orientation of the
speakers both use gestures to indicate
speaker): for instance, Spanish speakers
orientation in time, Yupno speakers tend
often refer to the left/right axis to describe
to use fewer gestures overall when
events in time. In an anthropology paper,
speaking than Spanish speakers do.
a student claims that the tendency toward
ego-based conceptualizations of time is uni- D) When Yupno speakers who are outdoors
versal. use gestures to refer to the future, they
point uphill from their current location
regardless of which way they are facing.

@satashkent 335
 Callie W. Babbitt, Hema Madaka, and col- 6
leagues assembled a database of materials
Which finding, if true, would most directly
used in consumer electronics by studying
challenge the second research team’s conclusion?
products in the lab and by gathering data
from similar product studies. The team A) The study by Kozak and Keoleian had a
gave each of these studies a rating for level lower consistency rating than the study by
of traceability (with a higher rating for Streicher-Porte and colleagues did.
clearer descriptions of procedures) and for
category consistency (with a higher rating B) The study by Kozak and Keoleian had a
for using materials categories more closely high consistency rating and a high
aligned with the categories in the team’s traceability rating.
database). Based on these ratings, a second
C) The study by Streicher-Porte and
research team concluded that the methodol-
colleagues had a medium consistency
ogy was better explained in a study by Greg
rating and a medium traceability rating.
L. Kozak and Gregory A. Keoleian than it
was in a study by Martin Streicher-Porte D) The study by Kozak and Keoleian had a
and colleagues. lower traceability rating than the study by
Streicher-Porte and colleagues did.

Rafael Núñez and colleagues studied how 7

members of the Yupno, an Indigenous group
Which finding, if true, would most directly
in Papua New Guinea, conceptualize time.
weaken the student’s claim?
The researchers recorded Yupno speak-
ers explaining certain temporal words and A) Some Yupno grammatical structures used
phrases, such as abjuk, a present-oriented when talking about time are also used in
expression that translates to ”now,” and English.
coded each speaker’s manual gestures. Pre-
vious research has found a tendency in B) When Yupno speakers who are outdoors
many cultures to make temporal distinc- use gestures to refer to the past, they
tions using spatial concepts and gestures, point downhill from their current location
particularly along egocentric axes (i.e., rel- regardless of which way they are facing.
ative to the orientation of the speaker): for
C) A Yupno speaker points in opposite
instance, English speakers often refer to the
directions when indicating a past event
front/back axis to describe events in time.
versus a future event.
In an anthropology paper, a student claims
that the tendency toward ego-based concep- D) Although Yupno speakers and English
tualizations of time is universal. speakers both use gestures to indicate
orientation in time, Yupno speakers tend
to use fewer gestures overall when
speaking than English speakers do.

@satashkent 336
 Geneticist Elaine Ostrander led an inter- 8
national collaboration in which Norbert
Which finding, if true, would most directly
Benecke and other researchers investigated
weaken the student’s claim?
the evolutionary history of size variation
in modern dogs. The researchers identified A) The majority of the most prevalent dog
multiple versions of the gene regulating the breeds have limited activity in the gene
production of IGF-1 (insulin-like growth that regulates IGF-1 production.
factor 1) in dogs and found that dogs of
the same breed consistently share the same B) The gene that regulates IGF-1 production
version of the gene. In a discussion of the is not the only gene that influences body
study, a student hypothesizes that small size in dogs but is the only such gene that
breeds of dogs (for example, Havaneses) shows within-breed version consistency.
must share a version that represses IGF-1
C) The degree of size variation among dogs is
production that would otherwise confer
greater than that of any other land-based
larger body size.
mammal.
D) Some breeds with small body sizes and low
IGF-1 concentrations have a di!erent
version of the gene regulating IGF-1
production than do toy poodles

Students in a biology class investigated why 9

individual house mice (Mus musculus) can
Which finding, if true, would most directly
di!er from one another in their suscepti-
weaken the students’ conclusion?
bility to cataracts in old age. The students
compared wild-type mice and knockout A) Some wild-type mice were very similar to
mice, which are mice with specific genes the knockout mice with regard to cataract
deactivated, when mice of each type were frequency but showed a wide variety of
raised in similar naturalistic environments expression of Aasdh.
and periodically tested for cataracts. Find-
ing that knockout mice with the gene Aasdh B) The level of expression of Aasdh does
deactivated tended to develop cataracts appear to a!ect the functioning of any
more frequently than did wild-type mice, other genes in house mice.
the students concluded that di!erences in
C) A sampling of house mice captured in
cataract frequency among house mice in
natural settings shows that individual mice
nature are solely attributable to variations
can di!er from one another in the level of
in the level of expression of Aasdh.
expression Aasdh.
D) The mice with Aasdh deactivated were
identical to the wild-type mice except with
regard to cataract frequency.

@satashkent 337
 Rafael Núñez and colleagues studied how 10
members of the Yupno, an Indigenous
Which finding, if true, would most directly
group in Papua New Guinea, conceptual-
weaken the student’s claim?
ize time. The researchers recorded Yupno
speakers explaining certain temporal words A) Some Yupno grammatical structures used
and phrases, such as kalip si ngan, a past- when talking about time are also used in
oriented expression that translates to ”a English.
long time ago,” and coded each speaker’s
manual gestures. Previous research has B) When Yupno speakers who are outdoors
found a tendency in many cultures to make use gestures to refer to the future, they
temporal distinctions using spatial concepts point uphill from their current location
and gestures, particularly along egocentric regardless of which way they are facing.
axes (i.e., relative to the orientation of the
C) A Yupno speaker points in opposite
speaker): for instance, English speakers of-
directions when indicating a past event
ten refer to the front/back axis to describe
versus a future event.
events in time. In an anthropology paper,
a student claims that the tendency toward D) Although Yupno speakers and English
ego-based conceptualizations of time is uni- speakers both use gestures to indicate
versal. orientation in time, Yupno speakers tend
to use fewer gestures overall when
speaking than English speakers do.

Elaine Ostrander led an international col- 11

laboration with Greger Larson and other
Which quotation from a scientist not involved in
researchers to study the evolutionary history
the study would most directly undermine the
of size di!erences in modern dogs, including
student’s conclusion?
very small breeds such as Pomeranians. The
researchers determined that among dogs as A) The researcher’s conclusions regarding the
whole, there are many di!erent variations IGF-1 gene may not apply to other species
of the gene that regulates the production of given that dogs vary in size more than any
IGF-1 (insulin growth factor 1), a hormone other group of land mammals does.
that promotes growth. After reviewing the
study, a student concludes that these varia- B) The gene that regulates IGF-1 production
tions must account for the observed variance is one of multiple genes known to a!ect
in body size among dog breeds. the size of dogs.
C) In fact, only one third of the most
prevalent dog breeds carry the same
variant of the gene regulating IGF-1
production.
D) Variations of the IGF-1 gene result in
substantial body size variance among dog
breeds and may influence additional
characteristics as well.

@satashkent 338
 Water flowing around an obstruction creates 12
vortices (swirls) that vary in size with the
Which finding, if true, would most directly
obstruction’s size and position, and fish
challenge the second research team’s hypothesis?
sense these vortices in order to navigate
around the obstructions. Using models of A) A study using obstructions that created
three fish-head shapes – narrow (low ratio large vortices in low-visibility conditions
of width to length), intermediate, and wide found that the Synodontis macropunctata,
(high ratio of width to length) – Yuzo R. which has a relatively wide head, bumped
Yanagisuru, Otar Akanyeti, and James C. into less than half of the obstructions.
Liao showed that as vortex size increases,
pressure fluctuations at the snout increase B) A study using obstructions that created
for narrow-headed and intermediate-headed large vortices in low-visibility conditions
fish but remain low for wide-headed fish. A found that the intermediate-headed dusky
second research team has therefore hypothe- smooth-hound (Mustelus canis) bumped
sized that in low visibility conditions, a fish into the obstructions just as often as the
will be more likely to avoid an obstruction wide-headed Synodontis macropunctata
when the associated pressure fluctuations at did.
the fish’s snout are greater.
C) A study using obstructions that created
large vortices in low-visibility conditions
found that the wide-headed Synodontis
macropunctata bumped into obstructions
more often than the intermediate headed
dusky smooth-hound (Mustelus canis) did.
D) A study using obstructions that created
large vortices in low visibility conditions
found that some specimens of the
intermediate-headed dusky smooth-hound
(Mustelus canis) bumped into the
obstructions more often than others did.

@satashkent 339
 Veronica L. Bura, Akito Y. Kawahara, and 13
Jayne E. Yack investigated the evolution
Which finding, if true, would most directly
and function of sound production in silk
challenge the second team’s claim?
moth and hawk moth caterpillars. They
found that during harmless simulated at- A) Among the caterpillar species that
tacks on caterpillars, 33% of the tested produced sound in response to simulated
species produced sound, which ranged from attacks, no individuals produced sound in
clicks in Antheraea pernyi to whistles in the minute before the attacks, but the vast
Phyllosphingia dissimilis. A second research majority of individuals produced sound
team has claimed that caterpillars use these once the simulated attacks began.
sounds primarily to communicate with other
members of their species. B) Most of the caterpillar species that were
found to not produce sound in response to
simulated attacks have been observed
producing sound during encounters with
other members of their species.
C) Caterpillars that were found to produce
sounds in response to simulated attacks
are typically solitary and were tested in
isolation.
D) The sounds caterpillars produced in
response to the simulated attacks lacked
acoustic characteristics that would make
them audible to bats, lizards, or birds,
some of the most frequent predators of
caterpillars.

Elaine Ostrander led an international col- 14

laboration with Victor F. Zaibert and other
Which quotation from a scientist not involved in
researchers to study the evolutionary history
the study would most directly undermine the
of size di!erences in modern dogs, including
student’s conclusion?
very small breeds such as chihuahuas. The
researchers determined that among dogs as A) In fact, only one-third of the most
a whole, there are many di!erent variations prevalent dog breeds carry the same
of the gene that regulates the production of variant of the gene regulating IGF-1
IGF-1 (insulin growth factor 1), a hormone production.
that promotes growth. After reviewing the
study, a student concludes that these varia- B) The researchers’ conclusions regarding the
tions must account for the observed variance IGF-1 gene may not apply to other species
in body size among dog breeds. given that dogs vary in size more than any
other group of land mammals does.
C) Variations of the IGF-1 gene result in
substantial body size variance among dog
breeds and may influence additional
characteristics as well.
D) The gene that regulates IGF-1 production
is one of multiple genes known to a!ect
the size of dogs.

@satashkent 340
 Hypothesizing that lullabies, characterized 15
by their slow tempos, are universally calm-
Which finding, if true, would most directly
ing to infants, Constance M. Bainbridge
weaken the critic’s claim?
and colleagues played a lullaby sung in the
Western Nahuatl language and a non-lullaby A) Parents of infants in the study preferred
sung in the Serbian language to a group of the Western Nahuatl lullaby over the
infants. The team found that the infants’ Serbian non-lullaby.
heart rates and pupil size both decreased
more during the lullaby than during the B) Infants in the study had never heard the
non-lullaby. Since a decrease in heart rate Western Nahuatl lullaby before.
is associated with relaxation, the team con-
C) More frequent blinking has also been found
cluded that the lullaby relaxed the infants.
to be a reliable indication of attention.
However, noting that reduced heart rate can
also be associated with increased attention, D) Pupil size typically increases when a
one critic argues that instead, the lullaby stimulus captures a person’s attention.
simply attracted the infants’ attention.

@satashkent 341
Topic 10: Quotation
33 Questions

DIRECTIONS

Must Know Tips:

• Learn about the foundation of poems.

• Understand the “Show but don’t tell” technique.

• Look for synonyms of words and phrases between the passage and the correct option.

• To find something, you need to know what you’re searching for.

Recommended time per question in this section: min: 50 sec, max: 1 min 25 sec, avg: 1 min
7.5 sec. (*Exam level)

Life Among the Paiutes is an 1882 autobi- 1

ographical narrative by Sarah Winnemucca
Which quotation from Life Among the Paiutes
Hopkins. In the work, Winnemucca directly
most e!ectively illustrates the claim?
addresses the reader to establish her author-
ity and credibility, writing A) My dear reader, I have not lived in this
world for over thirty or forty years for
nothing, and I know what I am talking
about.
B) I was born somewhere near 1844, but am
not sure of the precise time.
C) Oh, dear readers, these soldiers had gone
only sixty miles away to Muddy Lake,
where my people were then living and
fishing.
D) But how can I describe the scene that
followed? Some of you, dear readers, can
imagine.

@satashkent 342
 The Underdogs is a 1915 novel by Mariano 2
Azuela, originally written in Spanish. In the
Which quotation from a translation of The
novel, the town of Juchipila is depicted as a
Underdogs most e!ectively illustrates the claim?
striking sight for a group of soldiers as they
view it from afar: A) All day long [the soldiers] rode through the
canyon, up and down the steep, round
hills, dirty and bald as a man’s head, hill
after hill in endless succession.
B) The soldiers entered the streets of
Juchipila as the church bells rang, loud
and joyfully, with that peculiar tone that
thrills every mountaineer.
C) Juchipila rose in the distance, white,
bathed in sunlight, shining in the midst of
a thick forest at the foot of a proud, lofty
mountain.
D) The sierra is clad in gala colors. Over its
inaccessible peaks the opalescent fog
settles like a snowy veil on the forehead of
a bride.

Frederick Douglass is an 1895 poem by Paul 3

Laurence Dunbar. In the poem, Dunbar
Which quotation from ”Frederick Douglass”
praises Douglass for his honesty and refusal
e!ectively illustrates the claim?
to be intimidated, writing .
A) No miser in the good he held was he,– His
kindness followed his horizon’s rim
B) A hush is over all the teeming lists, And
there is pause, a breath-space in the strife;
C) And he was no soft-tongued apologist; He
spoke straightforward, fearlessly uncowed;
D) He was her champion thro’ direful years,
And held her weal all other ends above

@satashkent 343
 I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is a 4
1969 novel written by Maya Angelou. In
Which quotation from I Know Why the Caged
the novel, the main character struggles to
Bird Sings most e!ectively supports this claim?
accept her African American race while
growing up in the Southern United States. A) “The dress I wore was light purple. As I’d
watched Momma make it, putting fancy
stitching on the waist, I knew that when I
put it on, I’d look like one of the sweet
little white girls who were everyone’s
dream of what was right with the world.”
B) “When people saw me wearing it, they
were going to run up to me and say,
‘Marguerite [sometimes it was ‘dear
Marguerite’], forgive us, please, we didn’t
know who you were,’ and I would answer
generously, ‘No, you couldn’t have known.
Of course I forgive you.”
C) “Wouldn’t they be surprised when one day
I woke out of my black ugly dream, and
my real hair, which was long and blonde,
would take the place of the kinky mass
that Momma wouldn’t let me straighten?”
D) “If growing up is painful for the Southern
Black girl, being aware of her di!erence is
worse. It is an unnecessary insult.”

@satashkent 344
 In her essay entitled, “Slouching Towards 5
Bethlehem,” Joan Didion describes her ex-
Which quotation from “Slouching Towards
periences in California during the 1960s and
Bethlehem” most e!ectively supports the claim?
1970s while proving a darker side of this pe-
riod existed even though it is often admired A) “It was a country of bankruptcy notices
for its claimed pursuit of peace and love. and public–auction announcements and
commonplace reports of casual killings and
misplaced children and abandoned homes
and vandals who misplaced even the
four–letter words they scrawled.”
B) “It was the United States of America in
the cold late spring of 1967, and the
market was steady and the G.N.P. high
and a great many articulate people seemed
to have a sense of high social purpose and
it might have been a spring of brave hopes
and national promise, but it was not, and
more and more people had the uneasy
apprehension that it was not.”
C) “San Francisco was where the missing
children were gathering and calling
themselves ‘hippies.’ When I first went to
San Francisco in that cold late spring of
1967, I did not even know what I wanted
to find out, and so I just stayed around
awhile, and made a few friends.”
D) “Adolescents drifted from city to torn city,
sloughing o! both the past and the future
as snakes shed their skins, children who
were never taught and would never now
learn the games that had held the society
together.”

@satashkent 345
 Cane is a 1932 novel by Jean. In one por- 6
tion of the novel, Jean establishes a contrast
Which quotation most e!ectively supports this
between the narrator’s attitude towards
claim?
life and the attitude of the narrator’s love
interest, Avy, writing A) “I saw the dawn steel over Washington.
The capitol dome looked like a gray ghost
drifting in from sea.”
B) “Avey was as silent as those great trees
whose tops we looked down upon. She has
always been like that. At least, to me.”
C) “Avey slipped her hand in mine. Pillowed
her head at best she could upon my arm.
Kissed the hand that she was holding and
listened, or so I thought, to what I had to
say.”
D) “As time went on, Avey’s indi!erence to
things began to pique me; I was ambitious.
I left out small hometown earlier than she
did.”

The Monster is an 1898 story by Stephen 7

Crane. In the story, the character of Jim, a
Which quotation from “The Monster” most
young boy, accidentally damages a peony (a
e!ectively illustrates that claim?
flower) in the yard while his father is tend-
ing to the lawn. Crane depicts the dedica- A) After some trouble (Jim’s father) found the
tion and care with which his father typically subject of the incident, the broken flower.
cares for his lawn, writing . Turning then, he saw the child lurking at
the rear and scanning his countenance,
B) “(Jim’s father) was shaving this lawn as if
it were a priest’s chin. All during the
season he had worked at it in the coolness
and peace of the evenings after supper.
Even in the shadow of the cherry trees the
grass was strong and healthy.”
C) (Jim’s father) paused, and with the howl
of the machine no longer occupying the
sense, one could hear the robins in the
cherry trees arranging their a!airs.
D) “(Jim) went on to the lawn, very slowly
and kicking wretchedly at the furt.
Presently his father came along with the
whirring machine, whale the sweet, new
grass blades spun from the knives.”

@satashkent 346
 The 2000 production of The Green Bird 8
was the first Broadway show for which Con-
Which quotation from an interview with a
stance Ho!man was credited as a costume
costume designer would most e!ectively support
designer. Hottman was among the Broad-
the student’s claim?
way costume designers interviewed by Sara
Jabion-Roberts and Eulanda A Sanders for A) I tend to pay careful attention to a
their study of historical accuracy in costume character’s accessories like gloves, hats,
design for shows with a historical setting. and jackets, These elements help
They found that even designers who value communicate information about how this
historical accuracy will often include con- person would have fit into society at the
temporary design elements that don’t fit time.
with the historical period. In a research
paper about theatrical costume design, a B) I aim to create a clear sense of the
student argues that costume designers for character and the world they inhabit.
modern productions of Shakespeare’s A Sometimes this means adhering to the
Midsummer Night’s Dream (set in ancient historical period’s style, but frequently, as
Greece) sometimes include such elements in stagings of A Midsummer Nights
unintentionally. Dream, some flexibility is required to
communicate an idea to the audience.
C) “Costumes must always reflect the correct
historical period. Too often, I’ve seen
costumes that borrow from a wide span of
periods, resulting in a production with a
confusing visual style.”
D) In the 1980s I was costuming for a
production of A Midsummer Night’s
Dream. Even though I focused on using
the correct materials and techniques for
the plays period in history, when look back
I can clearly see the influence of 1980s
fashion in my designs.

@satashkent 347
 The Underdogs is a 1915 novel by Mariano 9
Azuela, originally written in Spanish. In
Which quotation from “The Underdogs” most
the novel, a group of soldiers travel through
e!ectively illustrates that claim?
a canyon, where their collective mood be-
comes strongly a!ected by the strenuous A) The sierra is clad in gold colors. Over its
conditions of their journey: . inaccessible peaks the opalescent fog
settles like a snowy veil on the forehead of
a bride.” All day long (the soldiers) rode
through the canyon, up and down the
steep, round hills, dirty and bald as a
man’s head, hill after hill in in endless
succession.”
B) “Then, hurriedly, the soldiers took the
Juchipila canyon northward, without
halting to rest until nightfall.”
C) “The sun, beating down upon (the
soldiers), dulled their minds and bodies
and presently they were silent,”
D) None of the above

Poems is an 1895 collection of poetry by 10

Frances E.W. Harper. In one of Harper’s
Which quotation from Poems most e!ectively
poems, the speaker criticizes activists who
illustrates the claim?
champion humanitarian causes in other
countries while overlooking local concerns, A) God bless our native land, / Her homes
saying and children bless, / Oh may she ever
stand / For truth and righteousness. (from
”God Bless Our Native Land”)
B) Men may tread down the poor and lowly /
May crush them in anger and hate / But
surely the mills of God’s justice / Will
grind out the grist of their fate. (from ”An
Appeal to My Countrywomen”)
C) Say not the age is hard and cold-/ I think
it brave and grand / When men of diverse
sects and creeds / Are clasping hand in
hand. (from ”The Present Age”)
D) When ye plead for the wrecked and fallen,
/ The exile from far-distant shores, /
Remember that men are still wasting /
Life’s crimson around your own doors.
(from ”An Appeal to My Countrywomen”)

@satashkent 348
 In a paper for an art history class, a student 11
claims that Gwen John’s circa 1915 painting
Which quotation from an art history textbook
Mère Poussepin marks a significant change
would most e!ectively support the student’s
in John’s artistic development.
claim?

A) Mère Poussepin has been analyzed

extensively since it was first exhibited, as
no two viewers seem to agree about
exactly what the painting means.
B) Of all John’s paintings, none so clearly
represents her abilities and ideas as Mère
Poussepin.
C) The paintings that John produced before
Mère Poussepin can be thought of as
belonging to her earlier style, to which she
never returned.
D) Although John was clearly influenced by
other artists of her time, she was also an
artist ahead of her time, as Mère
Poussepin demonstrates.

Cane is a 1923 novel by Jean Toomer. In 12

one portion of the novel, Toomer uses fig-
Which quotation from Cane most e!ectively
urative language to connect the narrator’s
illustrates the claim?
urban environment of Washington, DC, and
the rural South of the narrator’s past, writ- A) And when the wind is from the South, soil
ing, of my homeland falls like a fertile shower
upon the lean streets of [Washington, DC].
B) The young trees had not outgrown their
[planter] boxes then. V Street [in
Washington, DC] was lined with them.
C) The Capitol dome looked like a gray ghost
ship drifting in from sea.
D) The [train] engines of this valley have a
whistle, the echoes of which sound like
iterated gasps and sobs. I always think of
them as crude music.

@satashkent 349
 In a paper for an art history class, a student 13
claims that Rosa Bonheur’s 1855 painting
Which quotation from an art history textbook
The Horse Fair marks a significant change
would most e!ectively support the student’s
in Bonheur’s artistic development.
claim?

A) The paintings that Bonheur produced

before The Horse Fair can be thought of
as belonging to her earlier style, to which
she never returned.
B) Of all Bonheur’s paintings, none so clearly
represents her abilities and ideas as The
Horse Fair.
C) The Horse Fair has been analyzed
extensively since it was first exhibited, as
no two viewers seem to agree about
exactly what the painting means.
D) Although Bonheur was clearly influenced
by other artists of her time, she was also
an artist ahead of her time, as The Horse
Fair demonstrates.

Poetry is a 1919 poem by Marianne Moore. 14

The poem highlights an ambivalence to-
Which quotation from ”Poetry” most e!ectively
ward poetry as the speaker acknowledges
illustrates the claim?
its merits while also expressing a sense of
displeasure, writing A) nor is it valid / to discriminate against
’business documents and /school-books’;
all these phenomena are important.
B) One must make a distinction / however:
when dragged into prominence by half
poets, the result is not / poetry
C) when [poems] become so derivative as to
become unintelligible, the / same thing
may be said for all of us—that we / do not
admire what / we cannot understand.
D) Reading [poetry], however, with a perfect
contempt for it, one discovers that there is
in / it after all, a place for the genuine.

@satashkent 350
 “The Bet” is an 1889 short story by An- 15
ton Chekhov. In the story, a banker is
Which quotation from “The Bet” most
described as being very upset about some-
e!ectively illustrates the claim?
thing:
A) “Then the banker cautiously broke the
seals o! the door and put the key in the
keyhole.”
B) “It struck three o’clock, the banker
listened; everyone was asleep in the house
and nothing could be heard outside but
the rustling of the chilled trees.”
C) “The banker, spoilt and frivolous, with
millions beyond his reckoning, was
delighted at the bet.”
D) “When [the banker] got home he lay on his
bed, but his tears and emotion kept him
for hours from sleeping.”

Lines Written in Early Spring is a 1798 16

poem by William Wordsworth. In the
Which quotation from ”Lines Written in Early
poem, the speaker describes having contra-
Spring” most e!ectively illustrates the claim?
dictory feelings while experiencing the sights
and sounds of a spring day: A) Through primrose-tufts, in that sweet
bower, /The periwinkle trail’d its
wreathes; /And ’tis my faith that every
flower /Enjoys the air it breathes.
B) The budding twigs spread out their fan,
/To catch the breezy air; /And I must
think, do all I can, /That there was
pleasure there.
C) The birds around me hopp’d and play’d: /
Their thoughts I cannot measure, / But
the least motion which they made, / It
seem’d a thrill of pleasure.
D) I heard a thousand blended notes, / While
in a grove I [sat] reclined. / In that sweet
mood when pleasant thoughts /Bring sad
thoughts to the mind.

@satashkent 351
 The Yellow Wallpaper is an 1892 short story 17
by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. In the story,
Which quotation from ”The Yellow Wallpaper”
the narrator expresses mixed feelings about
most e!ectively illustrates the claim?
her surroundings:
A) This wallpaper has a kind of sub-pattern
in a di!erent shade, a particularly
irritating one, for you can only see it in
certain lights, and not clearly then.
B) By moonlight—the moon shines in all
night when there is a moon—I wouldn’t
know it was the same paper.
C) I’m really getting quite fond of the big
room, all but that horrid [wall]paper.
D) The color is repellant, almost revolting; a
smouldering, unclean yellow, strangely
faded by the slow-turning sunlight.

In a paper for an art history class, a student 18

claims that Agnes Martin’s 1957 painting
Which quotation from an art history textbook
Harbor Number 1 marks a significant change
would most e!ectively support the student’s
in Martin’s artistic development.
claim?

A) ”Harbor Number 1 has been analyzed

extensively since it was first exhibited, as
no two viewers seem to agree about
exactly what the painting means.”
B) ”Although Martin was clearly influenced
by other artists of her time, she was also
an artist ahead of her time, as Harbor
Number 1 demonstrates.”
C) ”The paintings that Martin produced
before Harbor Number 1 can be thought of
as belonging to her earlier style, to which
she never returned.”
D) ”Of all Martin’s paintings, none so clearly
represents her abilities and ideas as Harbor
Number 1.”

@satashkent 352
 A Pair of Silk Stockings is an 1897 short 19
story written by Kate Chopin. In the story,
Which quotation from ”A Pair of Silk
Chopin suggests that the protagonist, Mrs.
Stockings” most e!ectively illustrates the claim?
Sommers, experiences a shift in her sense of
self as a result of putting on certain articles A) ”Mrs. Sommers was one who knew the
of clothing, writing, . value of bargains; who could stand for
hours making her way inch by inch toward
the desired object that was selling below
cost.”
B) ”She held back her skirts and turned her
feet one way and her head another way as
she glanced down at the polished
pointed-tipped boots.”
C) ”She would buy so and so many yards of
percale for new shirt waists for the boys
and Janie and Mag.”
D) ”Her stockings and boots and well-fitting
gloves had worked marvels in her bearing
had given her a feeling of assurance, a
sense of belonging to the well-dressed
multitude.”

Uncle Vanya: Scenes from Country Life 20

in Four Acts is an 1898 play by Anton
Which quotation from a translation of Uncle
Chekhov. Originally written in Russian.
Vanya most e!ectively illustrates the claim?
In the play, Professor Serebrako! and his
wife Helena have come to stay at their coun- A) Helena says to Vanya, ”I am absolutely
try estate, which Vanya manages with the exhausted by [Professor Serebrako!], and
help of Sonia, the professor’s daughter from can hardly stand.”
a previous marriage. Chekhov portrays
Helena as trying to ease tensions between B) Helena says to Vanya, ”You all abuse my
Vanya and the professor, as is evident when husband and look on me with compassion:
you think, ’Poor woman, she is married to
an old man.’ How well I understand your
compassion!”
C) Helena says to Vanya, ”You are cultured
and intelligent, [Vanya, and you surely
understand that the world is not destroyed
by villains and conflagrations, but by hate
and malice and all this spiteful tattling. It
is your duty to make peace [with Professor
Serebrako!], and not to growl at
everything.”
D) Helena says to Sonia, ”When you come to
think of it, Sonia, I am really very, very
unhappy.”

@satashkent 353
 Uncle Vanya: Scenes from Country Life 21
in Four Acts is an 1898 play by Anton
Which quotation from a translation of Uncle
Chekhov, originally written in Russian. In
Vanya most e!ectively illustrates the claim?
the play, Professor Serebrako! and his wife
Helena have come to stay at their country A) Vanya says to Professor Serebrako!, ”For
estate, which Vanya manages with the help twenty-five years I have managed [the
of Sonia, the professor’s daughter from a country estate], and have sent you the
previous marriage. Chekhov depicts Vanya’s returns from it like the most honest of
opinion of Professor Serebrako! as having servants, and you have never given me one
changed significantly, as is evident when single word of thanks for my work, not
one-neither in my youth nor now.”
B) Professor Serebrako! says to Helena, ”It is
funny that everybody listens to [Vanya]
and his old idiot of a mother, but the
moment I open my lips you all begin to
feel ill-treated.”
C) Vanya says to Professor Serebrako!, ”This
place [the country estate] could never have
been bought had I not renounced my
inheritance in favor of my sister [the
professor’s late wife], whom I deeply loved
and what is more, I worked for ten years
like an ox, and paid o! the debt.”
D) Vanya says to himself, ”I was proud of
[Professor Serebrako!] and of his learning;
I received all his words and writings as
inspired and now? Now he has retired, and
what is the total of his life? A blank! He is
absolutely unknown, and his fame has
burst like a soap-bubble. I have been
deceived; I see that now, basely deceived.”

@satashkent 354
 Life Among the Paiutes is an 1882 autobi- 22
ographical narrative by Sarah Winnemucca
Which quotation from Life Among the Paiutes
Hopkins. In the work, Winnemucca creates
most e!ectively illustrates the claim?
suspense by emphasizing her physical re-
sponse to an event, writing A) A. ”Oh, how my heart jumped when I
heard a noise close by. It was a horse
running towards us. We had to lie down
close to the ground. It came close to us
and stopped. Oh, how my heart beat! I
thought whoever it was would hear my
heart beat.”
B) ”Oh, how happy everybody was! One
could hear laughter everywhere, and songs
were sung by happy women and children.”
C) ”Late in that fall, there came news that
my grandfather was on his way home.
Then my father took a great many of his
men and went to meet his father, and
there came back a runner, saying, that all
our people must come together.”
D) ”That same fall, after my grandfather
came home, he told my father to take
charge of his people and hold the tribe, as
he was going back to California with as
many of his people as he could get to go
with him.”

@satashkent 355
 A student is writing an essay on the sub- 23
ject of cultured meat, which is grown in a
Which quotation from a publication by a
laboratory and is intended to help reduce
researcher would most e!ectively support the
the number of livestock harvested for food.
student’s claim?
The student wishes to make the case that
people have mixed feelings about cultured A) ”Many consumers who were surveyed
meat that may be a barrier to its worldwide believed that cultured meat would be good
adoption. for the environment if widely available, but
few of those same consumers were willing
to try eating cultured meat themselves.”
B) ”Consumers tend to believe that using less
packaging when selling meat products in
stores would have a significant e!ect on
the environment.”
C) ”Advocates of lab-grown meat claim that
it’s safer than conventional meat because
the means of its production can be tightly
controlled.”
D) ”The flavor of meat from livestock di!ers
across species (from pig to chicken to cow),
and is also influenced by farming
conditions and the breeds and genders of
animals.”

@satashkent 356
 A student is writing a research paper on the 24
history of irrigation in the United States,
Which quotation from a study of California
situating the development of Hume Lake
agriculture best supports the student’s claim?
(created in Fresno County, California, in
1908) in a larger historical context. The A) ”The usefulness of irrigation infrastructure
student claims that California’s climate in California today cannot be overstated,
renders irrigation an essential component of since it is the most common means of
agriculture in some parts of the state but conveying water for agricultural purposes.”
not in others.
B) ”Natural humidity, which renders
irrigation unnecessary or reduces its
importance in the northern reaches of
California, gradually decreases toward the
sun-scorched but nonetheless fertile valleys
of the southern part of the state.”
C) ”Sprinkler irrigation systems are a
contemporary way of irrigating that
requires machinery to spray water in all
directions. These are currently used
throughout the United States and are
especially prevalent in California.”
D) ”The irrigation system developed by the
Hohokam people in the 7th century CE in
what is now Arizona was simple, but this
system applied hydraulic engineering
design features that are in use today
throughout California.”

@satashkent 357
 Treasure Island is an 1883 novel by Robert 25
Louis Stevenson. When the narrator was a
Which quotation from Treasure Island most
child his father ran a hotel. A mysterious
e!ectively illustrates the claim?
sailor came to stay at the hotel. The nar-
rator was frightened of the sailor, as can be A) ”How [the sailor] haunted my dreams, I
seen when the narrator says, need scarcely tell you. On stormy nights,
when the wind shook the four corners of
the house and the surf roared along the
cove and up the cli!s, I would see him in a
thousand forms, and with a thousand
diabolical expressions.”
B) ”I remember [the sailor] as if it were
yesterday, as he came plodding to the inn
door, his sea-chest following behind him in
a hand-barrow.”
C) ”[The sailor] was a very silent man by
custom. All day he hung round the cove or
upon the cli!s with a brass telescope.”
D) ”All the time he lived with us [the sailor]
made no change whatever in his dress but
to buy some stockings from a hawker. One
of the (corners) of his hat having fallen
down, he let it hang from that day forth,
though it was a great annoyance when it
blew.”

Poems is an 1895 collection of poetry by 26

Frances E.W. Harper. In one of Harper’s
Which quotation from Poems most e!ectively
poems, the speaker declares her intention to
illustrates the claim?
create art that has a universal appeal across
generations, saying, . A) ”Our world, so worn and weary, / Needs
music, pure and strong, / To hush the
jangle and discords / Of sorrow, pain, and
wrong.” (from Songs for the People)
B) ”Let me make the songs for the people, /
Songs for the old and young; / Songs to
stir like a battle-cry / Wherever they are
sung.” (from Songs for the People)
C) ”God bless our native land, / Land of the
newly free, / Oh may she ever stand / For
truth and liberty.” (from God Bless Our
Native Land)
D) ”My mother’s kiss, my mother’s kiss, / I
feel its impress now; / As in the bright and
happy days / She pressed it on my brow.”
(from My Mother’s Kiss)

@satashkent 358
 The Underdogs is a 1915 novel by Mariano 27
Azuela, originally written in Spanish. In the
Which quotation from a translation of The
novel, Azuela depicts a traveling group of
Underdogs most e!ectively illustrates the claim?
soldiers as having a renewed sense of agency
and authority as they set o! on a new stage A) The sonorous, joyful bells rang again.
of their journey: . From within the church, the honeyed
voices of a female chorus rose melancholy
and grave.
B) All day long [the soldiers] rode through the
canyon, up and down the steep, round
hills, dirty and bald as a man’s head, hill
after hill in endless succession. At last,
late in the afternoon, they descried several
stone church towers in the heart of a
bluish ridge, and, beyond, the white road
with its curling spirals of dust and its gray
telegraph poles.
C) The men threw out their chests as if to
breathe the widening horizon, the
immensity of the sky, the blue from the
mountains and the fresh air, redolent with
the various odors of the sierra. They
spurred their horses to a gallop as if in
that mad race they laid claims of
possession to the earth.
D) Before Juchipila was lost from sight,
Valderrama got o! his horse, bent down,
kneeled, and gravely kissed the ground.

@satashkent 359
 The Age of Innocence is a 1920 novel by 28
Edith Wharton set in New York City in
Which quotation from The Age of Innocence
the 1870s. In the novel, Newland Archer
best illustrates the claim?
attends an opera; in the audience is May
Welland, with whom he is romantically in- A) ”[May] dropped her eyes to the immense
volved. Newland visualizes the details of a bouquet of lilies-of-the-valley on her knee,
future with May: and Newland Archer saw her white-gloved
finger-tips touch the flowers softly.”
B) ”Newland Archer, leaning against the wall
at the back of the club box [where his seat
was], turned his eyes from the stage and
scanned the opposite side of the house.”
C) ”Though there was already talk...of a new
Opera House which should compete in
costliness and splendour with those of the
great European capitals, the world of
fashion was still content to reassemble
every winter in the shabby red and gold
boxes of the sociable old Academy [of
Music],”
D) ”Already [Newland’s] imagination, leaping
ahead of the engagement ring, the
betrothal kiss and the [wedding] march
from Lohengrin, pictured [May] at his
side.”

Cane is a 1923 novel by Jean Toomer. In 29

the novel, Toomer mentions a road in rural
Which quotation from Cane most e!ectively
Georgia called Dixie Pike and describes it as
illustrates the claim?
having a deep connection to faraway place,
writing A) ”And when the wind is from the South,
soil of my homeland falls like a fertile
shower upon the lean streets of
Washington, DC.”
B) ”From down the railroad track, the
chug-chug of a gas engine announces that
the repair gang is coming home.”
C) ”The Dixie Pike has grown from a goat
path in Africa.”
D) ”Dixie Pike is what they call it.”

@satashkent 360
 The Age of Innocence is a 1920 novel by 30
Edith Wharton set in New York City in the
Which quotation from The Age of Innocence
1870s. In the novel, Newland Archer arrives
best illustrates the claim?
late to an opera performance, which the
narrator attributes to Newland’s enjoyment A) ”To come to the Opera in a [carriage for
of anticipation: hire] was almost as honourable a way of
arriving as in one’s own carriage.”
B) ”[T]hinking over a pleasure to come often
gave [Newland] a subtler satisfaction than
its realisation.”
C) ”When Newland Archer opened the door
at the back of the club box the curtain had
just gone up on the garden scene. There
was no reason why the young man should
not have come earlier, for he had dined at
seven, alone with his mother and sister.”
D) ”No expense had been spared on the
setting, which was acknowledged to be
very beautiful even by people who shared
[Newland’s] acquaintance with the Opera
houses of Paris and Vienna.”

“The Bet” is an 1889 short story by An- 31

ton Chekhov. In the story, a banker is
Which quotation from “The Bet” most
described as being very upset about some-
e!ectively illustrates the claim?
thing:
A) “Then the banker cautiously broke the
seals o! the door and put the key in the
keyhole.”
B) “It struck three o’clock, the banker
listened; everyone was asleep in the house
and nothing could be heard outside but
the rustling of the chilled trees.”
C) “The banker, spoilt and frivolous, with
millions beyond his reckoning, was
delighted at the bet.”
D) “When [the banker] got home he lay on his
bed, but his tears and emotion kept him
for hours from sleeping.”

@satashkent 361
 A Pair of Silk Stockings is an 1897 short 32
story written by Kate Chopin. In the story,
Which quotation from ”A Pair of Silk
Mrs. Sommers becomes engrossed in the
Stockings” most e!ectively illustrates the claim?
decision of how she should spend a recently
obtained sum of money: A) ”The question of investment was one that
occupied her greatly. For a day or two she
walked about apparently in a dreamy
state, but really absorbed in speculation
and calculation.”
B) ”She had learned to clutch a piece of goods
and hold it and stick to it with persistence
and determination till her turn came to be
served, no matter when it came.”
C) ”A young girl who stood behind the
counter asked her if she wished to examine
their line of silk hosiery. She smiled, just
as if she had been asked to inspect a tiara
of diamonds with the ultimate view of
purchasing it.”
D) ”It seemed to her a very large amount of
money, and the way in which it stu!ed and
bulged her worn old porte-monnaie [small
purse] gave her a feeling of importance
such as she had not enjoyed for years.”

@satashkent 362
 The Clouds is a 423 BCE play by Aristo- 33
phanes, originally written in ancient Greek.
Which choice most e!ectively uses a quotation
At the time, professional intellectuals called
from a translation of The Clouds to illustrate
sophists taught customers rhetorical tech-
the claim?
niques to use in public speaking, along with
providing instruction in other subjects. In A) Strepsiades encourages his son to learn to
the play, Aristophanes satirizes sophists as be a sophist, saying, ”If you have any
teaching people to speak dishonestly, as seen concern for your father’s patrimony,
when the character become one of them.”
B) Pheidippides says, after taking lessons
from a sophist, ”How pleasant it is to be
acquainted with new and clever things, and
to be able to despise the established laws!”
C) Strepsiades, taking lessons from a sophist,
says he wants to become ”a fabricator of
falsehoods, inventive of words, a practiced
knave in lawsuits..... a fox, a sharper, a
slippery knave, a dissembler, a slippery
fellow, an impostor.”
D) Socrates, a sophist, says to a potential
customer, ”I wish to briefly learn from you
if you are possessed of a good memory.”

@satashkent 363
Topic 11: Command of Evidence - Graphs
92 Questions

DIRECTIONS

Must Know Tips:

• Pay attention to relevance (how the option supports or weakens the passage) and accuracy
(how the option correctly represents the graph).

• Read the passage first, the options second, and the graph third.

• Don’t overthink—it’s easy but time-consuming.

• To find something, you need to know what you’re searching for.

Recommended time for this section: min: 1 min, max: 2 min, avg: 1 min 30 sec. (*Exam level)

Pyramids in Egypt and the Americas

Pyramid Country Height (meters) Age (years before present)
The Pyramid of Khafre Egypt 143.5 4,500 to 4,600
La Danta Guatemala 72 1,900 to 2,300
The Tikal Temple IV Guatemala 70 1300
The Pyramid of Amenemhet I Egypt 55 3,800 to 4,000

One student is writing an essay about four pyramids for a history class and wants to indicate
how long ago each pyramid was built. Consulting the table, the student finds that the Tikal Temple
IV was built

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the text?

A) 1,900 to 2,300 years ago.

B) 1,300 years ago.

C) 4,500 to 4,600 years ago.

D) 3,800 to 4,000 years ago.

@satashkent 364
 Women Judges and Magistrates on High Courts, 2009-2013
10

Number 6

0
2,009 2,010 2,011 2,012 2,013
Year

Slovenia
Finland
Dominican Republic

A report from an international organization that monitors the numbers of women serving as
judges or magistrates on various nations’ highest courts, such as the Supreme court in Finland and
the Supreme Court in the Dominican republic. From 2009 to 2013, the number of women serving
as justices or magistrates on highest courts in most countries increased. However, there are also
countries where the number decreased or remained unchanged; for example, .

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the graph to complete the example?

A) Slovenia was greater in 2013 than in 2009, whereas the number in the Dominican Republic was
lower in 2013 than in 2009.

B) Slovenia was greater in 2013 than in 2009, whereas the number in Finland was the same in
2013 as in 2009

C) Finland was the same in 2013 as in 2009, but it had more women on its high courts than either
Slovenia or the Dominican republic did in 2013.

D) the Dominican Republic was lower in 2013 than in 2009, whereas the number in Finland was
the same in 2013 as in 2009.

@satashkent 365
 Studies of the E!ects of Tilling vs. No Tilling on Crop Yields
Crop yield with tilling Crop yield with no tilling
Authors Crop
(Kilograms per hectare) (Kilograms per hectare)
Bharat Sharma Achayara
soybeans 3,062 2,670
and colleagues
Adrian Gracia-Romero
maize 2,420 2,990
and colleagues
Daniel Jug
winter wheat 4,860 3,910
and colleagues
Min Huang
rice 2,534 5,226
and colleagues
Daniel Jug and colleagues found that tilling—the practice of turning soil with hoes, plows, or
other machines before planting crops—was associated with an increased yield of winter wheat. But
some studies of other crops have found the opposite e!ect, for example

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the assertion?
A) Min Huang and colleagues reported an even larger positive e!ect of no tilling on the yield of
rice.
B) Bharat Sharma Acharya and colleagues found a similar association in a study using soybeans.
C) crop yields with tilling have ranged from 2,420 kilograms per hectare for maize to 4,860 kilo-
grams per hectare for winter wheat
D) a study using winter wheat yielded 4,860 kilograms per hectare with tilling and only 3,910
kilograms per hectare without tilling.

Population and Area Data for Four Cities in 2018

Reported Reported Metropoliten area

City Country UN estimate
city proper metropolitan (square kilometers)
Bangkok Thailand 10,156,000 5,782,000 16,255,990 7,762
Toronto Canada 6,082,000 2,731,571 5,928,040 5,906
Huston United States 6,115,000 2,325,502 6,997,384 21,395
Bogota Colombia 10,574,000 7,963,000 12,545,272 5,934

Population figures for a city can vary significantly depending on what areas are included in the
count. Often, governments will report a value for the city proper (including only residents within
the city limits) and another for the larger metropolitan area (including residents from nearby places
beyond the city limits). Citing the data in the table, a journalist claims the population estimates
from the United Nations (UN) most likely included people outside the cities proper.

Which choice best describes data in the table that support the journalist’s claim?
A) The UN estimated Bogota’s population to be IT 10,574,000, which is significantly larger than
the reported population for the city proper.

@satashkent 366
 B) The metropolitan area of Bangkok is significantly larger than 1,569 square kilometers.
C) The reported city proper population of Bogota is significantly larger than the reported city
proper population of Houston.
D) All the city proper areas are below 3,000 square kilometers.

Annual Average Hours of Highway Tra”c Delay per Auto Commuter

70
60
Delay in hours

50
40
30
20
10
0
1,990 1,992 1,994 1,996 1,998 2,000
Year
New York City, New York
Beaumont, Texas
Allentown-Bethlehem, Pennsylvania

In college course on urban a!airs, a student asserts that increased tra”c congestion in the 1990s in
the United States was present both in very large cities such as New York City, New York, and smaller
areas such as Allentown-Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and Beaumont, Texas: though those smaller areas
may have been less a!ected by tra”c congestion than very large cities, this congestion also worsened
in them over time.

Which choice best describes data from the graph that support the student’s claim?

A) While the number of hours of tra”c delay per commuter per year was always lower in the
Allentown-Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, area than in the New York City, New York, area for each
year between 1990 and 2000, the amount of tra”c delay rose in both areas during this period.
B) In at least one of the three urban areas shown, the amount of tra”c delay was less than 20
hours per person per year at one point between 1990 and 2000.
C) In 1992, the amount of tra”c delay in the New York City, New York, area was less than 30
hours per commuter per year.
D) Throughout the period between 1990 and 2000, the annual amount of tra”c delay per commuter
was greater in the Allentown Bethichem, Pennsylvania, area than in the New York City. New
York, area.

@satashkent 367
 Minimum and Maximum Depths of Stony Coral
Species in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific Waters

Species Minimum Maximum Range

Acropota anthoceris 5 10 5
Cyphastrea herasepa 8 25 17
Agaricia Fragilis 10 102 92
Heliofungia fralinea 3 27 24

The table is from a 2018 study in which Luiz Rocha and colleagues examined the ranges of depths
at which certain stony coral species have been found in Caribbean and lndo-Pacific Waters. Among
the corals in the table, the species with the greatest range between minimum and maximum depths
is .

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the fable to complete the statement?
A) Acropota anthocereis

B) Cyphastrea herasepa

C) Agaricia Fragilis

D) Heliofungia fralinea

Average
Generators
Plant State Mode Power Water Source
in Plant
Generation
Scanlon Minnesota Run-of-river 4 7,511 St. Louis River
Kansas river Kansas Run-of-river 11 15,3451 Kansas river
Squa Pan Hydro Station Maine Peaking 1 881 Squa Pan Stream
Great Falls Tennessee Peaking 2 124,392 Caney Fork River

A run of river hydroelectric power plant, as the name suggests, uses the natural flow of a water
source to generate electricity but is unable to start or stop that flow through its generators. In
contrast, a peaking hydroelectric power plant (used when demand for electricity peaks) controls the
flow of water through its generators: starting flow when demand is high enough, stopping it when
demand is too low, and otherwise regulating it to keep pace with changing electricity needs. Although
peaking plants do not typically operate continuously as run-of-river plants do, peaking plants can
generate more megawatt hours of power per year than some run-of-river plants. For example, the

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the example?
A) average power generated annually by the Great Falls plant is higher than that generated by
any of the run-of-river plants in the table.

B) Scanlon plant, which is a run-of-river plant, has more generators than any of the other plants
in the table.

@satashkent 368
 C) Run-of-river plant with the highest average annual power generation in the table generates
more electricity than the peaking plant with the highest annual power generation in the table.

D) average power generated annually by the Kansas River plant is higher than that generated by
the Scanlon plant.

Impact of Four Key Industries on Oklahoma Economy in 2017

Approximate total Number of people Average contribution per
Industry
contribution by industry employed by industry employee by industry
Professional services $7,694,000,000 69,846 $110,157
Tribal economic activity $7,312,400,000 51,674 $141,510
Administration/waste $5,830,600,000 96,964 $60,132
Wholesale trade $10,723,400,000 58,346 $183,790

The Cherokee Nation, the Seminole Nation, and the more than thirty other tribes in Oklahoma
operate numerous businesses and generate billions of dollars in revenue. An economics student is
researching the tribes’ collective activity as a single industry. The student wants to compare the
average amount that industry contributed per employee to Oklahoma’s economy with the average
amount contributed per employee by three other industries. Looking at the table, the student finds
that tribal economic activity contributed over $141,000 per employee, on average, ranking it

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the comparison?

A) below wholesale trade but above both professional service and administration/waste.

B) above all three of the four industries shown in the table.

C) below all three of the four industries shown in the table.

D) above either administration/waste or professional services and nearly equal to wholesale trade.

@satashkent 369
 1,050
975
900
825
750
675
Area (sq km)

600
525
450
375
300
225
150
75
0
1,950 1,960 1,970 1,980 1,990 2,000 2,010
Year

Class VI (severe limitations on use for crops)

Class VII (very severe limitations on use for crops)
Class I-IV (valuable for crops)

To understand the extent of deforestation in the Chorotega Region of Costa Rica, Juan Pablo
Arroyo-Mora and colleagues used aerial photography and remote sensing data to track changes in the
forest cover area across di!erent land use capability class (categories that indicate possible uses of
forest land.) Due to the Chorotega region’s accessibility, various types of forest areas were converted
to cattle practices as rising international meat prices drove a cattle ranching boom in the 1960s and
1970s. By the mid 1980s, however, increased public awareness and environmental reforms, along
with a decline in meat prices, engendered a natural forest regrowth, as evident by the

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the graph to complete the assertion?

A) di!erence between the forest cover area in Class I-V and in Class VI in 2000.

B) increase in the forest cover area for all classes from 1979 to 2000.

C) decrease in the forest cover area for all classes from 1960 to 1979.

D) similarity in forest cover area in Class I-V and Class VII in 1986.

@satashkent 370
 US Hydroelectric Power Plants, 2019
Generators Average power
Plant State Mode Water source
in plant generation (MWh/yr)
Kaw Hydro klahoma run-of-river 1 103,163 Arkansas River
Kankakee Hydro Facility Illinois run-of-river 3 1,832 Kankakee River
Richard B. Russell Georgia peaking 8 394,195 Savannah River
Gaston Shoals South Carolina peaking 4 14,059 Broad River

A run-of-river hydroelectric power plant, as the name suggests, uses the natural flow of a water
source to generate electricity but is unable to start or stop that flow through its generator. In contrast,
a peaking hydroelectric power plant (used when demand for electricity peaks) controls the flow of
water through its generators: starting flow when demand is high enough, stopping it when demand is
too low, and otherwise regulating it to keep pace with changing electricity needs. Although peaking
plants do not typically operate continuously as run-of-river plants do, peaking plants can generate
more megawatt-hour of power per year (MWh/yr) than some run-of-river plants. For example, the

10

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the example?

A) average power generated annually by the Richard B. Russell plant is higher than that generated
by any of the run-of-river plants in the table.

B) Gaston Shoals plant, which is a peaking plant, has more generators than any of the other plants
in the table.

C) average power generated annually by the Kaw Hydro plant is higher than that generated by
the Gaston Shoals plant.

D) run-of-river plant with the highest average annual power generation in the table generates more
electricity than the peaking plant with the highest annual power generation in the table.

Days per Winter That Lakes Have Surface Ice

Lake Latitude (degrees) 1980-81 1985-86 1990-91 1995-96 2000-01 2005-06
Kalmarinjärvi 62.79 198 172 175 184 131 152
Lake Neusiedl 47.82 77 86 87 128 50 104
Mirror Lake 43.94 122 129 125 136 141 119

It is common for freshwater lakes near or above a latitude of 45° north of the equator, like Lake
Mjosa in Norway, to accumulate surface ice in winter. The amount and duration of ice depends on
many factors, including local weather conditions as well as the lake’s depth, volume, and surface
area, but a climate researcher claims that some lakes in these latitudes have seen a decline in the
duration of ice between the early 1980s and the mid-2000s.

11

Which choice best describe data in the table that support the researcher’s claim?

A) Kalmarinjärvi had fewer days of ice in the winter of 2005-06 that it did in the winter of 1980-81.

@satashkent 371
 B) Kalmarinjärvi is at a higher latitude than Mirror Lake and typically had fewer days of ice per
winter than Mirror Lake did.

C) Kalmarinjärvi is at a higher latitude than Mirror Lake and typically had more days of ice per
winter than Mirror Lake did.

D) Lake Neusiedl had more days of ice in the winter of 2005-06 than it did in the winter of 1980-81.

Pyramids in Egypt and the Americas

Age (years before
Pyramid Country Height (meters)
present)
The Great Pyramid Mexico 33 2,050 to 2,400
The Pyramid of Djoser Egypt 60 4,600 to 4,700
The Pyramid of Sahure Egypt 47 4,400 to 4,500
El Castillo Belize 40 1,100 to 1,400

A student is writing an essay about four pyramids for a history class and wants to note how long
ago each pyramid was built and how tall each pyramid is. Consulting the table, the student finds
that the Pyramid of Djoser was built 4,600 to 4,700 years ago and is

12

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the text?

A) 60 meters tall.

B) 47 meters tall.

C) 33 meters tall.

D) 40 meters tall.

Monthly Temperatures and Wing Centroid Sizes of Fruit Fly Specimens

Average male Average female
Month Average high (°F) Average low (°F) wing centroid wing centroid
size (mm) size (mm)
October 67 44 1.98 2.29
May 73 50 1.98 2.27
July 87 62 2.02 2.31
September 80 54 1.98 2.27

Drosophila (fruit flies) have generation times of 10-12 days, so seasonal changes in humidity and
other environmental conditions can drive seasonal fluctuations in chromosome rearrangements in
species such as D. persimilis and D. subobscura. Drosophila body size (for which wing centroid
size serves as a proxy measure) correlates with life span. Banu Sebnem Önder and Cansu Fidan
Aksoy measured the wing sizes of members of a D. melanogaster population in Yesilöz, Turkey,

@satashkent 372
that were collected monthly between May and October over three years. Their research suggests
that Drosophila collected in relatively warmer months should tend to have a longer life span, as is
illustrated by the finding that

13

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the assertion?

A) the average female wing centroid size was consistently larger than the average male wing cen-
troid size in all four months in the table.

B) the average male wing centroid size was larger in July than in October.

C) the average female wing centroid size was 2.02 mm in July but was 2.27 mm in September.

D) the average monthly low temperature was higher in September than in May.

Brown Bears in Katmai National Park, Alaska

Bear Identification Approximate weight

Sex Age (years)
number number (pounds)
106 female 6 400
119 male 10 800
183 female 13 375
122 male 3 200

Scientists collected information about brown bears in Katmai National Park in Alaska. This
information Included each bear’s sex, age, and approximate weight. The bear with the lowest ap-
proximate weight shown in the table was a

14

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

A) female that was 13 years old.

B) female that was 6 years old.

C) male that was 10 years old.

D) male that was 3 years old.

@satashkent 373
 Cumulative Counts of fish in Three Taiwanese Tide Pools, 1999-2018

Species Station 1 Station 2 Station 3

barred flagtail 249 64 16
streaky rockskipper 125 139 610
blackspotted rockskipper 83 74 31
cocos frillgoby 50 64 90

Lin-Tai Ho and colleagues tracked fish populations in three tide pool-monitoring stations in
Taiwan from 1999 to 2018. The streaky rockskipper was especially common at station 3: there, the
researchers counted

15

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the assertion?
A) 90 streaky rockskippers.

B) 610 streaky rockskippers.

C) 125 streaky rockskippers.

D) 249 streaky rockskippers.

Members of the Girls Scouts of America,

by Age Category, 1992-1995 (in thousands)

Category 1992 1993 1994 1995

Juniors (8–11 years) 870 791 756 727
Ambassadors (older than 17) 863 826 802 784
Cadettes (11–14 years) 188 168 174 172
Seniors (14–17 years) 50 43 45 52

The Girl Scouts of America is a youth organization that had just over 1 million members in 2021.
A student is writing an essay on the history of the organization and wishes to determine which of four
categories of Girl Scouts had the most members in 1993. (Girl Scout categories correspond roughly
with ages.) According to the table, the category with the most members in 1993 was the

16

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?
A) Cadettes

B) Juniors

C) Seniors

D) Ambassadors

@satashkent 374
 Volcanoes in Ecuador

Name of volcano Year of last eruption Volcano type

Imbabura 5550 BCE compound
Reventador 2022 CE stratovolcano
Pululahua 290 CE caldera
Darwin 1813 CE shield

A student is researching volcanoes in Ecuador. The student claims that Ecuador is home to
several di!erent types of volcanoes.

17

Which choice best describes data from the table that support the student’s claim?

A) Darwin is a shield volcano, Reventador is a stratovolcano, Imbabura is a compound volcano,

and Pululahua is a caldera volcano.

B) Darwin, Reventador, Imbabura, and Pululahua each most recently erupted in di!erent years.

C) Darwin and Reventador are both shield volcanoes, whereas Imbabura and Pululahua are both
compound volcanoes.

D) Darwin, Reventador, and Imbabura are all stratovolcanoes, whereas Pululahua is the only
caldera volcano.

Percentage Percentage
Nation working in living in
agricultural sector urban areas
Belize 16.80 45.87
Costa Rica 11.97 80.08
El Salvador 16.29 72.75
Panama 14.41 68.06

A group of researchers conducted a study of four Central American nations to explore the relation-
ship between the percentage of the population working in the agricultural sector and the percentage
of the population living in urban areas. Although the percentages of those living in urban areas varied
significantly, the percentages of those working in the agricultural sector did not vary as greatly. The
group claimed that, for these four nations, there is not a strong correlation between where people
work and where they live.

18

Which choice best describes data from the table that support the researchers’ claim?

A) For these four nations, Costa Rica and Panama had the lowest percentage of people working
in the agricultural sector and the lowest percentage of people living in urban areas.

B) For these four nations, the nation with the highest percentage of people in the agricultural
sector also had the highest percentage of people in urban areas.

@satashkent 375
 C) Belize demonstrated a similar percentage of people in the agricultural sector to El Salvador’s
despite having a lower percentage of people in urban areas.
D) El Salvador and Panama have similar percentages of people in the agricultural sector, but
Panama has a higher percentage of people in urban areas than El Salvador does.

Total Science Research Submissions by Topic, 2016-2019

350

300
Number of submissions

250

200

150

100

50

0
2,016 2,017 2,018 2,019
Year

cellular and molecular biology

physics and space science
medicine and health
animal science

A student is researching the trends in the topics submitted to a national science fair for high
school students. The graph shows the number of submissions by topic that were made each year.
Based on the data in the graph, the student claims that there were more medicine and health research
topics submitted in 2019 than in any other year.

19

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the graph to support the underlined claim?
A) In 2016, the number of cellular and molecular biology topic submissions was the same as the
number of animal science topic submissions.
B) In 2019, there were more physics and space science topic submissions than there were medicine
and health topic submissions.
C) The lowest number of animal science topic submissions in a year was approximately 95 in 2016.
D) The highest number of medicine and health topic submissions during the period shown is
approximately 285 in 2019.

@satashkent 376
 Minimum and Maximum Depths of Stony Coral Species
in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific Waters
Minimum Maximum
Species
depth (meters) depth (meters)
Acropora striata 10 25
Porites nodifera 5 15
Pocillopora meandrina 1 27
Agaricia grahamae 20 115

Some scientists have suggested that as ocean temperatures rise, many fish and corals found in
the shallow zone (less than 30 meters below the surface) could take refuge in the cooler, darker
mesophotic zone (30 to 150 meters below the surface). However, it isn’t clear that all such species
will be able to tolerate mesophotic conditions. In 2018, Luiz Rocha and colleagues studied stony
corals in the two zones in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific waters. Based on the depths at which those
corals are now found, the species that seems least suited to a full migration to the mesophotic zone
is

20

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

A) Acropora striata, because its maximum depth of 25 meters is close to but doesn’t reach the
mesophotic zone.

B) Porites nodifera, because its maximum depth of 15 meters is furthest from the mesophotic zone.

C) Agaricia grahamae, because its minimum depth of 20 meters is in the shallow zone.

D) Pocillopora meandrina, because its minimum depth of 1 meter is the shallowest of those listed.

Annual Car Production in the United States, 1910-1925

Number of cars Number of companies
Year
produced producing cars
1910 123,990 320
1915 548,139 224
1920 1,651,625 197
1925 3,185,881 80

A student is using the table as part of a social studies class presentation on the US auto industry
in the early twentieth century. The student notes that, according to the table, from 1910 to 1925

21

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

A) the number of cars produced increased but the number of companies producing cars decreased.

B) both the number of cars produced and the number of companies producing cars remained
unchanged.

@satashkent 377
 C) the number of cars produced decreased but the number of companies producing cars remained
unchanged.

D) both the number of cars produced and the number of companies producing cars increased.

Total Areas of Five Tribal Nations around the United States

Area
Tribal nation Location
(square miles)
Tohono O’odham Nation Arizona 4,453
Crow Tribe Montana 3,606
Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe Minnesota 1,311
Yakama Nation Washington 2,188
Muscogee Nation Oklahoma 4,867

In terms of total area, the Muscogee Nation is one of the largest tribal nations in the United
States. It covers 4,867 square miles in what is now eastern Oklahoma. In comparison, the total area
of the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe in Minnesota is only

22

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the comparison?
A) 1,311 square miles.

B) 2,188 square miles.

C) 4,453 square miles.

D) 3,606 square miles.

Dated Ages of Lunar Samples from Select Missions

Approximate age
Mission name Year Landing site of lunar samples
(billions of years)
Apollo 11 1969 Mare Tranquillitatis 3.6
Apollo 15 1971 Mare Imbrium 3.3
Apollo 17 1972 Mare Serenitatis 3.8
Chang’e 5 2020 Oceanus Procellarum 2.0

The Apollo program missions were spaceflights to the moon led by the United States during
the 1960s and 1970s during which astronauts collected some samples of the moon’s surface. More
recently, China launched the Chang’e 5 mission, which returned additional lunar surface samples.
Researchers have analyzed and dated each of the samples, concluding that the lunar samples collected
during the Chang’e 5 mission are significant because

23

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the claim?

@satashkent 378
 A) they are much younger than the samples brought back from any of the Apollo missions.

B) they were collected from the same landing site as the Apollo 11 mission.

C) they are closest in age to the samples brought back by the Apollo 17 mission.

D) they helped confirm the predicted ages of the lunar samples from the Apollo missions.

Number of Lizard Species by Average Percent of Maximal

Speed Used When Pursuing Prey or Escaping Predators

9
8
Number of lizard species

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
9

9
00
-3

-4

-5

-6

-7

-8
-1
30

40

50

60

70

80
90

Percent of maximal speed

Escaping Pursuing

It may seem that the optimal strategy for an animal pursuing prey or escaping predators is to
move at maximal speed, but the energy expense of exploiting full speed capacity can disfavor such a
strategy even in escape contexts, as evidenced by the fact that

24

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the graph to complete the text?
A) most lizard species use about the same percentage of their maximal speed when escaping
predation as they do when pursuing prey.

B) multiple lizard species move at an average of less than 90% of their maximal speed while
escaping predation.

C) more lizard species use, on average, 90%- 100% of their maximal speed while escaping predation
than use any other percentage of their maximal speed.

D) at least 4 lizard species use, on average, less than 100% of their maximal speed while pursuing
prey.

@satashkent 379
 Impact of Four Key Industries on Oklahoma Economy in 2017
Number of Average
Approximate total
people contribution
Industry contribution by
employed by per employee
industry
industry by industry
Administration/waste $5,830,600,000 96,964 $60,132
Construction $6,797,300,000 77,247 $87,994
Transportation/warehousing $12,414,600,000 52,891 $234,720
Tribal economic activity $7,312,400,000 51,674 $141,510

The Cherokee Nation, the Quapaw Tribe, and the more than thirty other tribes in Oklahoma
operate numerous businesses and generate billions of dollars in revenue. An economics student is
researching the tribes’ collective activity as a single industry. The student wants to compare the
average amount that industry contributed per employee to Oklahoma’s economy with the average
amount contributed per employee by three other industries. Looking at the table, the student finds
that tribal economic activity contributed over $141,000 per employee, on average, ranking it

25

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the text?

A) above all three of the other industries listed in the table.

B) above either administration/waste or construction and nearly equal to transportation/warehousing.

C) below all three of the other industries listed in the table.

D) below transportation/warehousing but above both construction and administration/waste.

Pyramids in Egypt and the Americas

Height Age
Pyramid Country
(meters) (years before present)
The Pyramid of the Sun Mexico 71.2 2,100
The Pyramid of Djedefre Egypt 67 4,500 to 4,600
The Pyramid of Userkaf Egypt 49 4,400 to 4,500
El Castillo Belize 40 1,100 to 1,400

A student is writing an essay about four pyramids for a history class and wants to note how long
ago each pyramid was built and how tall each pyramid is. Consulting the table, the student finds
that el Castillo was built 1,100 to 1,400 years ago and is

26

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the text?

A) 67 meters tall.

B) 40 meters tall.

C) 49 meters tall.

@satashkent 380
 D) 71.2 meters tall

Studies of the E!ects of Tilling vs. No Tilling on Crop Yields

Crop yield with tilling Crop yield with no tilling
Authors Crop
(kilograms per hectare) (kilograms per hectare)
Salem Alhaji Ali
winter wheat 3,700 5,300
and colleagues
Nayasha Kafesu
maize 3,078 3,574
and colleagues
G.F. Botta
soybeans 3,300 2,700
and colleagues
Laila Nazirah
rice 4,370 2,450
and colleagues

Laila Nazirah and colleagues found that tilling-the practice of turning soil with hoes, plows, or
other machines before planting crops was associated with an increased yield of rice. But some studies
of other crops have found the opposite e!ect, raising the question of whether the increase in yield
found by Nazirah and colleagues is specific to their study crop. However, this doesn’t seem to be the
case:

27

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the assertion?

A) Salem Alhajj Ali and colleagues reported an even larger positive e!ect of tilling on the yield of
winter wheat.

B) a study using rice yielded 4,370 kilograms per hectare with tilling and only 2,450 kilograms per
hectare without tilling.

C) crop yields with tilling have ranged from 3,078 kilograms per hectare for maize to 4,370 kilo-
grams per hectare for rice.

D) G.F. Botta and colleagues found a similar association in a study using soybeans.

Total Areas of five Tribal Nations

around the United States
Area
Tribal Nation Location
(square miles)
Cherokee Nation Oklahoma 6,963
Northern Cheyenne
Montana 707
Tribe
Mandan, Hidatsa,
North Dakota 1,583
and Arikara Nation
Colville Tribes Washington 2,185
Muscogee Nation Oklahoma 4,867

@satashkent 381
 In terms of total area, the Navajo Nation is the largest tribal nation in the United States. It
covers 24,425 square miles in Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico. Most tribal nations in the US
are much smaller. For example, the total area of the Muscogee Nation in Oklahoma is 4,867 square
miles. And in Washington, the total area of the Colville Tribes is

28

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

A) 2,185 square miles

B) 707 square miles
C) 6,963 square miles
D) 1,583 square miles

Millions of Metric Tons of Copper Mined in 1995 and 2020

Country 1995 2020
Poland 0.38 0.39
Kazakhstan 0.26 0.55
Chile 2.49 5.73
Canada 0.73 0.59

While doing research for a paper about copper mining, a student finds a table with information
about four di!erent countries. The student notes that the country that mined 0.55 million metric
tons of copper in 2020 had mined

29

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

A) 0.26 million metric tons of copper in 1995

B) 0.59 million metric tons of copper in 1995
C) 2.49 million metric tons of copper in 1995
D) 0.38 million metric tons of copper in 1995

Average Hours Worked per Person per Year

in 1950 and 2017
Change Percent change
Country 1995 2017
in hours in hours
Argentina 2,034 1,692 -342 -17%
Ireland 2,419 1,746 -674 -28%
Mexico 2,432 2,255 -177 -7%
United
2,184 1,670 -514 -24%
Kingdom

@satashkent 382
 A student in an economics course is examining the decline since 1950 in average hours worked per
person per year in various nations due to both increased productivity and the adoption of policies
that limit working hours. The first task in this investigation is to determine how the decline in
Argentina compares to that in other countries. The student finds that

30

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the student’s conclusion?

A) the decline in number of hours worked was greater in Argentina than it was in Ireland, the
United Kingdom, or Mexico

B) while the number of hours worked rose in Argentina between 1950 and 2017, it declined in
Ireland, the United Kingdom, and Mexico

C) though the percent decrease in hours worked in Argentina was greater than that in Ireland and
Mexico, it was less than that in the United Kingdom

D) though the percent decrease in hours worked in Argentina was less than that in Ireland and
the United Kingdom, it was greater than that in Mexico

Total Areas of five Pueblo nations in New Mexico

Area
Tribal nation
(square miles)
Pueblo of Tesuque 26.9
Pueblo of Santa Ana 101.1
Pueblo de San Ildefonso 47.3
Pueblo of Acoma 595.7
Santa Clara Pueblo 77.1

There are nineteen Pueblo tribal nations in New Mexico. A student in a geography class is a
citizen of the Pueblo of Santa Ana in the north-central part of the state. The student wants to
compare the total area covered by the Pueblo of Santa Ana with the total areas of various other
Pueblo nations in the state. Looking at the table, the student finds that the total area of the Pueblo
of Santa Ana is 101.1 square miles, while the total area of the Pueblo of Tesuque is

31

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the comparison?

A) 77.1 square miles.

B) 595.7 square miles.

C) 26.9 square miles.

D) 47.3 square miles.

@satashkent 383
 Days per Winter That Lakes Have Surface Ice
200
175
150
Days 125
100
75
50
25
0
1

6
-8

-8

-9

-9

-0

-0
80

85

90

95

00

05
19

19

19

19

20

20
Winter

Näckten
Lake Kegonsa
Spirit Lake

It is common for freshwater lakes near or above a latitude of 45° north of the equator, like Lake
Mjøsa in Norway, to accumulate surface ice in winter. The amount and duration of ice depends on
many factors, including local weather conditions as well as the lake’s depth, volume, and surface
area, but a climate researcher claims that some lakes in these latitudes have seen a decline in the
duration of ice between the early 1980s and the mid-2000s.

32

Which choice best describes data from the graph that support the researcher’s claim?

A) Näckten had approximately 175 days of ice in the winter of 1980-81 and approximately 135
days of ice in the winter of 2005-06.

B) None of the three lakes had fewer days of ice in the winter of 1980-81 than they did in the
winter of 2005-06.

C) Spirit Lake had approximately 100 days of ice in the winter of 1980-81 and approximately 125
days of ice in the winter of 2005-06.

D) The highest number of days of ice a lake in the graph had in the winter of 2005-06 was
approximately 135.

@satashkent 384
Highest-Grossing Films in a Language Other than English at US Box O”ce
Opening
weekend
Lifetime
box US release Oscar
Title gross Director
o”ce date nominated?
earnings
gross
earnings
The Lives of February Florian Henckel
$11,286,112 $223,000 Yes
Others 9, 2007 von Donnersmarck
Baahubali
April 28,
2: The $20,186,659 $10,430,497 S.S. Rajamouli No
2017
Conclusion
Pan’s December Guillermo
$37,634,615 $568,541 Yes
Labyrinth 29, 2006 del Toro
Huevo’s Gabriel Riva
Little Palacio Alatriste
September
Rooster’s $9,080,818 $3,124,702 and Rodolfo No
4, 2015
Egg-cellent Riva Palacio
Adventure Alatriste

Many films in a language other than English grow to be financially successful over the course of
their time in movie theaters in the United States, but some become immediate successes in their
opening weekends. A journalist claims that a film’s reception can greatly influence its long-term
success. Indications that the film is of high quality, such as an Oscar nomination, can dramatically
boost public interest in the film and thus its overall earnings, even with a relatively modest opening
weekend performance.

33

Which choice best describes data from the table that support the journalist’s claim?

A) The Lives of Others was recognized by the Oscars, hut Baahubali 2: The Conclusion, which
was not recognized by the Oscars, had higher lifetime earnings.

B) Although the opening weekend earnings were $10.430.497 for Baahubali 2: The Conclusion and
$3.424.702 for Huevos: Little Rooster’s Egg-cellent Adventure, neither film was recognized by
the Oscars.

C) Pan’s Labyrinth, which was recognized by the Oscars, earned less money in its opening weekend
but had higher lifetime earnings than Huevos: Little Rooster’s Egg-cellent Adventure, which
was not recognized by the Oscars.

D) Although Pan’s Labyrinth and The Lives of Others were both recognized by the Oscars. Pan’s
Labyrinth had higher lifetime and opening weekend earnings.

@satashkent 385
 Home Video Games and Computer Games of the 1980s
Title System(s) Genre Developer
The Last Ninja Commodore 64 adventure System 3
Donkey Kong multiple systems platformer Nintendo R&D1
Frogger multiple systems action Konami
Nintendo Entertainment
Super Mario Brothers 2 platformer Nintendo EAD
System

A student is writing a research paper on the global rise of the home video game industry during
the 1980s. The student wants to know the developer of the game Frogger. The student finds that
the developer was

34

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

A) Konami.

B) Nintendo EAD.

C) Nintendo R&D1.

D) System 3.

Days per Winter That Lakes Have Surface ice

Latitude 1980- 1985- 1990- 1995- 2000- 2005-
Lake
(degrees) 81 86 91 96 01 06
Spirit
43.46 102 135 121 134 147 126
Lake
Lake
42.97 94 116 104 113 124 101
Kegonsa
Näcken 62.913 177 168 144 174 133 134

It is common for freshwater lakes near or above a latitude of 45° north of the equator, like Lake
Stechlin in Germany, to accumulate surface ice in winter. The amount and duration of ice depends
on many factors, including local weather conditions as well as the lake’s depth, volume, and surface
area, but a climate researcher claims that the higher a lake’s latitude, the more days per winter it
will typically have measurable amounts of surface ice.

35

Which choice best describes data in the table that support the researcher’s claim?

A) Näckten is at a higher latitude than Lake Kegonsa and typically had fewer days of ice per
winter than Lake Kegonsa did.

B) Spirit Lake had 102 days of ice in the winter of 1980-81 and 126 days of ice in the winter of
2005-06.

@satashkent 386
 C) Näckten had 177 days of ice in the winter of 1980-81 and 134 days of ice in the winter of
2005-06.

D) Näckten is at a higher latitude than Lake Kegonsa and typically had more days of ice per
winter than Lake Kegonsa did.

Humility Scores for Participants’ Scenario Responses

3.5
(higher values = more humility)

3
Average humility score

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
ng ng l
rn
i
rn
i
ntro
o
lea t lea c
with ou
e i th group
ak ew
i st a k
m ist
m

Jia Hu and colleagues hypothesized that workplace leaders who reflect on lessons learned from
past mistakes are likely to exhibit more humility than leaders who don’t engage in such reflection.
To test this, the team placed 301 managers in one of three groups. Participants in two experimental
groups were asked to reflect on a mistake, one group focusing on a mistake that resulted in learning
and the other group focusing on a mistake that didn’t result in learning. Participants in a control
group were asked to reflect on their daily routine. All the participants then described how they
would respond to a workplace scenario. After evaluating the responses for evidence of humility, the
researchers concluded that their hypothesis was correct.

36

Which choice best describes data in the graph that support the researchers’ conclusion?

A) The managers who reflected on a past mistake that resulted in learning exhibited more humility
on average than the managers in the other two groups did

B) None of the three groups’ average humility scores exceeded 3.5.

C) The managers in the control group exhibited only slightly less humility on average than the
managers in the two experimental groups did

D) All three groups exhibited less humility on average than the researchers expected.

@satashkent 387
 Examples of Hoards found in Ireland and Northern Ireland
Hoard name Date of contents Year of discovery Description
Carrick-on-Suir Hoard 17th century CE 2013 gold coins
Coggalbeg Hoard 24th–19th century BCE 1945 gold pieces
Broighter Hoard 1st century BCE 1896 gold pieces

For centuries, people in Ireland and Northern Ireland have been finding deposits of valuable
objects, called hoards, that earlier people buried. These discoveries have persisted into the 2000s;
for example,

37

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?
A) the Broighter Hoard, Coggalbeg Hoard, and Carrick-on-Suir Hoard have all been found since
1896.
B) the Carrick-on-Suir Hoard was found in 2013.
C) the Carrick-on-Suir Hoard was found after the Broighter Hoard.
D) the Broighter Hoard and Coggalbeg Hoard were both found after 2000.

Women Judges and Magistrates on the High Courts, 1980–2010

6

4
Number

0
1,980 1,990 2,000 2,010
Year
Philippines
Mexico
Peru

A report from an international organization that monitors the numbers of women serving as
judges or magistrates on various nations’ highest courts, such as the Supreme Court of Justice in
Mexico and the Supreme Court in the Philippines, found that the overall trend is toward more women
serving on the high courts in 2010 than in 1980. For example, none of the countries in the graph had
more than 2 women in these positions in 1980, but

38

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the graph to complete the example?

@satashkent 388
 A) in 2010, Peru had 3 women on its high courts, the Philippines had 3, and Mexico had 3.

B) the increase in the number of women on the high courts from 1980 to 2010 in Peru was greater
than that in either the Philippines or Mexico.

C) neither Peru nor the Philippines saw a reduction in the women on their high courts in any of
the years shown on the graph, but Mexico did after 1990.

D) Mexico had 2 women on its high courts in 1980 and 3 in 2010.

Members of the Girls Scouts of America,

by Age Category, 1992-1995 (in thousands)
Category 1992 1993 1994 1995
Juniors (8–11 years) 870 791 756 727
Ambassadors (older than 17) 863 826 802 784
Cadettes (11–14 years) 188 168 174 172
Seniors (14–17 years) 50 43 45 52

The Girl Scouts of America is a youth organization that had just over 1 million members in 2021.
A student is writing an essay on the history of the organization and wishes to determine the number
of members from 14 to 17 years old who were in the Girl Scouts in 1995. According to the table, the
number (in thousands) is

39

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

A) 185.

B) 727.

C) 45.

D) 52.

@satashkent 389
 Marketing Years by Three Countries for Marketing,
Years 2009/2010–2013/2014
90
80
70
60
Percent 50
40
30
20
10
0
0

4
01

01

01

01

01
/2

/2

/2

/2

/2
09

10

11

12

13
20

20

20

20

20
Marketing year
Argentina
Brazil
United States

Argentina, Brazil, and the United States are among the world’s leading producers of maize (corn),
and each country exports a certain percentage of maize each marketing year, which runs from March
to February in Argentina and Brazil and from September to August in the United States. A student
is researching those percentages and finds that for the marketing year 2012/2013, the percentage of
maize exported by

40

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the graph to complete the text?

A) Brazil exceeded the percentage exported by Argentina for the first time.

B) Brazil increased from the previous marketing year but remained lower than the percentage
exported by the United States.

C) the United States reached its highest point during the five marketing years.

D) Argentina decreased from the previous marketing year but remained the highest among the
three countries.

@satashkent 390
 Orientationof Leaf Pairs in Grapevines
250

200

Number of pairs
150

100

50

0
e de
e sid si
osit sa me
opp
Orientation of leaves in pair

Frost Grape
July Grape
Maple-leaf Grape

Auxins are a class of hormones that influence plant growth, including leaf orientation (the ten-
dency of leaves to be larger on one side of their long central axis than the other). University of
California, Berkeley biologist Ciera Martinez and colleagues noted that in certain plants in which
leaves grow in pairs, auxins will typically be concentrated in opposite sides of each leaf in the pair
(e.g., on the left side of one leaf in the pair and the right side of the other). Accordingly, they
hypothesized that paired leaves should tend to show opposite-side orientation, and they tested their
hypothesis by examining paired leaves from several species of grapevines.

41

Which choice best describes data from the graph that support Martinez and colleagues’ hypoth-
esis?

A) In the maple-leaf grape, frost grape, and July grape, all the leaf pairs show opposite-side
orientation.

B) Although the number of leaf pairs showing same-side orientation is fairly high in the July grape,
it is much lower in both the maple-leaf grape and frost grape.

C) Although the exact ratio varies by species, the maple-leaf grape, frost grape, and July grape
all show more leaf pairs with opposite-side orientations than with same-side orientations.

D) The number of leaf pairs showing opposite-side orientation is fairly high in the maple-leaf grape,
but not as high as it is in the July grape.

@satashkent 391
 Studies of the E!ects of Tilling vs. No Tilling on Crop Yields
Crop yield with Crop yield with no
Authors Crop tilling (kilograms tilling (kilograms
per hectare) per hectare)
Danijel Jug and
winter wheat 4,860 3,910
colleagues
Carlos Cantero-
Martı́nez and winter barley 2,693 3,136
colleagues
R.K. Jat and
maize 3,000 5,200
colleagues
Gevan Behnke
soybeans 4,285 3,798
and colleagues

Danijel Jug and colleagues found that tilling-the practice of turning soil with hoes, plows, or other
machines before planting crops was associated with an increased yield of winter wheat. But some
studies of other crops have found the opposite e!ect, raising the question of whether the increase in
yield found by Jug and colleagues is specific to their study crop. However, this doesn’t seem to be
the case:

42

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the assertion?

A) crop yields with tilling have ranged from 2,693 kilograms per hectare for winter barley to 4,860
kilograms per hectare for winter wheat.

B) Gevan Behnke and colleagues found a similar association in a study using soybeans.

C) a study using winter wheat yielded 4,860 kilograms per hectare with tilling and only 3,910
kilograms per hectare without tilling.

D) R.K. Jat and colleagues reported an even larger positive e!ect of tilling on the yield of maize.

@satashkent 392
 E!ect of Neighboring Species on Pollinator
Visits to Target Species
Neighboring species Target species E!ect value
Creeping thistle Wild radish 0.2523
Elands sourfig Montpellier cistus 0.3580
leafy spurge Lewis flax -0.3238

Researchers Carolina Laura Morales and Anna Traveset gathered data about flowering plants
growing alongside each other in various locations. In each case, the researchers identified one plant
as a ”target species” and a nearby plant as a ”neighboring species.” The researchers then calculated
a positive or negative value to show how the neighboring species a!ected pollinator visits to the
target species. One example of a neighboring species with a negative e!ect value is the

43

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the example?

A) Elands sourfig.

B) creeping thistle.

C) wild radish.

D) leafy spurge.

Pyramids in Egypt and the Americas

Height Age (years
Pyramid Country
(meters) before present)
The Pyramid of Userkaf Egypt 49 4,400 to 4,500
The Mask Temple Belize 17 1,100 to 2,300
El Castillo Belize 40 1,100 to 1,400
The Pyramid of Djedefre Egypt 67 4,500 to 4,600

A student is writing an essay about four pyramids for a history class and wants to note how long
ago each pyramid was built and how tall each pyramid is. Consulting the table, the student finds
that el Castillo was built 1,100 to 1,400 years ago and is

44

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the text?

A) 49 meters tall.

B) 17 meters tall.

C) 40 meters tall.

D) 67 meters tall.

@satashkent 393
 Total Areas of Five Tribal Nations around the United States
Area
Tribal nation Location
(square miles)
Tohono O’odham Nation Arizona 4,453
Standing Rock Sioux Tribe North and South Dakota 3,662
Hopi Tribe Arizona 2,533
Yakama Nation Washington 2,188
Choctaw Nation Oklahoma 10,864

A citizen of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe is a student in a geography class. The student wants
to compare the total area covered by his tribal nation in North and South Dakota with the total
areas covered by certain tribal nations in other states. Looking at the table, he finds that the area
of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe is 3,662 square miles, while the area of the Yakama Nation in
Washington is

45

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the comparison?

A) 10,864 square miles.

B) 2,533 square miles.

C) 4,453 square miles.

D) 2,188 square miles.

Numbers of the 23 Non-native

Tree Species Reported and the
Insect and Fungus Threats to Them
Country Trees Fungi Insects
Italy 14 57 42
Poland 10 25 105
Finland 6 11 28

Elisabeth Pötzelsberger and colleagues gathered data on 23 non-native tree species grown in
Europe. They analyzed reports from Poland, Italy, and Finland about the number of these species
grown in those countries as well as the numbers of insect and fungus species that damage those trees.
The researchers concluded that Poland reported a greater number of damaging insect species than
either of the other countries did.

46

Which choice best describes data from the table that support Pötzelsberger and colleagues’ con-
clusion?

A) Italy reported 57 damaging fungus species and 42 damaging insect species, while both Poland
and Finland reported more insect species than fungus species.

B) Poland reported 105 damaging insect species, which is more than either Italy or Finland re-
ported.

@satashkent 394
 C) Italy reported 57 damaging fungus species, which is more than either Poland or Finland re-
ported.

D) Italy and Finland reported 14 and 6 damaging insect species, respectively, which is far fewer
than Poland reported.

Impact of Four Key Industries on Oklahoma Economy in 2017

Number of
Approximate total Average contribution
people
Industry contribution per employee
employed
by industry by industry
by industry
Tribal economic activity $7,312,400,000 51,674 $141,510
Finance/insurance $7,281,900,000 56,163 $129,657
Wholesale trade $10,723,400,000 58,346 $183,790
Administration/waste $5,830,600,000 96,964 $60,132

The Chickasaw Nation and the nearly forty other tribes in Oklahoma operate numerous busi-
nesses and collectively generate billions of dollars in revenue. Mining, including oil and natural gas
production, is a key industry in the state as well. While researching other key industries in Oklahoma
for an economics class, a student finds that the average amount contributed to the state’s economy
in 2017 by each individual employed in wholesale trade was

47

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

A) $141,510

B) $56,163

C) $183,790

D) $96,964

@satashkent 395
 Minimum and Maximum Depths of Stony Coral Species
in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific Waters
Minimum depth Maximum depth
Species Location
(meters) (meters)
Agaricia grahamae Caribbean 20 115
Acropora bushyensis Indo-Pacific 0 5
Mussa angulosa Caribbean 5 30
Indophyllia macassarcensis Indo-Pacific 20 25

A marine biologist is researching four stony coral species in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific waters,
focusing on sightings of these species in the shallow zone (less than 30 meters below the surface) and
the mesophotic zone (30 to 150 meters below the surface). Consulting the table, she notes that the
smallest maximum depth is located in

48

Which choice e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

A) Indo-Pacific waters in the shallow zone.

B) Caribbean waters in the shallow zone.

C) Indo-Pacific waters in the mesophotic zone.

D) Caribbean waters in the mesophotic zone.

@satashkent 396
 Annual Average Hours of Highway Tra”c
Delay per Auto Commuter
50

40
Delay in hours

30

20

10

0
1,990 1,992 1,994 1,996 1,998 2,000
Year

Beaumont, Texas
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Albany-Schenectady-Troy, New York

In a college course on urban a!airs, a student asserts that increased tra”c congestion in the
United States in the 1990s was present both in very large cities such as Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
and smaller areas such as Albany-Schenectady-Troy, New York, and Beaumont, Texas, though those
smaller areas may have been less a!ected by tra”c congestion than very large cities, this congestion
also worsened in them over time.

49

Which choice best describes data from the graph that support the student’s claim?

A) Even though the amount of tra”c delay per commuter per year was greater in the Albany-
Schenectady-Troy, New York, area than in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, area throughout
the period from 1990 to 2000, the amounts were nearly identical in 1996.

B) In 1992, the amount of tra”c delay in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, area was less than 30
hours per commuter per year.

C) In at least one of the three urban areas shown, the amount of tra”c delay was less than 20
hours per commuter per year at one point between 1990 and 2000.

@satashkent 397
 D) While the annual number of hours of tra”c delay per commuter was always lower in the Albany-
Schenectady-Troy, New York, area than in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, area for each year
between 1990 and 2000, the amount of tra”c delay rose in both areas during this period.

Home Video Games and Computer Games of the 1980s

Approximate
Title number of units Release year Genre Developer
sold worldwide
Nintendo
Excitebike 4,160,000 1984 racing
R&D1
action-
The Last Ninja 2 5,500,000 1988 System 3
adventure
Zelda II: The action- Nintendo
4,380,000 1987
Adventure of Link adventure EAD
Frogger 4,100,000 1982 action Konami

A student is writing a paper on the global rise of the home video game industry during the 1980s.
The student wants to know the release year of the video game Zelda II: The Adventure of Link,
developed by Nintendo EAD. The student finds that this game was released in

50

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

A) 1982.
B) 1987.
C) 1984.
D) 1988.

Total Areas of Five Tribal Nations around the United States

Area
Tribal nation Location
(square miles)
Crow Tribe Montana 3,606
White Earth Nation Minnesota 1,167
Tohono O’odham Nation Arizona 4,453
Choctaw Nation Oklahoma 10,864
Yakama Nation Washington 2,188

In terms of total area, the Choctaw Nation is one of the largest tribal nations in the United
States. It covers 10,864 square miles in what is now southeastern Oklahoma. In comparison, the
total area of the White Earth Nation in Minnesota is only

51

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the comparison?

@satashkent 398
 A) 1,167 square miles.

B) 4,453 square miles.

C) 3,606 square miles.

D) 2,188 square miles.

Pyramids in Egypt and the Americas

Age (years before
Pyramid Country Height (meters)
present)
The Great Pyramid Mexico 33 2,050 to 2,400
The Pyramid of Djoser Egypt 60 4,600 to 4,700
The Pyramid of Sahure Egypt 47 4,400 to 4,500
El Castillo Belize 40 1,100 to 1,400

A student is writing an essay about four pyramids for a history class and wants to note how long
ago each pyramid was built. Consulting the table, the student finds that El Castillo was built

52

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the text?

A) 4,400 to 4,500 years ago.

B) 4,600 to 4,700 years ago.

C) 1,100 to 1,400 years ago.

D) 2,050 to 2,400 years ago.

Right ascension Period Frequency

Name
(hours) (seconds) (hertz)
J0545-03 5:45 1.074 0.931
J1654-2335 16:54:03 0.545 1.834
J0103+54 1:03:37 0.354 2.822
J0121+53 1:21 2.725 0.367
J0614-03 6:15 0.136 7.353

A student is researching rotating radio transients (RRATs), a subclass of pulsar stars character-
ized by short pulses of radio waves. The time between consecutive pulses of an RRAT is referred to
as a period. Looking at the table, the student determines that

53

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

A) J0545-03 and J0121+53 have the same amount of time between consecutive pulses.

@satashkent 399
 B) J0103+54 and J0121+53 both have more than one second of time between consecutive pulses.

C) J0614-03 has the shortest amount of time between consecutive pulses of all the RRATs in the
table.

D) J1654-2335 has the longest amount of time between consecutive pulses of all the RRATs in the
table.

Volcanoes Active since 1800 and since 1960 in Two Countries

10
Number of active volcanoes

0
0 0
e 180 e 196
s inc s inc
ive ive
act act
Year

Nicaragua Tanzania

A student is collecting data about countries with volcanoes that have been active in the time
since 1800 and in the time since 1960. The student record that Nicaragua has

54

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the graph to complete the statement?

A) no volcanoes that have been active since 1800.

B) the same number of volcanoes that have been active since 1800 as Tanzania has.

C) more volcanoes that have been active since 1960 than Tanzania has.

D) fewer volcanoes that have been active since 1960 than Tanzania has.

@satashkent 400
 Number of occurrences by Sweden, Uruguay, and Sri Lanka (2009-2013)
8

Number
4

0 9

3
00

01

01

01

01
2,

2,

2,

2,

2,
Year

Sweden
Uruguay
Sri Lanka

A report from an international organization that monitors the numbers of women serving as
judges or magistrates on various nations’ highest courts, such as the Supreme Court in Sweden and
the Supreme Court of Justice in Uruguay, indicates that among the countries that had a di!erent
number of women on these courts in 2013 than they had in 2009, the number increased in some
countries but decreased in others. For instance, the number of women judges and magistrates on
high courts in .

55

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the graph to complete the example?

A) Sri Lanka was greater in 2013 than in 2009, whereas the number in Sweden was the same in
2013 as in 2009.

B) Uruguay was lower in 2013 than in 2009, whereas the number in Sweden was the same in 2013
as in 2009.

C) Sri Lanka was greater in 2013 than in 2009, whereas the number in Uruguay was lower in 2013
than in 2009.

D) Sweden was the same in 2013 as in 2009, but it had more women on its high courts than either
Sri Lanka or Uruguay did in 2013.

@satashkent 401
 Monthly Temperatures and Wing Centroid Sizes of Fruit Fly Specimens
Average Average Average male wing Average female wing
Month
high (°F) low (°F) centroid size (mm) centroid size (mm)
October 67 44 1.98 2.29
May 73 50 1.98 2.27
July 87 62 2.02 2.31
September 80 54 1.98 2.27

Drosophila (fruit flies) have generation times of 10–12 days, so seasonal changes in humidity
and other environmental conditions can drive seasonal fluctuations in chromosome rearrangements
in species such as D. persimilis and D. subobscura. Drosophila body size (for which wing centroid
size serves as a proxy measure) correlates with reproductive fitness. Banu Şebnem Önder and Cansu
Fidan Aksoy measured the wing sizes of members of a D. melanogaster population in Yeşilöz, Turkey,
that were collected monthly between May and October over three years. Their research suggests that
Drosophila collected in relatively warmer months should tend to have greater reproductive fitness,
as is illustrated by the finding that

56

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the assertion?

A) the average male wing centroid size was 1.98 mm in September but was 2.31 mm in July.

B) the average female wing centroid size was consistently larger than the male wing centroid size
in all four months in the table.

C) the average monthly low temperature was higher in September than in May.

D) the average female wing centroid size was larger in July than in May.

Percentages of New Year’s Resolution Makers

Who Make Certain Kinds of Resolutions
Type of resolution Age 18-29 Age 30-49 Age 50-64 Age 65+
Health and exercise 79 80 79 76
Finances 68 63 56 57
Personal relationships 63 53 58 52
Hobbies 65 53 51 45

A Pew Research Center survey conducted in January 2024 found that three out of ten US adults
make at least one New Year’s resolution (a promise for the year ahead), while half of those who
make a resolution make more than one. The survey asked participants what kinds of resolutions
they made and separated them into several categories. The table presents percentages of people who
make particular kinds of New Year’s resolutions among those who choose to make them, indexed by
age bracket.

57

Which choice best presents a conclusion about the habits of New Year’s resolution makers that
is best supported by information in the text and the table?

@satashkent 402
 A) The majority of US adults who make resolutions related to health and exercise also make
resolutions in multiple additional categories.

B) Among all US adults, people become less likely to make New Year’s resolutions as they age,
regardless of the type of resolution.

C) Resolution makers between the ages of 50 and 64 are more likely to make resolutions related
to personal relationships and less likely to make resolutions related to finances than resolution
makers between the ages of 30 and 49 are.

D) Resolution makers between the ages of 18 and 29 are more likely to make resolutions about
health and exercise than resolution makers between the ages of 30 and 49 are.

Highest-Grossing Films in a Language Other than English at US Box O”ce

Opening
Lifetime weekend
US release Oscar
Title gross box o”ce Director
date nominated?
earnings gross
earnings
Instructions August 30, Eugenio
$44,467,206 $7,846,462 No
Not Included 2013 Derbez
The Girl
July 9, Daniel
Who Played $7,638,241 $904,998 No
2010 Alfredson
with Fire
November 2, Jean-Pierre
Amelie $33,225,499 $136,470 Yes
2001 Jeunet
All About November 5, Pedro
$8,272,296 $50,362 Yes
My Mother 1999 Almodóvar

Many films in a language other than English grow to be financially successful over the course of
their time in movie theaters in the United States, but some become immediate successes in their
opening weekends. A journalist claims that a film’s reception can greatly influence its long-term
success. Indications that the film is of high quality, such as an Oscar nomination, can dramatically
boost public interest in the film and thus its overall earnings, even with a relatively modest opening
weekend performance: for example,

58

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the example?

A) The opening weekend earnings for Instructions Not Included were $7,846,426 and $904,998 for
The Girl Who Played with Fire.

B) The Girl Who Played with Fire earned more money in its opening weekend than Amélie earned,
but Amélie had higher lifetime earnings.

C) Both Amélie and All About My Mother were recognized by the Oscars, but Amélie had higher
lifetime earnings.

D) All About My Mother was recognized by the Oscars, but Instructions Not Included, which was
not recognized, had higher lifetime earnings.

@satashkent 403
 Millions of Metric Tons of
Copper Mined in 1995 and 2020
Country 1995 2020
Mexico 0.33 0.73
United States 1.80 1.20
Peru 0.38 2.15
Poland 0.38 0.39
While doing research for a paper about metal exports, a student finds information about copper
mining in di!erent countries in 1995 and 2020. The student notes that Peru produced 0.38 million
metric tons of copper in 1995 and

59

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

A) 1.20 million metric tons of copper in 2020.

B) .39 million metric tons of copper in 2020.

C) 2.15 million metric tons of copper in 2020.

D) 0.73 million metric tons of copper in 2020.

Correlation between Model-Predicted and Participant-Reported

Enjoyment Ratings, by Painting Style
0.5

0.4
Correlation

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
Abstract Cubist
Painting Style

P5 P6 P3

Neuroscientist Kiyohito Iigaya and colleagues developed a computational model to predict how
much a person will enjoy a particular work of art on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much).
They then recruited participants to use the same scale to rate several sets of paintings in various
styles and calculated the correlation between the ratings predicted by the model and those reported

@satashkent 404
by the participants. Assuming participant P6 gave equal ratings to the abstract and cubist paintings,
the data in the graph indicate the model predicted that

60

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the graph to complete the example?

A) P6 would derive more aesthetic pleasure from abstract paintings than from cubist paintings.

B) P6’s ratings for abstract and cubist paintings would di!er from one another.

C) P6’s rating for abstract and cubist paintings would equal one another.

D) P6 would derive less aesthetic pleasure from abstract paintings than from cubist paintings.

Average Total Agricultural Export Growth Rate,

Five Years Pre- and Post-FTA with the United States
40
35
30
Growth rate (%)

25
20
15
10
5
0
→5
→10
Pre-FTA Post-FTA
Export growth

Costa Rica (CAFTA-DR)

Jordan (JOFTA)
Morocco (MAFTA)

To measure whether countries in free trade agreements (FTAs)—agreements among nations to

reduce tari!s, duties, and other trade barriers—experience changes in total agricultural exports,
economist Kayode Ajewole and colleagues calculated average export growth rates for several countries
over the five years before and the five years after entering an FTA with the United States. The graph
shows the results for three countries in the study. Consulting the graph, a student claims that joining
an FTA increases the rate of growth of a country’s total agricultural exports.

61

Which choice best describes data from the graph that weaken the student’s claim?

A) Over the five years after Costa Rica joined CAFTA-DR, agricultural exports from Costa Rica
grew at a rate of about 13.5 percent, which is higher than the rate over the five years before
Costa Rica joined the agreement.

@satashkent 405
 B) All the countries shown had positive growth in agricultural exports over the five years after
joining their respective FTAs, but their rates of export growth varied.

C) Although agricultural exports from Jordan decreased over the five years before JOFTA, a
reversal in this trend was observed over the five years after Jordan joined JOFTA.

D) Although agricultural exports from Morocco grew over the five years after Morocco joined
MAFTA, their growth rate was even higher in the five years before MAFTA.

Correlation between Model-Predicted and Participant-Reported

Enjoyment Ratings, by Painting Style
0.6

0.5

0.4
Correlation

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
Impressionist Color field
Painting Style

P1 P3 P6

Neuroscientist Kiyohito Iigaya and colleagues developed a computational model to predict how
much a person will enjoy a particular work of art on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much).
They then recruited participants to use the same scale to rate several sets of paintings in various
styles and calculated the correlation between the ratings predicted by the model and those reported
by the participants. Assuming participant P1 gave equal ratings to the impressionist and color-field
paintings, the data in the graph suggest that the model predicted that

62

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the graph to complete the statement?

A) P1 would derive more aesthetic pleasure from impressionist paintings than from color-field
paintings.

B) P1’s ratings for impressionist and color-field paintings would di!er from one another.

C) P1 would derive less aesthetic pleasure from impressionist paintings than from color-field paint-
ings.

D) P1’s ratings for impressionist and color-field paintings would equal one another.

@satashkent 406
 Average Ratings of Perceived Personality Traits of
Dogs and Human Willingness to Keep of Interact with Them
Would not Would not interact
Image ID Not friendly Immature
Irises keep (0)- with (0)–Would
number (0)-Friendly (5) (0)-Mature (5)
Would keep (3) interact with (3)
20 light 2.08 4.06 1.5 1.75
16 light 1.61 3.64 1.3 1.6
11 dark 3.18 2.94 1.85 2.05
2 dark 3.46 2.74 1.85 2.45

Interested in how di!erences in the color of dogs’ irises a!ect human responses to dogs, Akitsugu
Konno et al. showed close-up images of dogs’ faces to human participants and asked them to rate
the dogs’ traits and their own attitudes toward the dogs. Konno et al. suggest that di!erences in iris
color led participants to view some dogs as more vulnerable and in need of protection than others
and that this phenomenon could help explain the association the researchers observed between iris
color and participants’ inclinations to interact with or keep dogs, as illustrated by the finding that

63

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

A) the more mature a dog was perceived to be, the more likely participants were to rate it as
having lighter irises.

B) participants favored the dogs in images 2 and 11, which they rated as less mature than the
dogs in images 20 and 16.

C) participants rated the dog in image 2 as less mature than the dog in image 11 and rated the
dog in image 16 as less mature than the dog in image 20.

D) dogs that participants rated friendlier were also dogs that participants indicated a stronger
willingness to interact with or keep.

Monthly Temperatures and Wing Centroid Sizes of Fruit Fly Specimens

Average Average Average male wing Average female wing
Month
high (°F) low (°F) centroid size (mm) centroid size (mm)
October 67 44 1.98 2.29
July 87 62 2.02 2.31
June 80 56 2.01 2.31
May 73 50 1.98 2.27

Drosophila (fruit flies) have generation times of 10–12 days, so seasonal changes in humidity and
other environmental conditions can drive seasonal fluctuations in chromosome rearrangements in
species such as D. persimilis and D. mediopunctata. Drosophila body size (for which wing centroid
size serves as a proxy measure) correlates with life span. Banu Şebnem Önder and Cansu Fidan
Aksoy measured the wing sizes of members of a D. melanogaster population in Yeşilöz, Turkey,
that were collected monthly between May and October over three years. Their research suggests

@satashkent 407
that Drosophila collected in relatively warmer months should tend to have a longer life span, as is
illustrated by the finding that

64

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the assertion?

A) the average monthly low temperature was higher in June than in May.
B) the average male wing centroid size was larger in July than in October.
C) the average female wing centroid size was 2.02 mm in July but was 2.31 mm in June.
D) the average female wing centroid size was consistently larger than the average male wing cen-
troid size in all four months in the table.

Correlation between Model-Predicted and Participant-Reported

Enjoyment Ratings, by Painting Style
0.6

0.5

0.4
Correlation

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
Impressionist Color field
Painting Style

P1 P3 P6

Neuroscientist Kiyohito Iigaya and colleagues developed a computational model to predict how
much a person will enjoy a particular work of art on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much).
They then recruited participants to use the same scale to rate several sets of paintings in various
styles and calculated the correlation between the ratings predicted by the model and those reported
by the participants. Assuming participant P1 gave equal ratings to the impressionist and color-field
paintings, the data in the graph suggest that the model predicted that

65

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the graph to complete the statement?

A) P1 would derive less aesthetic pleasure from impressionist paintings than from color-field paint-
ings.
B) P1 would derive more aesthetic pleasure from impressionist paintings than from color-field
paintings.

@satashkent 408
 C) P1’s ratings for impressionist and color-field paintings would di!er from one another.

D) P1’s ratings for impressionist and color-field paintings would equal one another.

Correlation between Model-Predicted and Participant-Reported

Enjoyment Ratings, by Painting Style
0.5

0.4
Correlation

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
Impressionist Color field
Painting Style

P4 P7 P3

Neuroscientist Kiyohito Iigaya and colleagues developed a computational model to predict how
much a person will enjoy a particular work of art on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much).
They then recruited participants to use the same scale to rate several sets of paintings in various
styles and calculated the correlation between the ratings predicted by the model and those reported
by the participants. Assuming participant P3 gave equal ratings to the impressionist and color-field
paintings, the data in the graph suggest that the model predicted that

66

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the graph to complete the statement?

A) P3’s ratings for impressionist and color-field paintings would di!er from one another.

B) P3’s ratings for impressionist and color-field paintings would equal one another.

C) P3 would derive less aesthetic pleasure from impressionist paintings than from color-field paint-
ings.

D) P3 would derive more aesthetic pleasure from impressionist paintings than from color-field
paintings.

@satashkent 409
 Defensive Behavior and Reproductive Traits of Select Bird Species
Maximum
Performs Length of
Scientific Common Incubation number of
broken-wing incubation
name name duty broods per
display? (days)
year
Spatula cyanoptera cinnamon teal No 25 2 parents 1
Numenius arquata Eurasian curlew No 30 1 parent 1
Eremophila alpestris horned lark Yes 12 1 parent 3
Coccyzus americanus yellow-billed cuckoo Yes 14 2 parents 2

In an extensive review of existing literature, Léna de Framond and team cataloged the preva-
lence of broken-wing display—a defensive behavior observed in Pluvialis dominica (American golden
plover) and many other species—throughout the Aves class. Documentation of the display in 285
species across 52 families suggests the behavior likely evolved independently multiple times, prompt-
ing the team to consider ecological and life-history characteristics with hypothesized associations to
the behavior’s emergence, including traits related to reproduction investment and future reproduction
potential. Based on their review of those traits, the team concluded that

67

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the conclusion?

A) incubation duration and capacity for multiple broods are more strongly associated with the use
of broken-wing display than the number of parental incubators is.

B) among species with more than one parental incubator, the use of broken-wing display is asso-
ciated with greater incubation duration.

C) capacity for multiple broods, number of parental incubators, and incubation duration are
equally associated with the use of broken-wing display.

D) broken-wing display is most often observed in species with less opportunity to reproduce in a
year due to longer incubation periods.

@satashkent 410
 Percentage of Nonhexagonal Cells in
Hives of Three Honeybee Species
3

nonhexagonal cells by shape

2.5

Average percentage of
2

1.5

0.5

0
ey bee ey bee ey b ee
f hon hon h on
war arf t er n
d dw wes
b lack
Species

5-sided cells
7-sided cells
8-sided cells

Honeybee hives consist mainly of hexagonal (six-sided) units called cells, in which queens lay
eggs. Hexagonal cells for eggs that develop into nonreproductive workers are smaller than those for
eggs that develop into reproductive drones, though the size di!erence varies by species. Di!erence
in cell size results in a construction problem—it’s hard to neatly connect sections of small cells to
sections of large cells—that worsens as the di!erence increases. To fill in gaps between the sections
when building a hive, bees rely on cells that have more or fewer than six sides. A student studying
beehive structure consults data on three species, concluding that

68

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the graph to complete the student’s conclusion?

A) incubation duration and capacity for multiple broods are more strongly associated with the use
of broken-wing display than the number of parental incubators is.

B) among species with more than one parental incubator, the use of broken-wing display is asso-
ciated with greater incubation duration.

C) capacity for multiple broods, number of parental incubators, and incubation duration are
equally associated with the use of broken-wing display.

D) broken-wing display is most often observed in species with less opportunity to reproduce in a
year due to longer incubation periods.

@satashkent 411
 Percentage of ULE Attributed to Population Growth
and GDP per Capita Growth in Two World Regions
90
80

Percentage attribution
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0) 4) 0) 4)
0 - 200 0 - 201 0 - 200 0 -201
7 0 7 0
1 (19 1 (20 2 (19 2 (20
ion ion ion ion
Reg Reg Reg Reg
Region, by time period
Urban population growth
GDP per capita growth

In a study of urban physical expansion, Richa Mahtta et al. conducted a meta-analysis of more
than 300 cities worldwide to determine whether urban land expansion (ULE) was more strongly
influenced by urban population growth or by growth in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita,
a measure of economic activity. Because e”cient national government is necessary to provide urban
services and infrastructure that attract economic investment, Mahtta et al. propose that absent
other factors, the importance of GDP per capita growth to ULE would likely increase relative to the
importance of population growth as governments become more e”cient. If true, this suggests the
possibility that

69

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the graph to complete the statement?

A) countries in Region 1 experienced a slower rate of economic growth in the period from 2000
to 2014 than countries in Region 2 did, despite increasing national government e”ciency in
Region 1
B) mational governments of countries in Region 1 experienced declines in e”ciency in the period
from 2000 to 2014, relative to the period from 1970 to 2000.
C) national governments of countries in Region 1 and in Region 2 generally became more e”cient
in the period from 2000 to 2014 than they had been in the period from 1970 to 2000, but at
di!erent rates.
D) National governments of most countries in Region 2 became more e”cient in the period from
2000 to 2014 than they had been in the period from 1970 to 2000, but those of several countries
in this region did not.

@satashkent 412
 Monthly Temperatures and Wing Centroid Sizes of Fruit Fly Specimens
Average Average Average male wing Average female wing
Month
high (°F) low (°F) centroid size (mm) centroid size (mm)
October 67 44 1.98 2.29
July 87 62 2.02 2.31
June 80 56 2.01 2.31
May 73 50 1.98 2.27

Drosophila (fruit flies) have generation times of 10–12 days, so seasonal changes in humidity and
other environmental conditions can drive seasonal fluctuations in chromosome rearrangements in
species such as D. persimilis and D. mediopunctata. Drosophila body size (for which wing centroid
size serves as a proxy measure) correlates with life span. Banu Şebnem Önder and Cansu Fidan
Aksoy measured the wing sizes of members of a D. melanogaster population in Yeşilöz, Turkey,
that were collected monthly between May and October over three years. Their research suggests
that Drosophila collected in relatively cooler months should tend to have a shorter life span, as is
illustrated by the findings that

70

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the assertion?

A) the average female wing size was smaller in May than in June.

B) the average male wing centroid size was consistently smaller than the average female wing
centroid size in all four months in the table.

C) the average monthly low temperature was lower in May than in June.

D) the average male wing centroid size was 1.98 mm in May but was 2.31 mm in July.

Days per Winter That Lakes Have Surface Ice

200

160

120
Days

80

40

0
1980-81 2005-06
Lake Baikal
Orhlujärvi
Lake Kegonsa

@satashkent 413
 It is common for freshwater lakes near or above a latitude of 45° north of the equator, like Lake
Stechlin in Germany, to accumulate surface ice in winter. A study from 1980 to 2006 showed that,
in general, the number of days per winter that such lakes have measurable amounts of surface ice
is declining. However, a researcher claimed that some lakes have instead seen an increase in the
duration of ice, citing as an example

71

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the graph to complete the researcher’s axample?

A) both Lake Baikal and Oulujarvi, which had more than 100 days of ice in the winter of 2005-2006.

B) Lake Baikal, which had more days of ice in the winter of 2005-06 than it did in the winter of
1980-81.

C) both Lake Baikal and Oulujarvi, which had fewer than 195 days of ice in the winter of 1980-81.

D) both Lake Kegonsa and Oulujarvi, which had more days of ice in the winter of 2005-06 than
they did in the winter of 1980-81.
Rating (0 = no contribution,

5
5 = high contribution)

0
d er s ers b lic
l ea old pu
ect keh ne r al
Pr
oj Sta Ge
Group

increase in global biodiversity

improvement of local microclimate
improvement of neighborhood attachment

Urban agriculture is the practice of growing plant- or animal-based products in urban settings such
a as community gardens and rooftop farms. Esther Sanye-Mengual, Kathrin Specht, and their team
surveyed three groups of people in Bologna, Italy– leaders of urban agriculture projects, stakeholders
in urban agriculture (e.g., food researchers and urban farming associations), and the general public
– to compare their views about the extent to which urban agriculture contributes to 25 social or
ecological services that the team identified. The survey results show that, on average, project leaders
rated urban agriculture as contributing less to

@satashkent 414
 72

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the graph to complete the assertion?

A) improving the local microclimate than to increasing global biodiversity.

B) increasing global biodiversity than to providing tourist attractions.

C) improving community members’ sense of attachment to the neighborhood than to o!ering

educational opportunities.

D) increasing global biodiversity than to improving the local microclimate.

Home Video Game Systems of the 1970s and 1980s

Approximate
System Manufacturer System type number of units
sold worldwide
Amiga Commodore computer 1,600,000
MSX ASCII Corp. computer 4,000,000
TurboGrafx-16 NEC console 2,650,000
Atari 2600 Atari console 18,450,000

A student is writing a research paper on the global rise of the home video game industry during
the 1970s and 1980s. The student wants to know the approximate number of units sold worldwide of
the MSX, manufactured by ASCII Corp. The student finds that the number sold was approximately

73

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

A) 18,450,000 units.

B) 4,000,000 units.

C) 1,600,000 units.

D) 2,650,000 units.

@satashkent 415
 Millions of Metric Tons of Copper
Mined in 1995 and 2020
Country 1995 2020
Kazakhstan 0.26 0.55
Indonesia 0.44 0.51
United States 1.85 1.20
Chile 2.49 5.73

A student is researching copper mining. The student learns that the total amount of copper
mined worldwide increased from 10.00 million metric tons in 1995 to 20.60 million metric tons in
2020. Considering a table with information about four countries, the student notes that the global
increase in mined copper occurred even though

74

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

A) each of the four countries mined less than 0.25 million metric tons of copper in 1995.

B) the United States mines less copper in 2020 than in 1995.

C) Chile mined more copper in 2020 than in 1995.

D) each of the four countries mined more than 1 million metric tons of copper in 2020.

Correlation between Model-Predicted and Participant-Reported

Enjoyment Ratings, by Painting Style
0.5

0.4
Correlation

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
Abstract Cubist
Painting Style

P2 P6 P5

Neuroscientist Kiyohito ligaya and colleagues developed a computational model to to predict how
much a person will enjoy a particular work of art on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much). They
then recruited participants to use the same scale to rate several sets of paintings in various styles
and calculated the the correlation between the ratings predicted by the model and those reported by

@satashkent 416
the participants. Assuming participant P6 gave equal ratings to the abstract and cubist paintings,
the data in the graph indicate the model predicted that

75

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the graph to complete the example?

A) P6’s ratings for abstract and cubist paintings would di!er from one another.

B) P6 would derive less aesthetic pleasure from abstract paintings than from cubist paintings.

C) P6’s rating for abstract and cubist paintings would equal one another.

D) P6 would derive more aesthetic pleasure from abstract paintings than from cubist paintings.

Orientation of Paired Leaves in Grapevines and Related Species

Pairs with
Total leaf Pairs with Ratio of opposite-side
opposite-
Species pairs same-side orientations to same-
side
examined orientation side orientations (n to 1)
orientation
Vitis amurensis 207 146 61 2.39
Vitis rupestris 303 201 102 1.97
Ampelopsis
47 38 9 4.22
glandulosa
Vitis × champinii 32 26 6 4.33

Many plants have leaves that are larger on one side of their long central axis than the other, a
phenomenon known as asymmetrical orientation. University of California, Berkeley biologist Ciera
Martinez and colleagues examined several species of grapevines and closely related plants, which
have leaves that grow in pairs, to see if both leaves in a pair tend to be oriented toward the same
side (that is, have more tissue on the same side) or not. They found that opposite-side orientations
are more common than same-side orientations by ratios as high as

76

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the assertion?

A) 4.33 to 1, as in the case of Vitis x champinii.

B) 201 to 1, as in the case of Vitis rupestris.

C) 4.22 to 1, as in the case of Ampelopsis glandulosa.

D) 32 to 1, as in the case of Vitis × champinii.

@satashkent 417
 Average Ratings of Urban Agriculture’s Contribution
to Various Social or Ecological Services

Rating (0 = no contribution,
5

5 = high contribution)
4

0
er s ers bli
c
ad old lp
u
ec t le e h ra
oj tak ne
Pr S Ge
Group

increase in global biodiversity

prevention of soil erosion
provision of medicinal plants

Urban agriculture is the practice of growing plant- or animal-based products in urban settings
such as community gardens and rooftop farms. Esther Sanyé- Mengual, Kathrin Specht, and their
team surveyed three groups of people in Bologna, Italy – leaders of urban agriculture projects,
stakeholders in urban agriculture (e.g., food researchers and urban farming associations), and the
general public – to compare their views about the extent to which urban agriculture contributes to
25 social or ecological services that the team identified. The survey results show that, on average,
project leaders rated urban agriculture as contributing less to

77

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the graph to complete the assertion?

A) increasing global biodiversity than to providing medicinal plants.

B) preventing soil erosion than to o!ering educational opportunities.

C) providing medicinal plants than to increasing global biodiversity.

D) increasing global biodiversity than to providing tourist attractions.

@satashkent 418
 Monthly Temperatures and Wing Centroid Sizes of Fruit Fly Specimens
Average male Average female
Average Average
Month wing centroid size wing centroid size
high (°F) low (°F)
(mm) (mm)
June 80 56 2.01 2.31
October 67 44 1.98 2.29
July 87 62 2.02 2.31
May 73 50 1.98 2.27

Drosophila (fruit flies) have generation times of 10-12 days, so seasonal changes in humidity
and other environmental conditions can drive seasonal fluctuations in chromosome rearrangements
in species such as D. robusta and D. subobscura. Drosophila body size (for which wing centroid
size serves as a proxy measure) correlates with reproductive fitness. Banu Şebnem Önder and Cansu
Fidan Aksoy measured the wing sizes of members of a D. melanogaster population in Yeşilöz, Turkey,
that were collected monthly between May and October over three years. Their research suggests that
Drosophila collected in relatively cooler months should tend to have lower reproductive fitness, as is
illustrated by the finding that

78

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the assertion?

A) the average female wing centroid size was smaller in May than in July.

B) the average male wing centroid size was consistently smaller than the average female wing
centroid size in all four months in the table.

C) the average male wing centroid size was 1.98 mm in May but was 2.31 mm in June.

D) the average monthly low temperature was lower in May than in June.

Total Areas of Five Hawaiin Home Lands

Home land Area (square miles)
Nanakuli 3.61
Kawaiahae 15.99
Kamoku-Kapulena 7.47
Kahikinui 37.26
Waimea 23.57

Hawaiian home lands are areas of public land in the state of Hawaii that have been reserved for
use by the Kanaka Maoli, or the Native Hawaiian people. The largest of the home lands, Homuula-
Upper Piihonua, covers nearly 100 square miles on the island of Hawai’i. Most of the home lands are
much smaller. Fr example, the total area of Kamoku-Kapulena is 7.47 square miles, and the total
area of Nanakuli is

79

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the example?

A) 37.26 square miles.

@satashkent 419
 B) 3.61 square miles.

C) 23.57 square miles.

D) 15.99 square miles.

Populartion and Population Density of African Countries in 2015

Density Area Estimated
Country
(inhabitants/km²) (km²) population
Lesotho 70.3 30,355 2,135,000
Mali 14.2 1,240,000 17,600,000
Zambia 21.5 752,614 16,212,000
Benin 96.6 112,620 10,880,000

As the second-most populous continent in the world, Africa was home to an estimated 1.186
billion people in 2015. In a paper for a social studies class, a student nonetheless notes that countries
with very large populations may be less densely populated than are countries with much smaller
populations, as can be seen by comparing

80

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the example?

A) Zambia, which has a low density, with Benin, which has a similar density despite both countries
having di!erent geographic sizes.

B) the geographic size of Mali (1,240,000 square kilometers) with its relatively high population of
17,600,000 inhabitants.

C) Mali, which has a high population of 17,600,000 inhabitants and a relatively low density of 14.2
inhabitants/square kilometer, with Lesotho, which has a much lower population and a higher
density.

D) the populations of both Lesotho and Benin in 2015 with their populations in 2010.

@satashkent 420
 Studies of Cougar Population Density
Density range
(di!erence
Minimum Maximum between
density density minimum
Study authors Location Methods (cougars per (cougars per and maximum
100 square 100 square density,
kilometers) kilometers) cougars per
100 square
kilometers)
P. Ian
radio
Ross and Alberta
collar 2.70 4.70 2.00
Marin G. (Canada)
tracking
Jalkotzy
Gregory Oregon scat-
A.Davidson (United detecing 2.31 5.50 3.19
et al. States) dogs
David M. Utah
helicopter
Choata (United 5.59 10.24 4.65
surveying
et al. States)
infrared
camera
Rahel Florida
trapping,
Solmann (United 1.46 1.51 0.05
GPS
et al. States)
tracking
of collars

Researchers have used several di!erent methods to determine the population density of cougars
(Puma concolor). A student claims that the use of scat-detecting dogs produces the most precise
results, with the smallest di!erence between minimum and maximum densities.

81

Which choice best describes the data from the table that weaken the student’s claim?

A) David M. Choate et al. reported a density range of 4.65 individuals per 100 square kilometers
despite the use of helicopter surveying.

B) Rahel Sollmann et al. reported a density range that was substantially smaller than that re-
ported by David M. Choate et al.

C) Gregory A. Davidson et al. reported a density range greater than that reported by some studies
that used other methods.

D) Gregory A. Davidson et al. reported a maximum density of 5.50 individuals per 100 square
kilometers, which di!ered from that reported by some studies that used other methods.

@satashkent 421
 Correlation between Model-Predicted and Participant-Reported
Enjoyment Ratings, by Painting Style
0.3

0.2

Correlation
0.1

0
Impressionist Color field
Painting Style

P4 P7 P5

Neuroscientist Kiyohito ligaya and colleagues developed a computational model to predict how
much a person will enjoy a particular work of art on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much).
They then recruited participants to use the same scale to rate several sets of paintings in various
styles and calculated the correlation between the ratings predicted by the model and those reported
by the participants. Assuming participant P7 gave equal ratings to the impressionist and color-field
paintings, the data in the graph suggest that the model predicted that

82

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the graph to complete the statement?

A) P7’s ratings for impressionist and color-field paintings would di!er from one another.

B) P7 would derive more aesthetic pleasure from impressionist paintings than from color-field
paintings.

C) P7’s ratings for impressionist and color-field paintings would equal one another.

D) P7 would derive less aesthetic pleasure from impressionist paintings than from color field paint-
ings.

@satashkent 422
 Names and Movements of Snakes during Trials
Name of Species Direction of
Common name
snake name movement
Acanthophis common death
Glory away from sound
antarcticus adder
Aspidites
Bitey Boy woma python toward sound
ramsayi
Oxyuranus
Boss coastal taipan away from sound
scutellatus

Biologists Christina Zdenek, Damian Candusso, and their team exposed various snakes to airborne
sound and recorded whether they moved toward or away from the sound. The table shows the results
for three of the snakes observed in the study. Based on the table, a student concludes that Glory
and Boss behaved similarly in the sound trials.

83

Which choice best describes data from the table that support the student’s conclusion?

A) Boss moved toward the sound, while Bitey Boy moved away from it.

B) Bitey Boy and Glory both moved toward the sound.

C) Glory and Boss both moved away from the sound.

D) Boss moved toward the sound, while Glory moved away from it.

Monthly Temperatures and Wing Centroid Sizes of Fruit Fly Specimens

Average male Average female
Average Average
Month wing centroid wing centroid
high (°F) low (°F)
size (mm) size (mm)
May 73 50 1.98 2.27
July 87 62 2.02 2.31
September 80 54 1.98 2.27
October 67 44 1.98 2.29

Drosophila (fruit flies) have generation times of 10-12 days, so seasonal changes in rainfall and
other environmental conditions can drive seasonal fluctuations in chromosome rearrangements in
species such as D. persimilis and D. mediopunctata. Drosophila body size (for which wing centroid
size serves as a proxy measure) correlates with life span. Banu Şebnem Önder and Cansu Fidan
Aksoy measured the wing sizes of members of a D. melanogaster population in Yeşiloz, Turkey,
that were collected monthly between May and October over three years. Their research suggests
that Drosophila collected in relatively warmer months should tend to have a longer life span, as is
illustrated by the finding that

84

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the assertion?

A) the average male wing centroid size was larger in July than in May.

@satashkent 423
 B) the average female wing centroid size was consistently larger than the average male wing cen-
troid size in all four months in the table.

C) the average monthly low temperature was higher in September than in May.

D) the average female wing centroid size was 2.02 mm in July but was 2.29 mm in October.

Maximum Charge Measured for Various Pollinators

800

700

600
Picocoulombs (pC)

500

400

300

200

100

0
Charge

European peacock caterpillars

foraging honeybees
red mason bees

Hemerocallis sp. plants typically carry a negative electrical charge, while bees and other polli-
nators tend to accumulate a positive charge. Given that negatively and positively charged objects
attract, a research team hypothesized that the di!erence in charges could attract Hemerocallis sp.
stamens to the plants’ pollinators. Based on the team’s experiments, the hypothesis was well sup-
ported for positive charges above a certain threshold. The team found that foraging honeybees
exceeded that threshold, which suggests that

85

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the graph to complete the text?

A) red mason bees can also attract the stamens.

B) red mason bees and European peacock caterpillars, with greater maximum charges than forag-
ing honeybees have, cannot attract the stamens.

C) European peacock caterpillars tend to repel the stamens.

D) the threshold positive charge for a pollinator to a to attract the stamens must he greater than
100 pC.

@satashkent 424
 E!ect of Neighboring Species on Pollinator Visits to Target Species
Neighboring species Target species E!ect value
sticky catchfly common cow-wheat 0.2379
leafy spurge purple locoweed -0.8428
prickly pear sea heath -0.4703
Canadian wood betony mayapple 0.4729

Researchers Carolina Laura Morales and Anna Traveset gathered data about flowering plants
growing alongside each other in various locations. In each case, the researchers identified one plant
as a ”target species” and a nearby plant as a ”neighboring species.” The researchers then calculated a
value to show how the neighboring species a!ected pollinator visits to the target species. A negative
e!ect value indicates that the neighboring species had a harmful e!ect on the target species. Based
on the table, two neighboring species that had a harmful e!ect on target species are the

86

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

A) prickly pear and the Canadian wood betony.

B) leafy spurge and the prickly pear.

C) leafy spurge and the sticky catchfly.

D) Canadian wood betony and the sticky catchfly.

@satashkent 425
 Composition and Fracture Toughness Five HEAs
HEA Fracture toughness
Composition
identification (megapascals times
(%)
number the square root of crack length)
chromium (33.33),
15 cobalt (33.33), 265.20
nickel (33.33)
chromium (20),
cobalt (20),
7 iron (20), 219.00
manganese (20),
nickel (20)
aluminum (1.07),
carbon (46.78),
chromium (1.07),
cobalt (1.07),
25 10.41
copper (1.07),
iron (1.07),
nickel (1.07),
tungsten (46.78)
aluminum (20),
cobalt (20),
95 copper (20), 4.45
nickel (20),
zinc (20)
molybdenum (25),
niobium (25),
51 3.30
tantalum (25),
tungsten (25)

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have been observed to have greater fracture toughness – greater
resistance to crack propagation – than conventional alloys. It has been proposed that fracture
toughness increases with the proportion of an HEA consisting of cobalt, but data on HEAs compiled
by engineer Xuesong Fan show that this is not the case; for example,

87

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the text?

A) cobalt constitutes the same proportion of HEA 7 as it does of of HEA 95.

B) cobalt constitutes a higher proportion of HEA 15 than it does of HEA 7.

C) cobalt constitutes a substantial proportion of HEA 15 but does not constitute any of HEA 51.

D) cobalt constitutes a di!erent proportion of HEA 25 than it does of HLA 7.

Neuroscientist Kiyohito ligaya and colleagues developed a computational model to predict how
much a person will enjoy a particular work of art on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much).
They then recruited participants to use the same scale to rate several sets of paintings in various

@satashkent 426
 Correlation between Model-Predicted and Participant-Reported
Enjoyment Ratings, by Painting Style
0.4

0.3

Correlation 0.2

0.1

0
Abstract Cubist
Painting Style

P5 P4 P3

styles and calculated the correlation between the ratings predicted by the model and those reported
by the participants. Assuming participant P4 gave equal ratings to the abstract and cubist paintings,
the data in the graph indicate the mode! predicted that

88

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the graph to complete the example?

A) P4’s ratings for abstract and cubist paintings would di!er from one another.

B) P4 would derive less aesthetic pleasure from cubist paintings than from abstract paintings.

C) P4 would derive more aesthetic pleasure from cubist paintings than from abstract paintings.

D) P4’s rating for abstract and cubist paintings would equal one another.

Number of the 23 Non-native Tree

Species Reported and the Insect and
Fungus Threats to Them
Country Trees Fungi Insects
Great Britain 18 290 120
Hungary 1 18 13
Switzerland 11 43 78

Elisabeth Pötzelsberger and colleagues gathered data on 23 non-native tree species grown in
Europe. They analyzed reports from Great Britain, Switzerland, and Hungary about the number
of these species grown in those countries as well as the numbers of insect and fungus species that
damage those trees. The researchers concluded that Great Britain had a greater number of damaging
fungus species than either of the other countries did.

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 89

Which choice best describes data from the table that support Pötzelsberger and colleagues con-
clusion?

A) Hungary reported 18 damaging fungus species but only 13 damaging insect species.

B) Great Britain reported 290 damaging fungus species, whereas Switzerland reported 78 damag-
ing insect species.

C) Great Britain reported 290 damaging fungus species, which is more than either Switzerland or
Hungary reported.

D) Switzerland and Hungary reported 11 and 1 damaging fungus species. respectively, which is
far fewer than Great Britain reported.

Orientationof Leaf Pairs in Grapevines

650
600
550
500
Number of pairs

450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
es ide si de
osit sa me
opp
Orientation of leaves in pair

Amur Grape
Frost Grape
Riverbank Grape

Many plants have leaves that are larger on one side of their long central axis than the other, a
phenomenon known as asymmetrical orientation. University of California, Berkeley biologist Ciera
Martinez and colleagues examined several species of grapevines and closely related plants, which
have leaves that grow in pairs, to see if both leaves in a pair tend to be oriented toward the same
side (that is, have more tissue on the same side) or not. They found that opposite side orientation
was much more common than same side orientation; in the Amur grape, for example, approximately

90

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the graph to complete the example?

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 A) 150 leaf pairs show opposite side orientation, whereas approximately 60 pairs show same side
orientation.

B) 110 leaf pairs show opposite-side orientation, whereas approximately 45 pairs show same-side
orientation.

C) 650 leaf pairs show opposite side orientation, whereas no pairs show same-side orientation.

D) 110 leaf pairs show opposite-side orientation, whereas no pairs show same-side orientation.

Home Video Game Systems of the 1970s and 1980s

System Manufacturer Approximate number of units sold worldwide

ColecoVision Coleco 2,000,000
Game & Watch Nintendo 12,600,000
Intellivision Mattel 3,000,000
Apple II Apple Inc. 4,487,000

A student is researching the ColecoVision and other important gaming systems that were part of
the global rise of the home video game industry during the 1970s and 1980s. The student is surprised
to find that the ColecoVision sold relatively few units worldwide, with only about .

91

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

A) 3,000,000 units sold compared to the approximately 4,487,000 units sold of the Game Watch.
B) 2,000,000 units sold compared to the approximately 12,600,000 units sold of the Game Watch.
C) 2,000,000 units sold compared to the approximately 18,600,000 units sold of the Intellivision.
D) 3,000,000 units sold compared I to the approximately 4,487,000 units sold of the Apple II.

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 Average Annual Percent Change in US-Bound and Total Agricultural
Exports for Five Countries with FTAs with the US

Percent change in Percent change in Percent change in Percent change in

Country exports to US, exports to US, total exports, total exports,
pre-FTA post-FTA pre-FTA post-FTA
Australia 8.8 -2.3 6.8 7.1
Guatemala 13.5 16.7 13.8 20.1
Jordan -5.3 42.1 -5.5 36.7
Morocco 12.7 42.8 19.6 4.9
Panama -6.8 7.3 10.0 11.0

A 2022 US Department of Agriculture report by Kayode Ajewole et al. calculated average annual
growth rates of agricultural exports from countries over the five years before and the five years
following the creation of a free trade agreement (FTA) with the US. The table shows data for five
countries in the study. (Post-FTA calculations included some anticipatory e!ects preceding the
agreements’ o”cial start.) Ajewole et al. note that an increase in the rate of exports to the US in
the post-FTA period does not necessarily indicate that a country produced more goods for export
as a result of the FTA. Rather, FTAs sometimes incentivize countries to redirect existing trade from
nonmember countries to FTA partners, as is most likely the case with .

92

Which choice most e!ectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

A) Jordan, because the post-FTA period coincided with increasing rates of both its agricultural
exports to the US and its total agricultural exports to countries not participating in the FTA.
B) Australia, because its rate of agricultural exports to the US and its rate of total agricultural
exports both decreased in the post- ITA period relative to the pre-FTA period.
C) Morocco, because its rate of agricultural exports to the US increased in the post-FTA period
relative to the pre-FTA period, while its rate of total agricultural exports decreased during the
same period.
D) Panama, because the post-FTA period saw a decrease in its rate of agricultural exports to the
US but not in its rate of total agricultural exports.

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 IV
Craft and
Structure

@satashkent 431
Topic 12: Main Purpose
28 Questions

DIRECTIONS

Must Know Tips:

• The correct answer choice should cover all points of the passage.

• Use the “True, False, Not Given” technique.

• Eliminate options that are partly correct and partly incorrect.

• Be cautious with options that are too extreme (e.g., ”only,” ”first,” ”last,” ”most/best”).

• Don’t read the question prompt (it’s static).

Recommended time per question in this section: min: 45 sec, max: 1 min 30 sec, avg: 1 min
12.5 sec. (*Exam level)

When people think of dinosaurs with 1

feathers, they typically think of winged
Which choice best states the main purpose of
dinosaurs, such as the bat-like Ambopteryx.
the text?
However, many dinosaurs that didn’t have
wings also had feathers on their bodies. For A) To discuss the presence of feathers on
instance, research indicates that the wing- certain types of dinosaurs
less, large Yutyrannus likely had feathers.
B) To point out the di!erences between
dinosaur feathers and bird feathers
C) To explain why feathered dinosaurs went
extinct
D) To argue that only one species of dinosaur
had feathers

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 Smartwatches and fitness trackers currently 2
available to the public claim to be able to
Which choice best states the main purpose of
provide data on VO2max, a measurement
the text?
of an individual’s fitness level that indicates
heart disease and mortality risk. However, A) To prove that currently available
whether or not these measurements are smartwatches are not an accurate indicator
accurate is still unproven. Meanwhile, Cam- of overall health.
bridge developed a model that can provide
more accurate tracking of one’s heart rate B) To introduce a new fitness tracker model
and can also monitor fitness changes leading that may provide more accurate data on
to better indications of health risks. health than current products.
C) To argue that individuals should not rely
on fitness trackers or smartwatches to
monitor their health.
D) To summarize the findings of a new fitness
tracker model that will be available to the
public soon.

Researchers have found what they believe 3

to be a cause behind mice being motivated
Which choice best states the main purpose of
to exercise: gut microbes. The specific
the text?
molecules in these microbes appear to stim-
ulate the desire in the brain to run and A) To understand better what makes mice
continue running. It has been postulated motivated to move.
that if this bacteria could be given to people
in pill form, they too could experience the B) To suggest that the findings in mice could
same motivation to exercise. be used to increase human activity.
C) To explain research in mice that will be
used to support people.
D) To imply that a lack of motivation to work
out is not controllable.

Eden Robinson is a novelist and a member 4

of the Haisia Nation in western Canada.
Which choice best states the main purpose of
Critics and fellow writers have praised her
the text?
work for combining traditional Haisia stories
with popular genres of literature, such as A) To discuss two writers who blend
fantasy and mystery fiction. But Robinson traditional indigenous stories with popular
is not the only Indigenous writer to blend genres
traditional stories with popular literature.
In the 2019 novel Empire of wild, Cherie B) To urge younger Indigenous authors to
Dimaline successfully blended the oral sto- avoid writing in popular genres
rytelling tradition of her people, The Metis,
C) To argue that traditional Indigenous
with horror fiction.
stories are more memorable than most
novels are
D) To explain why one indigenous author has
achieved more success than another has

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 Luang Prabang has high pedestrian tra!c, 5
but simply replicating a feature of Luang
Which choice best states the main purpose of
Prabang associated with walkability—e.g.,
the text?
its human-scaled architecture—may be in-
su!cient to induce increased walking in A) To describe the e”ect of human-scaled
other cities. As urbanist Mariela Alfonzo architecture on any given city’s walkability
argues, our understanding of individuals’
decision-making about whether to walk is B) To explain why it is challenging to
insu!ciently robust: some studies empha- compare the amount of pedestrian tra!c
size the role of local norms, others the role in di”erent cities
of demographic characteristics, and so on,
C) To present a claim about how individuals’
but walking decisions are made in complex
decision-making about walking can be
context in which multiple conditions and
improved
needs inform individuals’ choices.
D) To discuss the di!culty of identifying a
reliable way to increase walking in any
given city

Researchers have long hypothesized that 6

woolly mammoths were hunted to extinction
Which choice best states the main purpose of
in North America by humans using spears
the text?
with grooved tips known as Clovis points.
One anthropologist set out to test this hy- A) To argue for the significance of new
pothesis. Using a mechanical spear-thrower, findings amid an ongoing debate among
he launched spears with Clovis points into researchers
mounds of clay—substitutes for the animals’
large bodies. The projectiles generally pen- B) To discuss the advantages and
etrated only a few inches into the clay, an disadvantages of the method used in an
amount insu!cient to have harmed most experiment
woolly mammoths. This led the anthropol-
C) To summarize two competing hypotheses
ogist to conclude that hunters using spears
and a major finding associated with each
with Clovis points likely weren’t the princi-
one
pal drivers of the extinction.
D) To describe an experiment whose results
cast doubt on an established hypothesis

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 Scholarly interest in literary ju- 7
venilia—writings by children and
Which choice best states the main purpose of
teenagers—tends to focus on unpublished
the text?
works by authors who became famous as
adults, such as Charles Dickens’s poem A) To describe the challenges famous writers
”The Bill of Fare,” which he wrote around encountered when seeking to publish works
the ages of 18-20, because they o”er insights written in their childhood
into their authors’ artistic development. But
some scholars also argue that recovering B) To present reasons why literary scholars
juvenilia by lesser-known writers is essential consider juvenilia to be valuable resources
to understanding literary history: Daisy
C) To compare the accomplishments of young
Ashford’s novels, which she published as a
writers with those of their adult
child, were widely read by contemporaries
contemporaries
and are therefore deserving of closer atten-
tion. D) To argue that Ashford’s novels have more
literary merit than Dickens’s juvenilia do

The following text is adapted from Jean 8

Webster’s 1912 novel Daddy-Long-Legs.
Which choice best states the main purpose of
The narrator is a young college student
the text?
writing letters detailing her weekly experi-
ences. A) To compare basketball with other sports
[The college is] organizing the Freshman B) To provide details of how to play
basket-ball team and there’s just a chance basketball
that I shall make it. I’m little of course, but
C) To state how players will be chosen for the
terribly quick and wiry and tough. While
basketball team
the others are hopping about in the air, I
can dodge under their feet and grab the D) To explain why the narrator thinks she
ball. might make the basketball team

In the late 1800s, Spanish-language newspa- 9

pers flourished in cities across Texas. San
Which choice best states the main purpose of
Antonio alone produced eleven newspapers
the text?
in Spanish between 1890 and 1900. But El
Paso surpassed all other cities in the state. A) To compare Spanish-language newspapers
This city produced twenty-two newspapers published in Texas today with ones
in Spanish during that period. El Paso is published there during the late 1800s
located on the border with Mexico and has
always had a large population of Spanish B) To explain that Spanish-language
speakers. Thus, it is unsurprising that this newspapers thrived in Texas and especially
city became such a rich site for Spanish- in El Paso during the late 1800s
language journalism.
C) To argue that Spanish-language
newspapers published in El Paso
influenced the ones published in San
Antonio during the late 1800s
D) To explain why Spanish-language
newspapers published in Texas were so
popular in Mexico during the late 1800s

@satashkent 435
 The following text is from Betty Smith’s 10
1943 novel A Tree Grows in Brooklyn.
Which choice best states the main purpose of
Francie, a young girl, visits the library of-
the text?
ten.
A) To illustrate Francie’s enjoyment of an
Francie thought that all the books in the unusual topic
world were in that library and she had a
plan about reading all the books in the B) To explain why Francie prefers reading
world. She was reading a book a day in over other activities
alphabetical order and not skipping the dry
C) To portray Francie’s determination to
ones. She remembered that the first author
meet a goal
had been Abbott. She had been reading a
book a day for a long time now and she was D) To describe a book that Francie greatly
still in the B’s. Already she had read about admires
bees and bu”aloes, Bermuda vacations and
Byzantine architecture. For all her enthu-
siasm, she had to admit that some of the
B’s had been hard going. But Francie was a
reader.

Gus Edwards’s atmospheric play Black 11

Body Blues was produced in 1978 by the
Which choice best states the main purpose of
groundbreaking Negro Ensemble Company
the text?
(NEC). NEC cofounder Douglas Turner
Ward, who worked as an actor, director, A) To show how the play A Raisin in the Sun
and playwright, had met actor and producer influenced Ward and Hooks.
Robert Hooks while they were performing
in a 1960 touring production of Lorraine B) To bring attention to a work by Gus
Hansberry’s play A Raisin in the Sun. To- Edwards.
gether, they envisioned a theater company
C) To describe how Ward and Hooks’s
that would nurture and showcase the work
creative partnership changed over time.
of Black theater professionals. Since NEC’s
founding in 1967, its workshops and per- D) To discuss the origin and importance of
formances have given Black playwrights, the NEC.
including Edwards, a forum for their com-
pelling stories.

@satashkent 436
 Today composer Scott Joplin is mainly cele- 12
brated for his catchy ragtime pieces ”Maple
Which choice best states the main purpose of
Leaf Rag” and ”The Entertainer.” How-
the text?
ever, by overlooking his less famous works,
listeners will miss the full range of Joplin’s A) To argue that more attention should be
creativity. For instance, his waltz ”Pleasant given to Joplin’s lesser-known works.
Moments” and his opera ”Treemonisha”
skillfully blend ragtime and classical music. B) To describe the similarities and di”erences
These masterpieces deserve as much fame as between ragtime music and opera.
Joplin’s biggest hits.
C) To explain how Joplin learned to compose
and perform ragtime music.
D) To encourage music lovers to listen to
music by many di”erent composers.

Desolation Island, first published in 13

1978, is a novel in Patrick O’Brian’s
Which choice best states the main purpose of
Aubrey/Maturin series, which includes
the text?
twenty completed books. Some critics have
found fault with the abrupt endings of Des- A) To explain why many critics find the
olation Island and other books in the series, Aubrey/Maturin novels to be remarkably
saying that they do not finish conclusively entertaining despite flaws in the novels’
but arbitrarily stop. But other critics argue structures.
that the books should not be thought of as
discrete texts with traditional beginnings B) To describe a characteristic of the
and endings but as a single incredibly long Aubrey/Maturin novels and o”er two
work, similar to other multivolume stories, di”ering viewpoints on this characteristic.
such as John Galsworthy’s The Forsyte
C) To argue that the Aubrey/Maturin series
Saga.
should have the literary renown of The
Forsyte Saga.
D) To present a reason the unusual structure
that O’Brian uses for Desolation Island
makes it one of his most complex books.

@satashkent 437
 President Richard Nixon is most famous 14
for his participation in the 1970s Water-
Which choice best states the main purpose of
gate political scandal, a convoluted tale of
the text?
criminality and eraded ethics involving a
constellation of associates such as Chief of A) It catalogs the most notable achievements
Sta” H.R. ”Bob” Haldeman and Nixon’s of a historical figure.
personal friend Charles ”Bebe” Rebozo.
But Nixon’s legacy is complex: he has been B) It argues that the seeming prominence of a
praised for his role in opening relations be- historical figure is largely due to the
tween the United States and China, and he actions of others.
once made an attempt at reforming United
C) It assesses a historical figure’s significance
States health care policy that is arguably a
by considering both his achievements and
precursor to the A”ordable Care Act, which
failings.
became law during the Barack Obama ad-
ministration. D) It explains how a historical figure’s
reputation has improved significantly with
the passage of time.

Thermal technologies have been used in the 15

food industry for over 100 years, providing
Which choice best states the main purpose of
a way of preserving food in large batches.
the text?
Recent advancements in ohmic heating
were made through research in Chile on A) It provides an overview of the research into
the preservation of strawberries. Ohmic ohmic heating both globally and in a
heating is generally considered to be an im- specific country.
provement over more conventional thermal
preservation methods: whereas conventional B) It introduces ohmic heating as a food
methods transfer energy from the surface of preservation technology and identifies one
a food to its interior, ohmic heating passes of its advantages.
electric current through food products to
C) It explains why conventional heating
generate heat within the food itself.
methods are popular in commercial
applications and proposes a shift away
from these methods.
D) It suggests that there are possible flaws in
ohmic heating technologies that have not
yet been well researched.

@satashkent 438
 In 2020, rap artist and professor A.D. Car- 16
son published the first peer-reviewed rap
Which choice best states the main purpose of
album about his experiences with Black
the text?
masculinity called ”i used to love to dream.”
Typically in peer review, experts evaluate A) To compare the relative public impact of
scholarly articles prior to publication. For scholarly articles and albums
Carson’s album, dubbed a ”mixtap/e/ssay,”
peer review involved both scholars and rap B) To describe how each step of the peer
artists. In combining elements of a mixtape review process unfolds
album with scholarly essays that connect
C) To capture one scholar’s opinion of a new
Carson’s lyrics to historical and contempo-
rap album
rary contexts for listeners both inside and
outside academia, Carson’s album helped D) To explain why a certain rap album is
redefine how scholarship is created and particularly innovative
shared.

The following text is adapted from Adib 17

Khorram’s 2018 novel Darius the Great
Which choice best states the main purpose of
Is Not Okay. Darius, a teenager from the
the text?
United States, is visiting his grandpar-
ents, Babou and Mamou, in Iran. They are A) To demonstrate that Babou and Darius
preparing for a holiday celebration. aren’t very interested in going to new
places
I felt like a tourist. But Babou fussed with
my cap a little more, even though Mamou B) To emphasize that Darius has been looking
had already gotten it settled. He looked me forward to an event
in the eye from time to time, like he was
C) To suggest that Babou is planning to visit
looking for something, and thought maybe
Darius in the United States soon
just maybe I had it in me after all. Babou
hummed to himself as he smoothed out D) To show that Babou a”ects the way
my shoulder seams and rested his hands Darius thinks of himself
on them. ”I am glad you are here to see
this, Darioush-jan.” Maybe I wasn’t such a
tourist.

In 2011 Brynn M. Devine and colleagues 18

published a study concluding that ocean
Which choice best states the main purpose of
acidification has a strong e”ect on the be-
the text?
havior of Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus,
a species of fish. However, Devine and col- A) To note a potential concern about the
leagues’ study relied on a mean sample size findings of a scientific study
of only about 25 fish. In a 2022 review of
various scientists’ conclusions about the im- B) To discuss an aspect of ocean acidification
pacts of ocean acidification on fish behavior, that is frequently overlooked
Timothy D. Clark and colleagues caution
C) To present a debate between two research
that relying on such a relatively small sam-
teams about a cause of ocean acidification
ple size can increase the potential for biased
analysis. Such analysis, in turn, can con- D) To explain how the behavior of a fish
tribute to reports of exaggerated e”ects. species has changed over time

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 San Francisco has high pedestrian traf- 19
fic, but simply replicating a feature of San
Which choice best states the main purpose of
Francisco associated with walkability—e.g.
the text?
its high density of storefronts—may be in-
su!cient to induce increased walking in A) To discuss the di!culty of identifying a
other cities. As urbanist Mariela Alfonzo reliable way to increase walking in any
argues, our understanding of individuals given city.
decision-making about whether to walk is
insu!ciently robust: some studies empha- B) To explain why it is challenging to
size the role of demographic characteristics, compare the amount of pedestrian tra!c
others the role of public transit availabil- in di”erent cities
ity, and so on, but walking decisions are
C) To describe the e”ect of a high density of
made in complex contexts in which multiple
storefronts on any given city’s walkability
conditions and needs inform individuals’
choices. D) To present a claim about how individual’s
decision-making about walking can be
improved

Can field mustard plants grow on Mars? 20

Can pea plants? You might think the an-
Which choice best states the main purpose of
swer to these questions is obviously no,
the text?
but researchers in the Netherlands recently
showed that the seeds of many common A) To answer long-standing questions about
plant species can germinate in soil designed how Martian soil conditions can be
to simulate Martian conditions, as long simulated on Earth
as water is supplied. In fact, some species
actually did better in Martian soil than in B) To present a surprising finding about
Earth soil: 30 percent of field mustard seeds plants grown in soil intended to be similar
sprouted when planted in simulated Martian to Martian soil
soil, compared with 4 percent that did when
C) To discuss an unexpected result about the
planted in soil from their home planet.
role of water in plants grown in simulated
Martian soil
D) To explain an important study of
di”erences in the composition of Martian
soil and the composition of Earth soil

@satashkent 440
 During Rome’s republican period, which 21
ended in the first century BCE, libraries
Which choice best states the main purpose of
were predominantly owned by wealthy in-
the text?
dividuals who tightly controlled access to
their book collections. The first public li- A) To call into question the notion that
brary became available in Rome in 28 BCE private Roman libraries disappeared
and was soon followed by one commissioned during the first century BCE
by Emperor Augustus. As modern scholar
Fabio Fernandes notes, however, these two B) To contend that early imperial leaders in
traditions aren’t as distinct as they seem, Rome wielded too much influence over
as both the emperor and the private library libraries
owners viewed their libraries as extensions
C) To give a brief overview of public access to
of their personal patronage, just on vastly
libraries throughout Rome’s republican
di”ering scales.
period
D) To assert that private and early public
libraries in ancient Rome had an essential
similarity

The following text is from George Marion 22

McClellan’s 1895 poem ”Eternity.”
Which choice best states the main purpose of
the text?
My spirit swoons, and all my senses cry
For Ocean’s breast and covering of the sky.
A) To justify the speaker’s qualms about
Rock me to sleep, ye waves, and outward bound,
being transported by the ocean to a quiet
Just let me drift far out from toil and care,
destination
Where lapping of the waves shall be the sound.
Which mingled with the winds that gently bear B) To contrast the demands of the speaker’s
Me on between a peaceful sea and sky, everyday life with the serenity of being
To make my soothing slumberous lullaby. rocked to sleep by the ocean
C) To illustrate the increasing intensity of the
speaker’s desire to escape ongoing
hardship by gliding on the ocean
D) To convey the speaker’s longing for the
ocean to impart a sense of inner tranquility

Archaeologists studying the ancient city 23

of Pompeii in Italy recently discovered a
Which choice best states the main purpose of
well-preserved food shop known as a ther-
the text?
mopolium. The site contains food remains,
artworks, and decorations. These items give A) To discuss the political system of Italy
researchers a better understanding of what
daily life in Pompeii may have been like. B) To present a recent archaeological
For example, the archaeologists found a ce- discovery
ramic jar that they believe likely contained
C) To describe a region’s climate
a meat and seafood stew.
D) To compare ancient artworks with modern
ones

@satashkent 441
 The following text is adapted from Daniel 24
Defoe’s 1704 nonfiction book The Storm.
Which choice best states the main purpose of
the text?
The sermon is a sound of words spoken
to the ear, and prepared only for present A) It recounts why the works of some artists
meditation, and extends no farther than are still discussed by critics after the
the strength of memory can convey it; a artists’ deaths while others are not.
book printed is a record; remaining in every
man’s possession, always ready to renew its B) It analyzes the contributions to society of
acquaintances with his memory, and always two di”erent groups of scholars.
ready to be produced as an authority or
C) It demonstrates that one form of
voucher to any reports he makes out of it,
communication is more commonly used
and conveys its contents for ages to come, to
than another
eternity of mortal time, when the author is
forgotten in his grave. D) It describes di”erences in the
characteristics of two kinds of
communication.

The following text is adopted from Pam 25

Munoz Ryan’s 2020 novel Mananaland. In
Which choice best describes the overall purpose
the village where Max lives, there is an old
of the text?
fortress called La Reina. Children in the
village say that the fortress is haunted. A) To show how much Max wants to visit La
Reina
For as long as he could remember, Max
had begged Papa (his father) to take him to B) To portray how proud Max’s father is of
see La Reina and the ruins up close. He’d Max
be a hero among his friends if he was the
C) To criticize Max for disliking summer
first boy to cross the haunted gates! Just
because Papa didn’t believe in ghosts didn’t D) To explain why Max doesn’t want to grow
mean they weren’t there. Maybe this sum- up yet
mer Papa would finally take him. He was
almost twelve.

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 Argyroxiphium sandwicense is a species in 26
a family of plants known collectively as the
Which choice best states the main purpose of
silversword alliance, all of which grow only
the text?
on the Hawaiian Islands. Members of this
alliance exhibit an extraordinary range of A) To advance the claim that all plants on the
phenotypes, with some species maturing Hawaiian Islands are part of the
into vines and others into shrubs and trees. silversword alliance and list possible
All species in the alliance descended from a ancestors of the plants that make up the
single ancestral tarweed plant that arrived alliance
on the islands around 5 million years ago.
The tarweed’s descendants diversified into B) To indicate the specific tarweed ancestor of
distinct species as they adapted to live in all plants that grow on the Hawaiian
the wide variety of habitats found on the Islands and explain why the plants have
Hawaiian Islands such varied physical characteristics
C) To describe the silversword alliance and
explain how the plant family became so
varied
D) To describe the specific habitat where
Argyroxiphium sandwicense are found and
identify other plants that share a common
ancestor with them

In 1879, in an e”ort to determine the 27

longevity of certain seeds left in soil,
Which choice best states the main purpose of
botanist William Beal buried 20 glass bot-
the text?
tles filled with sand and seeds from a variety
of plants, including Verbascum, Lepidium A) To discuss an ongoing experiment
virginicum, and Stellaria media. Since then,
some of the bottles have been retrieved B) To explain how to get rid of certain plants
in the periodic checks of seed viability re-
C) To compare two experiments addressing
searchers are conducting. After 60 years had
the same questions
elapsed, most of the seeds in those bottles
stopped germinating, but Verbascum seeds D) To describe challenges associated with
have remained viable, including those from preserving seeds
a bottle dug up in 2021 by Margaret Flem-
ing, Lars Brudvig, and colleagues.

@satashkent 443
 Karl Polanyi and other historians of capi- 28
talism rarely discuss domestic capitalism in
Which choice best describes the main purpose of
Africa before the period of European colo-
the text?
nization, implicitly presenting capitalism as
external to and imposed on Africa. Mariana A) To explain why historians of capitalism
Candido and other Africanist scholars have and Africanist scholars disagree about
shown, however, that in parts of Africa, which activities are features of capitalism
centrally administered industrial produc-
tion, the legal treatment of land as private B) To present and account for a potentially
property, and other features of capitalism misleading characteristic of the work of
predated colonization. One reason for this historians of capitalism
discrepancy is that historians of capitalism
C) To describe and evaluate a method used by
tend to focus on longitudinal economic data
Africanist scholars that distinguishes their
drawn from archival records, which do not
work from that of historians of capitalism
exist for much of precolonial Africa.
D) To summarize a debate between historians
of capitalism and Africanist scholars about
how to interpret longitudinal economic
data from archival records

@satashkent 444
Topic 13: Overall Structure
21 Questions

DIRECTIONS

Must Know Tips:

• Passage and options should match in sequence. The first act in the passage should correspond
to the first point in the options.

• Remove any options that are out of order compared to the passage.

• Don’t read the entire passage.

• Don’t read the question prompt (it’s static).

Recommended time per question in this section: min: 45 sec, max: 1 min, avg: 52.5 sec.
(*Exam level)

Horizontal gene transfer involves the ex- 1

change of genetic material between organ-
Which choice best describes the overall structure
isms not in a parent-o!spring relationship.
of the text?
It is common among prokaryotes (single-
celled organisms, such as the bacteria A) It provides a history of research into a
Carnobacterium viridans and Lactococ- biological process and suggests a direction
cus lactis). The process can have the e!ect for further investigation.
of increasing bacterial resistance to antibi-
otics; as such, an understanding of how to B) It explains why an organism poses a threat
prevent horizontal gene transfer might result and then suggests how that threat might
in the mitigation of dangerous pathogens be avoided.
(organisms that cause disease).
C) It depicts two organisms and presents their
similarities and di!erences.
D) It describes a biological process and
explains why researching it is important.

@satashkent 445
 In what is now Washington state, the Tu- 2
lalip Tribes operate the Hibulb Cultural
Which choice best describes the overall structure
Center. Relying on traditional knowledge to
of the text?
guide the design of exhibits, this institution
presents Tulalip history and culture to the A) It describes how tribal cultural centers
tribes’ citizens. The Turtle Mountain Band designed exhibits of a particular set of
of Chippewa, a tribe in North Dakota, em- artifacts, then analyzes how
ploys a similar strategy in its own cultural non-Indigenous institutions designed
center. Both centers contrast with museums exhibits of the same artifacts.
that aren’t Indigenous-led; when displaying
Indigenous artifacts, such museums tend to B) It examines how tribal citizens respond to
anticipate mainly non-Indigenous audiences exhibits at tribal cultural centers, then
and rely on Euro-centric strategies for de- speculates how non-Indigenous audiences
signing exhibits. would respond to the same exhibits.
C) It discusses two cultural centers operated
by tribes, then compares them with
non-Indigenous institutions that present
Indigenous exhibits.
D) It outlines an early strategy for exhibit
design used by one tribal cultural center,
then explains a newer strategy used by a
di!erent tribal cultural center.

Why do rusty-spotted cats purr but jaguars 3

roar? Researchers hypothesize that this dif-
Which choice best describes the overall structure
ference between the two feline species may
of the text?
be partly due to a U-shaped bone in their
throats called the hyoid. Rusty-spotted A) The text compares the habitats of two
cats, which are much smaller than jaguars, species, then explains how those habitats
have a rigid hyoid that rumbles when the are changing.
cat’s larynx vibrates, resulting in a purr. By
contrast, jaguars have a somewhat flexible B) The text presents a theory about two
hyoid, and the bone is attached to the skull species, then discusses facts that weaken it.
with a stretchy ligament that rusty-spotted
C) The text poses a question about two
cats lack. These traits allow jaguars and
species, then presents a possible answer.
most other species of big cats to produce
powerful roars. The same traits may also D) The text describes a behavior shared by
prevent most big cats from purring. two species, then discusses other behaviors
shared by them.

@satashkent 446
 Community science, which involves profes- 4
sional scientists collaborating with amateur
Which choice best describes the overall structure
science enthusiasts to study a topic, is often
of the text?
an e!ective and engaging way to conduct
research. It can allow people to assist with A) It introduces the topic of a scientific study,
conservation e!orts, spark youth interest describes the study’s importance, and then
in science, and increase the amount of data presents the study’s results.
researchers can collect. This approach was
essential to the success of a study by bi- B) It identifies a particular approach to
ologist Abbigail Merrill and colleagues of research, lists some benefits of that
how butterfly color relates to flower choice, approach, and then mentions a study in
which included findings from hundreds of which that approach was used.
students and community members in north-
C) It argues for a new approach to scientific
western Arkansas.
research, comments on the public’s opinion
about the approach, and then describes
how that approach was applied in a certain
study.
D) It describes the development of a type of
scientific collaboration, shows how that
type of collaboration has been used in a
particular field of study, and then suggests
future collaborative projects.

Joel Brown and colleagues showed that high 5

moonlight intensity inhibits the activity of
Which choice best describes the overall structure
the Arizona pocket mouse (Perognathus am-
of the text?
plus), a result explicable in terms of benefits
and costs: greater lunar intensity may not A) It introduces an observation of a
enable the mice to increase foraging success behavioral pattern, presents an
enough to o!set the higher chance of de- explanation for the pattern, and then
tection by predatory owls or hawks. Most describes an exception to the pattern that
other nocturnal mammals respond to lunar casts doubt on that explanation.
intensity variations similarly to Arizona
pocket mice, but Azara’s night monkeys B) It describes and accounts for a finding,
(Aotus azarae) display the opposite pattern, characterizes the finding as representative
as their heavy reliance on visual foraging of a general pattern, and then describes
results in a di!erent balance of reward and and accounts for an exception to that
risk. pattern.
C) It discusses two di!erent responses to the
same natural phenomenon, explains why
one of those responses occurs, and then
suggests that the other response still needs
to be explained.
D) It presents and explains a study result,
indicates that the result is similar to the
results of many other studies, and then
attributes a conflicting study result to a
di!erence in that study’s methods.

@satashkent 447
 The following text is from the 1895 poem 6
”Marshlands” by Emily Pauline Johnson, a
Kanienkahagen (Mohawk) writer also known as Which choice best describes the overall structure
Tekahionwake. of the text?

Among the wild rice in the still lagoon, A) It identifies a location, then refers to a
In monotone the lizard shrills his tune. person living there.
The wild goose, homing, seeks a sheltering,
B) It sketches a setting by presenting a series
Where rushes grow, and oozing lichens cling.
of images of nature.
Late cranes with heavy wing, and lazy flight,
Sail up the silence with the nearing night. C) It makes an extended comparison of
And like a spirit, swathed in some soft veil, nature to human emotions.
Steals twilight and its shadows o’er the swale.
Hushed lie the sedges, and the vapours creep, D) It names animal species found in a place,
Thick, grey and humid, while the marshes then names plant species there.
sleep.

Founded in Denver in 1991, the Museo de 7

Las Americas is dedicated to art from Latin
Which choice best describes the overall structure
America, including the art of Indigenous
of the text?
peoples. Since its founding, it has acquired
more than 4,800 objects for its permanent A) It explains how one cultural institution
collection. More recently founded US-based was founded, then explains its plans to
institutions devoted to Latino cultures in- expand further.
clude the Latino Cultural Center. Located
in Dallas, it focuses on Latino cultures and B) It describes a trend among cultural
art in the United States. institutions in the United States, then
identifies an institution that rejects that
trend.
C) It defines a certain type of cultural
institution, then argues that this type of
institution decisively influences society.
D) It discusses one cultural institution, then
discusses a more recently founded cultural
institution.

@satashkent 448
 With a shell that measured 1.7 meters, the 8
extinct mollusk Parapuzosia seppenradensis
Which choice best describes the overall structure
is the largest ammonite in the fossil record.
of the text?
Ever since fossilized remains of this species
were discovered in 1895, scientists have been A) It states a long-standing scientific
perplexed by its size. After examining 154 assumption and then shows how recent
ammonite fossils including some of P. sep- research has overturned that assumption.
penradensis from Montana and Parapuzosia
leptophylla (a smaller ammonite species) B) It describes a scientific mystery and then
from England, paleontologist Christina discusses a research team’s attempt to
Ifrim, Andrew S. Gale, and colleagues con- solve that mystery.
cluded that P. seppenradensis may have
C) It compares fossils found in Montana and
evolved from P. leptophylla and gradually
England and then points out which of
increased in size as larger ammonites were
those fossils provides more information.
better able to escape being preyed on by
mosasaurs. D) It notes the discovery of a new ammonite
species and then remarks on the
importance of that discovery.

Like all species of baleen whales, the hump- 9

back whale feeds on tiny creatures known
Which choice best describes the overall structure
as krill by filtering water through bristlelike
of the text?
keratin structures called baleen plates. In
this way, baleen whales can eat up to 30 A) It describes a characteristic shared by all
percent of their total mass per day. And baleen whales and then illustrates a
while no one would call the humpback whale di!erence between the humpback whale
small—it can have a mass as high as 30,000 and the northern right whale that is
kg—it is one of the smaller baleen whales relevant to that characteristic.
and is much smaller than the northern right
whale, which can weigh a whopping 80,000 B) It discusses a unique feature of the
kg and consume as much as 24,000 kg of humpback whale and how the lack of that
krill per day. feature in the northern right whale
explains di!erences in the two species’
behavior.
C) It draws a distinction between the sizes of
the humpback whale and the northern
right whale and then presents a feature
that they have in common.
D) It details a relationship between humpback
and northern right whales and krill and
then discusses an unexpected consequence
of a change in baleen whale populations.

@satashkent 449
 In 2011 Brynn M. Devine and colleagues 10
published a study concluding that ocean
Which choice best describes the overall structure
acidification has a strong e!ect on the be-
of the text?
havior of Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus,
a species of fish. However, Devine and col- A) It presents the result of a study, then raises
leagues’ study relied on a mean sample size a potential concern related to that result.
of only about 25 fish. In a 2022 review of
various scientists’ conclusions about the im- B) It describes a characteristic of a fish
pacts of ocean acidification on fish behavior, species, then explains why that
Timothy D. Clark and colleagues caution characteristic is noteworthy.
that relying on such a relatively small sam-
C) It states a similarity between two scientific
ple size can increase the potential for biased
studies, then notes a di!erence between
analysis. Such analysis, in turn, can con-
them.
tribute to reports of exaggerated e!ects.
D) It summarizes a problem that scientists are
investigating, then provides a possible
solution to that problem.

The San Pedro is just one of approximately 11

three million known historical shipwrecks
Which choice best describes the overall structure
spread throughout the world’s oceans,
of the text?
and their impact on sea life and under-
water ecosystems is of great interest to A) It introduces a study of microbial
researchers. Leila Hamdan and colleagues communities near shipwrecks that has
were particularly curious about the e!ects received significant scholarly attention,
of wooden shipwrecks on seafloor microbial summarizes the results of that study, and
communities. The researchers studied two then describes a research team’s reaction
wooden shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico by to the study.
placing pieces of pine and oak between zero
and 200 meters away from each shipwreck to B) It notes a general scientific interest in
collect samples of three kinds of microbes: shipwrecks’ ecological e!ects, describes a
bacteria, archaea, and fungi. They found specific study related to that interest, and
that across the three microbial communities, then states one of the study’s findings.
peak diversity and richness was observed on
C) It states the number of known shipwrecks,
pine and oak samples placed approximately
describes the historical significance of one
125 meters from the shipwrecks.
of those shipwrecks, and then comments
on the various microbes found at the
shipwreck site.
D) It names a famous historical shipwreck,
describes the type of wood used to build
that ship, and then explains how that
wood type influences underwater microbial
communities.

@satashkent 450
 The Federalist Papers are a collection of 85 12
essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John
Which choice best describes the overall structure
Jay, and James Madison. They were pub-
of the text?
lished pseudonymously in the Independent
Journal and other New York newspapers in A) The text mentions a collection of essays
1787–88 and argue that New Yorkers should and then points out something about these
vote to ratify the proposed United States essays that is not completely known.
Constitution. Though the authorship of
most of the individual essays is certain, that B) The text summarizes an argument made in
of a few is in question; for instance, while a collection of essays and then suggests
No. 15, ”The Insu”ciency of the Present that the essays’ authors didn’t
Confederation to Preserve the Union,” was unanimously agree with the argument.
surely penned by Hamilton, No. 52, ”The
C) The text lists the authors of a collection of
House of Representatives,” may have been
essays and then notes that some of the
written by either Hamilton or Madison.
essays were written by one person, while
others were written by two people.
D) The text describes why a collection of
essays is notable and then details its
publication history.

Community science, which involves profes- 13

sional scientists collaborating with amateur
Which choice best describes the overall structure
science enthusiasts to study a topic, is often
of the text?
an e!ective and engaging way to conduct
research. It can o!er insight into the daily A) It describes the development of a type of
life of a scientist, spark youth interest in scientific collaboration, shows how that
science, and increase the amount of data type of collaboration has been used in a
researchers can collect. This approach was particular field of study, and then suggests
essential to the success of a study by biolo- future collaborative projects.
gist Abbigail Merrill and colleagues of how
weather relates to a butterfly’s flower choice, B) It introduces the topic of a scientific study,
which included findings from hundreds of describes the study’s importance, and then
students and community members in north- presents the study’s results.
western Arkansas.
C) It identifies a particular approach to
research, lists some benefits of that
approach, and then mentions a study in
which that approach was used.
D) It argues for a new approach to scientific
research, comments on the public’s opinion
about the approach, and then describes
how that approach was applied in a certain
study.

@satashkent 451
 Jessica Murray is a researcher who stud- 14
ies canopy soil. Canopy soil is formed in
Which choice describes the text’s overall
a tree’s branches (its canopy) when dead
structure?
leaves and other falling things collect. This
material breaks down, becoming canopy soil. A) It presents an idea and mentions a
Canopy soil helps preserve healthy nutrient researcher who disagrees with that idea.
cycling (how nutrients move through the
environment) in rainforests. This benefit B) It introduces a researcher and gives
is one reason Murray is interested in the information about what she researches.
canopy soils in large bully trees in rain-
C) It explains a disagreement between
forests in Costa Rica.
researchers and how it was resolved.
D) It compares the sizes of two types of trees
over several years.

President Richard Nixon is most famous 15

for his participation in the 1970s Water-
Which choice best describes the overall structure
gate political scandal, a convoluted tale of
of the text?
criminality and eroded ethics involving a
constellation of associates such as political A) An achievement of a historical figure is
operative Jeb Stuart Magruder and Nixon’s described, and then reasons why that
secretary Rose Mary Woods. But Nixon’s achievement is often disregarded by
legacy is complex: he has been praised for historians are suggested.
his role in a”rming the sovereignty of tribal
nations, and he once made an attempt at B) Information supporting a particular
reforming United States health care policy perception of a historical figure is
that is arguably a precursor to the A!ord- provided, and then additional facts are
able Care Act, which became law during the o!ered suggesting that this perception is
Barack Obama administration. an oversimplification.
C) A list of historical figures is presented,
followed by reasons why one should be
considered more significant than the
others.
D) An assertion about a historical figure is
made, and then evidence both for and
against that assertion is presented.

@satashkent 452
 In a study by Mika R. Moran, Daniel 16
A. Rodriguez, and colleagues, residents
Which choice best describes the overall structure
of Panama City, Panama, and Caracas,
of the text?
Venezuela, were surveyed about parks in
their cities. Of the 318 respondents from A) An unexpected finding is described, and
Panama City, 53.5% indicated that they then that finding is attributed to the
use the city’s parks, and of the 1,043 re- method used to collect survey data in
spondents from Caracas, 44.7% indicated Panama City and Caracas.
using city parks. Given that the percentage
of Panama City respondents who reported B) An unresolved question about park
having access to desired nonpark ameni- planning is described, and then examples
ties near parks was much lower than that from a study of Panama City and Caracas
reported by Caracas respondents, the dif- are used to answer that question.
ference in park use can’t be explained by
C) A study involving surveys in Panama City
Panama City residents having more access
and Caracas is introduced, and then a
to desired nonpark amenities near parks.
possible explanation for some of the results
is considered and rejected.
D) A study of park use in Panama City is
described, and then a similar study of park
use in Caracas is analyzed to corroborate
the findings of the Panama City study.

Catherine L. Cardelús is a researcher who 17

studies canopy soil. Canopy soil is formed
Which choice best describes the text’s overall
in a tree’s branches (its canopy) when dead
structure?
leaves and other falling things collect. This
material breaks down, becoming canopy soil. A) It introduces a researcher and gives
Canopy soil helps preserve a healthy water information about what she researches.
cycle (how water moves through the envi-
ronment) in rainforests. This benefit is one B) It presents an idea and mentions a
reason Cardelús is interested in the canopy researcher who disagrees with that idea.
soils in large bully trees in rainforests in
C) It compares the sizes of two types of trees
Costa Rica.
over several years.
D) It explains a disagreement between
researchers and how it was resolved.

@satashkent 453
 Mexican textile artist Victoria Villasana 18
weaves stories of triumph, using her unique
Which choice best describes the overall structure
method of applying colorful yarn to pho-
of the text?
tographs of people. In some works, Vil-
lasana focuses on celebrating cultural icons A) It introduces Villasana’s cultural
who are people of color, as she does in her background, describes how this
depiction of musician and composer Prince. background influences her art, and then
However, in other works, Villasana honors outlines some of her ideas for future
ordinary people, as she does in her capti- projects.
vating portrayal of a young girl sitting on a
sidewalk. Villasana sees both of these ap- B) It compares Villasana to other
proaches as ways of depicting the power and contemporary artists, indicates how two of
interconnectedness of all people. her works are similar, and then emphasizes
Villasana’s enthusiasm for artistic
collaboration.
C) It explains how yarn has historically been
used in art, details how Villasana uses
yarn in her artworks, and then comments
on the popularity of her work.
D) It provides details about Villasana’s
artworks, discusses specific examples of her
work, and relates them to one of her
artistic goals.

Companies are providing consumers with 19

more opportunities to purchase customized
Which choice best describes the overall structure
products than ever before. Whether buying
of the text?
customized sneakers, jewelry, or clothing,
consumers can participate in the design of A) It discusses several recent innovations in
products to meet their specific needs and product manufacturing and then suggests
tastes. In turn, companies profit too: stud- some potential applications of those
ies have shown that consumers are willing to innovations.
pay more and wait longer for a customized
product. Still, it can be di”cult for com- B) It describes a company’s recent success
panies to o!er customization while keeping with new products and then explains
costs low, as the standard methods of mass multiple factors that may have contributed
production may not be able to accommo- to that success.
date making a unique product each time.
C) It presents two contrasting
product-marketing techniques and then
provides examples of one of those
techniques.
D) It introduces a trend in consumer products
and then explains how the trend both
benefits and poses a challenge to
companies.

@satashkent 454
 Spanning the 1920s to the 1980s, Mexican 20
architect Luis Barragán’s prolific career
Which choice best describes the overall structure
evolved through distinct phases. As epit-
of the text?
omized by the house in Calle Pedro Loza
in Guadalajara, many of Barragán’s first A) It presents a general claim about a
projects integrated traditional Mexican particular architect’s career, describes a
building techniques into Mediterranean design approach that typified the early
designs. Extensive travels abroad later stages of that career, and then explains a
sparked an engagement with modernist and later shift in that career.
functionalist aesthetics – styles whose em-
phasis on utility and whose repudiation of B) It names a famous architect, outlines the
traditional architecture’s more ornamental primary aesthetic model evident in his
elements are readily apparent in Barragán’s work, and then o!ers examples illustrating
Pizarro Suárez House. his commitment to that model.
C) It provides famous examples of an
architect’s projects, describes the original
inspiration for those projects, and then
suggests that lesser-known projects by that
architect arose from other sources of
inspiration.
D) It summarizes the career of a particular
architect, states how that architect’s
heritage influenced his career choice, and
then emphasizes the impact of that
architect’s career.

@satashkent 455
 In Ojibwe, an Indigenous language from 21
the Great Lakes region of what are now
Which choice best describes the overall structure
the United States and Canada, wása means
of the text?
”far,” whereas wa-wasa means ”far apart.”
This phenomenon, in which an element of A) It describes the relationship between
a root word is repeated, sometimes with Ojibwe and several other languages, raises
modification, within another word that is a question about the nature of that
related to the root word, is called redupli- relationship, and then answers that
cation. In this case, the element ”wa” in question.
wása gets repeated in wa-wasa. There are
many examples of this type of reduplication B) It identifies the most frequently occurring
in Ojibwe. words in Ojibwe, explains why it is
di”cult to translate those words into
English, and then provides examples of
languages other than English into which
those words can be translated.
C) It presents some specific words in Ojibwe,
describes the general linguistic
phenomenon exemplified by those words,
and then states that this phenomenon
occurs frequently in Ojibwe.
D) It explains the phenomenon of
reduplication, discusses why reduplication
has been controversial among scholars, and
then argues that an analysis of Ojibwe
could help resolve that controversy.

@satashkent 456
Topic 14: Underlined Purpose
57 Questions

DIRECTIONS

Must Know Tips:

• Try to find the purpose of the underlined part, as well as all other sentences around it.

• Di!erent options tell the purpose of di!erent sentences in the passage.

• Pay attention to the words before, after, and following the underlined part in the options.

• Don’t read the question prompt (it’s static).

Recommended time per question in this section: min: 45 sec, max: 1 min 25 sec, avg: 1 min
5 sec. (*Exam level)

The following text is adapted from Matthew 1

Arnold’s 1869 nonfiction book ”Culture and
Which choice best describes the function of the
Anarchy”.
underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
The Times [a British newspaper], replying to A) It suggests that opinions regarding culture
some foreign strictures on the dress, looks, change over time.
and behavior of the English abroad, urges
that the English ideal is that everyone should B) It asserts that the English are not as well
be free to do and to look just as he likes. known for their sense of taste as they
But culture indefatigably tries, not to make ought to be.
what each raw person may like the rule by C) It details an example that supports the
which he fashions himself; but to draw ever author’s primary claim.
nearer to a sense of what is indeed beauti-
ful, graceful, and becoming, and to get the D) It presents an opinion with which the
raw person to like that. author disagrees.

@satashkent 457
 The following text is Rainer Maria Rilke’s 2
1897 poem ”Evening” (translated by Jessie
Which choice best states the function of the
Lamont in 1918).
undeclined portion in the text as a whole?
The bleak fields are asleep, A) It conveys the speaker’s sense that he is
My heart alone wakes; alone while experiencing the evening.
The evening in the harbour
Down his red sails takes. B) It shows that the speaker would rather
Night, guardian of dreams, look at the fields than at the water.
Now wanders through the land; C) It indicates the speaker’s disappointment
The moon, a lily white, that other people dislike rural settings.
Blossoms within her hand.
D) It explains why the speaker has woken up
from sleeping.

The following text is from Mark Twain’s 3

1881 novel, The Prince and the Pauper.
Which choice best states the function of the
underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
“In the ancient city of London, on a cer-
tain autumn day in the second quarter of A) It establishes a contrast with the previous
the sixteenth century, a boy was born to a character description..
poor family of the name of Canty, who did
not want him. On the same day another B) It introduces a character description
English child was born to a rich family continued in the following sentences.
of the name of Tudor, who did want him. C) It demonstrates the setting that is
All England wanted him too. England had explored in the rest of the paragraph.
so longed for him, and hoped for him, and
prayed God for him, that, now that he was D) It expands upon the characterization in
really come, the people went nearly mad for the former sentence.
joy. Mere acquaintances hugged and kissed
each other and cried.”

Known for the albums Quiet Nights and 4

Miles Ahead, jazz trumpeter Miles Davies
Which choice best describes the function of the
collaborated several times with pianist Gil
underlined part?
Evans. Their 1958 adaptation of George
Greshwin’s opera Porgy and Bliss bears like A) It shows how two artists benefited from
resemblance to the 1935 original. Davies ignoring certain conventions.
and Evans felt no desire to please listeners
expecting an exact duplication of the opera. B) It proposes a reason why one work of art is
They omitted parts, such as the aria “I widely thought to be more successful than
got plenty of Nuthin’,” and sometimes another.
made only brief gestures toward Greshwin’s C) It underlines an assertion made later in the
melodies. But Davies and Evans willingness text.
to recompose Greshwin’s work led to one of
the most enduring albums in Davis’s catalog D) It presents examples to support a claim
made earlier in the text.

@satashkent 458
 In Hoocak, an Indigenous language from 5
the Mid-Atlantic region of what is now
Which choice best describes the function of the
the United States, okayeke means ”bad,”
underlined part?
whereas ati okayeye’tesel means ”bad
houses.” This phenomenon, in which an A) It elaborates on the description of
element of a root word is repeated, some- reduplication by exampling how it works
times with modification, within another in the specific Hoocak word mentioned
word that is related to the root word, is earlier.
called reduplication. In this case, the ele-
ment ”ye” in okayake gets repeated in ati B) It provides English translation of the
okayeye’tesel. There are many examples of Hoocak word mentioned earlier.
this type of reduplication in Hoocak. C) It acknowledges that Hoocak has some
important exceptions to the general
pattern described earlier.
D) It emphasizes how frequently reduplication
occurs in Hoocak.

Mexican textile artist Victoria Villasana 6

weaves stories of triumph, using her unique
Which choice best states the function of the
method of applying colorful yarn to pho-
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
tographs of people. In some works, Vil-
lasana focuses on celebrating cultural icons A) To emphasize that Villasana prefers to
who are people of color, as she does in her focus on famous figures in her work.
depiction of activist Ryu Gwansun.
However, in other works, Villasana hon- B) To o!er an overview of Villasana’s artistic
ors ordinary people, as she does in her style.
captivating portrayal of young girl sitting C) To demonstrate that the Villasana
on a sidewalk. Villasana sees both of these collaborates frequently with other artists.
approaches as ways of depicting the power
and interconnectedness of all people D) To provide an example of an everyday
individual whom Villasana has portrayed
in her work.

@satashkent 459
 The following text is from Lady Gregory’s 7
1904 play Spreading the News. Mrs. Tarpey,
Which choice best describes the function of the
Bartley, and Mrs. Fallon have been buying
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
and selling goods at the local fair.
A) It presents a vivid image to emphasize a
MRS. TARPEY: Good morrow, Bartley claim that Bartley makes.
Fallon; good morrow, Mrs. Fallon. Well,
Bartley, you’ll find no cause for complaining B) It describes an event that Bartley observed
to-day; they are all saying it was a good at the fair.
fair. C) It expresses doubt about the truth of a
claim that Bartley made.
BARTLEY: (Raising his voice.) It was not
a good fair. Mrs. Tarpey. It was a scattered D) It indicates the degree to which Mrs.
sort of a fair. If we didn’t expect more, we Tarpey doubts a certain event will occur.
got less. That’s the way with me always;
whatever I have to sell goes down and what-
ever I have to buy goes up. If there’s ever
any misfortune coming to this world, it’s on
myself it pitches, like a flock of crows on seed
potatoes.

When people think of dinosaurs with 8

feathers, they typically think of winged
Which choice best describes the function of the
dinosaurs, such as the four-winged Mi-
underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
croraptor. However, many dinosaurs that
didn’t have wings also had feathers on their A) It points out several weaknesses in the
bodies. For instance, research indicates that theory presented in the previous sentence.
the wingless, speedy Ornithomimus likely
had feathers. B) It provides a specific example of the
dinosaurs described in the previous
sentence.
C) It identifies the researchers who made the
discovery mentioned in the previous
sentence.
D) It explains the scientific debate about the
finding discussed in the previous sentence.

@satashkent 460
 The novel “My Heart Is a Chainsaw” con- 9
firmed that Stephen Graham Jones is one of
Which choice best describes the function of the
the most talented writers of horror fiction
underlined sentence?
today. By featuring main characters who
are Blackfeet, like Jones himself, the novel A) It highlights the significance of the
also helped to ensure that Indigenous people portrayal of Indigenous people in My
have a place within the horror genre. But Heart Is a Chainsaw.
Jones is hardly the only Indigenous voice in
horror: Métis author Cherie Dimaline has B) It challenges the widely held view that
also written in the genre. Her acclaimed Stephen Graham Jones based My Heart Is
2019 novel Empire of Wild is set in a Métis a Chainsaw on events in his own life.
community in southern Canada
C) It asks why so many readers who don’t
enjoy the horror genre have purchased My
Heart Is a Chainsaw.
D) It predicts that non-Indigenous authors
will include more Indigenous characters in
their work.

Dubautia waialealae is a species in a family 10

of plants known collectively as the sil-
Which choice best describes the function of the
versword alliance, all of which grow only
underlined phrase in the text as a whole?
on the Hawaiian Islands. Members of this
alliance exhibit an extraordinary range of A) It lists species from a family of plants
phenotypes, with some species maturing found only on the Hawaiian Islands.
into vines and others into shrubs and trees.
All species in the alliance descended from a B) The sentence explains the unique nature of
single ancestral tarweed plant that arrived the researchers’ hypothesis.
on the islands around 5 million years ago.
C) The sentence summarizes the debate
The tarweed’s descendants diversified into
presented in the text.
distinct species as they adapted to live in
the wide variety of habitats found on the D) The sentence identifies the location of a
Hawaiian Islands. bone in felines.

@satashkent 461
 The Card Game is a painting by Jacob 11
Lawrence, dated 1953. It’s part of the full
Which finding, if true, would most directly
collection of the SCAD Museum of Art in
support the underlined claim?
Savannah, Georgia. A digital image of it
can also be found in an online collection. A) Most people spend about three minutes
In a paper, a student claims that people viewing The Card Game at the museum
usually spend more time viewing a work of and only about one minute viewing it
art in a museum than they do online. online.
B) The Card Game isn’t the only work of art
by Jacob Lawrence that has been put
online.
C) Most people who go to museums in
Savannah are visiting from other places.
D) More than one museum has works of art
by Jacob Lawrence in its full collection.

In Hoocak, an Indigenous language from the 12

Midwest region of what is now the United
Which choice best describes the function of the
States, paras means ”flat,” whereas para-
underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
parać means ”square.” This phenomenon, in
which an element of a root word is repeated, A) It emphasizes how frequently reduplication
sometimes with modification, within an- occurs in Hoocak.
other word that is related to the root word,
is called reduplication. In this case, the B) It acknowledges that Hoocak has some
element ”para” in paras gets repeated in important exceptions to the general
paraparać. There are many examples of this pattern described earlier.
type of reduplication in Hoocak.
C) It elaborates on the discussion of
reduplication by explaining how it works
in the specific Hoocak words introduced
earlier.
D) It provides English translations of the
Hoocak words mentioned earlier.

@satashkent 462
 In a study by Mika R. Moran, Daniel A. 13
Rodriguez, and colleagues, residents of
Which choice best describes the function of the
Mexico City, Mexico, and Buenos Aires,
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
Argentina, were surveyed about parks in
their cities. Of the 562 respondents from A) It marks a shift from a discussion of the
Mexico City, 77.6% indicated that they use researchers’ conclusion to a discussion of
the city’s parks, and of the 683 respondents their methods.
from Buenos Aires, 69.9% indicated using
city parks. Given that the percentage of B) It identifies the nature of a relationship
Mexico City respondents who reported liv- that is significant to the text’s conclusion.
ing within a 10-minute walk of a park was
C) It provides context to help readers
much lower than that of reported by Buenos
understand the scope of the researchers’
Aires respondents, greater proximity alone
survey.
can’t explain the di!erence in park use.
D) It introduces a counterexample to the
scenario described earlier in the text.

The Paul Laurence Dunbar House in Day- 14

ton, Ohio, is the house where Paul Laurence
Which choice best states the function of the
Dunbar lived for two years and wrote his
underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
later poetry collections. Now the house is a
museum dedicated to Dunbar’s life and writ- A) It states the current purpose of a building
ings, visitors travel to this museum to feel mentioned in the previous sentence.
more connected to an author they admire.
To encourage that sense of connection, the B) It summarizes the career of an author
museum’s curators have set up exhibits with mentioned in the previous sentence.
furnishings owned by Dunbar. Such exhibits
C) It recommends the works of an author
help visitors understand day-to-day life in
mentioned in the previous sentence.
the house where Dunbar felt inspired.
D) It recounts the history of a place
mentioned in the previous sentence.

@satashkent 463
 On painter William H. Johnson’s return to 15
the United States in 1938 after a decade
Which choice best describes the function of the
in Europe, his style underwent an abrupt
underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
transformation. Turning away from land-
scapes painted in an expressionist style–a A) It elaborates on the previous sentence’s
style that often involves using fluid, distorted statement about a transitional moment in
shapes and thick, textured brushstrokes to Johnson’s artistic career.
express the artist’s subjective experience of
reality–Johnson began painting portraits of B) It provides information about Johnson’s
Black Americans in a bold new way. Evoca- travels in support of a claim about his
tive of African sculpture and American and artistic influences, which is advanced in
Scandinavian folk art, these portraits fea- the following sentence.
ture flat, deliberately oversimplified figures
C) It recounts a moment in Johnson’s
in a vibrant but limited color palette.
personal life that enabled the success of his
subsequent career, which is summarized in
the following sentence.
D) It presents evidence that calls into question
the previous sentence’s characterization of
Johnson’s artistic development.

When people think of dinosaurs with 16

feathers, they typically think of winged
Which choice best describes the function of the
dinosaurs, such as the four- winged Micro-
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
raptor. However, many dinosaurs that didn’t
have wings also had feathers on their bodies. A) It reveals that the dinosaurs mentioned
For instance, research indicates that the earlier in the text used their feathers for
wingless, speedy Ornithomimus likely had an important purpose.
feathers.
B) It gives an example of a dinosaur with the
characteristics mentioned earlier in the
text.
C) It defines a term related to the type of
dinosaur feathers mentioned earlier in the
text.
D) It indicates that the dinosaurs mentioned
earlier in the text weren’t the only ones
that had feathers.

@satashkent 464
 The following text is from Annie Dillard’s 17
1987 autobiographical novel An American
Which choice best describes the function of the
Childhood. The narrator is a young girl
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
living in Pittsburgh.
A) It describes the narrator trying to
I walked. My mother had given me the memorize her telephone number.
freedom of the streets as soon as I could say
our telephone number. I walked and mem- B) It provides examples of what the narrator
orized the neighborhood. I made a mental thinks about at night.
map and located myself upon it. At night
C) It gives directions to the narrator’s favorite
in bed, I rehearsed the small world’s scheme
local store.
and set challenges: find the store using
backyards only; imagine a route from the D) It portrays the narrator’s relationship with
school to my friend’s house. her mother.

Researchers Narelle Haworth and Amy 18

Schramm studied bicycling behavior in
Which survey response from a bike rider in
Queensland, Australia. Haworth and
Queensland would best support the underlined
Schramm asked adult bike riders ques-
claim?
tions about their level of experience, reasons
for riding a bike, and route preferences. The A) ”I have a bike, but I don’t ride it very
researchers claim that experienced riders often. When the weather is nice, I
who mainly bike to work tend to prefer sometimes use my bike to go into town to
routes that reduce their travel time. do some shopping.”
B) ”I usually bike to work, but I’m taking the
bus now because my bike has a broken
part that needs to be fixed.”
C) ”I just got a new bike, and I’m looking
forward to going on rides with my friends
soon.”
D) ”I bike to my job every day. There’s a nice
bike path that goes through a park, but I
use the bike lane on the main road because
it’s faster.”

@satashkent 465
 Amsterdam has high pedestrian tra”c, but 19
simply replicating a feature of Amsterdam
Which choice best describes the function of the
associated with walkability-e.g., its high
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
number of relatively short blocks-may be
insu”cient to induce increased walking in A) It illustrates a scholarly disagreement
other cities. As urbanist Mariela Alfonzo described earlier in the sentence.
argues, our understanding of individuals’
decision-making about whether to walk is B) It summarizes the findings of studies
insu”ciently robust: some studies emphasize whose methods are discussed earlier in the
the role of climate conditions, others the sentence.
role of recreational amenities, and so on,
C) It acknowledges a potential objection to
but walking decisions are made in complex
the argument presented earlier in the
contexts in which multiple conditions and
sentence.
needs inform individuals’ choices.
D) It elaborates on a claim presented earlier
in the sentence.

The following text is from Anne Spencer’s 20

1922 poem ”Translation.”
Which choice best describes the function of the
reference to the ”wooing kestrel” (a type of bird)
We trekked into a far country,
in the text as a whole?
My friend and I.
Our deeper content was never spoken,
A) It emphasizes the speaker’s belief that her
But each knew all the other said.
friend is not sharing his true feelings with
He told me how calm his soul was laid
her.
By the lack of anvil and strife.
”Thewooingkestrel,” I said, ”mutes his mating-note B) It suggests that nature has secrets that
To please the harmony of this sweet silence.” humans are fundamentally incapable of
discovering.
C) It illustrates the assertion that peace is a
subjective state rather than an objective
one.
D) It presents the natural world as aligning
with the experience of the speaker and her
friend.

@satashkent 466
 Why do ocelots purr but jaguars roar? Re- 21
searchers hypothesize that this di!erence
Which choice best describes the function of the
between the two feline species may be partly
underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
due to a U-shaped bone in their throats.
This bone is called the hyoid. Ocelots, which A) The sentence explains the unique nature of
are much smaller than jaguars, have a rigid the researchers’ hypothesis.
hyoid that rumbles when the cat’s larynx
vibrates, resulting in a purr. By contrast, B) The sentence identifies the location of a
jaguars have a somewhat flexible hyoid, bone in felines.
and the bone is attached to the skull with a C) The sentence introduces a term that is
stretchy ligament that ocelots lack. These used in the discussion that follows.
traits allow jaguars and most other species
of big cats to roar. The same traits may D) The sentence summarizes the debate
also prevent most big cats from purring. presented in the text.

Humans aren’t the only ones who use tools. 22

Other animals also find tools helpful. Oc-
Which choice best describes the function of the
topuses use two halves of a seashell to
underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
provide protection or a place to hide, and de-
spite sometimes being thought of as simple, A) It explains that humans use tools for many
many birds make clever use of tools as well. di!erent tasks.
Striated herons have been observed using
breadcrumbs and other lures to attract fish B) It argues that octopuses use tools more
to the water’s surface, making it easier for often than other animals do.
the herons to catch them. C) It provides one example of tool use in a
nonhuman animal.
D) It emphasizes that octopuses are smarter
than birds.

The food industry has long used ther- 23

mal technologies to preserve food in large
Which choice best describes the function of the
batches. Recent advancements in infrared
underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
heating were made through research in
Mexico on the preservation of bean flour. A) It emphasizes the simplicity of infrared
Infrared heating is generally considered to heating technologies.
be an improvement over more conventional
thermal preservation methods: whereas con- B) It explains why conventional heating
ventional methods transfer energy from the methods are popular in commercial
surface of a food to its interior, infrared applications and proposes a shift away
heating uses high-intensity infrared light to from these methods.
generate heat within the food itself, thus C) It suggests that there are possible flaws in
reducing industrial cooking times. infrared heating technologies that have not
yet been well researched.
D) It identifies an advantage that infrared
heating has over conventional thermal
preservation methods.

@satashkent 467
 Historians have argued that a crucial com- 24
ponent of the Civil Rights Movement’s suc-
Which choice best describes the function of the
cess in the 1960s was the Southern Christian
underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
Leadership Conference’s Citizen Education
Program (CEP), which invited promis- A) It establishes that criticism of the CEP
ing activists from across the South to its was limited to a few individuals in the
one-week training sessions in Dorchester, Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
Georgia. Led by experienced organizers
such as Dorothy Cotton and Septima Clark, B) It underscores the extent of the CEP’s
CEP attendees– more than 7.000 in all– impact on the Civil Rights Movement of
participated in workshops on topics ranging the 1960s.
from public speaking to legal doctrine be- C) It illustrates the CEP organizers’ e!orts to
fore returning home and using their newly educate participants on a wide variety of
acquired knowledge to spearhead local civil topics.
rights initiatives.
D) It suggests that CEP attendees held a
diverse array of opinions about the
Southern Christian Leadership
Conference’s political philosophy.

Shedding light on the thermal biology of 25

fungi, research by Radamés Cordero et al.
Which choice best describes the function of the
indicates that certain mushrooms (including
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
Marasmius capillaris and species from the
genus Russula) can achieve a hypothermic A) It presents a tangential finding about
state through evaporative cooling. E!ects thermoregulation in certain fungal species
of this thermoregulation were not limited that the experiment described later in the
to the fungi’s fruiting bodies and root-like text was designed to explain.
hyphae: temperature reductions were ob-
served in the air immediately surrounding B) It provides empirical evidence to bolster
the mushrooms. Though slight, the reduc- the claim made earlier in the text that
tions inspired an air-cooling device; using certain fungal species maintain a
approximately 400 grams of mushrooms, the hypothermic state.
team’s prototype lowered the air tempera- C) It identifies an unexpected observation
ture in a controlled environment by 10°C in that motivated the study of C evaporative
forty minutes. cooling in fungi that is discussed earlier in
the text.
D) It establishes a finding central to the text’s
discussion of a practical application
resulting from the team’s study of fungal
thermal biology.

@satashkent 468
 The following text is from Virginia Woolf’s 26
1919 novel Night and Day. The text de-
Which choice best describes the function of the
scribes a gathering of young artists and
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
intellectuals.
A) To reveal individuals’ uncertainty about
the meaning of a particular artwork.
One person after another rose, and, as with
an ill-balanced axe, attempted to hew out his B) To emphasize the extent of individuals’
conception of art a little more clearly, and sat struggles to articulate thoughts on art
down with the feeling that, for some reason C) To highlight the physical e!ort involved in
which he could not grasp, his strokes had individuals’ construction of large-scale
gone awry. As they sat down they turned works of art
almost invariably to the person sitting next
them, and rectified and continued what they D) To draw attention to individuals’
had just said in public. discontent with the group’s conversation
about art

In Egypt, use of solid fuel (e.g., coal, wood) 27

as a share of total household fuel use fell
Which choice best describes the function of the
by more than 90 percent between 2000 and
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
2015; such shifts are typically explained
by appeal to the energy ladder, a model A) It anticipates a potential objection to the
holding that fuel choice is mediated mainly description of a model that the text
by household income (specifically, high- provides.
technology fuels displace solid fuels as
incomes rise). Alemu Mekonnen and Gun- B) It admits the superficial plausibility of an
nar Köhlin’s study of fuel use in Ethiopia assumption that the text presents as
shows how reductive this model is, however: lacking any empirical support.
although income of course constrained fuel C) It acknowledges the role played by a factor
choice, several circumstances, including the whose importance the text suggests has
local availability of di!erent fuel sources, been overstated.
influenced decisions.
D) It concedes that a finding may not appear
to support the main view that the text
advances.

In Nuxalk, an Indigenous language from the 28

Pacific Northwest region of what are now
Which choice best describes the function of the
the United States and Canada, wats’ means
underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
”a dog,” whereas wawats’ii means ”a small
or cute dog.” This phenomenon, in which an A) It explains where the language discussed in
element of a root word is repeated, sometimes the text is from.
with modification, within another word that
is related to the root word, is called redu- B) It provides English translations of the
plication. In this case, the element ”wa” in Nuxalk words discussed in the text.
wats’ gets repeated in wawats’ii. There are C) It contrasts the language discussed in the
many examples of this type of reduplication text with other languages.
in Nuxalk.
D) It provides a general definition of the
phenomenon discussed in the text.

@satashkent 469
 Joseph A. Walker’s award-winning play The 29
River Niger was produced in 1972 by the
Which choice best describes the function of the
groundbreaking Negro Ensemble Company
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
(NEC). NEC cofounder Douglas Turner
Ward, who worked as an actor, director, A) It illustrates the importance of an
and playwright, had met actor and producer organization mentioned in the text.
Robert Hooks while they were performing
in a 1960 touring production of Lorraine B) It compares the achievements of two
Hansberry’s play A Raisin in the Sun. To- people discussed later in the text.
gether, they envisioned a theater company C) It argues against the claim made earlier in
that would nurture and showcase the work the text.
of Black theater professionals. Since NEC’s
founding in 1967, its workshops and per- D) It provides additional information about a
formances have given Black playwrights, person discussed in the text.
including Walker, a forum for their com-
pelling stories.

In 2023 literary scholar Jeremy Douglass 30

cautioned technology investors and en-
Which choice best describes the function of the
thusiasts who predict conventional books’
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
ultimate displacement by newer forms of
media. Douglass observed that the concept A) It explains the basis for the claim made by
of an “interactive” text is much older than the technologists mentioned in the text.
technologists assume, extending back to the
first time readers scratched notes into a text’s B) It suggests that academics are better
margins. In addition, newer media, such as suited than investors to see the potential
video games, haven’t replaced older forms uses of contemporary interactive texts.
of entertainment, such as comic books, but C) It challenges the stance of the investors
rather exist alongside them. Douglass be- and enthusiasts who are mentioned earlier
lieves that rather than supplanting books, in the text.
technology is simply making new forms of
expression possible. D) It provides a historical anecdote about the
technological challenges involved in
reading the earliest interactive texts.

@satashkent 470
 The following text is from Sarojini Naidu’s 31
1896 poem ”Alabaster.”
Which choice best describes the function of the
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
Like this alabaster box whose art
Is frail as a cassia-flower, is my heart, A) They indicate potential reactions, one
Carven with delicate dreams and wrought hoped for and one feared, to a decision the
With many a subtle and exquisite thought. speaker considers throughout the text.
B) They provide examples, one literal and one
figurative, of a change that the speaker
describes throughout the text.
C) They describe the subjects, one physical
and one abstract, of a comparison that
extends throughout the text.
D) They symbolize two viewpoints, one
cautious and one impulsive, that are
contrasted throughout the text.

The Reckoning and Resilience (2022) exhi- 32

bition at Duke University’s Nasher Museum
Which finding, if true, would most directly
of Art in Durham, North Carolina, is dedi-
support the underlined claim?
cated to the work of thirty North Carolina
artists, including Juan Logan, Cornell Wat- A) Reckoning and Resilience and Across
son, and Stephen Hayes. Although the County Lines were curated to emphasize
Nasher Museum has focused exhibitions works that are not owned by the Nasher
entirely on North Carolina artists before, Museum.
as it did previously in the photography
exhibition Across County Lines, the breadth B) The Nasher Museum has a world-class
of disciplines in Reckoning and Resilience collection of contemporary art that
sets it apart. includes many paintings and sculptures
from artists both inside and outside North
Carolina.
C) Logan is a painter, Watson is a
photographer, and Hayes is a sculptor.
D) Watson is a North Carolina photographer,
as were all of the artists featured in Across
County Lines

@satashkent 471
 When people think of dinosaurs with 33
feathers, they typically think of winged
Which choice best describes the function of the
dinosaurs, such as the bat-like Yi qi. How-
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
ever, many dinosaurs that didn’t have wings
also had feathers on their bodies. For in- A) It gives an example of a dinosaur with the
stance, research indicates that the wingless, characteristics mentioned earlier in the
peacock-sized Caudipteryx likely had feath- sentence.
ers.
B) It states the main argument about
dinosaurs presented in the text.
C) It contrasts the two dinosaurs discussed in
the text.
D) It describes features of the feathers of the
dinosaurs mentioned earlier in the sentence

The Last Report on the Miracles at Little 34

No Horse is a 2001 novel by Ojibwe writer
Which choice best describes the function of the
Louise Erdrich. It explores how historical
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
events a!ect families on a reservation in
rural North Dakota. The Last Report on A) It recommends that readers avoid a
the Miracles at Little No Horse is typical of particular novel by Erdrich.
Erdrich’s work. Her writing usually focuses
on portrayals of everyday life in Ojibwe B) It lists the many similarities between two
communities. Yet some of her novels have novels by Erdrich.
fantastical plots and take place outside C) It o!ers an example of a novel that di!ers
Ojibwe communities. For example, her 1991 from most of Erdrich’s work.
novel The Crown of Columbus is essentially
adventure fiction, and the thrilling events in D) It discusses what inspired Erdrich to write
its plot are set largely on a Caribbean island. one of her novels

@satashkent 472
 The Far Side of the World, first published 35
in 1984, is a novel in Patrick O’Brian’s
Which choice best describes the function of the
Aubrey/Maturin series, which includes
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
twenty books plus an unfinished fragment of
a twenty-first. Like the rest of the books in A) It o!ers a detail that helps explain why it
the series, The Far Side of the World has a is not necessarily the case that a certain
rather abrupt ending, but the following book, characteristic of The Far Side of the World
The Reverse of the Medal, picks up neatly should be considered a flaw.
where The Far Side of the World leaves
o!. Thus, the sudden ending is only an issue B) It presents a reason The Far Side of the
if one considers the books as independent World and The Reverse of the Medal are
texts—the Aubrey/Maturin series is best considered to be two of O’Brian’s most
thought of as a single incredibly long work, engaging novels.
similar to other multivolume stories, such as C) It argues that the Aubrey/Maturin series
John Galsworthy’s The Forsyte Saga. deserves the critical renown of works like
The Forsyte Saga.
D) It demonstrates that those readers who
most enjoy reading The Reverse of the
Medal will be those who have just finished
reading The Far Side of the World.

The following text is adapted from Adib 36

Khorram’s 2018 novel Darius the Great
Which choice best describes the function of the
Is Not Okay. The narrator, Darius, is a
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
teenager visiting family in Iran. He and
his friend Sohrab are at the entrance of the A) It presents an image to illustrate what one
ruins of the ancient city of Persepolis. part of the ruins looks like.
B) It emphasizes that the narrator already
“The Gate of All Nations,” Sohrab said. He knows a lot about the city.
gestured to the lamassus [sculptures] and C) It suggests that the narrator had expected
pillars surrounding us. “That’s the name to visit a forest.
in English.” It wasn’t much of a gate any-
more, since anyone of any nation could have D) It indicates the specific time in the past
easily stepped around it instead of walking when the buildings became ruins.
through. But it was still amazing. Behind
the lamassu, more columns sprouted from
the ground like ancient trees in a petrified
forest, forty feet tall, spindly but still mirac-
ulously upright. Giant stone slabs formed
the remains of what must once have been a
breathtaking structure.

@satashkent 473
 Puerto Rico is an island in the Caribbean 37
Sea. Indigenous people there started raising
Which finding, if true, would most directly
guinea pigs about 1,700 years ago. Guinea
weaken the underlined claim?
pigs had originally been domesticated much
earlier in both Colombia and Peru. So were A) Guinea pigs are common in ancient Puerto
guinea pigs brought to Puerto Rico from Rican art, especially in pottery.
Colombia or from Peru? Ancient Caribbean
trade routes connected Puerto Rico with B) Ancient guinea pigs in Puerto Rico were
Colombia but not with Peru. Therefore, genetically less similar to ancient guinea
guinea pigs in Puerto Rico probably came pigs in Colombia than to ancient guinea
from Colombia and descended from Colom- pigs in Peru.
bian guinea pigs. C) The guinea pig population of ancient
Colombia was much larger than the guinea
pig population of ancient Peru.
D) Modern breeds of guinea pigs don’t look
like images of guinea pigs in ancient art
from Puerto Rico, Colombia, and Peru.

Known for the albums Someday My Prince 38

Will Come and Milestones, jazz trumpeter
Which choice best describes the function of the
Miles Davis collaborated several times with
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
pianist Gil Evans. Their 1958 adaptation
of George Gershwin’s opera Porgy and Bess A) It presents examples to support a claim
bears little resemblance to the 1935 original. made earlier in the text.
Davis and Evans felt no desire to please
listeners expecting an exact duplication of B) It shows how two artists benefited from
the opera. They omitted parts, such as ignoring certain conventions.
the aria “I Got Plenty of Nothin’,” and C) It proposes a reason why one work of art is
sometimes made only brief gestures toward widely thought to be more successful than
Gershwin’s melodies. But Davis and Evans’s another.
willingness to recompose Gershwin’s work
led to one of the most enduring albums in D) It undermines an assertion made later in
Davis’s catalog. the text.

@satashkent 474
 Zurich has high pedestrian tra”c, but sim- 39
ply replicating a feature of Zurich associated
Which choice best describes the function of the
with walkability—e.g., its high number of
references to ”demographic characteristic” and
street crossings—may be insu”cient to in-
”neighborhood type” in the text as a whole?
duce increased walking in other cities. As
urbanist Mariela Alfonzo argues, our un- A) They illustrate factors that researchers
derstanding of individuals’ decision-making believe people consider when making
about whether to walk is insu”ciently ro- walking decisions in most contexts but
bust: some studies emphasize the role of that the text argues are unique to walking
demographic characteristics, others the role decisions made by people in Zurich.
of neighborhood type, and so on, but walk-
ing decisions are made in complex contexts B) They are examples of factors that studies
in which multiple conditions and needs in- suggest are important in people’s
form individuals’ choices. decision-making about walking but that
the text claims most people rarely consider
when making walking decisions.
C) They represent factors that have been
identified as important influences on
walking decisions but that the text
suggests are merely some of the many
factors that may contribute to people’s
decision-making about walking.
D) They identify factors that Alfonzo argues
have been overemphasized in studies of
decision-making about walking but that
the text asserts are relevant to most
people’s walking decisions.

@satashkent 475
 Copenhagen has high pedestrian tra”c, but 40
simply replicating a feature of Copenhagen
Which choice best describes the function of the
associated with walkability—e.g., its human-
references to ”population density” and ”average
scaled architecture—may be insu”cient to
commuting distance” in the text as a whole?
induce increased walking in other cities. As
urbanist Mariela Alfonzo argues, our un- A) They identify factors that Alfonzo argues
derstanding of individuals’ decision-making have been overemphasized in studies of
about whether to walk is insu”ciently ro- decision-making about walking but that
bust; some studies emphasize the role of the text asserts are relevant to most
population density, others the role of av- people’s walking decisions.
erage commuting distance, and so on, but
walking decisions are made in complex con- B) They illustrate factors that researchers
texts in which multiple conditions and needs believe people consider when making
inform individuals’ choices. walking decisions in most contexts but
that the text argues are unique to walking
decisions made by people in Copenhagen.
C) They are examples of factors that studies
suggest are important in people’s
decision-making about walking but that
the text claims most people rarely consider
when making walking decisions.
D) They represent factors that have been
identified as important influences on
walking decisions but that the text
suggests are merely some of the many
factors that may contribute to people’s
decision-making about walking.

@satashkent 476
 Driven to sell as many paintings as possible, 41
Alfred Hair, an influential figure among
Which choice best describes the function of the
the landscape artists known as the Florida
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
Highwaymen, pioneered ”fast painting,”
a technique(which in part involved swift A) It details evidence that contradicts a claim
applications of paint) that many Highway- mentioned earlier in the text about a
men, including Isaac Knight, adopted. To long-standing disagreement within a group
conclude that this approach accounts for of artists.
the ethereal qualities now synonymous
with the Highwaymen aesthetic is tempting B) It explains how an artist mentioned earlier
but inaccurate, as Hair’s methods weren’t in the text developed a distinctive style by
universally practiced by his affiliates: Roy adapting a particular approach to painting
McLendon for example, painted with greater originated by his colleagues
deliberateness but achieved the same e!ects. C) It considers and rebuts an interpretation of
the e!ect of a painting technique
mentioned earlier in the text on the
perception of work by a group of artists.
D) It establishes a contrast between the
aesthetic qualities of works by artists who
were central to a movement introduced
earlier in the text and those of an artist
who was more peripheral to that
movement.

The following text is from Louise Erdrich’s 42

1986 novel The Beet Queen. narrator dis-
Which choice best describes the function of the
cusses her relationship with her young niece,
underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
Dot. Celestine, the narrator’s sister-in-law,
is Dot’s mother. A) It makes a prediction about how Celestine
will change as she grows older.

Dot was as impatient with babyhood as I. B) It explores some of the narrator’s

She tried at once to grow out of it. Celes- psychological characteristics.
tine never saw that, because she, and only C) It o!ers a detail that shows how Dot is
she, took pleasure in Dot’s helpless softness. growing stronger.
Only Celestine was saddened by her daugh-
ter’s fierce progress. Day by day, Dot grew D) It indicates how sad Celestine is by
stronger. In her shopping cart stroller she describing a behavior she engages in.
exercised to exhaustion, bouncing for hours
to develop her leg muscles.

@satashkent 477
 Wakako Yamauchi is best known for And 43
the Soul Shall Dance, her 1977 play about a
Which choice best describes the function of the
Japanese American family in Southern Cal-
underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
ifornia. The play is based on a short story
Varcauchi had published three years earlier. A) It describes how Yamauchi chose the
Adapting the story wasn’t easy. Theater actors who performed in the play.
relies on dialogue between characters, but
the original story features little dialogue B) It o!ers information about how Yamauchi
and instead describes its characters’ silent adapted her short story into a play
thoughts. To transform the story into a C) It argues that Yamauchi’s play influenced
play, Yamauchi created situations where later playwrights.
characters reveal their thoughts by speaking
them aloud during conversations with each D) It explains why Yamauchi’s short story is
other. better known than the play adaptation is

The following text is from Jose Rizal’s 1891 44

novel The Reign of Greed (translated by
Which choice best describes the function of the
Charles Derbyshire in 1912).
underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

A) It conveys the urgency some theater

A lady accompanied by her husband entered patrons feel to be the first ones to arrive at
at that moment and took her place in one a performance.
of the two vacant boxes. She had the air
of a queen and gazed disdainfully at the B) It emphasizes a character’s desire to be an
whole house, as if to say, ”I’ve come later actor.
than all of you, you crowd of upstarts and C) It helps explain why some people dislike
provincials, I’ve come later than you!” There attending theatrical performances.
are persons who go to the theater like the
contestants in a mule-race: the last one in, D) It illustrates the lady’s contemptuous
wins, and we know very sensible men who attitude toward the other people in the
would ascend the sca!old rather than enter theater.
a theater before the first act.

@satashkent 478
 Master and Commander, first published 45
in 1969, is a novel in Patrick O’Brian’s
Which choice best describes the function of the
Aubrey/Maturin series, which includes
underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
twenty books plus an unfinished fragment
of a twenty-first. Like the rest of the books A) It demonstrates that those readers who
in the series, Master and Commander has most enjoy reading Post Captain will be
a rather abrupt ending, but the following those who have just finished reading
book, Post Captain, picks up neatly where Master and Commander.
Master and Commander leaves o!. Thus,
the sudden ending is only an issue if one B) It argues that the Aubrey/Maturin series
considers the books as independent texts – deserves the critical renown of works like
the Aubrey/Maturin series is best thought The Forsyte Saga.
of as a single incredibly long work, similar C) It o!ers a detail that helps explain why it
to other multivolume stories, such as John is not necessarily the case that a certain
Galsworthy’s The Forsyte Saga. characteristic of Master and Commander
should be considered a flaw.
D) It presents a reason Master and
Commander and Post Captain are
considered to be two of O’Brien’s most
engaging novels.

Mexican architect Luis Barragán’s prolific 46

career, which spanned the 1920s to the
Which choice best describes the function of the
1980s, evolved through distinct phases.
underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
As epitomized by the Aguilar House in
Guadalajara, many of Barragan’s first A) It presents biographical information that
projects integrated traditional Mexican accounts for the transition in Barragán’s
building techniques into Mediterranean de- career that is discussed in the text.
signs. Extensive travels abroad later sparked
an an engagement with modernist and B) It notes why the two architectural projects
functionalist aesthetics – styles whose em- described in the text constitute major
phasis on utility and whose repudiation of departures from Barragán’s typical style.
traditional architecture’s more ornamental C) It lends support to an argument about the
elements are readily apparent in Barragán’s Mediterranean design aesthetic that is
house in Calle Guadiana. made in the previous sentence.
D) It explains why the architectural project
discussed later in the sentence was highly
regarded by Barragán’s contemporaries.

@satashkent 479
 In 2015 Filipa Faleiro and colleagues pub- 47
lished a study concluding that ocean acidi-
Which choice best describes the function of the
fication has a strong e!ect on the behavior
underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
of Hippocampus guttulatus, a species of
fish. However, Faleiro and colleagues’ study A) It summarizes a shift in scientists’
relied on a mean sample size of only 6 understanding of how Hippocampus
fish. In a 2022 review of various scientists’ guttulatus has responded to ocean
conclusions about the impacts of ocean acid- acidification.
ification on fish behavior, Je! C. Clements
and colleagues caution caution that relying B) It elaborates on a potential consequence of
on such a relatively small sample size can Faleiro and colleagues’ reliance on a
increase the potential for biased analysis. relatively small sample size.
Such analysis, in turn, can contribute to C) It emphasizes the magnitude of the e!ect
reports of exaggerated effects. reported by Faleiro and colleagues of ocean
acidification on Hippocampus guttulatus.
D) It counters the objection of Clements and
colleagues to studies that rely on relatively
small sample sizes.

A microgenre is a specialized genre consisting 48

of a comparatively small number of stylisti-
Which choice best describes the function of the
cally similar artists. The microgenre of elec-
underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
tronic music known as hyperpop emerged
in the 2010s, with American singer Dorian A) It anticipates an objection to the text’s
Electra as an early exponent. Their com- endorsement of hyperpop.
bination of lush synthesizer arrangements
and propulsive beats with vocals electron- B) It notes an exception to the text’s
ically shifted in pitch below their natural description of hyperpop.
range exemplifies the hyperpop sound. More C) It defines a term used in the text’s
recently, Japanese-British recording artist discussion of hyperpop.
Rina Sawayama has contributed to the mi-
crogenre by incorporating pop melodies into D) It states that the text’s intended audience
hyperpop songs. mainly consists of hyperpop fans.

@satashkent 480
 Cuttlefish and toads see in three dimen- 49
sions (3D) by combining two images in
Which choice best describes the function of the
their brains, one from each eye. This pro-
underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
duces a sense of depth, helping the animals
judge how close or far away an object is. A) It identifies a potential problem that the
Researchers have investigated 3D vision researchers faced while studying the
in praying mantises as well. In one study, praying mantises.
Vivek Nityananda and his team fitted man-
tises’ faces with two di!erent color filters, B) It o!ers a comparison meant to aid
one covering each eye, much like the filters understanding of the praying mantis study.
in 3D glasses once worn at movies. By C) It emphasizes a di!erence between the
observing the mantises reaction to projected research on praying mantis vision and
images, the team confirmed that mantises research on other animals’ vision.
do indeed have 3D vision, but it’s unlike
that of other animals. D) It describes an earlier use of a tool the
researchers used in the praying mantis
study

Benjamin Prud’homme and colleagues have 50

explored how convergent evolution – a phe-
Which choice best states the function of the
nomenon that occurs when the same trait
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
evolves independently in two reproductively
separate lineages – can result from a ge- A) It provides examples of how a phenomenon
netic mechanism shared by both lineages. was studied by scientists in the field before
KP Johan Meanwhile, Patricia J. Wittkopp Green and Extavour’s study.
and colleagues have investigated how con-
vergence occurs through di!erent genetic B) It gives a basic description of a
mechanisms, but the relative prevalence of phenomenon that is central to the
convergence through shared and di!erent discussion that follows
genetic processes is still poorly understood. C) It clarifies a concept that the author
This motivated biologists Delbert A. Green Implies was unclear in the studies
II and Cassandra G. Extavour to evaluate mentioned in the text.
both types of convergence in a single study
for their 2012 paper. D) It introduces a method of scientific
analysis that is discussed in greater detail
later in the text.

@satashkent 481
 Vancouver has high pedestrian tra”c, but 51
other cities cannot increase their pedestrian
Based on the text, the author would most likely
tra”c simply by replicating a single feature
agree with which statement about Vancouver’s
of Vancouver – e.g., its high number of
”high number of pedestrian amenities”?
pedestrian amenities – that is associated
with walkability. As urbanist Mariela Al- A) It may increase walkability in Vancouver
fonzo Johan argues, many factors influence but is known to reduce walkability in other
people’s decision-making about whether to cities.
walk: some studies have shown the impor-
tance of demographic characteristics, others B) It is better understood as an e!ect of the
have shown the importance of average com- high level of pedestrian tra”c in
muting distance, and so on, and it is clear Vancouver than as a cause of that
that none of these factors in isolation fully pedestrian tra”c.
explains pedestrian habits in a given city. C) It a!ects walking decisions in Vancouver
less than demographic characteristics and
average commuting distance do.
D) It should be understood as just one of
several factors that influence pedestrian
activity in Vancouver.

The following text is from Sara Teasdale’s 52

1922 poem ”Two Songs for Solitude.”
Which choice best describes the function of the
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
My heart has grown rich with the passing
of years, A) It explains speaker’s views about proper
I have less need now than when I was young toward new acquaintances.
To share myself with every comer,
Or shape my thoughts into words with my B) It provides examples of behaviors the
tongue. speaker is less inclined toward than she
once was.
C) It presents an episode from the speaker’s
youth that she remembers fondly.
D) It emphasizes the social habits the speaker
has developed over her lifetime.

@satashkent 482
 A student is studying how woma pythons, 53
eastern brown snakes, and rough-scaled
Which finding from Christian Zdenek, Timothy
death adders react to sound. The student
Staples, and their team’s study, if true, would
knew that many snakes display movement of
most directly challenge the underlined
more than 20 cm in response to sound trav-
assumption?
eling through the ground, but assumed that
snakes do not detect sound traveling through A) Neither eastern brown snakes nor
the air until reading a study by Christina rough-scaled death adders display
Zdenek, Timothy Staples, and their team. movement of more than 20 cm in response
to airborne sound.
B) Woma pythons have better overall hearing
than do rough-scaled death adders.
C) Both woma pythons and eastern brown
snakes react only to sounds traveling
through the ground.
D) Woma pythons, eastern brown snakes, and
rough-scaled death adders display
movement of more than 20 cm in response
to both ground and airborne sound waves.

The Hundred Days, first published in 54

1998, is a novel in Patrick O’Brian’s
Which choice best describes the function of the
Aubrey/Maturin series, which includes
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
twenty completed books. Some critics have
found fault with the abrupt endings of The A) It presents a reason most critics think the
Hundred Days and other books in the series, Aubrey/Maturin series should have the
saying that they do not finish conclusively literary renown of similar works like In
but arbitrarily stop. But other critics argue Search of Lost Time.
that the books should not be thought of as
discrete texts with traditional beginnings B) It explains why many critics find the
and endings but as a single incredibly long Aubrey/Maturin novels to be entertaining
work, similar to other multivolume stories, despite flaws in the novels’ structures.
such as Marcel Proust’s In Search of Lost C) It argues that the unusual structure that
Time. O’Brian uses for The Hundred Days makes
it one of his most entertaining books.
D) It summarizes a positive assessment of a
particular characteristic of the
Aubrey/Maturin novels.

@satashkent 483
 In the early days of television in the 1940s, 55
many people thought that US television
Which choice best describes the function of the
programs would rely on the financial sup-
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
port of ad agencies and commercial spon-
sors, much like radio did. But advertisers A) It describes how broadcasters attempted to
hesitated to jump into a new space, partic- convince advertisers to support television.
ularly at a time when the manufacturing
of new television sets was stalled due to B) It explains why a type of television
the US’s involvement in World War II. programming was popular at the time.
Broadcasters, like the National Broadcast- C) It identifies a specific reason behind some
ing Company (NBC), needed to persuade advertisers’ hesitance to support television.
advertisers to support their programming
despite not knowing whether there would be D) It compares the beginnings of radio
a robust television audience to begin with. programming with the beginnings of
television programming in the United
States.

Dubautia raillardioides is a species in a 56

family of plants known collectively as the
Which choice best describes the function of the
silversword alliance, all of which grow only
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
on the Hawaiian Islands. Members of this
alliance exhibit an extraordinary range of A) It lists species from a family of plants
phenotypes, with some species maturing found only on the Hawaiian Islands.
into vines and others into shrubs and trees.
All species in the alliance descended from a B) It explains why Dubautia raillardioides is
single ancestral tarweed plant that arrived unique among members of the silversword
on the islands around 5 million years ago. alliance.
The tarweed’s descendants diversified into C) It supplies the name used to refer to a
distinct species as they adapted to live in group of related plant species.
the wide variety of habitats found on the
Hawaiian Islands. D) It provides the common name for the
Dubautia raillardioides plant.

@satashkent 484
 Individual elephants and Arctic herbivores 57
such as caribou tend to have fixed geographic
Which choice best describes the function of the
ranges throughout their lifetimes, which
underlined portion in the text as a whole?
had prompted some researchers to speculate
that the Arctic woolly mammoth, an extinct A) It discusses a characteristic shared by
elephantid, might have exhibited similar be- certain animals in order to explain why
havior. Mammoth tusks grew in sequential researchers raised a possibility that turned
layers, incorporating ingested minerals and out not to be supported by data described
organics, and so each ivory stratum reflects later in the text.
the ratio of strontium isotopes (”Sr/Sr) in
the local environment; thus, the sequence B) It illustrates a pattern of behavior among
of strata shows where the animal roamed certain animals in order to present a
during life. Recent analysis of the strontium theory about exceptions to that pattern
ratios in the strata of one Arctic woolly that is weakened by a finding described
mammoth tusk in relation to the geographic later in the text.
distribution of strontium ratios in the envi- C) It describes a similarity in the behavior of
ronment shows the animal’s range begin to certain animals in order to show why a
expand as it reached sexual maturity, only method described later in the text did not
to contract again in its final 1.5 years. reveal whether another animal also showed
that behavior.
D) It introduces a trait shared by certain
animals in order to contextualize a
hypothesis about the origin of that trait
that is advanced later in the text.

@satashkent 485
Topic 15: Cross-Text Connection
26 Questions

DIRECTIONS

Must Know Tips:

• Read the passages first (1st then 2nd).

• Pay attention to the questions.

• Know or guess the relationship between the passages before looking at the answer choices.

• To find something, you need to know what you’re searching for.

Recommended time per question in this section: min: 1 min, max: 2 min, avg: 1 min 30 sec.
(*Exam level)

Text 1: 1
Odaham farmers in Sonoran desert of the
Based on the texts, the author of text 1 and the
southwestern US and Northern Mexico plant
author of text 2 most likely agree on what point?
di!erent species in the same plot of land to
help protect against the e!ect of drought. A) Gray’s team’s method could be refined to
For example, while organ pipe cacti can prevent soil moisture more actively from
tolerate extended periods of low moisture evaporating.
in the upper soil, Chia flowers cannot. So,
planting both species helps ensure that even B) Organ pipe and solar panels both provide
in growing seasons too dry for Chia flowers, adequate shade to help protect the
a farmer might still be able to harvest a moisture in the upper soil.
pipe organ fruit.
C) The Odaham approach has an advantage
over Gray’s team’s approach in that is
Text 2:
capable of producing chia seeds.
Chia flowers are well adapted to growing
in the desert but are highly dependent on D) Chia flowers require more moisture in the
having su”cient moisture in the upper soil. upper soil than organ pipe cacti do.
Inspired by Odaham farmers, who often
plant some crop species in the shade of more
drought-tolerant species such as organ pipe
cacti to help prevent the sun from drying
the upper soil, Gray and colleagues planted
Chia flowers in the shade of solar panels
in Sonoran Desert and found that the chia
flowers grew well.

@satashkent 486
 Text 1: 2
For decades, ornithologists assumed that if
Based on the text, how would Odom and
they saw a singing Bell’s vireo-a bird species
colleagues (Text 2) most likely respond to the
found in temperate North American-they
view of birdsong presented in Text 1?
must be observing a male. That’s because
birdsong has long been considered a male A) They would suggest that it reflects a
trait; researchers have argued that males to tendency to study male birds rather than
attract mates and claim territory. female birds.
Text 2: B) They would claim that other factors than
Recent evidence shows that a female Bell’s mate attraction and territorial defense
vireo is as capable of song as a male is. In have driven that evolution of singing in
fact, Karan J. Odom and colleagues found male birds.
evidence of female song in 71% of the 323
C) They would underscore that male
species they examined. They claim that the
songbirds in temperature zones are likely
historical mischaracterization of birdsong
using their songs for di!erent purposes
as a male trait is largely the result of bias:
than are male songbirds in the tropics.
much of the research ornithologists have
carried out has been near universities in D) They would argue that it was influenced
the temperate northern hemisphere, where by the kinds of study sites researchers
female birdsong is less common than it is in tended to selected.
the tropics.

Text 1: 3
According to a study by a conservation
Based on the texts, both authors would most
group representing 11 tribal nations in the
likely agree with which statement?
Great Lakes region, the northern pike (gi-
noozhe in the Ojibwe language) will have A) A collaborative approach is necessary to
significantly worse outcomes over the next keep temperatures in the Great Lakes
50 years if temperatures increase as much region from increasing to the highest
as some models suggest. By contrast, the predicted levels.
white-tailed deer (waawaashkeshi in Ojibwe)
should be able to withstand the highest pre- B) Agencies involved in natural-resource
dicted warming without much harm and so management in the Great Lakes region
likely won’t require the conservation e!orts should focus their conservation e!orts
that the northern wild pike will. more on the northern pike than on the
white-tailed deer.
Text 2:
C) Conservation e!orts focused on the
US government agencies involved in con-
northern pike are more likely to be
servation are unfortunately not able to
successful if they incorporate state and
address every possible threat to natural
federal agency resources with the
resources. They must use the best informa-
knowledge of tribal groups in those e!orts.
tion available to decide which species are
most threatened and therefore most in need D) State, federal, and tribal groups involved
of conservation e!orts. in natural resource management in the
Great Lakes region should immediately
begin conservation programs for both the
northern pike and white-tailed deer.

@satashkent 487
 Text 1: 4
In 2019 Arequipa, Peru, was named a City
Which choice best describes a di!erence in how
of Gastronomy by UNESCO in recogni-
the authors of the texts view the benefits of
tion of the city’s unique food culture. The
being named a City of Gastronomy?
honor is well known among both residents
of the city and tourists who visit. Simply A) The author of Text 1 considers the e!ects
by selecting Arequipa, UNESCO has helped of Arequipa’s City of Gastronomy status
bring awareness to local recipes, cooking to be less permanent than the author of
practices, and chefs and has provided a sig- Text 2 considers them to be.
nificant boost to the city’s tourism industry.
B) The author of Text 1 states that the
Text 2: benefits are automatic, while the author of
Many people in Arequipa’s restaurant indus- Text 2 states that e!ort is required to fully
try hoped that food tourism would increase achieve the benefits.
after the city was chosen as a City of Gas-
C) The author of Text 1 views Arequipa’s
tronomy in 2019. However, as researcher
status as a City of Gastronomy as having
Eerang Park and colleagues argue, cities
been beneficial for the city, but the author
must still create e!ective marketing strate-
of Text 2 questions whether there’s been a
gies to benefit fully from being named a
benefit.
City of Gastronomy. Without the inten-
tional e!ort that was made to promote the D) The author of Text 1 assumes that a city’s
city’s food scene, many current and poten- restaurant owners and chefs are most likely
tial visitors to Arequipa would not even be to benefit from a city being named a City
aware that it’s home to uniquely delicious of Gastronomy, but the author of Text 2
food. states that the honor most a!ects tour
guides and tour operators.

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 Text 1: 5
Scholarship today overrepresents formal
Based on the texts, how would the author of
experimentation, such as William Carlos
Text 2 most likely regard the emphasis that
Williams’s use of minimalistic, image-based
Text 1 places on poetic form during the
structures, well beyond the degree to which
modernist period?
it actually influenced US poetry during
the modernist period (roughly 1900-1945). A) As having the e!ect of forestalling
Meanwhile, the work of Countee Cullen, consideration of the full stylistic
who relied on conventional poetic forms dimensions of poetry written in the period.
associated with previous literary periods, at-
tracts woefully little attention from scholars B) As overestimating the impact that poetic
of modernism. form, whether experimental or
conventional, has on the reading
Text 2: experience.
Distant reading, or computer-assisted quan-
C) As being founded on a misconception
titative analysis of massive collections of
about modernist poetry that has been
digitized texts, can reveal stylistic elements
called into question by distant reading.
that have heretofore escaped notice, despite
being shared by numerous texts from the D) As complementing the study of other
modernist period. For too long, scholars stylistic features that distinguish the
have focused on experimental versus con- modernist period.
ventional poetic forms, inhibiting inquiry
into other points of stylistic correspondence
among poems that would enrich our under-
standing of the modernist canon.

Text 1: 6
Attempts to automate classification of music
Based on the texts, how would the author of
into genres have not been very successful. It
Text 1 most likely respond to the claim about
is also unclear whether categorizing music
the potential benefits of Costa and colleagues’
by genre is useful, since genre categories
research in Text 2?
are ambiguous, subjective, and simplistic.
As Jin Ha Lee and Anh Thu Nguyen argue A) By suggesting that future research may
in their study of the South Korean band provide substantial advancements in the
BTS, relationships between pieces of music field of automated genre classification.
may be best understood with concepts other
than genre. B) By asserting that genre classifications may
not be the most helpful way to think
Text 2: about music
Forró is a genre of music originally from
C) By arguing that some genres are more
Brazil that shares some harmonic and
easily recognized by classification systems
rhythmic similarities with the bolero genre.
than others
Automated genre classification systems
typically struggle to draw distinctions in D) By emphasizing that humans do not
situations like this, but Yandre Costa and necessarily enjoy every recording in a
colleagues solved that problem by convert- genre they claim to prefer
ing sound to images and having computers
compare features of those images. Their
approach could improve genre classification,
which could have many benefits for users.

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 Text 1: 7
Toni Morrison’s 1973 novel Sula, a tale of
Based on the texts, how would the author of
two women’s lives set in small-town Ohio
Text 2 most likely respond to the claim about
from the 1910s to the 1960s, has been de-
Sula advanced by the author of Text 1?
scribed as historical fiction. While it’s inar-
guable that Morrison’s book takes place in A) By arguing that Morrison displays a
the past rather than in her own time, Sula thorough knowledge of historical details in
is much richer and more complicated than Sula
the mere re-creation of the past suggested
by the term ”historical fiction.” B) By asserting that dissatisfaction with
describing Sula as historical fiction reflects
Text 2: a misunderstanding of the genre
Some literary critics dismiss historical fic-
C) By conceding that the genre of historical
tion as a shallow genre in which writers
fiction contains many works that are less
show o! their knowledge of period details
sophisticated than Sula is
rather than tell meaningful stories. But
historical fiction can be used to explore D) By claiming that the author of Text 1 has
profound themes and complex characters in underestimated the richness and
fact, many writers find that writing about complexity of Sula
the past gives them a creative freedom
they’d lack if they wrote about the present.

Text 1: 8
In southern and central Georgia, many
Based on the texts, how would Rubayet Bin
buildings and other structures rest on soil
Mostafiz and colleagues (Text 2) most likely
that is expansive, meaning that it swells or
respond to the information presented in Text 1?
shrinks as its moisture level changes. Civil
engineer Jay X. Wang has noted that the A) They would encourage engineers in
e!ects of expansive soil appear slowly in the southern and central Georgia to insert
form of gradually growing cracks in founda- vapor barriers between new structures’
tions, walls, and pavements. Because these foundations and the surrounding soil.
e!ects are incremental and can generally be
repaired (though at some cost), structures B) They would argue that engineers in
in southern and central Georgia are typi- southern and central Georgia have
cally not built to resist them. misjudged the e!ectiveness of the
techniques they use to reduce the e!ects of
Text 2: expansive soil.
In a 2021 study, Rubayet Bin Mostafiz and
C) They would suggest that engineers in
colleagues calculated that in the state of
southern and central Georgia consider the
Louisiana alone, the annual cost of damage
cost of reinforcing the vapor barriers
caused by expansive soils reaches nearly $90
between existing structural foundations
million. But they note that this damage
and the soil.
can be mitigated: building vapor barriers
between structural foundations and the soil D) They would recommend that engineers in
can significantly reduce the e!ects of soil southern and central Georgia measure the
swelling and shrinking. moisture level in the soil beneath proposed
structures before beginning construction.

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 Text 1: 9
Isaac Asimov, author of Robots and Empire
Based on the texts, how would the author of
and I, Robot, is highly regarded despite his
Text 2 most likely respond to the description of
mediocre writing style. His prose is work-
Asimov’s characters in the underlined portion of
manlike; his characters are flat and discuss
Text 1?
ideas rather than emotions. That his work
is enjoyable despite this is a testament to A) The flatness of Asimov’s characters is a
his prodigious imagination even if people feature of Robots and Empire and I,
read his books only for the ideas, they will Robot but not of Foundation.
have plenty to consider.
B) Asimov’s characterizations would have
Text 2: been more believable if his writing had
Asimov is critiqued for his style, but it is discussed fewer ideas.
wrong to fault a writer for failing to do
C) Asimov’s characterizations would have
what he never intended to do. For example,
been richer if he had possessed a deeper
although most of his novel Foundation con-
understanding of history.
sists of people discussing science and politics
and we find out little about his characters’ D) The flatness of Asimov’s characters should
lives, Asimov wanted to convey the vast not necessarily be considered a flaw in his
sweep of human history over centuries, and writing.
one of his points is that at such a timescale,
individuals don’t matter. Thus his lack of
characterization is central to his thematic
aims.

Text 1: 10
In northern and western Nebraska, many
Based on the texts, how would Rubayet Bin
buildings and other structures rest on soil
Mostafiz and colleagues (Text 2) most likely
that is expansive, meaning that it swells or
respond to the information presented in Text 1?
shrinks as its moisture level changes. Civil
engineer Jay X. Wang has noted that the A) They would recommend that engineers in
e!ects of expansive soil appear slowly in the northern and western Nebraska measure
form of gradually growing cracks in founda- the moisture level in the soil beneath
tions, walls, and pavements. Because these proposed structures before beginning
e!ects are incremental and can generally be construction.
repaired (though at some cost), structures
in northern and western Nebraska are typi- B) They would argue that engineers in
cally not built to resist them. northern and western Nebraska have
misjudged the e!ectiveness of the
Text 2: techniques they use to reduce the e!ects of
In a 2021 study, Rubayet Bin Mostafiz and expansive soil.
colleagues calculated that in the state of
C) They would encourage engineers in
Louisiana alone, the annual cost of damage
northern and western Nebraska to use pile
caused by expansive soils reaches nearly $90
supports when building new structures.
million. But they note that this damage can
be mitigated: building structures on pile D) They would suggest that engineers in
supports can significantly reduce the e!ects northern and western Nebraska consider
of soil swelling and shrinking. the cost of replacing the pile supports on
which existing structures rest.

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 Text 1: 11
A conservation group representing 11 tribal
Based on the texts, both authors would most
nations in the Great Lakes region reported
likely agree with which statement?
to various state and federal natural re-
sources agencies operating in the region A) Natural resources conservation projects are
that the firefly (waawaatesi in the Ojibwe likely to benefit from collaboration
language) will likely fare significantly worse between tribal and government groups.
than the black bear (makwa in Ojibwe)
due to rising temperatures over the next B) A collaborative approach to conservation
50 years. This collaborative approach has is likely to help reduce the predicted
helped build trust between government and temperature increases in the Great Lakes
tribal groups, which will likely improve the region.
quality of any joint conservation projects.
C) In the Great Lakes region, it is more
important to focus conservation e!orts on
Text 2:
the firefly than it is to focus on the black
State and federal natural resources agencies
bear.
are increasingly incorporating traditional
ecological knowledge from tribal groups in D) In the Great Lakes region, conservation
the agencies’ plans to address threats to e!orts focused on the firefly are likely to
natural resources due to increasing tem- be more e!ective than those focused on
peratures. This approach has helped build the black bear.
positive relationships between tribal groups
and these agencies and furthermore tends to
lead to better conservation outcomes.

Text 1: 12
When the 50-second-long film Arrival of the
Based on the texts, the author of Text 2 would
Train—which depicts what its title says, a
most likely agree with which statement about
train pulling into a station—was first shown
the description of the first showing of Arrival of
publicly in 1896, spectators, naı̈ve to the
the Train in Text 1?
new medium of film and seeing a train ap-
pearing to come directly at them, leaped A) It is not based on evidence and reflects
from their seats and fled the room. This film historians’ belief that they are more
moment marks a major cultural shift: a new sophisticated than today’s audiences.
way of representing and seeing the world
had arrived with that train, and nothing B) It expresses a view about the
would ever be the same. transformative nature of film that film
historians tend to regard as naı̈ve.
Text 2:
C) It is more motivated by a perception of the
The fact that there is no contemporary ev-
significance of the invention of film than
idence that the first audience of Arrival of
by facts.
the Train was alarmed has not stopped the
story from becoming canonical, even among D) It reflects a misconception that is widely
film historians. But that phenomenon itself believed because it captures early film
is highly revealing. Our belief that the com- audiences’ sense that the new medium was
ing of film was transformative is so strong alarming.
that we invented and keep retelling a found-
ing myth that divides cultural history into a
(naı̈ve) ”before” and (sophisticated) ”after.”

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 Text 1: 13
According to a study by a conservation
Based on the texts, both authors would most
group representing 11 tribal nations in the
likely agree with which statement?
Great Lakes region, the lake trout (namegos
in the Ojibwe language) will have signif- A) A collaborative approach is necessary to
icantly worse outcomes over the next 50 keep temperatures in the Great Lakes
years if temperatures increase as much as region from increasing to the highest
some models suggest. By contrast, the bald predicted levels.
eagle (migizi in Ojibwe) should be able to
withstand the highest predicted warming B) Agencies involved in natural-resource
without much harm and so likely won’t re- management in the Great Lakes region
quire the conservation e!orts that the lake should focus their conservation e!orts
trout will. more on the lake trout than on the bald
eagle.
Text 2:
C) State, federal, and tribal groups involved
US government agencies involved in con-
in natural-resource management in the
servation are unfortunately not able to
Great Lakes region should immediately
address every possible threat to natural
begin conservation programs for both the
resources. They must use the best informa-
lake trout and bald eagle.
tion available to decide which species are
most threatened and therefore most in need D) Conservation e!orts focused on the lake
of conservation e!orts. trout are more likely to be successful if
they incorporate state and federal agency
resources with the knowledge of tribal
groups in those e!orts.

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 Text 1: 14
In separate studies, Stephen Meding and
Based on the texts, which choice best describes
Robert J. Zasoski and Xinhua He and col-
a point on which the author of Text 1 and the
leagues examined whether plants transfer
author of Text 2 would most likely agree?
nutrients to one another using a common
mycorrhizal network (CMN)—a lattice of A) Meding and Zasoski’s study e!ectively
fungal strands in the soil. Meding and Za- excluded any explanation for nutrient
soski excluded all pathways other than the transfer other than via a CMN.
CMN by using barriers to keep the plants’
root systems separate while allowing myc- B) Excluding root-to-root transfer of
orrhizal strands through—a crucial step He nutrients between plants is su”cient to
and colleagues’ study did not take. ensure that any observed nutrient transfer
must involve a CMN.
Text 2:
C) He and colleagues’ study was not designed
Meding and Zasoski took the necessary
in a way that would allow it to produce
precaution of separating the plants’ root
compelling evidence that nutrient transfer
systems (thereby excluding root-to-root
occurred via a CMN.
transmission). However, any barrier used
must allow the thread-like hyphae of a D) A barrier that is impervious to both roots
CMN to pass through, and this permeability and fungal strands is necessary to evaluate
would also allow liquids through. Thus, the nutrient transfer via a CMN.
researchers’ experimental design cannot en-
sure that any nutrient transfer observed can
be attributed to a CMN and not to some
other pathway.

Text 1: 15
In parts of New Zealand, the stoat is a ma-
Based on the texts, the author of Text 2 would
jor predator of the house mouse. Researcher
most likely agree with which statement about
G.L. Blackwell and colleagues found that
the “principle” mentioned in Text 1?
when this predation pressure on house mice
was temporarily reduced, their numbers sig- A) It is plausible, but many of the studies
nificantly increased. This finding illustrates that support it have methodological flaws.
a foundational ecological principle: preda-
tors control prey population numbers. B) It has been challenged by some studies,
but the findings of those studies have not
Text 2: been widely accepted.
William D. Gulsby and colleagues found
C) It may be true for some predators but only
that excluding coyotes from a site in the
because those predators share certain
state of Georgia where they typically prey
physical characteristics.
on white-tailed deer had no significant e!ect
on white-tailed deer abundance. Many other D) It has some evidential support, but it
predation relief studies show an increase should not be regarded as universally
in prey abundance, but those studies often applicable.
focus on small, rapidly reproducing prey,
like birds, mice, and frogs, rather than large,
slowly reproducing prey, like white-tailed
deer, which could account for the di!erence
between those results and Gulsby and col-
leagues’ results.

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 Text 1: 16
In parts of Australia, the feral cat is a
Based on the texts, the author of Text 2 would
major predator of the ash-grey mouse. Re-
most likely agree with which statement about
searcher Danielle A. Risbey and colleagues
Risbey and colleagues’ findings (Text 1)?
found that when this predation pressure
on ash-grey mice was temporarily reduced, A) They may be partially attributable to
their numbers significantly increased. This physical characteristics of ash-grey mice
finding illustrates a foundational ecological that are not shared by moose.
principle: predators control prey population
numbers. B) They may have been di!erent if the ratio
of the body size of feral cats to that of
Text 2: ash-grey mice was greater than it is.
Michel Crête and Hélène Jolicoeur found
C) They may be partially explained by the
that excluding wolves from a site in Quebec,
fact that feral cats are smaller and
Canada, where they typically prey on moose
reproduce more rapidly than wolves.
had no significant e!ect on moose abun-
dance. Many other predation relief studies D) They may reflect a response that does not
show an increase in prey abundance, but tend to be observed in prey species other
those studies often focus on small, rapidly than ash-grey mice.
reproducing prey, like birds, mice, and rab-
bits, rather than large, slowly reproducing
prey, like moose, which could account for
the di!erence between those results and
Crête and Jolicoeur’s results.

Text 1: 17
In parts of Yukon, Canada, the lynx is a
Based on the texts, the author of Text 2 would
major predator of the arctic ground squirrel.
most likely agree with which statement about
Researcher Andrea E. Byrom and colleagues
Byrom and colleagues’ findings (Text 1)?
found that when this predation pressure on
arctic ground squirrels was temporarily re- A) They may be partially explained by the
duced, their numbers significantly increased. fact that lynxes are smaller and reproduce
This finding illustrates a foundational eco- more rapidly than coyotes.
logical principle: predators control prey
population numbers. B) They may have been di!erent if the ratio
of the body size of lynxes to that of arctic
Text 2: ground squirrels was greater than it is.
Mark A. Hurley and colleagues found that
C) They may reflect a response that does not
excluding coyotes from a site in the state
tend to be observed in prey species other
of Idaho where they typically prey on mule
than arctic ground squirrels.
deer had no significant e!ect on mule deer
abundance. Many other predation relief D) They may be partially attributable to
studies show an increase in prey abundance, physical characteristics of arctic ground
but those studies often focus on small, squirrels that are not shared by mule deer.
rapidly reproducing prey, like birds, squir-
rels, and rabbits, rather than large, slowly
reproducing prey like mule deer, which
could account for the di!erence between
those results and Hurley and colleagues’
results.

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 Text 1: 18
For thousands of years, O’odham farmers in
Based on the texts, the author of Text 1 and the
the Sonoran desert of the southwestern US
author of Text 2 would most likely agree on
and northern Mexico have cultivated elder-
which point?
berries and chia seeds, sometimes planting
these species together so that the elderberry A) Elderberry bushes can provide shade that
bushes provide shade for chia flowers. Doing protects chia flowers from high-intensity
so helps protect chia flowers from the harsh- heat and light.
est heat and light and thereby helps prevent
soil moisture from evaporating. B) Nabhan’s team’s method could be refined
to more actively prevent soil moisture from
Text 2: evaporating.
Chia flowers are well adapted to growing
C) Compared with Nabhan’s approach, the
in the desert but grow best when shaded.
O’odham approach has the advantage of
Inspired by O’odham farmers, who often
producing chia seeds.
strategically plant chia flowers in the shade
of sun-hardy species like elderberry bushes D) Elderberry bushes grow best when planted
for protection from the sun and heat, Gary in shaded areas, while chia flowers do not
Nabhan and colleagues planted chia flowers require shade to thrive.
in the shade of solar panels in the Sonoran
desert and found that the plants grew well,
suggesting to Nabhan and colleagues that
the panels provide a benefit similar to that
provided by elderberry bushes.

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 Text 1: 19
The poet Audre Lorde once claimed that
Based on the texts, Lorde (Text 1) and the
poetry is the most inexpensive of art forms
author of Text 2 would most likely disagree
to practice. While people who pursue other
about the answer to which of the following
art forms – painting, architecture, theater
questions?
– require large blocks of uninterrupted time
as well as money to complete their work, A) Do other art forms than poetry require
poets can write, as Lorde said, ”between substantial investments of time and
shifts, in the hospital pantry, on the subway, money?
and on scraps of surplus paper.” So poets
can practice their art even if they must earn B) Should poets try to gain experience
their living in another way. working in nonartistic fields as a way of
improving their poetry?
Text 2:
C) Does professional training in poetry a!ect
Any assessment of the state of contempo-
the quality of poet’s work?
rary poetry must reckon with the profes-
sionalization of the field. While it is possible D) Is working a full-time job a major
in theory for anyone to publish in Virginia impediment to practicing the art of
Quarterly Review, Kenyon Review, or a poetry?
similar major poetry outlet, many people
who do so have professional training in po-
etry and extensive practice writing it, which
requires time not often available to those
who must also work full-time jobs. Thus,
financial security indirectly a!ects which
people become poets.

@satashkent 497
 Text 1: 20
One challenge faced by researchers study-
Based on the text, how would the author of Text
ing global urbanization is that countries
2 most likely respond to the problem presented
may define urban settlements di!erently.
in Text 1?
Many countries define urban settlements
based on the number of people living in A) By suggesting that researchers focus on
them. However, countries do not all use the topics besides urbanization.
same number; for example, Greenland uses
a minimum population of 200, while the B) By noting that a possible solution to the
Netherlands uses 20,000. Other countries problem is available.
use a combination of population and other
C) By recommending that a specific
factors. This variation makes it di”cult for
institution should further investigate the
researchers to compare aspects of urbaniza-
problem.
tion in di!erent countries.
D) By supplying additional ways in which
Text 2: urbanization research is di”cult.
Recently, a group of six international or-
ganizations developed global definitions of
common types of settlements. The group
developed a new measure called the ”degree
of urbanization.” This new measure estab-
lishes global criteria used to define three
types of settlements (cities, towns, and rural
areas) and allows researchers to better un-
derstand global urbanization rates.

@satashkent 498
 Text 1: 21
The island of Grande Terre split from the
Based on the texts, the author of Text 2 would
former supercontinent Gondwana around
most likely agree with which statement about
80 million years ago, carrying Gondwanan
the ”Gondwanan species” discussed in Text 1?
species from a variety of clades with it. The
island was periodically submerged until 37 A) Most of them began recolonizing Grande
million years ago, but some researchers sug- Terre from nearby islands around 2.0
gest that its current biota includes species million years ago.
from clades predating the split that took
refuge on islands near Grande Terre during B) Clades to which they belong originated no
submergence events and then returned. earlier than 41.1 million years ago.
C) Few if any of them were members of a
Text 2:
clade that includes species currently
Thomas R. Buckley et al. found that the
inhabiting Grande Terre.
crown age – the age of the most recent com-
mon ancestor of all species in the clade (i.e., D) Although most of them have living
the clade’s founder) – of Grande Terre’s descendants on Grande Terre, the stick
clade of stick insects is 41.1 million years, insects and Goodeniaceae plants do not.
which is among the oldest clade crown
ages of species inhabiting the island today.
Nearly all of Grande Terre’s living species
belong to clades that originated much more
recently: for example, the crown age of the
island’s clade of Goodeniaceae plants is 2.0
million years.

@satashkent 499
 Text 1: 22
According to a study by a conservation
Based on the texts, both authors would most
group representing 11 tribal nations in the
likely agree with which statement?
Great Lakes region, the northern wild rice
(manoomin in the Ojibwe language) will A) State, federal, and tribal groups involved
have significantly worse outcomes over the in natural-resource management in the
next 50 years if temperatures increase as Great Lakes region should immediately
much as some models suggest. By contrast, begin conservation programs for both the
the white-tailed deer (waawaashkeshi in northern wild rice and white-tailed deer.
Ojibwe) should be able to withstand the
highest predicted warming without much B) Agencies involved in natural-resource
harm and so likely won’t require the con- management in the Great Lakes region
servation e!orts that the northern wild rice should focus their conservation e!orts
will. more on the northern wild rice than on the
white-tailed deer.
Text 2:
C) A collaborative approach is necessary to
US government agencies involved in con-
keep temperatures in the Great Lakes
servation are unfortunately not able to
region from increasing to the highest
address every possible threat to natural
predicted levels.
resources. They must use the best informa-
tion available to decide which species are D) Conservation e!orts focused on the
most threatened and therefore most in need northern wild rice are more likely to be
of conservation e!orts. successful if they incorporate state and
federal agency resources with the
knowledge of tribal groups in those e!orts.

@satashkent 500
 Text 1: 23
Uisdean Nicholson and his team have dis-
Which choice best describes a di!erence between
covered evidence in seismic data of a 40-
the approach of Text 1 and the approach of Text
kilometer-wide subsurface crater beneath
2?
nearly a kilometer of water o! the coast of
West Africa that is consistent with a 400- A) Text 1 dispassionately describes Nicholson
meter wide asteroid striking the seafloor. and colleagues’ findings and conclusions,
This structure, which the team named whereas Text 2 attempts to convey the
Nadir, exhibits all the telltale signs of a researchers’ excitement on discovering
high-velocity impact crater: an elevated Nadir.
rim, a circular shape, a terraced floor, and a
pronounced area of uplift at its center. B) Text 1 focuses on features Nadir lacks,
whereas Text 2 indicates features it shares
Text 2: with other geological depressions.
Both carbonate dissolution and subsurface
C) Text 1 discusses a single plausible cause of
salt withdrawal can cause craterlike depres-
Nadir, whereas Text 2 evaluates two
sions without the need for a high-velocity
possible causes.
impact. However, carbonate dissolution is
very unlikely to have occurred in the vicin- D) Text 1 emphasizes the evidence supporting
ity of Nadir, and although subsurface salt an asteroid impact as the cause of Nadir,
withdrawal could have plausibly occurred in whereas Text 2 argues against that
this area and would result in a depression explanation.
with a terraced floor or a circular shape, it
would not exhibit the area of central uplift
seen at Nadir.

Text 1: 24
In 2015 Rasht, Iran, was named a City of
Based on the texts, both authors would most
Gastronomy by UNESCO in recognition of
likely agree with which statement?
the city’s unique food culture. The honor
is well known among residents of the city A) The benefits of Rasht having been named
as well as tourists who visit. It’s obvious a City of Gastronomy extend well beyond
that the selection of Rasht by UNESCO has increased tourism.
brought awareness to local recipes, cook-
ing practices, and chefs and has provided a B) Increased tourism isn’t guaranteed after a
boost to the city’s tourism industry. city has been named a City of Gastronomy.
C) A city’s food scene can benefit from the
Text 2:
city being named a City of Gastronomy.
Many people in Rasht’s restaurant industry
hoped that food tourism would increase D) A significant number of visitors to Rasht
after the city was chosen as a City of Gas- may not know that it was named a City of
tronomy in 2015. However, as researcher Gastronomy.
Eerang Park and colleagues argue, cities
must still create e!ective marketing strate-
gies to benefit fully from being named a
City of Gastronomy. Without an intentional
e!ort to promote the city’s food scene,
many current and potential visitors to Rasht
may not even be aware that it’s home to
uniquely delicious food.

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 Text 1: 25
In separate studies, Stephen Meding and
Based on the texts, the author of Text 1 and the
Robert J. Zasoski and Xinhua He and col-
author of Text 2 would most likely agree with
leagues examined whether plants transfer
which statement?
nutrients to one another using a common
mycorrhizal network (CMN) – a lattice of A) The barriers used in Meding and Zasoski’s
fungal strands in the soil. Meding and Za- study e!ectively excluded root-to-root
soski excluded all pathways other than the transmission of nutrients.
CMN by using barriers to keep the plants’
root systems separate while allowing myc- B) A barrier that is impervious to both roots
orrhizal strands through – a crucial step He and fungal strands is necessary to evaluate
and colleagues’ study did not take. nutrient transfer via a CMN.
C) Excluding root-to-root transfer of
Text 2:
nutrients between plants is su”cient to
Meding and Zasoski took the necessary
ensure that any observed nutrient transfer
precaution of separating the plants’ root
must involve a CMN.
systems (thereby excluding root-to-root
transmission). However, any barrier used D) He and colleagues’ study did not find
must allow the thread-like hyphae of a convincing evidence of nutrient transfer
CMN to pass through, and this permeability between individual plants.
would also allow liquids through. Thus, the
researchers’ experimental design cannot en-
sure that any nutrient transfer observed can
be attributed to a CMN and not to some
other pathway.

@satashkent 502
 Text 1: 26
French Impressionist artist Edgar Degas
Based on the texts, both authors would most
insisted that his paintings be kept in their
likely agree with which statement?
original frames after they were sold. Like
many Impressionist painters, Degas used A) Many Impressionist painters were
painted frames that stood in contrast to intentional about the frames they selected
the gold frames frequently seen at the Paris for their works.
Salon, a prestigious art exhibition that
was sponsored by the French government B) Degas’s preferred framing style was
and promoted traditional painting styles. di!erent from that of most Impressionist
Impressionist painters likely chose these painters.
colorful frames to distinguish themselves
C) The colors in an Impressionist painting
from what was considered conventional at
were often chosen to complement the
the time.
colors of the frame it would be placed in.
Text 2: D) Gold frames were considered especially
Impressionist painters often focused on the desirable by those who purchased works
interplay of color and light in their works. from Impressionist painters.
As such, those Impressionists who placed
their works in painted frames instead of
the more traditional gold ones did so for
aesthetic reasons: a frame’s color was likely
chosen because it would harmonize with
the colors or subjects in a painting. Gold,
conversely, could distract from the subtleties
in a painted scene.

@satashkent 503
Topic 16: Words in Context - Gap Filling
175 Questions

DIRECTIONS

Must Know Tips:

• This is not only a vocabulary question but also a logic question.

• Learn about statement and restatement.

• A group or pair of words can be restated with one word.

• Don’t read the question prompt (it’s static).

• Pay attention to fillers (e.g., ”unlike,” ”by no means,” ”without”).

Recommended time per question in this section: min: 25 sec, max: 60 sec, avg: 42.5 sec.
(*Exam level)

The Lascaux Cave paintings-detailed paint- 1

ings of animals found in what is now France
Which choice completes the text with the most
and dating from around 17,000 years ago-
logical and precise word or phrase?
are sometimes said to be emotionally pow-
erful despite their age, but in fact the paint- A) ingenious
ings are precisely because of
their age. It is the link of shared humanity B) meticulous
with the artists across so many centuries
C) pristine
that gives the Lascaux Cave paintings such
resonance. D) a!ecting

The Al-Fattah Al-Aleem Mosque in the New 2

Administrative Capital, Egypt, is a massive
Which choice completes the text with the most
mosque that can accommodate approxi-
logical and precise word or phrase?
mately 17,000 people at once, making it an
sight to behold. A) idealized
B) intricate
C) illusory
D) imposing

@satashkent 504
 Some robots such as Surena (developed in 3
2008) and COMAN (developed in 2012)
Which choice completes the text with the most
feature humanoid characteristics like bipedal
logical and precise word or phrase?
locomotion so that people will find it easier
to interact with them. While these features A) engender
can help to feelings of comfort
in people, a robot that looks too like human B) constrict
can fall into the ’uncanny valley,’ meaning
C) counterbalance
that its appearance unintentionally unsettles
those who encounter it. D) repudiate

Text corpora such as the International Cor- 4

pus of English are enormous collections of
Which choice completes the text with the most
electronically stored texts that can be used
logical and precise word or phrase?
for empirical testing of hypotheses regarding
how a word is in spoken and A) pervasive
written English. For instance, one might
have a guess about the incidence of the B) credible
word ’first,’ but only an analysis of a corpus
C) assertive
can prove that ’first’ is the third most com-
monly used adjective. D) profound

Initially, upon entering the United States in 5

the 1900s, the majority of European immi-
Which choice completes the text with the most
grants had a lower education level than the
logical and precise word or phrase?
U.S. average. However, surveys
from 1940–2017, show that European immi- A) managed
grants advanced further in their education
by the third generation than United States B) administered
born whites.
C) delivered
D) supplied

To avoid conflict with incoming Europeans 6

attempting to colonize North America, the
Which choice completes the text with the most
Cherokee nation many of
logical and precise word or phrase?
the settler’s culture, including language,
religion, and economics. Despite this, when A) learned
gold was discovered in their territory, the
Indian Removal Act was passed in 1830 to B) mimicked
remove the tribe from their lands and gain
C) adopted
access to their resources.
D) rejected

@satashkent 505
 Although the knowledge of the Pleistocene 7
epoch and the lives of the hominids dur-
Which choice completes the text with the most
ing this time was once , recent
logical and precise word or phrase?
analyses of fossils like that of the individual
known as Misliya -1, discovered in Israel in A) intricate
2002, have sharpened our picture of what a
day in the life of Misliya-1 may have looked B) unprecedented
like.
C) concrete
D) nebulous

Whether the reign of a French monarchs 8

such as Louis Philippe I or Philip II was
Which choice completes the text with the most
considered historically significant or, con-
logical and precise word or phrase?
versely, relatively , its trajectory
was shaped by question of legitimacy and A) benevolent
therefore cannot be understood without a
corollary understanding of the factors that B) momentous
allowed the monarch to assert a claim to the
C) inconsequential
throne successfully.
D) genuine

The A2X Markets in Johannesburg, South 9

Africa, connects companies operating in
Which choice completes the text with the most
South Africa with potential investors. This
logical and precise word or phrase?
is a valuable service since the time and ex-
pense necessary to find individual investors A) misconstrued
might otherwise be for these com-
panies: many of the companies could not B) distinctive
operate if they had to do everything neces-
C) prohibitive
sary to find investors for themselves.
D) beneficial

Indigenous Photograph is an organization 10

whose mission is to ensure that images of
Which choice completes the text with the most
Indigenous peoples in the media are pre-
logical and precise word or phrase?
sented from Indigenous perspectives. The
Organization this commitment A) concludes
by promoting the works of artist Geremew
Tigabu (Ethiopian. Ambara, and Tigre) B) explains
and other prominent Indigenous photogra-
C) precedes
phers who document and reflect indigenous
lives and experiences. D) shows

@satashkent 506
 Although fewer companies trade their stocks 11
on the Cambodia Securities Exchange in
Which choice completes the text with the most
Phnom Penh, Cambodia, than on the stock
logical and precise word or phrase?
exchanges in London, Mumbai, or Tokyo,
the Cambodia Securities Exchange has the A) designate
advantage of being able to rel-
atively small companies in Cambodia: by B) nurture
connecting those companies to investors
C) preclude
with expertise about the country’s economic
conditions, the Cambodia Securities Ex- D) assess
change can help those companies thrive.

The emphasis on accurately representing 12

the experiences of average working people
Which choice completes the text with the most
that is characteristic of the realist style
logical and precise word or phrase?
can be seen in The Gleaners, painted by
Jean-François Millet, which depicts peasants A) understand
picking stray wheat from a field after the
harvest. This style can thus be seen as an B) advance
e!ort to what were regarded as
C) counteract
the excesses of the romantic style evident
in many paintings by Horace Vernet, which D) accentuate
instead exaggerated their subjects’ beauty
or heroism while hiding imperfection.

The swordfish can swim very fast- up to 97 13

kilometers per hour (km/hr)-but it is sig-
Which choice completes the text with the most
nificantly slower than the frigatebird, which
logical and precise word or phrase?
can fly at speeds up to 153 km/hr. The
di!erence between these speeds is largely A) a consequence
of the fact that the features that
make flight possible do less to limit top B) an explanation
speeds than the features suitable for swim-
C) a repudiation
ming through water.
D) an objective

Whether the reign of a French monarch such 14

as Louis VII or Henry V was historically
Which choice completes the text with the most
consequential or relatively uneventful, its
logical and precise word or phrase?
trajectory was shaped by questions of legit-
imacy and therefore cannot be understood A) reciprocate
without a corollary understanding of the
characteristics without which the monarch B) annotate
would have been forced to the
C) abandon
throne.
D) equalize

@satashkent 507
 With his widely celebrated portraits of poet 15
Seamus Heaney, molecular biologist Struther
Which choice completes the text with the most
Arnott, and other prominent figures in dif-
logical and precise word or phrase?
ferent fields, British painter Peter Edwards
has substantial prestige as an A) required
artist.
B) remembered
C) achieved
D) avoided

Though many studies of the ef- 16

fect of altitude on blood chemistry focus on
Which choice completes the text with the most
people who live above sea level, researchers
logical and precise word or phrase?
Suleiman A. Al Sweedan and Moath Alhaj
recently chose the novel path of focusing on A) eccentric
people who live below sea level, in locations
such as the California towns of Salton City B) meager
and Coachella.
C) conventional
D) random

The Caves of Gargas paintings- stencils of 17

human hands found in what is now France
Which choice completes the text with the most
and dating from around 27,000 years ago
logical and precise word or phrase?
are thought of as art today, but the question
of whether the people of the time under- A) irresolvable
stood the paintings as something akin to art
in one modern sense or in some other way B) self-contradictory
entirely is : we will never be able
C) imperative
to answer it.
D) unavoidable

The Gleaners, painted in the realist style 18

by Jean-François Millet, depicts peasants
Which choice completes the text with the most
picking stray wheat from a field after the
logical and precise word or phrase?
harvest. The realists’ emphasis on accu-
rately portraying the experiences of average A) counteract
working people was largely a rejection of the
romantic style evident in many paintings B) accentuate
by Jérôme-Martin Langlois, which instead
C) rectify
their subjects’ beauty or hero-
ism while hiding all imperfection. D) obscure

@satashkent 508
 Though most studies of the e!ect of altitude 19
on blood chemistry usually concentrated on
Which choice completes the text with the most
people who live above sea level, researchers
logical and precise word or phrase?
Suleiman A. Al-Sweedan and Moath Alhaj
have instead chosen the path in A) predictable
their recent work of studying the blood of
people who live below sea level, in locations B) timeworn
such as the California towns of Salton City
C) innovative
and Imperial.
D) idealistic

Although our knowledge of the Pliocene 20

epoch and the lives of the hominids dur-
Which choice completes the text with the most
ing this time was once recent
logical and precise word or phrase?
analyses of fossils like that of the individ-
ual known as KNM-KP 271, discovered in A) nebulous
Kenya in 1963, have sharpened our picture
of what a day in the life of KNM-KP 271 B) intricate
may have looked like.
C) unprecedented
D) concrete

Text corpora such as the British National 21

Corpus are enormous collections of elec-
Which choice completes the text with the most
tronically stored texts that can be used for
logical and precise word or phrase?
empirical testing of hypotheses regarding
how a word is in spoken and A) pervasive
written English. For instance, one might
have a guess about the incidence of the B) credible
word ’world,’ but only an analysis of a cor-
C) assertive
pus can prove that ’world’ is the eighth
most commonly used noun. D) profound

though it seemed to many 22

mathematicians, the honeycomb conjecture,
Which choice completes the text with the most
posited in the first century BCE, eventually
logical and precise word or phrase?
yielded to the e!orts of Thomas C. Hales,
who presented a proof of it in 1999. A) Irreproachable
B) Unequivocal
C) Insuperable
D) Ineluctable

@satashkent 509
 A number of recording artists 23
distinctions between Indigenous music and
Which choice completes the text with the most
other musical style. For example, Inuit
logical and precise word or phrase?
singer-songwriter Tanya Tagaq incorporated
Inuit throat singing into electronic music on A) disguise
her album Tongue, and Swinomist/Inupiaq
musician Black Belt Eagle Scout combined B) reject
powwow-style melodies with rock on her al-
C) replace
bum At the Party with My Brown Friends.
D) observe

Béláné Mocsáry, who traveled solo to four 24

continents in the early 1900s, undoubt-
Which choice completes the text with the most
edly accomplished much, but her place
logical and precise word or phrase?
in our historical memory is perhaps more
than that of a noteworthy ’first’ A) enduring
such as Adeline and Augusta Van Buren,
who were the first women to ride solo mo- B) conspicuous
torcycles across the continental United
C) deserving
States, a deed for which they will always be
remembered. D) uncertain

From sculptures like Miró’s Chicago by Joan 25

Miró, found at Brunswick Plaza, to street
Which choice completes the text with the most
art like Justus Roe’s mural South Shore on
logical and precise word or phrase?
South Exchange Avenue, Chicago o!ers an
array of works to the tastes of art A) supplant
lovers.
B) mitigate
C) venerate
D) satiate

Writer Lydia Davis observed that while 26

traditional literary forms, such as the novel,
Which choice completes the text with the most
are recognizable as such even as they evolve,
logical and precise word or phrase?
there are rarer ’intergeneric’ forms that
might, for example, use elements of both A) orthodox
fiction and essays to create something
. The late-period pieces of James B) unequivocal
Tate arguably fit this description, since they
C) recurrent
straddle the line between prose and poetry.
D) unclassifiable

@satashkent 510
 Alfred Nobel intended for the Nobel 27
Prize to be an award honoring those who
Which choice completes the text with the most
have contributed ’the greatest benefit to
logical and precise word or phrase?
mankind.’ Indeed, the work of Richard
Laurence Millington Synge represented a A) exposure to
significant the field of chemistry,
and in 1952 he was among those awarded B) advancement in
the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for ’their in-
C) dependence on
vention of partition chromatography.’
D) controversy in

British painter Peter Edwards has a 28

painting portraits of notable
Which choice completes the text with the most
figures from a variety of di!erent fields.
logical and precise word or phrase?
These characteristic works include his es-
teemed portraits of poet Seamus Heaney A) reputation for
and casting director Ruth Lambert.
B) requirement for
C) complaint about
D) question about

Ji-li Jiang’s book Red Kite, Blue Kite has 29

earned a lot of praise. In fact, the book
Which choice completes the text with the most
the Asian/Pacific American
logical and precise word or phrase?
Award for Literature.
A) guessed
B) blamed
C) received
D) forgot

The equipment from the Apollo Moon land- 30

ings (1969-1972), such as solar wind sensors
Which choice completes the text with the most
and seismic sensors, remains there to this
logical and precise word or phrase?
day, but the data from these missions were
mostly inaccessible until a recent data- A) complicated
transfer project made them .
This project has allowed researcher Renee B) representative
Weber to make use of the information in
C) available
investigating tectonic activity on the Moon.
D) predictable

@satashkent 511
 One way to the importance of 31
a scholar’s research is to track how often
Which choice completes the text with the most
other scholars refer to that research. For
logical and precise word or phrase?
example, University of California-Berkeley
economist Ulrike Malmendier, who studies A) assess
behavioral economics, is among the world’s
most frequently cited researchers in her B) utilize
field, indicating that her work has been
C) influence
quite significant.
D) undermine

The reception of Uma Krishnaswami’s book 32

Step Up to the Plate, Maria Singh has been
Which choice completes the text with the most
very good. Many reviewers have
logical and precise word or phrase?
the book, and it won the Asian/Pacific
American Award for Literature. A) overlooked
B) misunderstood
C) praised
D) attacked

Few religious buildings can be said to 33

the astonishing size of Al
Which choice completes the text with the most
Saleh Mosque in Yemen, which, with the
logical and precise word or phrase?
capacity to accommodate approximately
44,000 people at once, is one of the largest A) symbolize
mosques in the world.
B) conceal
C) minimize
D) match

A number of recording artists 34

Indigenous music with other musical styles.
Which choice completes the text with the most
For example, Choctaw singer-songwriter
logical and precise word or phrase?
Samantha Crain incorporated elements
of Choctaw hymns into folk-pop on her A) acquire
single ’When We Remain,’ and Wayuu
singer-songwriter Lido Pimienta combined B) fuse
Afro-Indigenous music from Colombia with
C) exaggerate
Latin pop on her album Miss Colombia.
D) analyze

@satashkent 512
 Though most hoaxes perpetrated as jokes 35
by mischievous users of Wikipedia, an on-
Which choice completes the text with the most
line encyclopedia that almost anyone can
logical and precise word or phrase?
freely edit, have quickly been detected and
removed, a few fictitious entries, such as A) enhancement
those for the French opera singer Lollie
Alexi Devereaux and the Belgian major B) revelations
general Théophile Figeys, persisted on the
C) pranks
site for many years before they were finally
recognized as and deleted. D) analyses

From sculptures like Agora by Magdalena 36

Abakanowicz, found at Grant Park, to street
Which choice completes the text with the most
art like Justus Roe’s mural Standing Wave
logical and precise word or phrase?
on South State Street, Chicago o!ers an
array of works to the tastes of A) mitigate
art lovers.
B) satiate
C) venerate
D) supplant

When discussing literary movements in 37

Spain, scholars regularly characterize the
Which choice completes the text with the most
works of Antonio Machado as especially
logical and precise word or phrase?
representative of the Generation of ’98. The
reasons for this characterization may seem A) incongruous
but linking Machado with the
Generation of ’98 risks disregarding the B) irrefutable
subtleties in his style that do not neatly
C) pretentious
conform to the conventions of this literary
movement. D) provocative

The Baiturrahman Grand Mosque in Banda 38

Aceh, Indonesia, is a massive mosque that
Which choice completes the text with the most
can accommodate approximately 30,000
logical and precise word or phrase?
people at once, making it an
sight to behold. A) illusory
B) idealized
C) intricate
D) imposing

@satashkent 513
 Despite stated claims of global relevance, 39
much major research on income inequal-
Which choice completes the text with the most
ity performed in the 2010s su!ered from a
logical and precise word or phrase?
myopic focus on a few countries in North
America and Western Europe, partly due A) mitigate
to limited data availability. Researchers
would later this shortcoming B) validate
after gaining new access to banking records
C) presuppose
located in nations in Africa, such as Tunisia,
and Eastern Europe, such as Poland. D) categorize

Portable video game consoles and wireless 40

speakers tend to contain batteries that can’t
Which choice completes the text with the most
be easily . Environmental policy re-
logical and precise word or phrase?
searcher Jessika Richter warns that because
new batteries can’t be put in once the old A) rated
ones no longer work, the gadgets stop func-
tioning and are usually disposed of as trash. B) invented
C) prevented
D) replaced

Whether Carmen Lomas Garza is creating 41

small paintings and illustrations or large
Which choice completes the text with the most
public artworks—such as Baile, a copper
logical and precise word or phrase?
cutout of traditional Mexican dance in the
San Francisco International Airport—she A) complimented by
is direct experience, drawing from
memories of her childhood in Texas or B) uncertain about
details of her current surroundings in Cali-
C) unbothered by
fornia.
D) inspired by

Domesticated thousands of years ago by 42

Indigenous people in South America, the
Which choice completes the text with the most
potato deviates structurally from the wild
logical and precise word or phrase?
plant it is descended from. Summer squash,
another crop domesticated by Indigenous A) confirm
Americans, shows so little resemblance to
any wild plant that genetic research was B) acquire
necessary to the wild Johnny ground
C) develop
as its ancestor.
D) attract

@satashkent 514
 When considering which plays and musicals 43
to produce, theaters in San Francisco often
Which choice completes the text with the most
favor keeping audiences happy over taking
logical and precise word or phrase?
risks. So while they might be eager to pro-
duce an established classic like Amadeus, A) determined
for example, most would be to
stage a work from a relatively unknown B) hesitant
playwright.
C) fortunate
D) surprised

Excavating a dilophosaur fossil is a 44

process, since it can take weeks or even
Which choice completes the text with the most
months of hard, physically tiring work to
logical and precise word or phrase?
clear away the dirt and rock covering the
specimen. A) cheap
B) common
C) rapid
D) di”cult

The minor planet 1061 Paeonia was named 45

after the plant genus that includes peonies.
Which choice completes the text with the most
But most minor planets are given only an
logical and precise word or phrase?
identification number, both because there
are over 500,000 such bodies known at A) exclusive to
present and because any name chosen needs
to be that body: no two minor plan- B) evocative of
ets are allowed to have the same name.
C) typical for
D) superseded by

The National Heritage Fellowship was cre- 46

ated to publicly exceptional folk
Which choice completes the text with the most
and traditional artists in the United States.
logical and precise word or phrase?
In 1995, the fellowship was given to the
Navajo (Diné) basket weaver Mary Holiday A) startle
Black to celebrate her lifetime contributions
to the arts. B) recognize
C) familiarize
D) convey

@satashkent 515
 Text corpora such as the Bank of English 47
are enormous collections of electronically
Which choice completes the text with the most
stored texts that can be used for empir-
logical and precise word or phrase?
ical testing of hypotheses regarding how
a word is in spoken and written A) pervasive
English. For instance, one might have a
guess about the incidence of the word ’get,’ B) profound
but only an analysis of a corpus can prove
C) credible
that ’get’ is the fifth most commonly used
verb. D) assertive

British painter Peter Edwards is known for 48

his portraits of notable figures in di!erent
Which choice completes the text with the most
fields, from poet Wendy Cope to mathe-
logical and precise word or phrase?
matician Christopher Zeeman. Widespread
admiration of these works has helped Ed- A) sympathy
wards gain substantial as an
artist. B) prestige
C) assistance
D) tolerance

The Apalachicola River delta system is 49

located in Florida, where the river drains
Which choice completes the text with the most
into the Gulf of Mexico, and is shaped by
logical and precise word or phrase?
factors: for example, the geogra-
phy of the coastline influences sedimentary A) tenuous
deposition, which over time alters coastal
geography. B) interdependent
C) unyielding
D) comprehensive

Though not closely related, the hedgehog 50

tenrecs of Madagascar share basic
Which choice completes the text with the most
true hedgehogs, including protective spines,
logical and precise word or phrase?
pointed snouts, and small body size-traits
the two groups of mammals independently A) examples of
developed in response to equivalent roles in
their respective habitats. B) concerns about
C) indications of
D) similarities with

@satashkent 516
 Sarah Marquis, who walked 16,000 kilo- 51
meters across Asia, Siberia, and Australia,
Which choice completes the text with the most
undoubtedly accomplished much, but her
logical and precise word or phrase?
place in our historical memory is perhaps
more than that of a noteworthy A) enduring
’first’ such as Anésia Pinheiro Machado,
who was the first female pilot in Brazil to B) uncertain
carry passengers and the first to make stunt
C) conspicuous
flights, a deed for which she will always be
remembered. D) deserving

When considering which plays and musicals 52

to produce, theaters in Miami often favor
Which choice completes the text with the most
keeping audiences happy over taking risks.
logical and precise word or phrase?
So while they might be eager to produce an
established classic like Crazy for You, for A) surprised
example, most would be to stage a
work from a relatively unknown playwright. B) determined
C) fortunate
D) hesitant

Some robots such as Surena (developed in 53

2008) and COMAN (developed in 2012) are
Which choice completes the text with the most
designed to resemble humans so that people
logical and precise word or phrase?
will find it easier to interact with them.
To that end, certain features such as the A) constrict
ability to respond to voice commands can
help to people’s feelings of comfort, B) repudiate
but a robot that looks too human can fall
C) buttress
into the ’uncanny valley,’ meaning that its
appearance unintentionally unsettles those D) mitigate
who encounter it.

While recent scholarship has undermined 54

claims that the works of twelfth-century
Which choice completes the text with the most
Islamic philosopher Ibn Rushd were
logical and precise word or phrase?
other Muslim philosophers of his time,
it is indisputable that his location in the A) controversial among
Muslim-ruled area of what is now Spain
meant that his works were primarily avail- B) antagonistic toward
able thousands of miles west of the era’s
C) imitated by
center of Islamic thought.
D) inconsequential to

@satashkent 517
 The National Heritage Fellowship was 55
created to honor exceptional folk and tradi-
Which choice completes the text with the most
tional artists in the United States for their
logical and precise word or phrase?
. The Irish American accordionist
Joe Derrane was chosen for the fellowship A) achievements
because he has contributed so much to the
arts. B) suspicions
C) assumptions
D) predictions

Some pieces of music might have many 56

meanings the compositions of Albertale
Which choice completes the text with the most
Caron-Legris can as many di!erent
logical and precise word or phrase?
interpretations as there are people to listen
to them- and so as long as a listener’s inter- A) yield
pretation isn’t willfully absurd or the result
of inattention, it is di”cult to justify the B) refute
claim that the listener has misunderstood
C) counteract
the piece.
D) partition

The organizers specifically indicated that 57

the conference was intended to focus on
Which choice completes the text with the most
children’s literature, so despite the educa-
logical and precise word or phrase?
tion specialist’s her expertise on
the subject in general, she found that she A) exceptions to
could speak authoritatively about the works
of author Mildred Pitts Walter, particularly B) insight into
Justin and the Best Biscuits in the World,
C) hesitancy about
which she had used e!ectively in classroom
instruction for many years. D) a”nity for

In 1891, design artist William Morris co- 58

founded the Kelmscott Press, which printed
Which choice completes the text with the most
editions of books using preindustrial meth-
logical and precise word or phrase?
ods. Historians argue that Morris’s repu-
diation of industrialization is A) insensible to
the Kelmscott editions’ use of handmade
materials and intricate ornamentation rem- B) manifest in
iniscent of medieval manuscripts: these
C) scrutinized by
meticulously handcrafted elements exem-
plify the artistry involved. D) complicated by

@satashkent 518
 It is tempting to treat the clustering of car 59
manufacturing firms in Detroit, Michigan,
Which choice completes the text with the most
as representative of industrial agglomeration
logical and precise word or phrase?
generally, but Guilia Faggio et al caution
against this one example: the A) convening with
existence of labor pools, a dominant driver
of collocation in this industry, was largely B) extrapolating from
absent from the game and toy manufactur-
C) corroborating
ing industry.
D) scrutinizing

A number of recording artists 60

distinctions between Indigenous music and
Which choice completes the text with the most
other musical styles. For example, the Hau-
logical and precise word or phrase?
denosaunee group the Halluci Nation incor-
porated powwow music into electronic dance A) disguise
music on its album One More Saturday
Night, and Swinomish/Anupiaq musician B) reject
Black Belt Eagle Scout combined powwow-
C) replace
style melodies with rock on her album At
the Party with My Brown Friends. D) observe

Karam Kang has demonstrated that lob- 61

bying does little to alter probability that a
Which choice completes the text with the most
particular energy policy under considera-
logical and precise word or phrase?
tion by the United States Congress will be
enacted, but lobbying is not as A) counterproductive
finding seems to suggest. As Kang herself
notes, lobbying can shape which policy pro- B) cynical
posals members of Congress bring forward
C) biased
for consideration in the first place.
D) ine!ectual

The percentage of US forest land that a 62

2023 federal report identified as being either
Which choice completes the text with the most
mature or old growth exceeds other recent
logical and precise word or phrase?
estimates. Given how little
there is among scientists regarding the A) interest
scope of these categories, this discrepancy
shouldn’t be surprising: forest researchers B) deliberation
regularly dispute one another’s classifica-
C) vigilance
tions.
D) consensus

@satashkent 519
 Though it does not guarantee a book’s com- 63
mercial success, can play a big
Which choice completes the text with the most
role in that success a well-executed mar-
logical and precise word or phrase?
keting campaign helped to make Danielle
Steel’s novel The Gift, the fourth-best- A) originality
selling novel of 1994.
B) publicity
C) complexity
D) practicality

People sometimes dismiss a claim if it comes 64

from a source they regard as self-interested,
Which choice completes the text with the most
but from a strictly logical perspective, the
logical and precise word or phrase?
source of a claim is : it has no
direct bearing on whether the claim is true. A) implicit
B) indisputable
C) indistinct
D) irrelevant

Although Oscar Micheaux’s 1920 film 65

Within Our Gates and Ossie Davis’s 1970
Which choice completes the text with the most
film Cotton Comes to Harlem may have had
logical and precise word or phrase?
some at the time of their initial
release, their place in critics’ estimations A) collaborators
is now more secure. In 2018, for example,
critics for the New York Times described B) imitators
the former as ’stunning’ and the latter as
C) precursors
’especially pointed.’
D) detractors

Political scientists have found that although 66

voters claim to prefer candidates who have
Which choice completes the text with the most
nuanced perspectives on issues and who
logical and precise word or phrase?
show a willingness to compromise, when
asked to compare speeches expressing such A) dogmatic
views with speeches expressing
views, voters tend to regard the unyielding B) vacillating
rhetoric of the latter more favorably.
C) banal
D) disingenuous

@satashkent 520
 A number of recording artists 67
distinctions between Indigenous music and
Which choice completes the text with the most
other musical styles. For example, Choctaw
logical and precise word or phrase?
singer-songwriter Samantha Crain incor-
porated elements of Choctaw hymns into A) disguise
folk-pop on her single ’When We Remain,’
and Oji-Cree/Mi’kmaq musician Anachnid B) reject
combined Indigenous flute and powwow
C) observe
vocals with electronic music on her album
Dreamweaver. D) replace

The swordfish can swim very fast-up to 68

97 kilometers per hour (km/hr)- but it is
Which choice completes the text with the most
significantly slower than the golden eagle,
logical and precise word or phrase?
which can fly at speeds up to 320 km/hr.
The between these two speeds A) competition
is not surprising, however, because the fea-
tures that are most useful for swimming B) equivalence
through water tend to be more limiting on
C) interaction
top speeds than the features that are best
suited for flying through the air. D) disparity

The early British postal system required 69

the cost of mail delivery to be paid upon
Which choice completes the text with the most
receipt, a system which encouraged inven-
logical and precise word or phrase?
tive strategies by the intended recipient to
avoid payment. To improve this system, A) investigations
were proposed in 1837, including
the use of a postage stamp, a small receipt B) expansions
pasted to the mail indicating that delivery
C) reforms
costs had been paid by the sender.
D) possessions

Consumers usually rising prices of 70

nonessential products, such as video games
Which choice completes the text with the most
or jewelry, by purchasing fewer of those
logical and precise word or phrase?
products. When the prices fall, consumers
usually react the opposite way, by purchas- A) di!er from
ing more of those products.
B) think of
C) respond to
D) agree with

@satashkent 521
 Cuttlefish appear to be surprisingly 71
at exercising self-control: in a 2021 study
Which choice completes the text with the most
conducted by behavioral ecologist Alexandra
logical and precise word or phrase?
Schnell, these cephalopods routinely demon-
strated restraint by delaying gratification, A) awkward
waiting for a favorite treat instead of in-
stantly devouring a readily available meal. B) imaginative
C) manageable
D) competent

Radiocarbon dating can help scientists 72

determine whether the extinction of the
Which choice completes the text with the most
giant short-faced bear around 8000 BCE
logical and precise word or phrase?
the arrival of humans in the same
region of the Americas. If instead the giant A) compensated for
short-faced bear died out before humans
could have altered its habitat, that suggests B) coincided with
that its extinction was the result of some
C) developed into
other factor, such as change in sea levels as
a result of glaciers retreating. D) clashed with

Economists often assert that countries look- 73

ing to increase their reliance on solar energy
Which choice completes the text with the most
should expand their capacity for storage:
logical and precise word or phrase?
having an ample reserve of stored energy
can mitigate the e!ects of solar A) calibrations with
energy collection caused by unpredictable
shifts in cloud cover and haze. B) developments of
C) fluctuations in
D) incentives for

Few religious buildings can be said to 74

the astonishing size of Sultan
Which choice completes the text with the most
Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Mosque in Malaysia,
logical and precise word or phrase?
which, with the capacity to accommodate
approximately 24,000 people at once, is one A) conceal
of the largest mosques in the world.
B) symbolize
C) minimize
D) match

@satashkent 522
 In the United States, historians of the 75
American Revolution once had a tendency
Which choice completes the text with the most
to approach their subject with :
logical and precise word or phrase?
they had so much admiration for the people
who carried out the revolution that they A) curiosity
were far from objective in their scholarship.
B) candor
C) reverence
D) prudence

A number of recording artists combine In- 76

digenous music with other musical styles.
Which choice completes the text with the most
Choctaw singer-songwriter Samantha
logical and precise word or phrase?
Crain masterfully incorporated elements
of Choctaw hymns into folk-pop on her sin- A) confused
gle ’When We Remain.’ Similarly, Wayuu
singer-songwriter Lido Pimienta B) compared
Afro-Indigenous music from Colombia with
C) blended
Latin pop on her album Miss Colombia.
D) replaced

Barring major archaeological discoveries, we 77

are unlikely to ever have account
Which choice completes the text with the most
of ancient Egypt under the female pharaoh
logical and precise word or phrase?
Hatshepsut, as much of the evidence of her
reign was deliberately destroyed by her suc- A) an exhaustive
cessors.
B) a superficial
C) an imaginative
D) a questionable

The Roc-aux-Sorciers frieze-a group of re- 78

lief carvings of animals found in what is
Which choice completes the text with the most
now France and dating from around 14,000
logical and precise word or phrase?
years ago-is sometimes said to be emotion-
ally powerful despite its age, but in fact A) ingenious
the frieze is precisely because of
its age. It is the link of shared humanity B) pristine
with the artist across so many centuries
C) meticulous
that gives the Roc-aux-Sorciers frieze such
resonance. D) a!ecting

@satashkent 523
 Although the government of the Soviet 79
Union attempted to Georgi Vladi-
Which choice completes the text with the most
mov’s novel Faithful Ruslan, copies of the
logical and precise word or phrase?
book circulated in secret among readers in
several parts of the country. A) replicate
B) import
C) suppress
D) critique

Although the clustering of information tech- 80

nology firms in Northern California is often
Which choice completes the text with the most
cited as typical of industrial agglomeration,
logical and precise word or phrase?
Giulia Faggio et al. use UK data to show
that the mix of factors driving the phe- A) credible
nomenon is across industries: while
the potential for knowledge spillovers can B) heterogeneous
prompt agglomeration, collocation among
C) imperative
tube manufacturers occurs for di!erent rea-
sons. D) decisive

Manul cats are small, shy felines. They 81

live mostly alone in out-of-the-way parts of
Which choice completes the text with the most
Asia, such as on Mount Everest. These cats
logical and precise word or phrase?
have been di”cult to research because their
habitats are so large populations of A) drawn to
humans.
B) full of
C) distant from
D) responsible for

Some paleontologists thought that a sudden 82

shift toward an arid climate on the Aus-
Which choice completes the text with the most
tralian continent may have brought about
logical and precise word or phrase?
the rapid extinction of several species of
large kangaroos around 200,000 years ago. A) revise
However, new evidence that the change in
conditions occurred well before those species B) interpret
went extinct is forcing paleontologists to
C) recollect
that hypothesis.
D) introduce

@satashkent 524
 The invention in 1958 of the integrated 83
circuit (or microchip) radically altered the
Which choice completes the text with the most
semiconductor industry. In fact, some histo-
logical and precise word or phrase?
rians argue that it fundamentally
the industry by enabling it to take advan- A) obstructed
tage of mass production methods for the
first time. B) transformed
C) bypassed
D) overwhelmed

Text corpora such as the Corpus of Con- 84

temporary American English are enormous
Which choice completes the text with the most
collections of electronically stored texts
logical and precise word or phrase?
that can be used for empirical testing of hy-
potheses regarding how a word is A) assertive
in spoken and written English. For instance,
one might have a guess about the incidence B) credible
of the word ’day,’ but only an analysis of a
C) pervasive
corpus can prove that ’day’ is the fifth most
commonly used noun. D) profound

Excavating a pachycephalosaur fossil is a 85

process, since it can take weeks
Which choice completes the text with the most
or even months of hard, physically tiring
logical and precise word or phrase?
work to clear away the dirt and rock cover-
ing the specimen. A) cheap
B) rapid
C) common
D) di”cult

British painter Peter Edwards has a 86

painting portraits of notable
Which choice completes the text with the most
figures from a variety of di!erent fields.
logical and precise word or phrase?
These characteristic works include his es-
teemed portraits of writer Maud Sulter and A) complaint about
soccer player Bobby Charlton.
B) question about
C) requirement for
D) reputation for

@satashkent 525
 Though it does not guarantee a book’s com- 87
mercial success, can play a big
Which choice completes the text with the most
role in that success a well-executed mar-
logical and precise word or phrase?
keting campaign helped to make Richard
Bachman’s novel The Regulators the fifth- A) originality
best-selling novel of 1996.
B) publicity
C) complexity
D) practicality

A unique dialect, or regional variety, of 88

Spanish is spoken in Puerto Rico. It con-
Which choice completes the text with the most
tains many words borrowed from the lan-
logical and precise word or phrase?
guage of the Tainos, the Indigenous people
of Puerto Rico. African languages also A) traced
made important contributions to the Puerto
Rican dialect. For example, the way certain B) announced
vowel sounds are pronounced in it can be
C) o!ered
to how they are pronounced in
Yoruba, a West African language. D) surrendered

Though most hoaxes perpetrated as jokes 89

by mischievous users of Wikipedia, an on-
Which choice completes the text with the most
line encyclopedia that almost anyone can
logical and precise word or phrase?
freely edit, have quickly been detected and
removed, a few fictitious entries, such as A) analyses
those for the town of Stone Ridge, Mary-
land, and the 18th-century forestry magnate B) fabrications
Guillermo Garcia, persisted on the site for
C) enhancements
many years before they were finally recog-
nized as and deleted. D) revelations

Portable video game consoles and wireless 90

speakers tend to contain batteries that can’t
Which choice completes the text with the most
be easily . Environmental policy re-
logical and precise word or phrase?
searcher Jean-Pierre Schweitzer warns that
because new batteries can’t be put in once A) invented
the old ones no longer work, the gadgets
stop functioning and are usually disposed of B) prevented
as trash.
C) rated
D) replaced

@satashkent 526
 There is no doubt that Irving Langmuir 91
must have proved himself to be extraor-
Which choice completes the text with the most
dinarily understanding some of
logical and precise word or phrase?
the most advanced concepts in the field
of chemistry-in 1932 his remarkable talent A) modest about
and hard work was recognized when he was
awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for B) dispassionate in
’his discoveries and investigations in surface
C) adept at
chemistry.’
D) lighthearted about

Economists have long observed that firms 92

in related industries tend to cluster in the
Which choice completes the text with the most
same area, as is the case in Leeds, UK,
logical and precise word or phrase?
where many thread and yarn spinning firms
as well as textile weaving firms are located. A) unknown
The factors causing such clustering are
: what drives firms in certain in- B) impressive
dustries to cluster may not be especially
C) focused
relevant among other industries.
D) variable

The results of randomized clinical trials 93

testing the e”cacy of common medical
Which choice completes the text with the most
interventions sometimes fail to con-
logical and precise word or phrase?
clusions that practitioners reach based on
their real-world observations of patients. A) implement
While there are several possible reasons for
this, one is that practitioners may overlook B) disseminate
confounding variables that account for the
C) circumvent
results they attribute to the interventions in
question. D) corroborate

Dervla Murphy, who cycled solo through 94

Europe, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and
Which choice completes the text with the most
India, undoubtedly accomplished much, but
logical and precise word or phrase?
her place in our historical memory is per-
haps more than that of a noteworthy A) enduring
’first’ such as Ynes Mexia, who was the first
to discover the botanical genus Mexianthus, B) uncertain
a deed for which she will always be remem-
C) deserving
bered.
D) conspicuous

@satashkent 527
 In the 2010s, the price of vintage My Little 95
Pony figures rose dramatically, which had
Which choice completes the text with the most
the counterintuitive e!ect of de-
logical and precise word or phrase?
mand: buyers who hadn’t previously wanted
to purchase old toys suddenly thronged the A) exploiting
market, believing prices would continue to
rise and the toys could be resold later at a B) stabilizing
profit.
C) monetizing
D) precipitating

Wireless headphones and other small elec- 96

tronic devices sometimes use batteries that
Which choice completes the text with the most
can’t be taken out and swapped for new
logical and precise word or phrase?
ones. Environmental policy researcher Jes-
sika Richter warns that once these internal A) useless
batteries stop working, the devices become
and are typically thrown away, cre- B) valuable
ating harmful waste.
C) familiar
D) attractive

It is hardly an exaggeration to character- 97

ize modern Hawaiian literature as hav-
Which choice completes the text with the most
ing the traditional stories of the
logical and precise word or phrase?
Kanaka Maoli, the Native Hawaiian peo-
ple. In a variety of ways, Samuel Kamakau, A) brooded on
Kristiana Kahakauwila, and other acclaimed
writers have drawn on these stories to craft B) supplanted
a rich portrait of the Hawaiian Islands and
C) anticipated
their people.
D) derived from

The Dhaka Stock Exchange in Dhaka, 98

Bangladesh, is a dedicated exchange
Which choice completes the text with the most
for investing in companies operating in
logical and precise word or phrase?
Bangladesh, ensuring those companies re-
ceive certain regulatory oversight. Knowing A) amplify
this can potential investors’ worries
about bureaucratic minutiae and thereby B) designate
allow them to instead focus on identifying
C) convey
sound business opportunities.
D) assuage

@satashkent 528
 Some cities track pedestrian activity to 99
map their sidewalks, but this method of-
Which choice completes the text with the most
ten sidewalks few pedestrians use,
logical and precise word or phrase?
resulting in incomplete maps. Maryam Hos-
seini and her team found that a computer A) neglects
program trained to identify sidewalks in
aerial images of Boston could also accu- B) oversees
rately identify sidewalks in aerial images of
C) approves
Philadelphia and even distinguished between
concrete and granite. D) detects

The tendency to group authors together 100

into distinct literary movements often en-
Which choice completes the text with the most
courages literary scholars to sub-
logical and precise word or phrase?
tleties in an author’s style. Those studying
the works of William Ellery Channing, for A) discount
instance, may inadvertently overlook nu-
ances in his work by focusing only on the B) scrutinize
most obvious ways in which his style corre-
C) magnify
sponds to transcendentalism.
D) denounce

In the 2010s, the price of vintage She-Ra 101

action figures rose dramatically, which had
Which choice completes the text with the most
the counterintuitive e!ect of de-
logical and precise word or phrase?
mand: buyers who hadn’t previously wanted
to purchase old action figures thronged the A) exploiting
market, believing prices would continue to
rise and the toys could be resold later at a B) engendering
profit.
C) appraising
D) monetizing

Novelist Leon Forrest admired William 102

Faulkner’s writing style. Forrest’s novel
Which choice completes the text with the most
Divine Days contains a long passage in
logical and precise word or phrase?
tribute to Faulkner that is a perfect of
Faulkner’s style: anyone familiar A) forgetting
with Faulkner’s writing would see the re-
semblance. B) rejection
C) imitation
D) opinion

@satashkent 529
 The Stock Exchange of Thailand in 103
Bangkok, Thailand, is a dedicated exchange
Which choice completes the text with the most
for investing in companies operating in
logical and precise word or phrase?
Thailand, ensuring those companies receive
certain regulatory oversight. Knowing this A) designate
can potential investors’ worries
about bureaucratic minutiae and thereby B) amplify
allow them to instead focus on identifying
C) assuage
sound business opportunities.
D) convey

The tendency to group authors together 104

into distinct literary movements often en-
Which choice completes the text with the most
courages literary scholars to sub-
logical and precise word or phrase?
tleties in an author’s style. Those studying
the works of Amos Bronson Alcott, for in- A) magnify
stance, may inadvertently overlook nuances
in his work by focusing only on the most B) scrutinize
obvious ways in which his style corresponds
C) discount
to transcendentalism.
D) denounce

Though it does not guarantee a book’s com- 105

mercial success, can play a big
Which choice completes the text with the most
role in that success a well-executed mar-
logical and precise word or phrase?
keting campaign helped to make Richard
Bachman’s novel The Regulators the fifth- A) originality
best-selling novel of 1996.
B) publicity
C) complexity
D) practicality

The reception of Many Ly’s book Roots and 106

Wings has been very good. Many reviewers,
Which choice completes the text with the most
booksellers, and librarians have the
logical and precise word or phrase?
book, and it won the Asian/Pacific Ameri-
can Award for Literature. A) attacked
B) recommended
C) overlooked
D) misunderstood

@satashkent 530
 Kelp forests grow underwater along the 107
eastern Pacific Coast. These underwater
Which choice completes the text with the most
forests are important to fish and other
logical and precise word or phrase?
marine animals. Ocean currents can be
powerful and rough, making it di”cult for A) surprising
animals to find safe places to hide from
predators. The underwater forests slow B) dangerous
down the currents. This creates a more
C) tranquil
environment with calmer waters
where animals can take shelter. D) imaginative

The recently observed gamma ray burst 108

GRB 230307A lasted for 200 seconds,
Which choice completes the text with the most
for a burst generated by the merger
logical and precise word or phrase?
of neutron stars. Bursts caused by neutron
mergers typically last fewer than 2 seconds. A) an oddity
B) a coincidence
C) a reprieve
D) an incident

Smartphones and other small electronic 109

devices tend to use batteries that can’t be
Which choice completes the text with the most
easily taken out and swapped for new ones.
logical and precise word or phrase?
Environmental policy researcher Jean-Pierre
Schweitzer warns that when these internal A) advice
batteries stop working, the devices are usu-
ally thrown away, becoming harmful . B) waste
C) rewards
D) positions

Jean Batten, who was the first person to 110

fly between England and New Zealand
Which choice completes the text with the most
solo, and Ynes Mexia, who was the first to
logical and precise word or phrase?
discover the botanical genus Mexianthus,
are ensured lasting places in our historical A) undermine
memory. No matter what others may do in
the future, nobody can ever the B) imply
standing of these women as the first to ac-
C) extend
complish these feats.
D) promote

@satashkent 531
 Whatever the general attitude toward 111
Madeline Anderson’s 1970 film I Am Some-
Which choice completes the text with the most
body and Reginald Hudlin’s 1990 film House
logical and precise word or phrase?
Party when they were initially released,
both films now tend to be regarded quite A) favorably
. In 2018, for example, critics for the
New York Times praised the former as ’gal- B) skeptically
vanizing’ and the latter as ’exuberant.’
C) neutrally
D) strangely

To evaluate their ideas about environmental 112

conditions in the Pliocene epoch, paleontol-
Which choice completes the text with the most
ogists must turn to evidence. Only
logical and precise word or phrase?
material objects—such as the fossil remains
of the individual known as AL 200-1, discov- A) physical
ered in Ethiopia in 1975—can show whether
a particular idea about the Pliocene is de- B) convenient
fensible.
C) creative
D) inconclusive

Building additional road capacity may seem 113

like an obvious solution to tra”c congestion,
Which choice completes the text with the most
but numerous studies have cast doubt on
logical and precise word or phrase?
the of that approach. Not only does
additional road capacity often fail to re- A) e”cacy
lieve congestion, but it can also make tra”c
worse by encouraging more people to drive. B) aesthetics
C) originality
D) popularity

Though many studies of the e!ect of 114

altitude on blood chemistry focus on peo-
Which choice completes the text with the most
ple who live above sea level, researchers
logical and precise word or phrase?
Suleiman A. Al-Sweedan and Moath Alhaj
recently chose the novel path of focusing on A) eccentric
people who live below sea level, in locations
such as the California towns of Bombay B) traditional
Beach and Imperial.
C) meager
D) random

@satashkent 532
 Whatever the general attitude toward 115
Spike Lee’s 1992 film Malcolm X and Carl
Which choice completes the text with the most
Franklin’s 1995 film Devil in a Blue Dress
logical and precise word or phrase?
when they were initially released, both films
now tend to be regarded quite . In A) strangely
2018, for example, critics for the New York
Times praised the former as ’electrifying’ B) neutrally
and the latter as ’picture-perfect.’
C) skeptically
D) favorably

At the turn of the twentieth century, Black 116

residents of Richmond, Virginia, had few
Which choice completes the text with the most
formal options for banking and other finan-
logical and precise word or phrase?
cial services. To this situation, Maggie
Lena Walker chartered the St. Luke Penny A) retain
Savings Bank in 1903. The bank went on to
provide home loans and savings opportuni- B) highlight
ties to thousands of Black families over the
C) prolong
following decades.
D) rectify

The fossil remains of the individual known 117

as LH 4, discovered in Tanzania in 1974, can
Which choice completes the text with the most
help paleoanthropologists not only identify
logical and precise word or phrase?
steps in the evolution of hominids but also
Pliocene epoch generally, re- A) substitute
vealing important details about the time in
which LH 4 lived. B) imitate
C) illuminate
D) design

Before the Mariner 2 mission completed 118

a successful flyby of Venus in 1962, as-
Which choice completes the text with the most
tronomers’ ideas about the planet were
logical and precise word or phrase?
little more than . Venus’s
atmosphere is so thick that Earth-based A) conclusions
observations had yielded very little informa-
tion about the planet. B) summations
C) conjectures
D) exemplifications

@satashkent 533
 The work of Tobias Gerstenberg et al. on 119
tracking eye movements supports a theory
Which choice completes the text with the most
that people engage in think-
logical and precise word or phrase?
ing when making causal judgments; when
subjects were asked to look at two colliding A) counterfactual
billiard balls and judge whether one caused
or prevented the other’s movement through B) analogical
a gate, their eyes red at where the target
C) ambivalent
ball would have gone if the ball that altered
its path did not exist. D) associative

To assist with the development of new 120

water-repellant materials for aviation and
Which choice completes the text with the most
other applications, a team including both
logical and precise word or phrase?
engineers and entomologists conducted a
study of the water-repellant properties of A) skepticism toward
cicada wings. The team explained that the
experts in these two disciplines B) exaggeration of
resulted in a more comprehensive approach
C) distrust among
than independent e!orts by experts in either
discipline could have achieved. D) collaboration between

Both sharks and crayfish can detect elec- 121

trical fields around them, but the
Which choice completes the text with the most
of their sensitivities di!ers substantially.
logical and precise word or phrase?
Whereas crayfish can detect fields emitted
by household electronics, those are many A) magnitude
times stronger than the fields created by wa-
ter moving through Earth’s magnetic field, B) fineness
which sharks are sensitive enough to detect.
C) gathering
D) orientation

New and interesting research conducted by 122

Suleiman A. Al-Sweedan and Moath Alhaj
Which choice completes the text with the most
is inspired by their observation that though
logical and precise word or phrase?
studies of the e!ect of high altitude on
blood chemistry are , the e!ect on A) abundant
blood chemistry of living in locations below
sea level, such as the California towns of Ni- B) equivocal
land and Heber, has received comparatively
C) sporadic
little notice.
D) preliminary

@satashkent 534
 Despite stated claims of global relevance, 123
much major research on income inequal-
Which choice completes the text with the most
ity performed in the 2010s su!ered from a
logical and precise word or phrase?
myopic focus on a few countries in North
America and Western Europe, partly due A) validate
to limited data availability. Researchers
would later this shortcoming after B) presuppose
gaining new access to administrative records
C) categorize
located in nations in South America, such as
Brazil, and Eastern Europe, such as Russia. D) mitigate

One popular theory of the origin of the 124

Moon, the ’big whack,’ posits that a pro-
Which choice completes the text with the most
toplanet called Theia collided with Earth,
logical and precise word or phrase?
flinging debris into orbit that eventually co-
alesced into the Moon. Until recently, Theia A) desultory
was , but researcher Qian Yuan
and colleagues now claim to have identified B) notional
pieces of the protoplanet in the lowermost
C) veritable
section of Earth’s mantle.
D) spurious

Political blogs with conspicuous ideological 125

alignments became an integral component
Which choice completes the text with the most
of US media in the early 2000s. While some
logical and precise word or phrase?
commentators lauded this development,
asserting that such blogs had a welcome A) recalcitrant
transparency missing from traditional news,
less observers countered that such B) earnest
blogs tended to ideological extremes that
C) sanguine
exacerbated political polarization to prob-
lematic levels. D) misanthropic

As a member of Indigenous Photograph, 126

artist Tshepiso Mabula ka Ndongeni
Which choice completes the text with the most
(Xhosa) can her work more broadly
logical and precise word or phrase?
than she could without the organization’s
reach. Photography editors around the A) empty
world can search for Indigenous photogra-
pher members on the organization’s website B) promote
to find images that document and reflect
C) alter
the lives of Indigenous communities.
D) discover

@satashkent 535
 Originating in the traditional stories of 127
the Kanaka Maoli, the Native Hawaiian
Which choice completes the text with the most
people, the literature of Hawaii has a rich
logical and precise word or phrase?
history that was later brought to interna-
tional prominence by writers such as Mary A) contemplated
Kawena Pukui. Now, by producing ac-
claimed works, Gary Pak has his place B) subverted
in that literary tradition.
C) solidified
D) extricated

Cybersecurity experts often encourage users 128

to create passwords that are fairly com-
Which choice completes the text with the most
plicated and therefore di”cult to guess.
logical and precise word or phrase?
Nonetheless, research has shown that the
more approach to password selection A) creative
seems to favor convenience over security: for
example, the eighth most commonly used B) popular
password in 2019 was the easily remembered
C) complex
’iloveyou.’
D) useful

The fossil remains of the individual known 129

as Denisova 8, discovered in Russia in 2010,
Which choice completes the text with the most
can help paleoanthropologists not only
logical and precise word or phrase?
steps in the evolution of hominids
but also illuminate the Pleistocene epoch A) yield
generally, revealing important details about
the time in which Denisova 8 lived. B) exploit
C) prioritize
D) discern

The Indian antelope can run very fast—up 130

to 80 kilometers per hour (km/hr)—but it
Which choice completes the text with the most
is significantly slower than the peregrine
logical and precise word or phrase?
falcon, which can fly at speeds up to 389
km/hr. The di!erence between these speeds A) a consequence
is largely of the fact that the fea-
tures that make flight possible do less to B) an objective
limit top speeds than the features suitable
C) a repudiation
for running on land.
D) an explanation

@satashkent 536
 Some social scientists say that while an em- 131
phasis on preserving civil liberties is key to
Which choice completes the text with the most
democracy, public understanding of history
logical and precise word or phrase?
is also central to public comprehension of
state politics, and if a citizenry is to func- A) unattainable
tion, historical issues cannot remain the
domain only of experts. In short, knowledge B) superfluous
of history is not and must not be
C) commonplace
left to historians alone.
D) equitable

Mauricio Drelichman and Hans-Joachim 132

Voth’s analysis of the overall debt and rev-
Which choice completes the text with the most
enue of the government of Philip II (who
logical and precise word or phrase?
ruled an empire including Spain and Sicily
from 1556 to 1598) found an intriguing A) harbinger
: although the government regularly
defaulted on debt, it ran an even larger B) exemplar
overall surplus than did the government of
C) sanction
eighteenth-century Britain, which historians
consider a model of fiscal virtue. D) incongruity

Folk and traditional art can take a wide va- 133

riety of forms, including arts as one
Which choice completes the text with the most
another as storytelling and quilting. The
logical and precise word or phrase?
National Heritage Fellowship was created
to honor people for their accomplishments A) useful to
in these diverse arts and includes among its
winners the gospel singer Willie Mae Ford B) humble about
Smith.
C) di!erent from
D) confused with

Possessing an outstanding collection of 134

public art, Chicago has everything from
Which choice completes the text with the most
monumental sculptures like Anish Kapoor’s
logical and precise word or phrase?
Cloud Gate at sites like Millennium Park to
innovative street art like Amuse 126’s mural A) controversy over
High Tide located on South State Street.
The public art on display in the city B) breadth of
can thus satisfy any art lover.
C) apathy toward
D) confusion about

@satashkent 537
 As with other river deltas, the Danube 135
River delta is : it is a constantly
Which choice completes the text with the most
evolving network of channels and strips of
logical and precise word or phrase?
land that change in size and shape as the
river deposits new sedimentary particles A) immutable
where the river meets the waters of the
Black Sea. B) unrivaled
C) sustainable
D) dynamic

A survey found that in April 2022, 7.6 per- 136

cent of subscribers to fashion and apparel
Which choice completes the text with the most
services canceled their subscriptions. Re-
logical and precise word or phrase?
ducing this kind of subscriber turnover
is especially challenging for subscription A) subside
sellers; customers’ initial enthusiasm for a
subscription is often quick to , and B) rejuvenate
sellers must thus devise other incentives to
C) converge
bolster retention.
D) resolve

The fossil remains of the individual known 137

as Oase 1, discovered in Romania in 2002,
Which choice completes the text with the most
can help paleoanthropologists not only
logical and precise word or phrase?
steps in the evolution of hominids
but also illuminate the Pleistocene epoch A) exploit
generally, revealing important details about
the time in which Oase 1 lived. B) prioritize
C) yield
D) discern

The pronghorn can run very fast—up to 89 138

kilometers per hour (km/hr)—but it is sig-
Which choice completes the text with the most
nificantly slower than the frigatebird, which
logical and precise word or phrase?
can fly at speeds up to 153 km/h. The
di!erence between these speeds is largely A) a consequence
of the fact that the features that
make flight possible do less to limit top B) an objective
speeds than the features suitable for running
C) a repudiation
on land.
D) an explanation

@satashkent 538
 Folk and traditional art can take a wide va- 139
riety of forms, including arts as one
Which choice completes the text with the most
another as storytelling and quilting. The
logical and precise word or phrase?
National Heritage Fellowship was created
to honor people for their accomplishments A) confused with
in these diverse arts and includes among
its winners the Puerto Rican stringed- B) humble about
instrument maker Diomedes Matos.
C) useful to
D) di!erent from

Possessing an outstanding collection of 140

public art, Chicago has everything from
Which choice completes the text with the most
monumental sculptures like Joan Miró’s
logical and precise word or phrase?
Miró’s Chicago at sites like Brunswick Plaza
to innovative street art like Justus Roe’s A) breadth of
mural South Shore located on South Ex-
change Avenue. The public art on B) controversy over
display in the city can thus satisfy any art
C) confusion about
lover.
D) apathy toward

As with other river deltas, the Paraná River 141

delta is ; it is a constantly evolv-
Which choice completes the text with the most
ing network of channels and strips of land
logical and precise word or phrase?
that change in size and shape as the river
deposits new sedimentary particles where A) dynamic
the river meets the waters of the Atlantic
Ocean. B) immutable
C) sustainable
D) unrivaled

The fossil remains of the individual known 142

as LD 350-1, discovered in Ethiopia in 2013,
Which choice completes the text with the most
can help paleoanthropologists not only
logical and precise word or phrase?
steps in the evolution of hominids
but also illuminate the Pliocene epoch gen- A) yield
erally, revealing important details about the
time in which LD 350-1 lived. B) exploit
C) discern
D) prioritize

@satashkent 539
 Although oil shocks—such as the 16% rise 143
in oil prices from April to September of
Which choice completes the text with the most
1973—can strongly a!ect individual con-
logical and precise word or phrase?
sumers, Gbadebo Oladosu and colleagues
have shown that at the level of national A) subdued
economies, their e!ects are often quite
. The e!ect of recent oil shocks on B) variable
the gross domestic product of China, for
C) beneficial
example, was only slightly greater than zero.
D) persistent

Maryam Hosseini and her team used aerial 144

images of well-mapped areas of Marthattan
Which choice completes the text with the most
to train a computer program to identify
logical and precise word or phrase?
sidewalks. When it was tested on images of
Brooklyn, it identified sidewalks in A) reliably
the vast majority of cases and even whether
sidewalks were concrete or cobblestone. B) clumsily
Hosseini believes the program will improve
C) rarely
on this already strong performance as it gets
used more. D) slowly

The Chao Phraya River delta is a con- 145

stantly changing landform made up of a
Which choice completes the text with the most
network of distributaries, small channels
logical and precise word or phrase?
that branch o! from the main river. The
delta is shaped and reshaped over time as A) accumulate
sediments carried by the river where
the river meets the Gulf of Thailand, even- B) dissolve
tually forming new portions of land.
C) accelerate
D) thrive

The Third-Class Carriage, painted in the 146

realist style by Honore Daumier, depicts
Which choice completes the text with the most
working-class travelers in a third-class
logical and precise word or phrase?
railway car. The realists’ emphasis on accu-
rately portraying the experiences of average A) exaggerate
working people was largely a rejection of the
romantic style evident in many paintings by B) correct
Emmanuel Amaury Pineux Duval, which in-
C) undermine
stead their subjects’ beauty or heroism
while hiding all imperfection. D) mock

@satashkent 540
 The decline of the giant pika, a species 147
found throughout northern North Amer-
Which choice completes the text with the most
ica before it became extinct around 8000
logical and precise word or phrase?
BCE, surely had a number of the
larger ecosystem in which it existed. The A) similarities to
giant pika was part of a complex food web
with other organisms, and its disappearance B) precedents in
likely a!ected several other species.
C) sources in
D) consequences for

Web developers often encourage users to 148

create passwords that are fairly complicated
Which choice completes the text with the most
and therefore di”cult to guess. Nonethe-
logical and precise word or phrase?
less, researchers hava shown that the more
approach to password selection A) complex
seems to favor convenience over security:
for example, the fifth most commonly used B) useful
password in 2013 was the easily remembered
C) creative
’abc123.’
D) popular

Writer Lydia Davis observed that while 149

traditional literary forms, such as the poem,
Which choice completes the text with the most
are recognizable as such even as they evolve,
logical and precise word or phrase?
there are more forms that might, for
example, borrow elements from both fables A) neutral
and narratives to make something uncon-
ventional. Davis’s own very short literary B) customary
pieces arguably fit in this category, since
C) amorphous
they straddle the line between prose and
poetry. D) dispersed

The fact that publications by University 150

of Minnesota economist Ellen R. McGrat-
Which choice completes the text with the most
tan, who studies financial policy, are so
logical and precise word or phrase?
frequently cited in other scholars’ work
the usefulness of her research for A) overshadows
her peers - other economists clearly find her
studies valuable for their own scholarship. B) underscores
C) belies
D) forestalls

@satashkent 541
 The sloping tile roofs and picturesque fa- 151
cade of Mission San Luis Rey de Francia in
Which choice completes the text with the most
Oceanside, California, exemplify the Spanish
logical and precise word or phrase?
contribution to Californian architecture, and
influence that is throughout the state A) palpable
- architectural tourists visiting Los Angeles
Union Station in Los Angeles, for example, B) understated
can easily recognize how its style draws in-
C) disputed
spiration from the Spanish missions.
D) corroborated

In the 1990s, conservationists began plant- 152

ing more than 500,000 native trees in the
Which choice completes the text with the most
habitat of the Azores bullfinch to boost
logical and precise word or phrase?
the bird’s numbers. This approach was ap-
parently : the Azores bullfinch’s A) successful
population size increased from as few as
100 birds at the end of the 1980s to around B) disastrous
1,300 in 2023.
C) amusing
D) costly

The discoverers of the minor planet 713 153

Luscinia named it after the animal genus
Which choice completes the text with the most
that includes nightingales. Most of the re-
logical and precise word or phrase?
cently discovered minor planets, however,
are given only an identification number, A) substantial
largely due to there being over 500,000 such
bodies known at present, which makes the B) insurmountable
already challenging task of finding a unique
C) unnecessary
name for each nearly .
D) feasible

Posed in 1970, McMullen’s g-conjecture 154

many mathematicians before yield-
Which choice completes the text with the most
ing to the e!orts of Karim Adiprasito, who
logical and precise word or phrase?
presented a proof of it in 2018.
A) appeased
B) disregarded
C) confounded
D) indoctrinated

@satashkent 542
 Although Hawaiian literature is highly het- 155
erogenous in many ways, it is also charac-
Which choice completes the text with the most
terized by considerable thematic :
logical and precise word or phrase?
scholars have drawn connections linking
works by writers such as David Malo and A) innovation
Lisa Linn Kanae to the traditional stories
of the Kanaka Maoli, the Native Hawaiian B) continuity
people.
C) subtlety
D) sophistication

The decline of the giant ground sloth, a 156

species found throughout South Amer-
Which choice completes the text with the most
ica before it became extinct around 8500
logical and precise word or phrase?
BCE, surely had a number of the
larger ecosystem in which it existed. The A) sources in
giant ground sloth was part of a complex
food web with other organisms, and its B) consequences for
disappearance likely a!ected several other
C) similarities to
species.
D) precedents in

When minor planets are discovered, each is 157

given a unique identification number, and
Which choice completes the text with the most
some may be given a unique name, as in
logical and precise word or phrase?
the case of 1083 Salvia, which was named
after the plant genus that includes sages. A) permissible
Under current astronomical conventions, it
is for the discoverers to name their B) infeasible
discoveries, but they are not required to do
C) selective
so; whether to assign a minor planet a name
is entirely the choice of whoever discovers it. D) mandatory

The sloping tile roofs and picturesque 158

façade of Mission San José in Fremont,
Which choice completes the text with the most
California, exemplify the Spanish contribu-
logical and precise word or phrase?
tion to Californian architecture, an influence
that is throughout the state – archi- A) corroborated
tectural tourists visiting the Santa Fe Depot
in San Diego, for example, can easily recog- B) palpable
nize how its style draws inspiration from the
C) disputed
Spanish missions.
D) understated

@satashkent 543
 The National Heritage Fellowship was 159
created to honor exceptional folk and tra-
Which choice completes the text with the most
ditional artists in the United States. One
logical and precise word or phrase?
artist who received the fellowship is Navajo
(Dine) basket weaver Mary Holiday Black. A) contributions to
Black was chosen for her lifetime
the arts. B) doubts about
C) imitations of
D) misunderstandings of

The Fly River delta is a remarkably 160

landscape: it is a constantly
Which choice completes the text with the most
evolving network of channels and strips of
logical and precise word or phrase?
land that change in size and shape as the
river deposits new sedimentary particles A) mutable
where the river meets the waters of the Gulf
of Papua. B) habitable
C) secluded
D) homogeneous

In the mid-1980s, the price of vintage and 161

even new baseball cards rose dramatically,
Which choice completes the text with the most
which had the counterintuitive e!ect of
logical and precise word or phrase?
demand: buyers who hadn’t pre-
viously wanted to purchase baseball cards A) capitalizing
thronged the market, believing prices would
continue to rise and the cards could be B) exploiting
resold later at a profit.
C) eliciting
D) satisfying

Jessica Watson, who was the youngest per- 162

son to sail nonstop and unassisted around
Which choice completes the text with the most
the world, undoubtedly accomplished much,
logical and precise word or phrase?
but to gain a lasting place in our historical
memory, there is little that can be- A) overreach by
ing the first to do something. For example,
people will always remember that Jeanne B) prevail over
Bare was the first woman to circumnavigate
C) fluctuate with
the world.
D) constrain within

@satashkent 544
 The fact that publications by University 163
of California-Berkeley economist Bronwyn
Which choice completes the text with the most
Hughes Hall, who studies innovation and
logical and precise word or phrase?
economics, are so frequently cited in other
scholars’ work the usefulness of A) belied
her research for her peers-other economists
clearly find her studies valuable for their B) underscores
own scholarship.
C) forestalls
D) overshadows

The sloping tile roofs and picturesque 164

façade of Mission San Carlos Borromeo
Which choice completes the text with the most
de Carmelo in Carmel, California, are en-
logical and precise word or phrase?
during symbols of the Spanish contribution
to Californian architecture. Elements of this A) renovate
style have been reproduced throughout the
state the design of Santa Clara University B) imitate
in Santa Clara, for example, is considered to
C) neglect
the style of the Spanish missions.
D) reject

In a garden, the spread of unwel- 165

come weeds such as nutgrass can be di”cult
Which choice completes the text with the most
because weeds usually spread easily and
logical and precise word or phrase?
quickly become unmanageable, making it
hard to remove them completely. A) retrieving
B) saving
C) halting
D) pretending

Certain features are almost always included 166

in the designs of mosques, like the minaret
Which choice completes the text with the most
(or tower), which is considered to be a
logical and precise word or phrase?
of mosque architecture. Even
mosques that exhibit elements of multiple A) hallmark
architectural styles, such as the Shah Jahan
Mosque, which Incorporates elements from B) rejection
the Mughal, Safavid, and Timurid styles,
C) motivation
will also include several of these standard
features. D) duplication

@satashkent 545
 Lessons from previous declines in biodiver- 167
sity can help shape policy recommendations
Which choice completes the text with the most
aimed at preserving species at risk. The
logical and precise word or phrase?
factors that contributed to the extinction of
the shrub-ox around 9500 BCE may also be A) concealed from
endangered species today.
B) applicable to
C) integrated with
D) dependent on

In a 2018 article celebrating films depicting 168

the Black experience, critics for the New
Which choice completes the text with the most
York Times Ossie Davis’s 1970
logical and precise word or phrase?
film Cotton Comes to Harlem and Cheryl
Dunye’s 1996 film The Watermelon Woman, A) inspired
praising the former as ’especially pointed’
and the latter as ’heartbreaking and inspir- B) satirized
ing.’
C) overlooked
D) commended

The American continents are home to a 169

huge diversity of languages, from Mayo,
Which choice completes the text with the most
found in places like Mexico in North Amer-
logical and precise word or phrase?
ica, to Koreguaje, found in places like
Colombia in South America. Much like the A) immense
continents themselves, the variety of native
languages in the Americas is . B) unknown
C) ordinary
D) limited

The minor planet 1095 Tulipa was named 170

after the plant genus that includes tulips,
Which choice completes the text with the most
but given the sheer number of minor plan-
logical and precise word or phrase?
ets that have been discovered (more than
500,000 so far), most are given only an iden- A) impractical
tification number. Because any name given
to a minor planet needs to be unique to B) presumptuous
that body, naming each would be .
C) ambiguous
D) customary

@satashkent 546
 Drivers who strongly believe that the toll 171
they must pay to use the San Luis Pass-
Which choice completes the text with the most
Vacek Toll Bridge, which spans the San
logical and precise word or phrase?
Luis Pass in Texas, is currently too high are
likely to be arguments for in- A) cited in
creasing the toll. Advocates for a higher toll
are likely to have more success if they in- B) appraised of
stead direct their arguments toward a more
C) unsympathetic to
persuadable segment of the population.
D) placated by

Possessing an outstanding collection of 172

public art, Chicago has everything from
Which choice completes the text with the most
monumental mosaics like Marc Chagall’s
logical and precise word or phrase?
Four Seasons at sites like Chase Tower to
innovative street art like Kashink’s mural A) breadth of
Be The Change You Wish To See located on
South Wabash Avenue. The public B) controversy over
art on display in the city can thus satisfy
C) confusion about
any art lover.
D) apathy toward

In a 2018 article about films depicting the 173

experiences of Black Americans, critics for
Which choice completes the text with the most
the New York Times praise Madeline An-
logical and precise word or phrase?
derson’s 1970 film I Am Somebody as ’galva-
nizing’ and Carl Franklin’s 1995 film Devil A) ambivalence
in a Blue Dress as ’picture perfect.’ Fans of
the two films hope that such will B) acclaim
attract new audiences to these works.
C) foresight
D) impartiality

The fossil remains of the individual known 174

as Misliya-1, discovered in Israel in 2002,
Which choice completes the text with the most
can help paleoanthropologists not only
logical and precise word or phrase?
steps in the evolution of hominids
but also illuminate the Pleistocene epoch A) exploit
generally, revealing important details about
the time in which Misliya-1 lived. B) yield
C) prioritize
D) discern

@satashkent 547
 The Village Politicians, painted in the 175
realist style by Wilhelm Leibl, depicts a
Which choice completes the text with the most
group of peasants clustered together in
logical and precise word or phrase?
conversation and emphasizes accuracy in
its portrayal of the experiences of ordi- A) rejected
nary working people. This style largely
the conventions of the romantic B) imitated
style evident in many paintings by Thomas
C) epitomized
Couture, which instead accentuated their
subjects’ positive traits by, for example, D) extended
placing them in staged settings with ex-
pensive looking decorations and presenting
them with smooth, unblemished skin.

@satashkent 548
Topic 17: Words in Context - Synonyms
19 Questions

DIRECTIONS

Must Know Tips:

• Look for synonyms of the meaning of the word in that setting, not just the word itself.

• Pay attention to fillers (e.g., ”unlike,” ”by no means,” ”without”).

• To find something, you need to know what you’re searching for.

Recommended time per question in this section: min: 25 sec, max: 60 sec, avg: 42.5 sec.
(*Exam level)

The following text is adapted from Anton 1

Chekhov’s 1904 play The Cherry Orchard
As used in the text, what does the word
(translated by Julius West in 1916).
”undergone” most nearly mean?
TROFIMOV: Believe me, Anya, believe A) Neglected
me! I’m not thirty yet, I’m young, I’m still
a student, but I have undergone a great B) Enjoyed
deal! I’m as hungry as the winter, I’m ill,
C) Conveyed
I’m shaken..and where haven’t I been- -fate
has tossed me everywhere! D) Endured

The following text is adapted from John 2

Matheus’s 1926 short story, ”Mr. Bradford
As used in the text, what does the word
Teaches Sunday School.” Mr. Bradford is
”display” most nearly mean?
driving through the countryside in Florida.
A) Spectacle
The moss in the towering water oaks had
become enlivened with a verdant sheen of B) Reproduction
silver and hung like festoons of carnival or
C) Pretentiousness
like funeral decorations for the mourning
of the dead. The pine cones were pungent, D) Disguise
the pine green was resplendent. The bald
cypresses spread themselves along the wa-
ter courses while the willows wept as they
always did. Mr. Bradford was conscious of
this gorgeous display of nature.

@satashkent 549
 The following text is adapted from Ken- 3
neth Grahame’s 1908 novel The Wind in
As used in the text, what does the word
the Willows. The Mole is dazed after briefly
”suddenly” most nearly mean?
meeting a stranger while traveling with a
friend. A) Abruptly
(The) Mole stood still a moment, held in B) Repeatedly
thought. As one wakened suddenly from a
C) Voluntarily
beautiful dream, who struggles to recall it,
and can re-capture nothing but a dim sense D) Tenderly
of the beauty of it, the beauty! Till that,
too, fades away in its turn.

The following text is from Mark Twain’s 4

1876 novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.
As used in the text, what does the word
Tom, a child, has been told by his aunt to
”surveyed” most nearly mean?
paint their house’s fence.
A) Complimented
Tom appeared on the sidewalk with a
bucket of whitewash and a long-handled B) Examined
brush. He surveyed the fence, and all glad-
C) Converted
ness left him and a deep melancholy settled
down upon his spirit. Thirty yards of board D) Organized
fence nine feet high.

The following text is from Lilliam Rivera’s 5

2020 novel Never Look Back. The text de-
As used in the text, what does the word “tell’
scribes the narrator looking around his
most nearly mean?
father’s apartment.
A) Judge
Pops’s pride and joy is his wall of tower-
ing bookshelves. He once said you can tell B) Urge
a man’s worth by the number of books he
C) Adore
owns. I guess this means Pops is overflowing
with riches because ever since I can re- D) Teach
member I was never without a book within
reach.

@satashkent 550
 The following text is from Virginia Woolf’s 6
1919 novel Night and Day. The text de-
As used in the text, what does the figurative
scribes a gathering of aspiring young artists
phrase ”hew out” most nearly mean?
and intellectuals.
A) Visualize
One person after another rose, and, as with
an ill-balanced axe, attempted to hew out B) Emulate
his conception of art a little more clearly,
C) Vacate
and sat down with the feeling that, for some
reason which he could not grasp, his strokes D) Define
had gone awry. As they sat down they
turned almost invariably to the person sit-
ting next them, and rectified and continued
what they had just said in public.

The following text is from Rudolfo Anaya’s 7

1972 novel Bless Me, Ultima. The young
As used in the text, what does the phrase
narrator is eating breakfast with his two
”concern myself with” most nearly mean?
sisters in their home in rural New Mexico.
A) craft
I sat across the table from Deborah and
Teresa and ate my atole and the hot tortilla B) get angry about
with butter. I said very little. I usually
C) care about
spoke very little to my two sisters. They
were older than I and they were very close. D) earn
They usually spent the entire day in the
attic, playing dolls and giggling. I did not
concern myself with those things.

The following text is adapted from Willa 8

Cather’s 1912 novel Alexander’s Bridge.
As used in the text, what does the word
”constantly” most nearly mean?
For the next few days Alexander was very
busy. He took a desk in the o!ce of a [Scot- A) Hastily
tish] engineering firm on Henrietta Street,
and was at work almost constantly. He B) Carefully
avoided the clubs and usually dined alone at
C) Nonstop
his hotel.
D) Enough

@satashkent 551
 The following text is from Mark Oshiro’s 9
2018 novel Anger Is a Gift. In the novel,
As used in the text, what does the word
Moss and his friends are on a subway train
’specific’ most nearly mean?
in Northern California.
A) Imaginary
Lights from the outside world then filled
the train car as it rose out of the ground B) Correct
and climbed the elevated track. As long as
C) Energetic
Moss had lived in West Oakland, he’d never
tired of this specific view, so he pointed to- D) Particular
ward the windows. ”Check it,” he said, and
the Port of Oakland began to pass by them.

The following text is adapted from John 10

Matheus’s 1925 short story ”Fog.”
As used in the text, what does the word
”supported” most nearly mean?
The fog extended its tentacles over city
and river, gradually obliterating traces of A) Cherished
familiar landscapes. At five-thirty the old
Panhandle bridge, supported by massive B) Defended
sandstone pillars, stalwart, as when erected
C) Held up
fifty years before to serve a generation now
passed behind the portals of life, had be- D) Improved on
come a spectral outline against the sky.

The following text is from Charles Ches- 11

nutt’s 1905 novel The Colonel’s Dream.
As used in the text, what does the word
”placed” most nearly mean?
Mr. French and Mr. Kirby work together.
Mr. French, the senior partner, who sat op- A) Estimated
posite Kirby, was an older man-a safe guess
would have placed him somewhere in the B) Modified
debatable ground between forty and fifty; of
C) Contracted
a good height, as could be seen even from
the seated figure, the upper part of which D) Arranged
was held erect with the unconscious ease
which one associates with military training.

The following text is from Jhumpa Lahiri’s 12

2003 novel The Namesake. Gogol, a child, is
As used in the text, what does the word ”raise”
at a beach in Massachusetts with his father.
most nearly mean?
He watches his father raise a kite within A) Create
minutes into the wind, so high that Gogol
must tip his head back in order to see, a B) Congratulate
rippling speck against the sky. The wind
C) Strengthen
whips around their ears, turning their faces
cold. D) Lift

@satashkent 552
 The following text is adapted from Mary 13
Seacole’s 1857 autobiography Wonderful
As used in the text, what does the word
Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands.
”conceivable” most nearly mean?
That journey across the Isthmus [of A) Visible
Panama], insignificant in distance as it was,
was by no means an easy one. It seemed B) Steady
as if nature had determined to throw every
C) Easy
conceivable obstacle in the way of those who
should seek to join the two great oceans of D) Possible
the world.

The following text is adapted from Kenneth 14

Grahame’s 1908 novel The Wind in the Wil-
As used in the text, what does ”delicate” most
lows. The Mole has been found by a friend
nearly mean?
after getting lost in the woods.
A) Generous
It is beginning to snow. The Mole saw
the wood that had been so dreadful to him B) Fragile
in quite a changed aspect. Holes, hollows,
C) Accurate
pools, pitfalls, and other menaces to the
wayfarer were vanishing fast, and a gleam- D) Empty
ing carpet was springing up everywhere,
that looked too delicate to be trodden upon
by rough feet.

The following text is adapted from Vir- 15

ginia Woolf’s 1919 novel Night and Day.
As used in the text, what does the word
Katharine is the granddaughter of a cele-
”manifest” most nearly mean?
brated poet.
A) Anticipated
[Katharine’s] descent from [a celebrated
poet] was no surprise to her, but matter B) Particular
for satisfaction, until, as the years wore on,
C) Complex
certain drawbacks made themselves very
manifest. Perhaps it is a little depressing to D) Evident
inherit not lands but an example of intel-
lectual virtue; perhaps the conclusiveness of
a great ancestor is a little discouraging to
those who run the risk of comparison with
him.

@satashkent 553
 The following text is from Kenneth Gra- 16
hame’s 1908 novel The Wind in the Willows.
As used in the text, what does the word
The Mole is returning home after a visit to
”anticipating” most nearly mean?
Mr. Badger’s house.
A) Managing
As he hurried along, eagerly anticipating
the moment when he would be at home B) Getting ahead of
again among the things he knew and liked,
C) Revealing
the Mole saw Clearly that he was an animal
of tiled field and hedge-row, linked to the D) Looking forward to
ploughed furrow, the frequented pasture,
the lane of evening lingerings, the cultivated
garden-plot.

The following text is adapted from John 17

Matheus’s 1925 short story ”Fog.” A train
As used in the text, what does the word
has stopped at a station, where heavy fog
”registered” most nearly mean?
has set in.
A) Bypassed
The little conductor stood on tiptoe in an
e”ort to keep one hand on the signal rope, B) Enrolled
craning his neck in a vain and dissatisfied
C) Valued
endeavor to pierce the miasma of the fog.
The motorman chafed in his box, thinking D) Displayed
of the drudging lot of the laboring man. He
registered discontent.

The following text is adapted from Jhumpa 18

Lahiri’s 2003 novel The Namesake. Gogol
As used in the text, what do the words ”carves”
is an elementary school student in Mas-
and ”leaves” both most nearly mean?
sachusetts.
A) Marks
In art class, his favorite hour of the week,
he carves his name with paper clips into the B) Passes
bottoms of clay cups and bowls. He pastes
C) Turns
uncooked pasta to cardboard, and leaves his
signature in fat brush strokes below paint- D) Follows
ings.

@satashkent 554
 The following text is adapted from Yone 19
Noguchi’s 1914 memoir The Story of Yone
As used in the text, what does the word ”find”
Noguchi. Noguchi is returning home after
most nearly mean?
eleven years abroad.
A) Reveal
I reached Tsushima, my native town, at
evening. I frightened my old father at the B) Persuade
station, who was actually trying to find me
C) Judge
among some other people. There is no won-
der that he could not recognise me; I must D) Locate
have changed a great deal.

@satashkent 555
 V
The
End

@satashkent 556
 Boundaries
Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer
1 A 62 D 123 D
2 B 63 C 124 C
3 D 64 C 125 C
4 C 65 A 126 D
5 C 66 C 127 B
6 A 67 A 128 B
7 D 68 C 129 D
8 A 69 A 130 A
9 A 70 A 131 C
10 A 71 B 132 B
11 B 72 D 133 D
12 B 73 C 134 C
13 A 74 A 135 A
14 A 75 B 136 A
15 B 76 C 137 A
16 B 77 C 138 A
17 B 78 C 139 C
18 B 79 B 140 B
19 D 80 B 141 B
20 C 81 A 142 A
21 D 82 B 143 A
22 C 83 D 144 C
23 A 84 D 145 A
24 A 85 A 146 C
25 C 86 B 147 D
26 D 87 D 148 B
27 C 88 D 149 A
28 C 89 C 150 D
29 A 90 D 151 B
30 D 91 D 152 B
31 A 92 B 153 B
32 B 93 A 154 B

@satashkent 557
 Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer
33 B 94 B 155 A
34 D 95 B 156 C
35 A 96 C 157 D
36 B 97 D 158 C
37 B 98 B 159 C
38 D 99 A 160 D
39 C 100 B 161 B
40 B 101 D 162 A
41 D 102 D 163 B
42 B 103 D 164 A
43 A 104 D 165 B
44 D 105 A 166 B
45 B 106 D 167 D
46 B 107 B 168 A
47 A 108 A 169 A
48 B 109 A 170 D
49 A 110 A 171 B
50 D 111 D 172 D
51 C 112 B 173 C
52 D 113 B 174 D
53 D 114 B 175 C
54 D 115 B 176 D
55 A 116 C 177 B
56 D 117 C 178 D
57 D 118 B 179 B
58 D 119 C 180 D
59 C 120 D 181 C
60 A 121 C 182 B
61 A 122 B 183 D

@satashkent 558
 Form, Structure, and Sense
Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer
1 B 41 C 81 C
2 B 42 D 82 D
3 A 43 A 83 C
4 A 44 C 84 B
5 C 45 B 85 B
6 B 46 A 86 C
7 A 47 D 87 B
8 B 48 C 88 A
9 D 49 C 89 C
10 A 50 B 90 C
11 C 51 B 91 B
12 B 52 C 92 A
13 B 53 D 93 C
14 C 54 B 94 B
15 B 55 D 95 C
16 B 56 D 96 B
17 D 57 C 97 C
18 D 58 A 98 C
19 A 59 D 99 B
20 C 60 D 100 A
21 A 61 A 101 A
22 A 62 A 102 D
23 B 63 A 103 D
24 D 64 B 104 B
25 A 65 D 105 C
26 A 66 B 106 A
27 A 67 C 107 A
28 B 68 D 108 B
29 A 69 A 109 C
30 B 70 B 110 D
31 D 71 C 111 B
32 B 72 A 112 A

@satashkent 559
 Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer
33 A 73 C 113 C
34 B 74 D 114 C
35 A 75 D 115 C
36 D 76 A 116 C
37 B 77 A 117 A
38 B 78 B 118 D
39 A 79 D
40 A 80 C

Transitions
Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer
1 C 48 B 95 D
2 D 49 B 96 A
3 D 50 D 97 B
4 B 51 D 98 C
5 A 52 B 99 D
6 C 53 C 100 A
7 A 54 D 101 A
8 C 55 B 102 D
9 A 56 B 103 A
10 A 57 D 104 B
11 C 58 A 105 C
12 A 59 B 106 C
13 D 60 C 107 A
14 D 61 A 108 D
15 A 62 D 109 A
16 B 63 B 110 D
17 A 64 D 111 A
18 A 65 A 112 D

@satashkent 560
 Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer
19 D 66 C 113 D
20 D 67 B 114 B
21 B 68 B 115 A
22 B 69 C 116 D
23 A 70 B 117 B
24 A 71 A 118 D
25 B 72 B 119 D
26 B 73 A 120 C
27 B 74 B 121 D
28 C 75 A 122 C
29 D 76 B 123 C
30 C 77 A 124 D
31 C 78 D 125 C
32 A 79 A 126 C
33 A 80 A 127 C
34 B 81 D 128 C
35 D 82 A 129 C
36 A 83 B 130 B
37 C 84 D 131 D
38 A 85 A 132 C
39 D 86 C 133 A
40 C 87 B 134 C
41 D 88 D 135 A
42 D 89 A 136 D
43 C 90 D 137 B
44 D 91 B 138 C
45 D 92 A 139 D
46 D 93 D 140 B
47 D 94 D 141 B

@satashkent 561
 Rhetorical Synthesis
Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer
1 A 56 C 111 B
2 B 57 D 112 B
3 B 58 C 113 B
4 A 59 A 114 A
5 A 60 C 115 D
6 C 61 D 116 C
7 B 62 D 117 C
8 D 63 D 118 A
9 B 64 B 119 A
10 C 65 B 120 C
11 C 66 D 121 B
12 B 67 C 122 D
13 D 68 C 123 C
14 C 69 B 124 B
15 C 70 D 125 A
16 A 71 A 126 A
17 B 72 A 127 B
18 D 73 D 128 A
19 B 74 A 129 C
20 A 75 C 130 C
21 B 76 B 131 B
22 D 77 B 132 C
23 B 78 C 133 C
24 D 79 B 134 B
25 D 80 B 135 B
26 A 81 B 136 A
27 A 82 A 137 D
28 A 83 C 138 B
29 C 84 B 139 C
30 D 85 B 140 C

@satashkent 562
 Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer
31 D 86 A 141 C
32 A 87 A 142 C
33 B 88 B 143 A
34 B 89 D 144 D
35 A 90 D 145 A
36 A 91 C 146 B
37 A 92 B 147 D
38 B 93 B 148 B
39 A 94 C 149 A
40 D 95 B 150 A
41 D 96 D 151 C
42 A 97 A 152 C
43 D 98 A 153 D
44 D 99 C 154 A
45 C 100 A 155 B
46 B 101 D 156 C
47 C 102 B 157 A
48 C 103 D 158 C
49 A 104 C 159 C
50 D 105 C 160 C
51 D 106 C 161 A
52 C 107 B 162 B
53 A 108 A 163 B
54 A 109 B 164 A
55 B 110 C

@satashkent 563
 Main Idea
Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer
1 D 10 C 19 D
2 C 11 D 20 C
3 B 12 A 21 D
4 C 13 D 22 D
5 C 14 D 23 D
6 A 15 D 24 D
7 D 16 A 25 A
8 B 17 B 26 B
9 C 18 C 27 B

Details Question
Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer
1 D 20 B 39 B
2 C 21 A 40 B
3 B 22 B 41 B
4 D 23 D 42 C
5 A 24 D 43 D
6 D 25 A 44 A
7 D 26 D 45 A
8 D 27 C 46 B
9 A 28 A 47 D
10 B 29 A 48 A
11 A 30 C 49 A
12 C 31 A 50 D
13 A 32 B 51 D
14 A 33 D 52 D
15 C 34 B 53 A
16 A 35 D 54 B
17 A 36 A 55 C
18 D 37 C 56 A
19 D 38 D

@satashkent 564
 Inference
Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer
1 D 37 C 73 D
2 A 38 C 74 C
3 B 39 C 75 B
4 A 40 B 76 D
5 C 41 C 77 D
6 C 42 B 78 C
7 A 43 B 79 A
8 C 44 A 80 A
9 D 45 B 81 D
10 D 46 B 82 B
11 D 47 B 83 D
12 C 48 A 84 C
13 C 49 A 85 A
14 A 50 A 86 D
15 D 51 A 87 A
16 A 52 A 88 D
17 C 53 A 89 D
18 B 54 C 90 B
19 D 55 D 91 B
20 D 56 B 92 A
21 C 57 D 93 A
22 D 58 A 94 A
23 B 59 B 95 D
24 B 60 A 96 C
25 D 61 D 97 D
26 B 62 A 98 A
27 B 63 D 99 D
28 A 64 D 100 D
29 A 65 C 101 B
30 B 66 D 102 B
31 D 67 A 103 D

@satashkent 565
 Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer
32 C 68 A 104 C
33 C 69 D 105 A
34 C 70 A 106 A
35 D 71 A 107 B
36 C 72 A

Comman of Evidence - Support

Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer
1 D 14 C 27 D
2 B 15 A 28 A
3 C 16 A 29 B
4 A 17 C 30 A
5 B 18 C 31 B
6 D 19 B 32 D
7 B 20 B 33 C
8 D 21 A 34 B
9 A 22 D 35 C
10 C 23 D 36 A
11 B 24 B 37 A
12 A 25 C
13 C 26 D
Comman of Evidence - Weaken
Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer
1 D 6 D 11 B
2 D 7 B 12 B
3 C 8 D 13 C
4 A 9 A 14 D
5 D 10 B 15 D

@satashkent 566
 Quotation
Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer
1 A 12 A 23 A
2 C 13 A 24 B
3 C 14 D 25 A
4 D 15 D 26 B
5 B 16 D 27 C
6 D 17 C 28 D
7 B 18 C 29 C
8 D 19 D 30 B
9 C 20 C 31 D
10 D 21 D 32 A
11 C 22 A 33 C

Command of Evidence - Graph

Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer
1 B 32 A 63 B
2 D 33 C 64 B
3 A 34 A 65 C
4 A 35 D 66 A
5 A 36 A 67 A
6 C 37 B 68 C
7 A 38 A 69 B
8 A 39 D 70 A
9 B 40 D 71 B
10 A 41 C 72 A
11 A 42 B 73 B
12 A 43 D 74 B
13 B 44 B 75 A
14 D 45 D 76 A
15 B 46 B 77 C
16 D 47 C 78 A
17 A 48 A 79 B

@satashkent 567
 Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer
18 C 49 D 80 C
19 D 50 B 81 B
20 B 51 A 82 A
21 A 52 C 83 C
22 A 53 C 84 A
23 A 54 C 85 A
24 B 55 C 86 B
25 D 56 D 87 A
26 B 57 C 88 A
27 D 58 B 89 C
28 A 59 C 90 A
29 A 60 B 91 B
30 D 61 C 92 C
31 C 62 B

Main Purpose
Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer
1 A 11 D 21 D
2 B 12 A 22 D
3 B 13 B 23 B
4 A 14 C 24 D
5 D 15 B 25 A
6 D 16 D 26 C
7 B 17 D 27 A
8 D 18 A 28 B
9 B 19 A
10 C 20 B

@satashkent 568
 Overall Structure
Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer
1 D 8 B 15 B
2 C 9 A 16 C
3 C 10 A 17 A
4 B 11 B 18 D
5 B 12 A 19 D
6 B 13 C 20 A
7 D 14 B 21 C

Underlined purpose
Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer
1 D 20 D 39 C
2 A 21 C 40 D
3 A 22 C 41 C
4 D 23 D 42 C
5 A 24 B 43 B
6 D 25 D 44 D
7 A 26 B 45 C
8 B 27 C 46 A
9 A 28 D 47 B
10 A 29 D 48 C
11 A 30 C 49 B
12 C 31 C 50 B
13 B 32 C 51 D
14 A 33 A 52 B
15 A 34 C 53 D
16 D 35 A 54 D
17 B 36 A 55 C
18 D 37 B 56 C
19 D 38 A 57 A

@satashkent 569
 Cross-text Connections
Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer
1 D 10 C 19 D
2 D 11 A 20 B
3 B 12 C 21 C
4 B 13 B 22 B
5 A 14 C 23 C
6 B 15 A 24 C
7 B 16 A 25 A
8 A 17 D 26 A
9 D 18 A

Words in Context - Gap Filling

Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer
1 A 60 B 119 A
2 D 61 D 120 D
3 A 62 D 121 A
4 A 63 B 122 A
5 B 64 D 123 D
6 C 65 D 124 B
7 D 66 A 125 C
8 C 67 B 126 B
9 C 68 D 127 C
10 D 69 C 128 B
11 B 70 C 129 D
12 C 71 D 130 A
13 A 72 B 131 B
14 C 73 C 132 D
15 C 74 D 133 C
16 C 75 C 134 B
17 A 76 C 135 D
18 B 77 A 136 A

@satashkent 570
 Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer
19 C 78 D 137 D
20 A 79 C 138 A
21 A 80 B 139 D
22 C 81 C 140 A
23 B 82 A 141 A
24 D 83 B 142 C
25 D 84 C 143 A
26 D 85 D 144 A
27 B 86 D 145 A
28 A 87 B 146 A
29 C 88 A 147 D
30 C 89 B 148 D
31 A 90 D 149 C
32 C 91 C 150 B
33 D 92 D 151 A
34 B 93 D 152 A
35 C 94 B 153 B
36 B 95 D 154 C
37 B 96 A 155 B
38 D 97 D 156 B
39 A 98 D 157 A
40 D 99 B 158 B
41 D 100 A 159 A
42 A 101 B 160 A
43 B 102 C 161 C
44 D 103 C 162 B
45 A 104 C 163 B
46 B 105 B 164 B
47 A 106 B 165 C
48 B 107 C 166 A
49 B 108 A 167 B
50 D 109 B 168 D

@satashkent 571
 Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer
51 B 110 A 169 A
52 D 111 A 170 A
53 C 112 A 171 C
54 D 113 A 172 A
55 A 114 B 173 B
56 A 115 D 174 D
57 C 116 D 175 A
58 B 117 C
59 B 118 C

Words in Context - Synonyms

Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer
1 D 8 C 15 D
2 A 9 D 16 D
3 A 10 C 17 D
4 B 11 A 18 A
5 A 12 D 19 D
6 D 13 D
7 C 14 B

@satashkent 572
 Acknowledgement

We’ve reached the end of “SAToplam by @satashkent.”

This book wouldn’t exist without the teamwork, precision, and creativity of the following individuals:

Project Director & Lead Coordinator – Avazbek Khamidov

Started as a driving force for this initiative. Avazbek led the project from start to finish-coordinating
the vision, collected real SAT questions, formatted the questions into Overleaf, and ensured the book
met the highest standards for self-study learners.

Technical Formatter & LaTex Specialist – Bekzodbek Isoqjonov

Worked as a backbone of the production process, handled the technical input and formatting of
questions into Overleaf, promising the correct LaTeX structure, alignment, and visual quality of the
document.

Content Curator & Editor – Sevinch Rizoqulova

Was responsible for collecting, organizing, and refining questions to ensure clarity, accuracy, and
consistency throughout the book. Sevinch elevated the overall quality of content by contributing to
the structure and flow of the question sets.

Art Direction – Azizbek Yo’ldoshev

Stood as our creative eye behind the book. Azizbek helped the book to be informative and visually
appealing alike by making the team members work ahead beyond their abilities!

SAT Experts – English Department of SATashkent Team

These are the following members of English Department team contributing to the answer sheet
of the book significantly: Jamshidbek Rasulov, Donobek Qahramonov, Muhammadsodiq
Avazbekov, Abdulaziz Turakulov, Muhammad Ali Chorshanbiyev, Sangina Abdullaeva,
Bobur Raxmatov, Azimkhon Nazarov, Ozodbek Otamirzayev, Umarjon Tashmukhame-
dov, Abdulloh Ikromov, and Azizjon Turabaev.

Powered by @satashkent

*This book is the FIRST EDITION. New questions and new ideas are yet to come! Stay tuned!

@satashkent 573
What’s the best way to prepare for the SAT Reading and Writing section?

While everyone studies differently—some by drilling questions, others by

learning rules—the truth is this: real improvement comes from mastering the
exact skills tested on the actual exam, and practicing them with real questions,
organized in a way that makes learning focused, not frustrating.

Understanding this need, we created the SAToplam for SAT learners. We’ve poured
countless hours into building this resource—not with artificial exercises, but with
authentic SAT questions from the digital era, divided by topic, so you can improve
exactly where you need it most.

Through this book:

You will practice ONLY REAL digital SAT questions from March 2023 to
December 2024.
You will master grammar, transitions, logic, reading comprehension, and
rhetorical analysis—all by topic.
You will receive strategic tips and insights before each section to guide
your thinking.
You will sharpen your test-taking speed and accuracy using questions
that mirror the real test.
You will become an expert not just in answering questions—but in
understanding how the SAT thinks.
This book is not just a collection. It’s a system. It’s been built for
independent learners, students without tutors, and those who are serious about
growing score by score, section by section.
And remember: you’re not alone in this journey.

We’re here—with more to come in future editions.

— The @satashkent Team!

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