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The document discusses the use of measuring instruments, emphasizing accuracy, consistency, and sensitivity. It details various measuring tools for length, mass, electric current, temperature, and volume, along with methods for taking readings and determining zero errors. Additionally, it covers estimation techniques for measurements when proper tools are unavailable and highlights advancements in measuring technology.

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10 views33 pages

Screenshot 2022-04-15 at 10.08.24 AM

The document discusses the use of measuring instruments, emphasizing accuracy, consistency, and sensitivity. It details various measuring tools for length, mass, electric current, temperature, and volume, along with methods for taking readings and determining zero errors. Additionally, it covers estimation techniques for measurements when proper tools are unavailable and highlights advancements in measuring technology.

Uploaded by

g6xsgb5y7s
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

4 The Use of Measuring


Instruments, Accuracy,
Consistency, Sensitivity and Errors
Accuracy

The ability of measuring instruments to obtain a values


closest to the actual value

Consistency

The ability of measuring instruments to give same readings


with repeated measurements

Sensitivity
The ability of measuring instruments to detect a small
change in the measurement quantity
A. The use of Right Measuring Instruments
Length Length is the distance between two points. Metre (m)
What is the SI unit for length ?

Smallest scale is 1mm or 0.1 cm


The eyes of observer must be parallel
to the scale of the ruler
A. The use of Right Measuring Instruments
Mass of an object is the quantity of matter in
Mass it. What is the SI unit for mass? kilogram(kg)

Lever balance Triple beam balance


A. The use of Right Measuring Instruments
Electric An electric current is a flow of electric charge.
current Ampere (A)
What is S.I. unit for electric current?

Ammeter
Volume Volume of water can be measured using a
of water measuring cylinder

How to to take reading of thermometer


Exercise

No Physical quantities Unit / symbol Measuring instruments

1
Length Metre /m Ruler, measuring tape

2
Mass Kilogram /kg Lever balance, triple beam balance

3
Time Second /s Stopwatch

Clinical thermometer, laboratory


4
Temperature Kelvin /K
thermometer
5
Electric current Ampere/A Ammeter
B. Using Measuring Instruments with Higher Accuracy
Length I. Vernier Calipers

Vernier scale
Vernier scale is used to measure the
thickness or outer diameter, inner
diameter and depth of an object.
How to use vernier caliper?
Vernier caliper consist of two scale, main scale and vernier scale.
The smallest division of the reading of 0.01 cm or 0.1 mm.
therefore , vernier caliper is more accurate compared to a ruler.
How to read?

Reading = main scale + vernier scale


= 2.80 + 0.06

= 2.86 cm

The vernier scale


coincides with the main
scale
Reading = main scale + vernier scale
= 10.00 + 0.02
= 10.02 cm

The vernier scale


coincides with the
main scale at 0.02
10 cm
Reading = main scale + vernier scale
= 6.00 + 0.02
= 6.02 cm

The vernier scale


coincides with the
main scale at 0.02
a. Reading = main scale + vernier scale
= 0.0 + 0.06
= 0.06 cm

10
b. Reading = main scale + vernier scale
= 4.00 + 0.03
= 4.03 cm
C. Reading = main scale + vernier scale
= 1.0+ 0.06
= 1. 06 cm

D. Reading = main scale + vernier scale


= 5.3 + 0.01
= 5.31 cm

E. Reading = main scale + vernier scale


= 3.8 + 0.03
= 3.83cm
How to determine zero error?
+ 0.03 cm
- 0.02 cm
B. Using Measuring Instruments with Higher Accuracy
Length II. Micrometer Screw Gauge
Micrometer screw gauge is
used to measure the
thickness and diameter of
small objects like paper and
hair.
How to use micrometer screw gauge?
The smallest division is 0.001 cm or 0.1 mm. Therefore micrometer screw
gauge is more accurate than vernier calipers.
How to read?

Micrometer
scale
Main scale
Reading = main scale + micrometer scale
= 12.00+ 0.40
= 12.40 mm
How to determine zero error?
1. Close the anvil. Look at both scale.

If the zero mark on


If the zero mark on main If the zero mark on main
micrometer scale coincides
scale can be seen scale cannot be seen
with zero mark on main
scale: no zero error.
QUIZ

Vernier caliper and micrometer screw gauge


Errors
C. Making an Estimation before Taking the Actual
Measurement
Estimating Estimating area
Length
Estimation
Estimating Estimating
mass Volume
ii. Estimating Length
When a proper measuring tools are not available during an experiment,
the best way is to make an estimation.

Example:
Estimating kid height using
pencils.
ii. Estimating Area

For object with regular For object with irregular


shapes, area can be shapes, area can be
measured by using formula measured by using graph
paper methods
Mark on squares
that are half and more
than half covered by the
object.
Count the total number of
squares marked and record
your result.
iii. Estimating Mass

Example:
Estimating the mass of one sheet
of paper.

The mass of 100 sheets of paper


is 500 g

The mass of one sheet of paper :


= 500/ 100
=5g
iv. Estimating Volume

The volume of regular shaped The volume of irregular shaped


object can be determined by using object can be determined by using
formula.
Water Displacement method
Volume = length x height x depth
Water Displacement Method

Example:
Estimating the volume of stone

Initial volume :
200 ml

Final volume:
280 ml

Volume of the stone :


= Final volume - initial volume
= 280 ml -200 ml
= 80 ml
D. Technology and Innovation in Measuring Instrument

Weighing scale

Digital blood pressure measuring instruments

Ultrasound machine

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