IOT UNIT 4

TO DO:
1. Arduino Platform Boards Anatomy
2. Arduino IDE
3. Coding using Arduino
4. Using emulator
5. Using libraries
6. Additions in Arduino
7. Programming the Arduino for IoT
# Arduino Platform Boards Anatomy (12)

• An Arduino board is an open-source, single-board microcontroller platform used for

building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control the physical
world. It is designed to be easy to use for beginners and flexible enough for advanced
users. Arduino boards are widely used in a variety of applications, including robotics,
automation, IoT (Internet of Things), home automation, and educational projects.

• The Arduino Platform Boards Anatomy refers to the structure and components that
make up an Arduino board. Understanding the different parts of an Arduino board is
essential for programming and using it effectively for IoT (Internet of Things) projects.
Here’s a detailed explanation of the key components that form the anatomy of an
Arduino board:
12
Microcontroller – cpu
Digital, analog i/o pins (analog = 0 – 1023)
Power supply pins (Vin = 7-12V, 5&3.3V, gnd)
Reset btn, USB connection (comp <-> usb port)
Ext. component i/f
Voltage regulator
Crystal oscillator, LED, serial comm, prog i/f

1. Microcontroller (The Brain)

• Description: The microcontroller is the central processing unit (CPU) of the Arduino
board. It is responsible for executing the instructions in the Arduino program (written
in C/C++).
• Popular Models:
o ATmega328: Used in Arduino Uno and Nano.
o ATmega2560: Used in Arduino Mega.
• Function: It processes data, controls the flow of instructions, and interacts with
external devices like sensors, actuators, and communication modules.
2. Digital I/O Pins
• Description: These pins can either send or receive digital signals (HIGH or LOW). You
can use them for tasks like turning LEDs on or off, or reading data from digital sensors.
• Pin Configuration:
o Digital Output Pins: Used to send digital signals to components like LEDs or
motors.
 o Digital Input Pins: Used to read signals from digital devices like buttons or
switches.
3. Analog I/O Pins
• Description: These pins are used to receive or send analog signals (values between 0
and 1023 in Arduino’s standard range). For example, they can read signals from
sensors like temperature or light sensors, which output varying voltage levels.
• Pin Function:
o Analog Input: Reads voltages from sensors (like temperature sensors).
o Analog Output (PWM): Sends analog-like signals, often used to control motors
or light intensity.
4. Power Supply Pins
• Description: These pins provide power to the board and external components.
• Pin Types:
o Vin: Used to supply external power (7-12V) to the board if not using USB
power.
o 5V and 3.3V: These pins provide a regulated 5V or 3.3V output to power other
components.
o GND (Ground): Common ground pin for connecting external devices to the
Arduino.
5. Reset Button
• Description: The reset button is used to restart the microcontroller, causing it to
restart the program from the beginning. This is useful during debugging or after
uploading new code.
6. USB Connection
• Description: The Arduino board connects to a computer via the USB port. This is used
for:
o Uploading programs from the Arduino IDE to the microcontroller.
o Powering the board during development.
o Serial communication (sending and receiving data) between the Arduino and
the computer.
7. External Components Interface
• Description: Arduino boards allow you to connect external components (e.g., sensors,
actuators) via:
o Headers: These are rows of pins to which you can connect external wires or
shields.
o Shields: These are plug-in expansion boards that add functionality, like motor
control, Ethernet, or WiFi.
8. Voltage Regulator
• Description: The voltage regulator ensures the board receives a stable voltage from
the power supply, typically converting a higher voltage (like 9V) down to 5V, which is
required for the microcontroller and other components.
9. Crystal Oscillator
• Description: The crystal oscillator generates a clock signal for the microcontroller,
determining its operation speed (e.g., 16 MHz in Arduino Uno).
10. LEDs
• Built-in LED: Most Arduino boards come with a built-in LED on Pin 13. This LED can be
controlled programmatically to help test basic code.
• Power LED: Indicates that the board is receiving power.
11. Serial Communication
• TX/RX Pins: These pins are used for serial communication (UART) with external
devices like sensors or other microcontrollers. The TX pin sends data from Arduino,
and the RX pin receives data.
• USB to Serial Converter: Some Arduino boards have a chip (e.g., FTDI or CH340) that
converts the USB signal into a serial communication protocol to talk to the
microcontroller.
12. Programming Interface
• Bootloader: The Arduino comes with a pre-installed bootloader that allows you to
upload code via the USB port. The bootloader is a small program that runs on the
microcontroller, enabling easy uploads without needing an external programmer.
# ARDUINO IDE
Arduino IDE: Arduino IDE is an open-source software that is used to program the Arduino
controller board. It is based on variations of C and C++ programming language.
Steps to setup Arduino board:
1. Power the board by connecting it to PC via the USB cable. Two pins closest to USB port
should be ON and green power LED should glow.
2. Launch Arduino IDE. After Arduino IDE s/w is downloaded, it’s unzipped from the
folder and launched
3. Open first project. Click on create new project.
4. Select Arduino board by clicking on tools.
5. Select serial port. It’s likely to be COM3 or higher.
6. Upload program to board.

# ARDUINO EMULATOR
1. An Arduino Emulator is a software tool that simulates the behaviour of an Arduino
microcontroller and its components (such as sensors, actuators, and LEDs) on a
computer without needing the actual hardware.
2. It allows testing and debugging Arduino code (sketches) virtually before deploying to
real hardware.
3. Provides a graphical user interface (GUI) with virtual components like LEDs, sensors,
and motors.
4. Supports real-time simulation of Arduino projects, allowing for interactive
debugging.
5. Emulators replicate the behaviour of various components like buttons, servos, and
displays.
6. Allows for code testing and debugging without the risk of damaging physical
components.
7. It enables the simulation of hardware configurations and circuits through a virtual
breadboard.
8. Step-by-step execution of code helps identify and fix issues without hardware setup.
9. No physical setup required, making it ideal for beginners and quick testing.
10.Some emulators integrate external libraries for components like sensors and motors.
11.Arduino Emulators often provide a serial monitor to view output and debug data.
12.It helps save time and cost by allowing users to experiment without needing
hardware.