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Computer Basics - Lecture 02

The document explains the fundamental units of memory in computing, including bits, bytes, and words, detailing their relationships to computer hardware and data representation. It covers memory storage sizes (KB, MB, GB, TB), binary conversion, ASCII character encoding, and the concept of memory locations for data access. Additionally, it introduces machine code as the low-level code executed by a CPU, emphasizing the importance of binary data in computing.

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8 views11 pages

Computer Basics - Lecture 02

The document explains the fundamental units of memory in computing, including bits, bytes, and words, detailing their relationships to computer hardware and data representation. It covers memory storage sizes (KB, MB, GB, TB), binary conversion, ASCII character encoding, and the concept of memory locations for data access. Additionally, it introduces machine code as the low-level code executed by a CPU, emphasizing the importance of binary data in computing.

Uploaded by

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Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Units of Memory

Bits & Byte

Bit - The smallest unit of digital information, representing a binary value (0 or 1)


All data text, images, videos or any other type of information, is first converted into
a sequence of bits (0s and 1s) before being transmitted over the internet.

Byte - Eight bits make up a byte. It's the basic unit of storage in a computer.
Example: A byte can represent a single character, like 'A’.
Bits relationship to Computer Hardware
• Memory cells are circuits designed to store bits.
• These cells, often made up of transistors and capacitors, can hold a 0 or 1
value.
• Transistors are the building blocks of modern electronic circuits.
• When the gate of a transistor is ON (or has a value 1) then electricity flows
from the source and the transistor is said to be ON
• Otherwise, when the gate of a transistor is OFF (or has a value 0) then
electricity does not flow from the source and the transistor is said to be OFF.
• By turning transistors "on" or "off," circuits can represent and manipulate
binary data
• Circuits are the hardware that allows the abstract concept of binary digits to
become a physical reality, that computers can use.
Bit & Word
Word: A unit of data used by a computer processor. The size of a word varies:
16-bit word = 2 bytes
32-bit word = 4 bytes
64-bit word = 8 bytes
Different computer architectures define word size differently. Older systems
used 16-bit words, while modern systems commonly use 32-bit or 64-bit
words.
Memory/ Storage devices
KB:
1 KB = 1,024 Bytes
MB:
1 MB = 1024KB = 1,048,576 Bytes

GB:
1 GB = 1024MB = 1,048,576 KB = 1,073,741,824 Bytes
TB:
1 TB = 1024 GB = 1,048,576
MB = 8,388,608 KB = 1,099,511,627,776 Bytes
Decimal to Binary conversion
• Binary - The base-2 number system, using only 0s and 1s. Computers use
binary for data representation. Example: The binary representation of 1 to 5
decimal numbers is .
Decimal to binary table
ASCII Character Encoding
• A standard that assigns numerical values to characters.
• Computers use these values to represent text.
• ASCII values are often represented in binary.
• The ASCII code for the uppercase letter "A" is 65.
• To find the binary representation of 65, convert 65 to its binary equivalent,
which is 1000001
• Then, since ASCII uses 7 bits, add a leading 0 to make it 01000001.
ASCII Table
Memory location / address
A unique identifier for each location in memory,
Allows CPU to access and store data.
I/O operations involve moving data between memory and external devices.
Code Execution
Machine Code: Low-level code directly executable by a computer's CPU. It's in binary and specific to the
processor architecture. Connecting Point: Programming languages are used to write machine code.

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