Doyti Academic and Admission care Joykoli Admission Coaching

welq: Z_¨ I †hvM‡hvM cÖhyw³

1| iwb Ges Rwb Gev‡ii GKz‡ki eB‡gjv myZivs Rwb eBwU `kwgK ev †Wwm‡gj
†_‡K h_vµ‡g (346)8 Ges (10110110)2 UvKvq wK‡bwQj
UvKvi eB wK‡bwQj| = (1  27) + (0  26) + (1  25) + (1  24)
(K) ASCII †KvW Kx? + (0  23) + (1  22) + (1 
(L) Ò‡Kv‡WW †WUv‡K Avb‡Kv‡WW 21) + (0  20)
†WUvq iƒcvšÍi m¤¢e|" e¨vL¨v Ki| = (182)10
(M) DÏxc‡Ki iwb Ges Rwb †gvU KZ AZGe Rwb I iwb †gvU eB wK‡bwQj = (230
UvKvi eB wK‡bwQj Zv †Wwm‡gj + 182)10
c×wZ‡Z wbY©q Ki| = (412)10 UvKvi|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki `yBR‡bi g‡a¨ †K †ewk
g~‡j¨i eB wK‡bwQj Zv 2 Gi (N) Rwb eB wK‡bwQj = (10110110)2 =
cwic~iK c×wZ‡Z wbY©q Ki| (182)10 [ÔMÕ n‡Z]
iwb eB wK‡bwQj = (346)8 = (230)10 [ÔMÕ
1 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi n‡Z]
(K) ASCII (American Standard Code for AZGe, evBbvix msL¨v c×wZ‡Z iwbi †Kbv
Information Interchange) n‡jv GKwU 7/8 we‡Ui eB
AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †KvW hv Kw¤cDUvi I
BbcyU/AvDUcyU wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ Z_¨
¯’vbvšÍ‡i e¨eüZ nq| 2 230 LSB
2 115 0
(L) †Kv‡WW †WUv‡K Avb‡Kv‡WW †WUvq 2 57  1
iƒcvšÍi Kiv m¤¢e| †Kv‡WW †WUv‡K 2 14  0
Avb‡Kv‡WW †WUvq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z GKwU 2 70
wW‡KvWvi wWfvB‡mi cÖ‡qvRb nq| 2 31
wW‡KvWvi Ggb GKwU B‡jKUªwbK hš¿ ev 2 11
wWfvBm hv Kw¤cDUv‡ii †evaMg¨ fvlv‡K 0  1 MSB
gvby‡li †evaMg¨ fvlvq iƒcvšÍi K‡i| = (11100110)2
wW‡KvWv‡i BbcyU msL¨v n n‡j Zvi GLb Rwbi wKbv eB wQj = (10110110)2
AvDUcyU msL¨v 2 n‡e Ges AvDUcyU ⸫ 2 Gi cwic~iK,
n

jvB‡b †h †Kv‡bv AvDUcyU 1 n‡j evwK me Rwbi †Kbv eB = 10110110

AvDUcyU 0 cvIqv hv‡e| AvDUcyU Ae¯’v 1 Gi cwic~iK = 01001001
me`©v BbcyU Ae¯’vi Dci wbf©ikxj| 2 Gi cwic~iK = †hvM (+) 1
( 182)10 = 01001011
(M) iwb eBwU wK‡bwQj = (346)8 UvKvi AZGe iwb †ewk wK‡bwQj,
AZGe, iwb eBwU `kwgK UvKvq wK‡bwQj = 11100110
38 +48 +68
2 1 0 01001010
= (230)10 UvKvi 100110000
Avevi,
Rwb eBwU wK‡bwQj = (10110110)2 UvKvi
‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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Doyti Academic and Admission care Joykoli Admission Coaching
GLv‡b 1 wU Ifvi‡d¬v wn‡m‡e i‡q‡Q| A B C A B C AB AB AB AB F
A_©vr, iwb †ewk wK‡bwQj = (00110000)2 C C C C
UvKvi eB| 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2| F = A BC + A BC + ABC + ABC 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
(K) KvD›Uvi Kv‡K e‡j? 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
(L) ÔevBbvwi I wewmwW GK bq|Õ 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
e¨vL¨v Ki| 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
(M) DÏxc‡K cÖ`Ë jwRK dvskbwUi 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
mZ¨K miwY ˆZwi Ki| 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
(N) DÏxc‡K cÖ`Ë mgxKiYwUi
mijxK…Z gvb ïay b¨vÛ †MU w`‡q (N) F dskbwU‡K mijxKiY Kiv n‡j Avgiv
ev¯Íevqb Ki| cv‡ev,
2 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi F = A BC + A BC + ABC + ABC
(K) KvD›Uvi n‡jv Ggb GKwU wmKz‡qwÝqvj
= A BC + ABC + A BC + ABC + ABC + ABC
mvwK©U hv G‡Z †`Iqv BbcyU cvj‡mi [†h‡nZz ABC + ABC + ABC =
msL¨v ¸Y‡Z cv‡i| ABC]
= BC ( A+ A ) + AC ( B+ B ) + AB( C+ C )
(L) ÒevBbvwi I wewmwW GK bqÓ e³e¨wU = AB + BC +AC [†h‡nZz A + A ]
mwVK Ges Zv GKwU
cv_K¨© Q‡Ki gva¨‡g Zz‡j aiv n‡jv: GLb, D³ dvskbwU‡K ïay NAND †MBU Øviv
wewmwW evBbvwi ev¯Íevqb Kiv n‡jv,
1| BCD n‡jv Binary 1| evBbvwi GKwU
Coded Decimal. GwU msL¨v c×wZ hvi
†Kvb msL¨v c×wZ wfwË 2 Ges
bq| GUv Avm‡j wPý¸‡jv n‡”Q 0 I 1|
`kwgK c×wZ hvi
cÖwZwU A¼ Gi
mgZzj¨ evBbvwi‡Z
Gb‡KvW Kiv nq| wPÎt F dvsk‡bi jwRK
2| `kwgK msL¨v‡K 2| `kwgK msL¨v‡K WvqvMÖvg|
wewmwW †Kv‡W evBbvix msL¨vq
cÖKvk Kiv Lye cÖKvk Kiv mnR bq| 3| GKwU K‡j‡Ri GKv`k †kªwYi weÁvb
mnR| ïaygvÎ 0 G‡¶‡Î wnmv‡ei wefv‡Mi wk¶v_©x X-Gi Aa-©evwl©K
†_‡K 9 ch©šÍ cÖ‡qvRb nq| †hgbt cix¶vq †gavµg wQj (2F)16|evwl©K
`kwgK msL¨vi (137)10 Gi mgZzj¨ cix¶vq Zvi †gavµg n‡jv (14)8|
evBbvwi mgZzj¨ evBbvix = [ivRkvnx †evW© -2023]
g‡b ivL‡jB h‡_ó| (1000100)2 (K) wPýhy³ msL¨v Kv‡K e‡j?
†hgb = (137)10 Gi (L) ASCII †KvW GKwU AvjdvwbD‡gwiK
wewmwW †KvW = †KvW e¨vL¨v Ki|
(000100110111) (M) X-Gi Aa©-evwl©K cix¶vi †gavµg
BCD evBbvwi I A±vj msL¨v c×wZ‡Z
3| †Kv‡bv msL¨v‡K 3| †Kv‡bv msL¨v‡K iƒcvšÍi Ki|
wewmwW †Kv‡W evBbvwi‡Z (N) DÏxc‡K X Gi cix¶v `ywUi djvd‡ji
cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †ewk cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Kg cv_©K¨ †hv‡Mi gva¨‡g wbY©q Ki|
weU weU jv‡M| 3 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
jv‡M | (K) †Kvb msL¨v abvZ¥K I FYvZ¥K Zv
eySv‡Z msL¨vi Av‡M †hvM/we‡qvM (+/)
(M) DÏxc‡Ki jwRK dvskbwU n‡”Q, wPý hy³ Kiv nq, GB msL¨v ¸‡jv‡KB wPýhy³
F = ABC + AB C + ABC + ABC msL¨v ev mvBbW b¤^i e‡j|
wb‡¤œ dvskbwUi mZ¨K mviwYwU ˆZwi
Kiv n‡jvt
‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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Doyti Academic and Admission care Joykoli Admission Coaching
(L) mvaviYZ A¶i (a – z, A  z), A¼ (09) Ges 211
wewfbœ MvwYwZK wPýmn AviI KZK¸‡jv 0  1 MSB
we‡kl wP‡ýi (!, @, #,$ BZ¨vw`) Rb¨ e¨eüZ = (1100)2
†KvW‡K Avjdv wbD‡gwiK †KvW ejv nq|
ASCII †KvW n‡”Q we‡kl fv‡e ˆZwi GKwU 7 GLb (12)10 Z_v (1100) Gi 2 Gi cwic~iK
ev 8 we‡Ui †KvW †hLv‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq wPý, wbY©q Ki‡j cv‡e|
A¶i ev msL¨v hy³ Kiv m¤¢e d‡j Avgiv ASCII (12)10 Gi evBbvix gvb 8 weU †iwR÷v‡i †i‡L,
†K GKwU Avjdv wbD‡gwiK †KvW ej‡Z cvwi| (12)10 = 00001100
⸫ (12)10 Gi 1 cwic~iK = 11110011
(M) DÏxc‡K †_‡K Rvb‡Z cvwi, X-Aa©- ⸫ (12)10 Gi 2 cwic~iK ev (12)10 = 11110100
evwl©K cix¶vq †gavµg wQj (2F)16 wb‡¤œ
†n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j _vKv µgwU‡K evBbvix I myZivs `yB cix¶vi djvd‡ji cv_©K¨,
A±vj msL¨v c×wZ‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv n‡jv: (47)10 = 00101111
evBbvix‡Z iƒcvšÍi: cÖ_‡g †n·v‡Wwm‡gj (-12)10 = 11110100
msL¨vwU‡K †Wwmg‡j iƒcvšÍi K‡i wbB, (2F)16 †hvMdj =1 00100011
= (2×161) + (15 × 160) = (47)10 GLv‡b, beg weU Z_v 1 Ifvi‡d¬v wn‡m‡e
GLb †Wwmgvj msL¨vwU‡K Avgiv Av‡Q, d‡j G‡K MYbvq †bIqv hv‡e bv|
evBbvix‡Z cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvwi, AZGe, X Gi cix¶v `ywUi djvd‡ji cv_©K¨
2 47 LSB n‡”Q (00100011)2 ev,
2 23  1 (00100011)2 = (0  27) + (0  26) + (1  25) + (0 
2 11  1 24) + (0  23)
251 + (0  22) + (1  21) + (1  20) =
221 (35)10
210 ⸫ cv_©K¨ (00100011)2 ev (35)10|
0  1 MSB
Zvn‡j (2F)16 Gi evBbvix = (101111)2 4| cv‡ki wPÎwU j¶¨ Ki Ges wb‡Pi
A±v‡j iƒcvšÍi: Dc‡ii mgvavb †_‡K Avgiv cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
†`‡LwQ (2F)16=(47)10|
AZGe, (47)10 A±v‡j iƒcvšÍi Ki‡j cvB,
8 47 LSB
857
0  5 MSB
A_©vr (2F)16 Gi A±vj = (57)4 (K) Gb‡KvWvi Kv‡K e‡j?
(L) wW-giMvb-Gi Dccv`¨ †hŠw³K †hvM I
(N) DÏxc‡Ki X-Gi cix¶v `ywUi djvd‡ji †hŠw³K ¸‡Yi g‡a¨ wewbgq mvab K‡i
cv_©K¨ †hv‡Mi gva¨‡g wbY©q ej‡Z g~jZ e¨vL¨v Ki|
2-Gi cwic~i‡Ki gva¨‡g wbY©‡qi K_v ejv (M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ X -Gi Rb¨ jwRK
n‡q‡Q| AZGe, 'M' n‡Z cÖvß 'X' Gi Aa©- mgxKiY wbY©q Ki|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki eZ©bxwUi cÖ`Ë BbcyU I
evwl©K cix¶vq †gavµ‡gi evBbvix n‡”Q
cÖvß AvDUcyU AcwiewZ©Z †i‡L
(101111)2 Ges evwl©K cix¶vq Zv †gavµg GKwU gvÎ jwRK ‡MBU Øviv
n‡jv (14)4| myZivs Gi mgvb evBbvix msL¨v, eZ©bxwU cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv hvq wK-bv
(14)8 = (1  81) + (4  80) = (12)10 Zv jwRK mgxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g we‡kølY
K‡i gZvgZ `vI|
2 12 LSB
4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
260 (K) Gb‡KvWvi n‡”Q GK ai‡bi mgwš^q
230 jwRK mvwK©U hv gvby‡li fvlv‡K
‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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Kw¤cDUv‡ii †evaMg¨ ev hvwš¿K fvlvq wPÎt ïay NAND †MBU Øviv X mgxKiY
iƒcvšÍi K‡i| ev¯Íevqb|

(L) divwm MwYZwe` wW-giMvb eywjqvb 5| gvgyb RqcyinvU †_‡K XvKv hvIqvi
exRMwY‡Zi Ici `ywU cÖ‡qvRbxq m~Î †`b| Rb¨ (112)8 UvKvq wUwKU wKbj|
m~Î `ywU‡K wW-giM¨v‡bi Dccv`¨ ejv nq| gvgy‡bi eÜy Avwei bvivqYMÄ †_‡K
Dccv`¨ `ywU msÁvwqZ Ki‡jB eySv hv‡e XvKv Avmvi Rb¨ (3D)16 UvKvq
wUwKU wKbj|
†h, Dccv`¨Øq †hŠw³K †hvM I ¸‡Yi g‡a¨
(K) cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ Kx?
wewbgq mvab K‡i, Dccv`¨Øq wb¤œiƒc: (L) 14)10 Gi mgK¶ BCD †KvW Ges
cÖ_g Dccv`¨: †h‡Kv‡bv msL¨K Pj‡Ki evBbvwi msL¨vi g‡a¨ †KvbwU‡Z
†hŠw³K †hv‡Mi Kgwcø‡g›U n‡jv cÖ‡Z¨K †ewk weU cÖ‡qvRb? eywS‡q †jL|
Pj‡Ki Kgwcø‡g‡›Ui †hŠw³K ¸Yd‡ji mgvb| (M) gvgyb I Avwei †gvU KZ UvKvi
wØZxq Dccv`¨: †h‡Kv‡bv msL¨K Pj‡Ki wUwKU µq Kij Zv evBbvwi‡Z
†hŠw³K ¸Yd‡ji Kgw‡g›U n‡jv cÖ‡Z¨K Pj‡Ki cÖKvk Ki|
(N) gvgyb I Avwe‡ii wUwK‡Ui
Kgwcø‡g‡›Ui †hŠw³K †hv‡Mi mgvb|
µqg~‡j¨i cv_©K¨ †hv‡Mi gva¨‡g
A.B = A + B wbY©q m¤¢e - we‡kølY Ki|
A_©vr, m~Î †_‡KB †`Lv hv‡”Q, GLv‡b 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
†hŠw³K †hv‡M I †hŠw³K ¸Yd‡ji g‡a¨ (K) †h msL¨v c×wZ‡Z msL¨vi gvb Ae¯’v‡bi
wewbgq mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| Dci wfwË K‡i wbY©xZ nq Zv‡K cwRkbvj
msL¨v c×wZ e‡j|
(M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ X Gi Rb¨ jwRK
mgxKiYwU wb‡P wbY©xZ n‡jv- (L) mvaviYZ GKwU `kwgK msL¨v
wewmwW‡Z cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ cÖwZwU `kwgK
msL¨vi Rb¨ PviwU evBbvwi we‡Ui
cÖ‡qvRb nq|
A_©vr, (14)10 Gi wewmwW †KvW n‡e,
1 4
wPÎt X Gi mvwK©U WvqvMÖvg|
AZGe, X dvsk‡bi gvb n‡e (A + C). B + A 0001 0100
(N) DÏxc‡Ki DwjøwLZ eZ©bxwUi BbcyU I AZGe (14)10 Gi wewmwW †KvW n‡”Q
cÖvß AvDUcyU AcwiewZ©Z †i‡L ïay NAND (00010100)BCD hv AvU we‡Ui GKwU msL¨v|
jwRK †MBU Øviv eZ©bxwU cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv Ab¨w`‡K, (14)10 Gi evBbvix gvb n‡”Q,
m¤¢e| wb‡¤œ Zv jwRK mgxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g
we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv:
X = ( A+C ). B+ A LSB
2 14
= ( A+C ). B . A [wWgiMv‡b Dccv`¨]
270
=( A+C ) + B. A
231
= A .C + AB [ A+C = A .C ]
211
= A . C+ AB 01 MSB
= A . C . AB = (1110)2 hv Pvi we‡Ui GKwU msL¨v| A_©vr
(14)10 Gi mgK¶ BCD †Kv‡Wi Rb¨ †ewkwe‡Ui
cÖ‡qvRb co‡e|
(M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ gvgyb RqcyinvU †_‡K
XvKv hvIqvi Rb¨ wU‡KU µq K‡iwQj (112)8

‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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Doyti Academic and Admission care Joykoli Admission Coaching
UvKvi| AZGe, (112)8 Gi mgK¶ evBbvix gvb (112)8 = 01001010
n‡e| (61)10 = 11000011
`kwg‡K iƒcvšÍi: (112)8 = (1  8 ) + (1  8 ) + (2  †hvMdj = 00001101 GLv‡b, †hvMd‡ji beg
2 1
1
80) = (74)10 weU ev 1 Ifvi‡d¬v wn‡m‡e Av‡Q hv
evBbvix‡Z iƒcvšÍi: MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq|
2 47 LSB AZGe, µqg~‡ji cv_©K¨ n‡”Q (00001101)2|
2 37  0
2 18  1 6| wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywU j¶¨ Ki Ges
2 90 cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
2 41 A B X
0 0 1
2 2 0
0 1 0 N 2N
2 1  0 MSB
1 0 0
01
1 1 1
= (1001010)2 wPÎ-2
Avevi, gvgy‡bi eÜy Avwei bvivqbMÄ †_‡K
XvKv Avmvi Rb¨ wU‡KU wK‡bwQj = (3D)16
UvKvi| AZGe Gi mgK¶ evBbvix gvb n‡e, (K) A¨vWvi Kx?
`kwg‡K iƒcvšÍi: (L) cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv
(3D)16 = (3  161) + (13 × 160) = (61)10 GKwU msL¨vi gvb †ei Ki‡Z Kx
cÖ‡qvRb? eywS‡q †jL |
evBbvix‡Z iƒcvšÍi:
(M) DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-1 †gŠwjK †MBU Øviv
2 61 LSB ev¯Íevqb Ki|
2 30  1 (N) N = 3 n‡j wPÎ-2 Gi Rb¨ mZ¨K mviwY
2 15  0 Ges mvwK©U WvqvMÖvg ˆZwi K‡i
2 71 DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-2 we‡kølY Ki|
2 3 1 6 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
2 1  0 MSB (K) evBbvwi †hv‡Mi Rb¨ †h eZ©bx e¨eüZ
01 nq Zv‡K A¨vWvi e‡j|
(L) cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZi †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv
= (111101)2
msL¨vi gvb †ei Kivi Rb¨ wZbwU †WUvi
AZGe, Zv‡`i †gvU wU‡KU g~j¨ = 01001010 +
cÖ‡qvRb nq| h_v:
00111101
i. msL¨vwU‡Z e¨eüZ A¼¸‡jvi wbR¯^ gvb|
= (10000111)2
ii. msL¨v c×wZi †eR ev wfwË
iii.msL¨vwU‡Z e¨eüZ A¼¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb ev
(N) 'M' bs cÖkœ n‡Z cvB, gvgy‡bi eÜy
¯’vbxq gvb|
bvivqbMÄ †_‡K XvKv Avmvi wU‡KU
(M) DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-1 Gi mZ¨K mviwYwU j¶¨
wK‡bwQj (3D)16 = (61)10 = (111101)2 UvKv
Ki‡j eySv hvq, GwU XNOR †MB‡Ui mZ¨K
w`‡q| Ab¨w`‡K gvgyb wU‡KU wK‡bwQj
mviwY| AZGe, †gŠwjK †MBU Øviv XNOR
(112)8 = (74)10 = (1001010)2 UvKv w`‡q| wb‡¤œ
†MBU ev¯Íevqb Kivi
Zv‡`i wU‡KU µqg~‡j¨i cv_©K¨ †hv‡Mi
gva¨‡g Z_v 2-Gi cwic~i‡Ki gva¨‡g wbY©q
mvwK©U wb¤œiƒc:
Kiv n‡jv:
(61)10 = 00111101
(61)10 Gi 1-Gi cwic~iK = 11000010
2-Gi cwic~iK = +1
⸫ (61)10 Gi 2-Gi cwic~iK ev (61)10 =
11000011 wPÎt †gŠwjK †MBU Øviv XNOR †MBU
myZivs, Zv‡`i µqg~‡j¨i cv_©K¨, ev¯Íevqb
‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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(N) DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-2 n‡”Q GKwU wW‡KvWvi| A¨v‡Wªm, KvD›Uvi evBbvix msL¨v BZ¨vw`
wW‡KvWv‡ii †¶‡Î hw` BbcyU n nq Z‡e wW‡KvW Ki‡Z wW‡KvWvi mvnvh¨ K‡i|
AvDUcyU n‡e 2n| cÖ‡kœ ejv Av‡Q N = 3
AZGe, AvDUcyU n‡e 23 = 8| A_©vr 7| m¨vi AvBwmwU K¬v‡m `y'Rb
wW‡KvWv‡ii I BbcyU jvB‡bi Rb¨ 8 wU Qv·K `ywU `kwgK msL¨v wjL‡Z
ejvq GKRb (+63) Ges Ab¨Rb (+70)
AvDUcyU jvBb cvIqv hv‡e| cÖ‡kœ
wjL‡jv| ZLb m¨vi ej‡jb Avwg 0, 1, 2,
wW‡KvWv‡i mZ¨K mviwY I WvqvMÖvgwU 3 I 4 w`‡q bZzb GKwU msL¨v c×wZ
†`Lv‡bv n‡jv: Avwe®‹vi K‡iwQ|
BbcyU AvDUcyU
A B C D D D D D D D D (K) i¨wW· c‡q›U Kx?
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (L) 9 + 7 = 20 Kxfv‡e m¤¢e Zv †`LvI|
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (M) (2FC)16 msL¨vwU‡K m¨v‡ii bZzb
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 msL¨v c×wZ‡Z iƒcvšÍi Ki|
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 (N) DÏxc‡Ki `kwgK msL¨v `ywUi cv_©K¨
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 †hv‡Mi gva¨‡gi †ei Ki|
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 7 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 (K) cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv msL¨vi
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 c~Y©msL¨v I fMœvsk‡K c„_K Ki‡Z †h wPý
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡KB †iwW· c‡q›U e‡j|
(L) `kwgK msL¨v c×wZ‡Z 9 + 7 Gi †hvMdj
nq 16| wKš‘
hw` †hvMdj 16 †K A±vj c×wZ‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv
nq Z‡e Avgiv cvB,
8 30  1 LSB
820
02 MSB
= (20)8
A_©vr, †`Lv hv‡”Q, `kwgK msL¨v c×wZ‡Z,
9 Ges 7 †hvM Ki‡j Zv‡`i
†hvMd‡ji A±vj gvb cvIqv hv‡e 20|
AZGe (9)10 + (7)10 = (20)8
ev, 9 + 7 = 20 †jLv m¤¢e|
(M) DÏxc‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q, m¨vi †h bZzb
msL¨v c×wZwU Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Q Zv‡K 0,
wPÎ: 3 †_‡K 8 jvBb wW‡KvWvi| 1, 2, 3, 4 †gvU 5wU msL¨v i‡q‡Q| A_©vr,
wW‡KvWvi n‡jv Ggb GKwU mgevq m¨v‡ii Avwe®‹…Z msL¨vwUi wfwË n‡”Q
wWwRUvj mvwK©U hvi mvnv‡h¨ n wU 5| GLb (2FC) msL¨vwU‡K bZzb msL¨v
16
BbcyU †_‡K me©vwaK 2n wU AvDUcyU c×wZ‡Z iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cÖ_‡g G‡K `kwg‡K
jvB‡bi GKwU‡Z 1 I evwK meKwU‡Z 0 iƒcvšÍi K‡i †bIqv hvK|
AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq| wW‡KvWv‡ii (2FC)16 = (2  162) + (15  161) + (12 
mvnv‡h¨ †KvW fvlvq †jLv msL¨v‡K `kwgK 160) = (764)10
msL¨vq cÖKvk Kiv, RwUj †KvW‡K mnR GLb (764)10 `kwgK msL¨vwU bZzb msL¨v
†Kv‡W cwiYZ Kiv ev †KvW fvlvq †jLv c×wZ‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kwi,
eY©‡K mvaviY fvlvq cÖKvk Kiv hvq| 5 764 LSB
K‡›Uªvj BDwb‡U wewfbœ wb‡`©k, †ggwi 5 152  4
5 30  2
‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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Doyti Academic and Admission care Joykoli Admission Coaching
5 60 (-63)10 = 11000001
5 11 †hvMdj = 100000111
01 MSB beg weU ev 1 GLv‡b Ifvi‡d¬v wn‡m‡e
= (11024)5 Av‡Q, hv MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| myZivs `kwgK
AZGe, (2FC)16 msL¨vwU‡K m¨v‡ii bZzb msL¨v `ywUi cv_©K¨ (00000111)
msL¨v c×wZ‡Z iƒcvšÍi Ki‡j cv‡ev (11024)5|
8|
(N) DÏxc‡K Qv·`i †jLv `ywU `kwgK msL¨v
n‡jv 63 Ges 70| D³ `kwgK msL¨v `ywUi
cv_©K¨ †hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Z_v 2 Gi cwic~i‡Ki
gva‡g wbY©q Kiv n‡jv:
evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍi:
2 63 LSB
2 15  1 (K) KvD›Uv‡ii †gvU bv¤^vi Kx?
2 71 (L) 2 Pj‡Ki Rb¨ wW-giM¨v‡bi 1g
Dccv`¨wU mvwK©‡Ui gva¨‡g †`LvI|
2 31
(M) DÏxc‡Ki eZ©bxwU NOR †MBU Øviv
2 11 ev¯Íevqb Ki|
0  1 MSB (N) DÏxc‡Ki eZ©bxwU‡Z GKwU Bbcy‡Ui
= (111111)2 msL¨v e„w× Ki‡j bZzb †h eZ©bxwU
Ges 70 Gi evBbvwi ˆZwi nq Zv c~‡e©i eZ©bxwU Øviv
2 70 LSB ev¯Íevqb Ki|
2 35  0 8 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) GKwU KvD›Uvi me©vwaK hZ msL¨v
2 17  1
ch©šÍ ¸Y‡Z cv‡i, Zv‡K KvD›Uvi †gvW
2 81 bv¤^vi e‡j|
2 40
2 20 (L) Pj‡Ki Rb¨ wW-giM¨v‡bi 1g Dccv`¨wU
2 1  0 MSB mvwK©‡Ui gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
01 1g Dccv`¨: `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK eywjqvb
Pj‡Ki †hvMd‡ji c~iK H PjK¸‡jvi c~i‡Ki ¸Yd‡ji
= (1000110)2 mgvb| A I B eywjqvb PjK n‡jv|
GLb, A+ B = A . B
mvwKU©:

(63)10 Gi evBbvwi =
00111111
(63) 10 Gi 1 Gi cwic~iK (M) DÏxc‡Ki eZ©bx Øviv nvd A¨vWvi‡K
=11000000 Bw½Z Kiv n‡”Q| mvavivbZ `yB weU †hvM
2-Gi cwic~iK = Kivi Rb¨ †h mgwš^Z eZ©bx e¨eüZ nq
+1 Zv‡K nvd A¨vWvi e‡j| wb‡¤œ nvd A¨vWvi
(63)10 Gi 2 Gi cwic~iK Z_v (-63)10 = eZ©bxwU NOR †MBU Øviv ev¯Íevqb K‡i
11000001 †`Lv‡bv n‡jvt
S = AB + AB
myZivs (70)10 Ges (63)10 Gi †hv‡Mi gva¨‡g = A B+ A B
cv_©K¨ = ( A B) ( A B)
(70)10 = 01000110
‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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= ( A+ B ) . ( A+ B ) = A ( BCi + BC i) + A( B C i + BCi)
= ( A+ B ) + ( A+ B ) = A (B⊕Ci) + A( B⊕C i)
=A2⊕ B ⊕ Ci
=( A+ B ) + ( A +B )
=S2
Ges C = AB = AB = A+ B Ges
AZGe jwRK mvwK©UwU `vuovq, C0= A BC i + A BCi + ABC i + ABCi
= Ci ( A B+ A B ¿ + AB (C i + Ci)
= Ci (A⊕B) + AB
= C2 + C1

9|

wPÎ: NOR †MBU w`‡q nvd A¨vWvi

ev¯Íevq‡bi mvwK©U

(N) DÏxc‡Ki eZ©bxwU‡Z GKwU Bbcy‡Ui

msL¨v e„w× Ki‡j bZzb †h eZ©bxwU ˆZwi
nq Zv n‡”Q dzj A¨vWvi Ges c~‡e©i (K) K¬vDW Kw¤cDwUs Kx?
eZ©bxi A_©vr nvd A¨vWvi Øviv bZzb (L) Ò802.15 cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ †gvevBj
eZ©bx‡K ev¯Íevqb Kiv m¤¢e| wb‡¤œ Zv †_‡K †gvevB‡j Qwe †cÖiY m¤¢eÓ-
ev¯Íevqb Kiv n‡jv: eywS‡q †jL|
(M) DÏxc‡K WU (......) †ewóZ wWfvBm‡K
e¨vL¨v Ki|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Î 4_©, 5g I 7g Clock
pulse Gi cÖ‡qv‡M X, Y I Z Gi gvb Kx
n‡e? we‡kølY K‡i †`LvI|

9 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
wPÎ: nvd A¨vWv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ dzj A¨vWvi (K) †bUIqvwK©s myweavmn Kw¤cDUvi,
mdUIq¨vi, I WvUv †÷v‡iR mn‡R, †µZvi
ev¯Íevq‡bi jwRK mvwK©U| cÖ_g nvd
myweavqZ, PvwnevgvÎ Ges e¨envi
A¨vWv‡ii BbcyU A I B Gi †hvMdj, S1 Ges Abyhvqx fvov †`Iqvi wm‡÷gB n‡jv K¬vDW
K¨vwi Ci| ⸫ cÖ_g nvd A¨vWv‡ii †¶‡Î, Kw¤cDwUs|
S1 = A⊕B
C1 = AB (L) "802.15 cÖhyw³wU n‡”Q eøyUz_| ¯^í
wØZxq nvd A¨vWv‡ii `ywU BbcyU n‡jv S1 `~i‡Z¡ †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ
Ges Ci -G‡`i †hvMdj| GKwU I‡cb Iq¨vi‡jm cÖ‡UvKj n‡”Q eyUz_|
S2 Ges K¨vwi C2| eyUz_ 2.45 GHz. wd«Kz‡qwÝ e¨v‡Û KvR
⸫ wØZxq nvd A¨vWv‡ii †hvMdj, K‡i| eøyUz‡_i Kvh©Kix `~iZ¡ 100 wgUvi
S₂ = S1⊕Ci ch©šÍ e„w× Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ
= A⊕ B⊕Ci j¨vcU‡c, †gvevBj, wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv,
Ges C2 = S1Ci wfwWI †Mgm K‡›Uªvj BZ¨vw`‡Z Gi e¨vcK
= (A⊕B)Ci e¨envi i‡q‡Q| †dv‡bi mv‡_ n¨vÛm wd«
wZbwU BbcyU A, B I Ci Gi †¶‡Î dzj A¨vWv‡ii †nW‡m‡Ui ms‡hvM NwU‡q AwWI, A_ev GK
mZ¨K mviwY †_‡K †jLv hvq †h, wgwWqv dvBj Ab¨ wgwWqv‡g †cÖiY Ki‡Z
S = A BCi+ A BCi + A B C i + A B C i Gi e¨envi Acwimxg|

‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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7g Clock Pulse G, X = 1, Y = 1, Z = 1 |
(M) DÏxc‡K WU †ewóZ wWfvBmwU n‡”Q 4_© Clock Pulse G XYZ n‡”Q 001, 5g Clock
wW‡KvWvi| wb‡¤œ GKwU 3wU BbcyU I Pulse G 101 Ges 7g Clock Pulse G 111 |
8wU AvDUcyU jvB‡bi GKwU wW‡KvWv‡ii
mZ¨K mviwY I mvwK©U WvqvMÖvg 10| X=(123)n Ges Y=(43)16
†`Lv‡bv n‡jv: (K) BCD †KvW wK?
(L) 5 + 3 = 10 e¨vL¨v Ki|
BbcyU AvDUcyU
(M) X msL¨vwUi `kwgK msL¨vgvb (83)10
A B C D D D D D D D D
n‡j n Gi gvb KZ?
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(N) X-Y MvwYwZK cÖwµqvwU 2 Gi
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
cwic~i‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ †hv‡Mi gva¨‡g
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kiv hvq -Dw³wUi MvwYwZK we‡kølY
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Ki|
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
10 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
(K) BCD Gi c~Y© bvg Binary Coded Decimal
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 hv `kwgK c×wZi msL¨v‡K evBbvwi
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 msL¨vq cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ e¨venvi Kiv nq|
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
mgxKiY mvwK©U:
(L) 5 + 3 = 10 n‡jv A±vj wm‡÷‡gi †hvM|
A±vj wm‡÷‡gi wfwË n‡jv 8 Ges bv¤^vi¸‡jv
n‡jv 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. `kwgK c×wZ‡Z 5 + 3 =
(8)10 nq| GLb 8 †K A±v‡j wb‡j Gi gvb nq
(10)8, †Kbbv 7 cieZ©x A±vj msL¨vq n‡jv
(10)8|

(M) DÏxc‡K X = (123)n msL¨vwUi `kwgK gvb

(83)10| n Gi gvb wbb©‡qi Rb¨ (83)10
msL¨vwU‡K A±v‡j iƒcvšÍi K‡i cvB Ñ
8 83 LSB
8 10  3
812
01 MSB
(83)10 Gi A±vj gvb (123)8| A_¨vr, n Gi gvb 8|
(N) DÏxc‡K GwKU †iwR÷v‡ii Clock Pulse
†`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Avgiv GLv‡b 4-weU (N) X= (123)8 Gi gvb evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍi K‡i
†iwRUvi wb‡q KvR KiwQ, d‡j GLv‡b cvB,
m‡e©v”P 4-weU _vKv m¤¢e| AZGe wP‡Î 123
4_©, 5g I 7g Clock Pulse Gi cÖ‡qv‡M X, Y I Z
wb‡¤œ wbY©q Kiv n‡jv| 001 010 011
 (123)8 = (1010011)2= (01010011)2 [8 bit binary]
Y= (43)16 Gi gvb evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍi K‡i cvB,
43

0100 0011
(43)16 = (01000011)2
= (01000011)2 [8 bit binary]
4_© Clock Pulse G, X = 0, Y = 0, Z = 1 XY MvwbwZK cÖwµqvwU 2 Gi cwic~i‡Ki
5g Clock Pulse G; X = 1, Y = 0, Z = 1 mvnv‡h¨ †hv‡Mi gva¨‡g wbY©q:
‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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Doyti Academic and Admission care Joykoli Admission Coaching
(01000011)2 Gi 1 cwic~iK = 0 1 0 0 0
(10111100)2 0 1 1 0 0
+1 1 0 0 1 0
2 Gi cwic~iK = (10111101)2 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0
X = (01010011)2
1 1 1 0 0
+Y = (10111101)2
‡hvMdj =( 00010000)2
1 (N) DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-2 Gi jwRK †MBUwU n‡jv
‡hvMd‡ji beg we‡U K¨vwi weU 1 Ifvi‡d¬v NAND †MBU| NAND †MBU Øviv wPÎ-1 Gi F =
n‡q‡Q| A_¨vr K¨vwi weU 1 we‡ePbv Kivi A BC jwRK dvskbwUi jwRK mvwK©U
cÖ‡qvRb †bB| ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e| NAND †MBU n‡jv GKwU
 XY= (0001000)2 mve©Rbxb †MBU| mve©Rbxb †MBU Øviv
mKj ai‡bi jwRK dvsk‡bi Rb¨ jwRK †MBU
11| F = A B C ev¯Íevqb m¤¢i|
wPÎ-1 wb‡¤œ NAND †MBU Øviv F = A BC jwRK
wPÎ-2 dvskbwUi Rb¨ jwRK mvwK©U ev¯Íevqb
(K) A¨vWvi wK? Kiv n‡jv:
(L) P+1=1 e¨vL¨v Ki| F = A BC
(M) DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-1 Gi jwRK dvskbwUi = F= A BC
mZ¨K mviwY ˆZwi Ki|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-2 Gi jwRK †MBU hviv
wPÎ-1 Gi jwRK dvskbwUi jwRK
mvwK©U ev¯Íevqb Kiv hvq- jwRK
eZ©wb A¼b K‡i we‡kølY Ki|

11 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) evBbvwi †hv‡Mi Rb¨ †h mvwK©U 12|
e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K A¨vWvi e‡j|

(L) P + 1 = 1 n‡jv eywjqvb A¨vj‡Reivi GKwU

†gŠwjK Dccv`¨| GwU GKwU Ai Acv‡ikb|
GwUi mZ¨Zv GKwU mZ¨K mviwYi
mvnv‡h¨ †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
P 1 AvDUcy
U
0 1 1
1 1 1
Dc‡iv³ mZ¨K mviwY †_‡K †`Lv hvq P Gi
gvb 0 ev 1 hvB †nvK bv †Kb Ai Acv‡ik‡bi
Kvi‡b AvDUcyU memgq 1 n‡e| (K) wd¬cd¬c Kx?
(L) b¨vÛ †MU‡K mve©Rbxb †MU ejv nq
(M) DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-1 Gi jwRK dvskbwU n‡jv F †Kb?
= A BC| GwUi (M) wPÎ-1 Gi AvDUcy‡Ui Rb¨ GKwU
mZ¨K mviwY wb‡¤œ ˆZwi Kiv n‡jv: mZ¨K mviYx ˆZwi Ki|
A B C B F = AB (N) wPÎ-2 Ges wPÎ-3 Gi g‡a¨ †KvbwU
C †hvM Kivi Rb¨ †ewk Dc‡hvMx?
0 0 0 1 0 e¨vL¨v Ki|
0 0 1 1 0 12 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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(K) wd¬cd¬c n‡jv jwRK †MBU w`‡q ˆZwi AciwU CIN A_©vr K¨vwi weU A_©vr Av‡Mi
GK ai‡bi wWwRUvj eZ©bx hv GK weU Z_¨ `yB we‡Ui †_‡K K¨vwi weU‡K dzj A¨vWv‡ii
aviY K‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i| evwK `ywU Bbcy‡Ui m‡½ BbcyU wnmv‡e
wb‡q †hv‡Mi KvR Kiv nq| myZivs,
(L) †h †MBU w`‡q †gŠwjK †MBU¸‡jv
c~Y©v½ †hv‡Mi †¶‡Î wPÎ-2 Ges wPÎ-3 Gi
ev¯Íevqb Kiv hvq Zv‡K me©Rbxb †MBU
g‡a¨ wPÎ-3 Gi dzj A¨vWvi †ewk Dc‡hvMx|
e‡j| NAND †MBU w`‡q †gŠwjK †MBU A_©vr
AND, OR I NOT †MBU ev¯Íevqb Kiv hvq| 13| m¤cÖwZ 'jvj' I 'meyR' `‡ji g‡a¨
ZvB NAND gate GKwU me©Rbxb gate| GKwU †U÷ g¨vP Av‡qvRb Kiv
n‡qwQj| 'jvj `j cÖ_g Bwbs‡m K‡i
(1101010)22 ivb| meyR `j cÖ_g
Bwbs‡m 9 DB‡K‡U K‡i (347)10 ivb|
jvj `j wØZxq Bwbs‡m K‡i (C3)16
ivb|
(M) wPÎ-1 Gi jwRK mvwK©U: (K) wfwË Kx?
AvDUcyU F = x . y + x . y Gi mZ¨K mviwY (L) Òc„w_exi me gvZ…fvlvi eY©‡K
wb¤œiƒct BDwb‡KvW Kw¤cDUv‡ii e‡Y©
x y y x.y x . y x . y + x . y F= cwiewZ©Z K‡i‡QÓ e¨vL¨v Ki|
x . y+x . y (M) meyR' `‡ji cÖ_g Bwbs‡mi ivb
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v c×wZ‡Z iƒcvšÍi
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Ki|
(N) jvj' `‡ji `yB Bwbs‡mi iv‡bi †hvMdj
1 0 1 0 1 1 0
meyR `‡ji cÖ_g Bwbs‡mi †P‡q Kg bv
1 1 0 1 0 1 2
†ewk? e¨vL¨v Ki|
(N) wPÎ-2 Gi jwRK mvwK©UwU nvd
13 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
A¨vWvi Ges wPÎ-3 Gi eøK wPÎwU dzj (K) †Kv‡bv msL¨v c×wZ‡Z GKwU msL¨v
A¨vWvi| `yB weU †hvM Kivi Rb¨ †h †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ me©‡gvU hZ¸‡jv A¼
mgwš^Z eZ©bx e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K nvd e¨envi Ki‡Z nq, †mwU n‡”Q msL¨vwUi
A¨vWvi e‡j| nvd A¨vWv‡i `ywU BbcyU I wfwË ev †eR|
`ywU AvDUcyU _v‡K| Aciw`‡K dzj A¨vWvi (L) c„w_exi me gvZ…fvlvi eY©‡K
eZ©bx `ywU weU †hvM Kivi cvkvcvwk BDwb‡KvW Kw¤cDUv‡ii e‡Y© cwieZ©b
K¨vwi weUI †hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| dzj A¨vWv‡i K‡i‡Q| BDwb‡Kv‡Wi c~Y©iƒc n‡”Q
wZbwU BbcyU I `ywU AvDUcyU _v‡K| Universal code| BDwb‡KvW g~jZ 2 evBU
nvd A¨vWv‡i `ywU BbcyU weU _vKvq GwU ev 16 we‡Ui †KvW| d‡j GB †Kv‡Wi
c~Y©v½ evBbvwi †hv‡Mi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i gva¨‡g 216 ev 65,536 wU A¼, eY© ev
bv, GwU †Kej AvswkKfv‡e †hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| wPý‡K AwØZxqfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv hvq| GB
KviY nvd A¨vWv‡i K¨vwi weU Bbcy‡Ui †Kv‡Wi mvnv‡h¨ we‡k¦i †QvU-eo mKj
e¨e¯’v bv _vKvq `yB weU †hv‡Mi †¶‡Î fvlv‡K Kw¤cDUv‡i †KvWfz³ Kiv hvq| †h
Av‡Mi avc †_‡K K¨vwi weU| P‡j G‡j ZLb mKj fvlv‡K †KvWfz³ Kivi Rb¨ 8 weU
†hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| cÖK…Z evBbvwi †hv‡M ch©vß bq (‡hgb-RvcvbxR, PvqwbR,
`ywU weU †hvM Ki‡Z n‡jI gv‡S gv‡SB Gi †Kvwiqvb fvlv BZ¨vw`) †m mKj fvlvi
Av‡Mi `ywU we‡Ui †hvM †_‡K K¨vwi weU mKj wPý‡K 16 weU BDwb‡Kv‡Wi
P‡j Av‡m, mvnv‡h¨ mn‡RB †KvWfz³ Kiv ev cÖKvk
ZLb `ywU bq, wZbwU weU †hvM Kivi Kiv hvq|
cÖ‡qvRb nq| G‡¶‡Î dzj A¨vWvi c~Y©v½ (M) ÔmeyRÕ `j cÖ_g Bwbs‡m 9 DB‡K‡U
†hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| dzj A¨vWv‡ii wZbwU (347)10 ivb K‡i| Zv‡`i ivb‡K wb‡¤œ
BbcyU we‡Ui g‡a¨ `ywU BbcyU x I y Ges †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j iƒcvšÍi Kiv n‡jv:
‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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16 346 LSB mgxKiY‡K ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e we‡kølY
16 21  11(B) Ki|
16 1  5
01 MSB 14 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) ‡iwR÷vi n‡jv GK¸”Q wd¬cd¬c Gi
⸫ (347)10 = (15B)16
mgš^‡q MwVZ †g‡gvwi wWfvBm †hLv‡b
myZivs 'meyR' `‡ji ivb †n·v‡Wwm‡gj cÖ‡Z¨KwU wd¬cd¬c GKwU K‡i evBbvwi
msL¨vq (15B)16 weU aviY K‡i|
(N) 'jvj' `‡ji `yB Bwbs‡mi ivb h_vµ‡g
(1101010)2 Ges (C3)16 Ges 'meyR' `‡ji (L) mZ¨K mviwYi mvnv‡h¨ wW-giM¨v‡bi
cÖ_g Bwbs‡mi ivb (347)10| jvj `‡ji wØZxq Dccv`¨ cÖgvY Kiv m¤¢e| wb‡P A I B `ywU
Bwbs‡mi ivb evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍi K‡i cvB- Pj‡Ki wW-giM¨v‡bi Dccv`¨ h_v: A+ B = A . B
C 3 Ges A . B = A + B cÖgv‡Yi mZ¨K mviwY
†`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
1100 0011
⸫ (C3)16 = (11000011)2 Input A+ B = A.B = A
jvj `‡ji `yB Bwbs‡mi iv‡bi †hvMdj| A.B +B
11000011 A B A B A+ A+ B A . B A. A . B A+
+01101010 B B B
100101101 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
(100101101)2 = 1  2 + 0  27 + 0  26 + 1  25 + 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
 24
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
+1  23 + 1  22 + 0 × 21 + 1  21
=
mZ¨K mviwY n‡Z †`Lv hvq, A+ B I A . B Ges
256 + 0 + 0 + 32 + 0 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1
A . B I A + B mgvb| A_©vr A+ B = A . B I A . B =
= (301)10
A + B cÖgvwYZ|
GLv‡b, (347)10 > (301)10
A_©vr, meyR `‡ji cÖ_g Bwbs‡mi ivb > jvj
(M) `„k¨Kí-1 A_©vr F = A BC + A BC + ABC +
`‡ji `yB Bwbs‡mi ivb| myZivs jvj `‡ji `yB
ABC jwRK dvskbwUi mZ¨K mviwY wb‡¤œ
Bwbs‡mi ivb meyR `‡ji cÖ_g Bwbs‡mi
A¼b Kiv n‡jv:
iv‡bi †P‡q Kg|
C BC + A BC +
A B C A B C ABC A B A BC A B X=ABC+ A
C
A BC
14| `„k¨Kí-1: 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
X = ABC + A BC + A BC + A BC 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
`„k¨Kí-2: 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
A B X 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

(K) †iwR÷vi Kx? (N) `„k¨Kí-2 Gi †MBwU n‡jv NOR †MBU| †h

(L) mZ¨K mviwYi mvnv‡h¨ wW giMv‡bi †MB‡U `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK BbcyU w`‡q GKwU
Dccv`¨ cÖgvY Ki| AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq Ges †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv
(M) `„k¨Kí-1 Gi mZ¨K mviwY A¼Y Ki|
GKwU BbcyU Gi gvb 1 n‡jB AvDUcyU 0 nq|
(N) `„k¨Kí-2 †h †MBU‡K wb‡`©k K‡i
†mwU wb‡q `„k¨Kí-1 Gi mijxK…Z wKš‘ me¸‡jv BbcyU 0 n‡j AvDUcyU| nq
Zv‡K NOR †MBU e‡j| NOR †MBU‡K

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mve©Rbxb †MBU ejv nq| mve©Rbxb evBU ev 16 we‡Ui †KvW| d‡j GB †Kv‡Wi
†MB‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ †h‡Kv‡bv mgxKiY gva¨‡g 216 ev 65,536 wU A¼, eY© ev wPý‡K
ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e| `„k¨Kí-1 Gi mgxKiY‡K AwØZxqfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv hvq| GB †Kv‡Wi
mijxKiY K‡i cvB, mvnv‡h¨ we‡k¦i †QvU-eo mKj fvlv‡K
X = ABC + A BC + A BC + A BC Kw¤cDUv‡i †KvWfz³ Kiv hvq| †h mKj fvlv‡K
= ABC + A BC + A BC + A BC †KvWfz³ Kivi Rb¨ 8 weU ch©vß bq (‡hgb-
= AC( B+ B )+ A C ( B+ B ) RvcvbxR, PvqwbR, †Kvwiqvb fvlv BZ¨vw`)
⸫ X = AC + A C †m mKj fvlvi mKj wPý‡K 16 weU
X = AC + A C mgxKiYwU‡K wb‡¤œ NOR BDwb‡Kv‡Wi mvnv‡h¨ mn‡RB †KvWfz³ Kiv
†MB‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ ev¯Íevqb Kiv n‡jvt ev cÖKvk Kiv hvq|
⸫ X = AC + A C
= ( AC ) . ( A C ) (M) DÏxc‡Ki 5g msL¨vwU n‡jv (101010)2| hv
GKwU evBbvwi msL¨v| msL¨vwU‡K A±vj,
= ( A+C ) . A +C
`kwgK I †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v c×wZ‡Z
= ( A+C ) + ( A+C ) iƒcvšÍi wb‡¤œ Kiv n‡jv:
= ( A+C ) + ( A+ C ) A±v‡j iƒcvšÍi:
jwRK mvwK©Ut 101 010

5 2
(101010)2 = (52)8
`kwg‡K iƒcvšÍi:
15| (101010)2 = 1  25 + 0  24 + 1  23 + 0  22 + 1 ×
evBbvw 21 + 0 × 20
i msL¨v = 42
100010 (1g)
100100 (2q)
(N) DÏxc‡Ki avivwUi msL¨v¸‡jvi mvaviY
100110 (3q)
AšÍi wbY©‡qi Rb¨ 2q msL¨v n‡Z 1g
? (4_©)
101010 (5g) msL¨vwU we‡qvM K‡i cvB-
2q msL¨v = 100100
(K) weU Kx? 1g msL¨v = 100010
(L) cÖvq mKj fvlv‡K mgwš^Z Kivi ()
†KvW e¨vL¨v Ki| we‡qvMdj =(000010)2
(M) DÏxc‡Ki 5g msL¨vwU‡K A±vj, Avevi, 3q msL¨v n‡Z 2q msL¨v we‡qvM
`kwgK I †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v
K‡i cvB-
c×wZ‡Z iƒcvšÍi Ki|
(N) 2-Gi cwicyiK c×wZ e¨envi K‡i 3q msL¨v = 100110
DÏxc‡Ki avivwUi msL¨v 4_© msL¨v 1g msL¨v = 100100
†_‡K wØZ cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY Ki| ()
15 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi we‡qvMdj =(000010)2
(K) Kw¤cDUv‡i e¨envh© †WUvi me‡P‡q
¶z`ªZg Ask Z_v GKK evBbvwi gvb 0 ev 1
myZivs avivwUi mvaviY AšÍi (000010)2|
n‡jv weU| Bit Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv Binary digit|
A_©vr avivwUi 3q msL¨vwUi m‡½
(L) cÖvq mKj fvlv‡K mgwš^Z Kivi †KvWwU (000010)2 †hvM Ki‡j avivi 4_© msL¨vwU
n‡jv BDwb‡KvW| BDwb‡Kv‡Wi c~Y©iƒc cvIqv hv‡e|
n‡”Q Universal code| BDwb‡KvW g~jZ 2 3q msL¨v = 100110

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mvaviY AšÍi = 000010 ASCII-8: GwU †gvU 8wU weU Øviv ˆZwi
(+1) nq| me©-evgw`‡Ki weUwU‡K c¨vwiwU
4_© msL¨v = (101000)2 weU Ges me©-Wvbw`‡Ki PviwU weU‡K
msL¨vm~PK weU ejv nq, Ges gv‡Si
2- Gi cwic~iK c×wZ e¨envi K‡i 4_© msL¨v wZbwU weU‡K †Rvb weU ejv nq| †gvU
†_‡K 2q msL¨vi cv_©K¨ wb¤œiƒc: 2q weU-8 nIqv‡Z G †Kv‡Wi gva¨‡g 28 ev 256
msL¨v = (00100100)2 [8 bit binary] wU AwØZxq wPý‡K wbw`©ó Kiv hvq|
(11011011)
+1 A= 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
2-Gi cwic~iK = (11011100)2
4_© msL¨v = 00101000 c¨vwiwU weU †Rvb weU
2q msL¨v = 11011100 m¨sL¨vm~PK weU
†hvMdj= 100000100
†hvMd‡j beg we‡U K¨vwi weU 1 Ifvi‡d¬v (M) KvKjx I cwji †cvkv‡Ki `vg h_vµ‡g (167)8
n‡q‡Q| A_©vr, K¨vwi weU 1 we‡ePbv Kivi I (79)16 UvKv| Zv‡`i †cvkv‡Ki `vg `kwfwˇZ
cÖ‡qvRb †bB| wb¤œiƒc:
⸫ 4_© msL¨v †_‡K 2q msL¨vi cv_©K¨ = (167)8 = 1  8 + 6  8 + 7  8
2 1 0

(00000100)2 = 64  48 +7
= 119
16| KvKjx, cwj I KYv wZb evÜex| ⸫ (167)8 = (119)10
KvKjx I cwj gv‡K©‡U wM‡q wb‡R‡`i (79)16 = 7  16 + 9 × 16
1 0

Rb¨ GKwU K‡i †cvkvK wKb‡jv| = 7  161 + 9  160

cieZ©x‡Z KYv Zv‡`i †cvkv‡Ki `vg = 112 + 9
Rvb‡Z PvB‡j KvKjx ejj (167)8 UvKv I = (121)10
cwj ejj (79)16 UvKv| myZivs, KvKjx I cwji †cvkv‡Ki `vg
(K) msL¨v c×wZi †eR ev wfwË Kx?
`kwfwˇZ h_vµ‡g (119)10I (121)10
(L) eûj e¨eüZ 8 weU †KvWwU e¨vL¨v
Ki|
(M) KvKjx I cwji †cvkv‡Ki `vg `kwfwˇZ (N) †hv‡Mi gva¨‡g A_©vr 2-Gi cwic~i‡Ki
cÖKvk Ki| gva¨‡g KvKjx I cwji †cvkv‡Ki `v‡gi g‡a¨ Kvi
(N) †hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Kvi †cvkv‡Ki `vg †cvkv‡Ki `vg †ewk Zv wbY©q m¤¢e| KvKjx
†ewk Zv we‡kølY Ki| I cwji †cvkv‡Ki `vg evBbvwi‡Z wbY©q K‡i
16 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi cvB-
(K) †Kv‡bv msL¨v c×wZ‡Z GKwU msL¨v
†evSv‡bvi Rb¨ me©‡gvU hZ¸‡jv A¼
1 6 7
e¨envi Ki‡Z nq, †mwU n‡”Q msL¨vwUi
wfwË ev †eR|
001 110 111
(L) eûj e¨eüZ 8 weU AvjdvwbD‡gwiK¨vj ⸫ (167)8 = (1110111)2 = (01110111)2 [8 - bit binary]
†KvWwU n‡jv ASCII-8.
A¨vmwK (ASCII) †KvW: American Standard Avevi,
Code for Information Interchange Gi msw¶ß iƒc, 7 9
ASCII ev A¨vmwK| 1965 mv‡j ievU© wegvi
mvZ we‡Ui A¨vmwK †KvW D™¢veb K‡ib| 0111 1001
A¨vmwK GKwU eûj cÖPwjZ †KvW| ⸫ (79)16 = (01111001)2 [8 - bit binary]
eZ©gv‡b A¨vmwK †KvW ej‡Z AvmwK-8
†KB eySvq|
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Doyti Academic and Admission care Joykoli Admission Coaching
KvKjxi †cvkv‡Ki `vg = 01110111 BbcyU †`q Zv Kw¤cDUvi mivmwi eyS‡Z
cv‡i bv| d‡j e¨enviKvixi †`Iqv †evaMg¨
1 Gi cwic~iK = 10001000 AvjdvwbD‡gwiK I wbD‡gwiK eY©‡K BCD,
+1 ASCII Ges EBCDIC †Kv‡W iƒcvšÍ‡ii KvR K‡i
2-Gi cwic~iK = 10001001 GB Gb‡KvWvi| A_©vr Gb‡KvWvi
cwji †cvkv‡Ki `vg = 01111001 e¨enviKvixi mv‡_ BbcyU e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g
KvKjxi †cvkv‡Ki `vg= 10001001 hy³ _v‡K| hv e¨envKvixi KvQ †_‡K BbcyU
(+) wb‡q-Kw¤cDUv‡ii wbR¯^ fvlvq iƒcvšÍi K‡i
†hvMdj = 100000010 Kw¤cDUvi‡K e¨enviKvix cÖ`Ë wb‡`©kbv
⸫ †hvMd‡j beg we‡U K¨vwi weU 1 Ifvi‡d¬v cÖ`vb Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
n‡q‡Q| A_©vr, K¨vwi weU 1 we‡ePbv Kivi
cÖ‡qvRb †bB| GLv‡b wPýweU 0, myZivs (M) wPÎ-1 Gi mZ¨K mviwY n‡Z cÖvß X Gi
djvdj abvZ¥K| A_©vr cwji †cvkv‡Ki `vg gvb‡K dvskb wn‡m‡e wj‡L cvB-
KvKjxi †cvkv‡Ki `v‡gi Zzjbvq (00000010)2 ev X = A BC + A BC + ABC + ABC
(2)10 UvKv †ewk| dvskbwU‡K mijxKiY K‡i cvB-
X = A BC + A BC + ABC + ABC
17| = A BC + A BC + ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC [A +
Input Output A + A =A]
A B C X = A BC + ABC + A BC + ABC + ABC + ABC
0 0 0 0 = BC( A+ A ) + AC( B+ B ) + AB( C+ C )
0 0 1 0 = BC + AC + AB [A + A = 1]
0 1 0 0 = AB + BC + AC
0 1 1 1
X = AB + BC + AC Gi mijxK…Z gvb‡K NAND
1 0 0 0 wPÎ-2
1 0 1 1 †MBU Øviv ev¯Íevqb:
1 1 0 1 X = AB+ BC + AC
1 1 1 1 = AB. BC . AC
wPÎ-1

(K) KvD›Uvi Kx?

(L) †Kvb eZ©bxi 2n msL¨K BbcyU n‡j n
msL¨K AvDUcyU nq? e¨vL¨v Ki|
(M) wPÎ-1 n‡Z cÖvß X Gi mijxK…Z
gvb‡K NAND †MBU Øviv ev¯Íevqb Ki|
(N) wPÎ-2 Øviv wK GKwU c~b© †hv‡Mi (N) wPÎ-2 Gi eZ©bxwU n‡”Q nvd A¨vWvi|
eZ©bx ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e? we‡kølY Ki| `yB weU †hvM Kivi Rb¨ †h mgwš^Z
17 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi eZ©bxe¨eüZ nq Zv‡K nvd A¨vWvi e‡j| nvd
(K) KvD›Uvi n‡jv Ggb GKwU wmKz‡qwÝqvj A¨vWvi w`‡q c~Y© †hv‡Mi KvR Kiv hvq
mvwK©U hv G‡Z †`Iqv BbcyU cvj‡mi bv| c~Y© †hvM Kivi Rb¨ dzj A¨vWvi
msL¨v ¸Y‡Z cv‡i| cÖ‡qvRb nq| nvd A¨vWvi Øviv c~Y©
†hv‡Mi eZ©bx A_©vr dzj A¨vWvi ev¯Íevqb
(L) Gb‡KvWv‡i 2n msL¨K BbcyU n‡j n msL¨K m¤¢e| 2wU Half adder Gi mvnv‡h¨ 1wU Full
AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq| adder ˆZix Kiv hvq| GLv‡b, carry out Gi Rb¨
Gb‡KvWvi GK ai‡bi mgevq wWwRUvj AwZwi³ 1wU OR gate hy³ Ki‡Z nq| cÖ_g Half
eZ©bx hvi KvR n‡jv e¨enviKvixi e¨eüZ adder Gi BbcyU A I B Gi AvDUcyU †hvMdj
fvlv‡K ev gvby‡li †evaMg¨ fvlv‡K S1 Ges K¨vwi C1|
Kw¤cDUv‡ii †evaMg¨ hvwš¿K fvlvq ⸫ 1g nvd A¨vWv‡i, S1 = A⊕B Ges C1 = A . B
iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv| gvbyl Kw¤cDUv‡i †h fvlvq
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wØZxq nvd A¨vWv‡ii BbcyU S1 Ges Ci Gi BCD = 0100 0101 0111 1000
AvDUcyU †hvMdj S2 Ges K¨vwi C2| ⸫ 2q
nvd A¨vWv‡i, S2 = S1⊕Ci = A⊕B⊕Ci (M) A I B Gi wbKU h_vµ‡g UvKv Av‡Q
Ges, C2 = S1⊕Ci = (A⊕B) .Ci (1001000)2 I (67)10 |
A I B Gi UvKvi cv_©K¨ †hv‡Mi gva¨‡g
wbY©q Kiv n‡jv:
B Gi UvKv‡K evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍi K‡i cvB-
2 67 LSB
2 33  1
wPÎ: H/A mvnv‡h¨ F/A ev¯Íevqb 2 16  1
dzj A¨vWv‡ii †hvMdj S Ges K¨vwi Co n‡j; 2 80
S = A⊕B⊕Ci = S2 2 40
Ges, C0 = A BCi + A BCi + ABC i + ABCi 2 20
= Ci ( A B + A B) + AB (C i + Ci) 2 1  0 MSB
= Ci (A⊕B) + AB 01
= C2 + C1 (67)10 = (1000011)2
C2, C1 †K GKwU OR gate w`‡q hy³ K‡i w`‡jB ⸫ B Gi wbKU Av‡Q = (01000011)2 [8 bit
c~Y©v½ Full adder ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡q hv‡e| binary]
myZivs, cÖgvwYZ n‡jv †h wPÎ-2 Gi eZ©bx 1-Gi cwic~iK = 10111100
A_©vr Half adder Gi mvnv‡h¨ GKwU c~Y© +1
†hv‡Mi eZ©bx A_©vr Full adder ev¯Íevqb 2-Gi cwic~iK = 10111101
Kiv m¤¢e| A Gi UvKv = 01001000
A Gi UvKv = 10111101
18| A, B I C Gi wbKU h_vµ‡g (1001000)2, (+)
(67)10 I (502)8 UvKv Av‡Q| †hvMdj = 10000101
(K) msL¨v c×wZ ej‡Z Kx eyS? ⸫ †hvMd‡j beg we‡U K¨vwi weU 1 Ifvi‡d¬v
(L) 4 we‡Ui †KvWwU e¨vL¨v Ki|
(M) A I B Gi UvKvi cv_©K¨ †hv‡Mi n‡q‡Q| A_©vr, K¨vwi weU 1 we‡ePbv Kivi
gva¨‡g wbY©q Ki| cÖ‡qvRb †bB| GLv‡b wPýweU 0, myZivs
(N) A, B I C Gi g‡a¨ UvKvi cv_©K¨ 16 djvdj aYvZ¥K|
†e‡m iƒcvšÍi c~e©K EaŸ©µ‡g †`LvI| AZGe, A I B Gi UvKvi cv_©K¨ n‡jv
18 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi (00000101)2 ev (5)10|
(K) wewfbœ mvs‡KwZK wPý ev †gŠwjK
wPý ev A¼ e¨envi K‡i msL¨v †jLv I cÖKvk (N) A, B I C Gi wbKU h_vµ‡g (1001000)2, (67)10
Kivi c×wZ‡K msL¨v c×wZ ejv nq| I (502)8 UvKv Av‡Q| Zv‡`i UvKvi cv_©K¨ 6
†e‡m iƒcvšÍi wb¤œiƒc:
(L) 4 we‡Ui †KvWwU n‡jv BCD †KvW| BCD A Gi UvKv‡K †Wwm‡g‡j iƒcvšÍi K‡i cvB,
kãwU Binary Coded Decimal k㸇jvi cÖ_g A¶i (1001000)2 = 1  2 + 0  2 + 0  2 + 1  2 + 0
6 5 4 3

w`‡q MwVZ| BCD c×wZ‡Z GKwU `kwgK  2 + 0 × 2

2 1

msL¨vi cÖ‡Z¨KwU A¼‡K Avjv`vfv‡e PviwU + 0 × 20

evBbvwi weU w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq| `kwgK = 64 + 0 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 0
10 †K evBbvwi‡Z 1010 wnmv‡e Pvi we‡U = 72
†jLv nq wKš‘ BCD †Z 10 †K 00010000 GKfv‡e ⸫ (1001000)2 = (72)10
AvU we‡U †jLv nq| BCD †Kv‡Wi GKwU C Gi UvKv‡K †Wwmgv‡j iƒcvšÍi K‡i cvB,
D`vniY wb‡¤œ †`Iqv n‡jv: (502)8 = 5 × 82 + 0 × 81 + 2 × 80
(4578)10 = 4 5 7 8 = 320 + 0 + 2
=(322

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⸫(502)8 = (322)10 Kw¤cDUv‡ii †evaMg¨ ev hvwš¿K fvlvq
A I B Gi UvKvi cv_©K¨ = (72)10  (67)10 iƒcvšÍi K‡i|
= (5)10
B I C cv_©K¨ = (322)10  (67)10 (L) Not †MB‡Ui †¶‡Î ejv hvq, Output, input Gi
= (255)10 †hŠwMK wecixZ| †Kvb GKwU wmMb¨vj A
A I C Gi UvKvi cv_©K¨ = (322)10  (72)10 n‡j Zv bU †MB‡Ui g‡a¨ AwZµg Kiv‡j
= (250)10 AvDUcyU n‡e = Not(A)= A GwU mZ¨K mviYx
A I B, B I C Ges A I C Gi UvKvi cv_©K¨ 16 n‡Z Av‡iv fv‡jvfv‡e eySv hvq,
†e‡m iƒcvšÍi K‡i cvB, A Y =A
A I B: 0 1
A I B = (5)10 = (5)16 1 0
BIC mZ¨K mviYx n‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, BbcyU 0 n‡j
16 255 LSB AvDUcyU 1, BbcyU 1 n‡j AvDUcyU 0| ZvB
16 15  15(F) ejv hvq, AvDUcyU, Bbcy‡Ui †hŠw³K
0  15(F) MSB wecixZ|
⸫ (255)10 = (FF)16
(M) wPÎ-1 Gi jwRK mvwK©‡U n‡Z cvB-
AIC:
16 250 LSB
16 15  10 (A)
0  15 (F) MSB
jwRK dvskbwU mijxKiY K‡i cvB-
⸫ (250)10 = (FA)16
Y = ( A+ B ) + ( A +B )
AZGe, A I B, B I C Ges A I C Gi UvKvi
cv_©K¨ 16 †e‡m EaŸ©µgvbymv‡i mvRv‡j = ( A . B ) +( A . B )
cvIqv hvq (5)16 <(FA)16 <(FF)16 = A . B+ A B
= ( AB ).( A B )
19| = ( AB ).( A+ B )
= ( A+ B ) ( A+ B )
= A A+ A B+ A B+B B
= 0 + A B+ A B + 0 [A. A = 0]
myZivs, jwRK mvK©UwU X-OR †MB‡Ui
mgZzj¨|

(N) wPÎ-2 Gi mZ¨K mviwYi †MBUwU n‡jv

NAND †MBU| †h jwRK †MB‡U `yB ev
Z‡ZvwaK BbcyU w`‡q †Kej GKwU
(K) Gb‡KvWvi Kx?
AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq Ges †hLv‡b GKwU
(L) Output and Input-Gi †hŠw³K wecixZ
e¨vL¨v Ki| BbcyU Gi gvb 0 n‡j AvDUcyU 1 nq wKš‘
(M) jwRK mvwK©UwU †Kvb †MB‡Ui me¸‡jv BbcyU 1 n‡j AvDUcyU 0 nq Zv‡K
mgZzj¨? e¨vL¨v Ki| NAND †MBU e‡j| NOR Gate GKwU
(N) ÒïaygvÎ NOR Gate Øviv wPÎ-2 Gi mve©Rbxb †MBU| mve©Rbxb †MBU Øviv
gva¨‡g wb‡`©wkZ †MBUwU mKj †MBU ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e| wb‡¤œ P I Q
ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e we‡kølY Ki| Bbcy‡Ui Rb¨ NOR †MBU Øviv NAND †MBU
19 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
ev¯Íevqb Kiv n‡jv:
(K) Gb‡KvWvi n‡”Q GK ai‡bi mgwš^q
jwRK mvwK©U hv gvby‡li fvlv‡K
‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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NAND †MBU Gi AvDUcyU jwRK dvskb, R = (N) †mv‡nj I †ivnv‡bi cÖvß b¤^‡ii g‡a¨
P .Q cv_©K¨ †hv‡Mi gva¨‡g wbY©q Kiv hvq|'
⸫ R = P+Q †mv‡n‡ji b¤^i = (105)8
= P+Q = (1000101)2 [evBbvwi msL¨v]
= (01000101)2 [8 bit evBbvwi]
= (69)10 [`kwgK]
†ivnv‡bi b¤^i = (4F)16
= (1001111) [evBbvwi msL¨v]
= (01001111) [8 bit evBbvwi]
20|ZvmwKb m¨vi †kÖwYK‡ÿ ICT
wel‡qi msL¨v c×wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv = (79)10 [`kwgK]
KiwQ‡jb| K¬v‡mi GK ch©v‡q m¨vi A_©vr †ivnv‡bi b¤^i > †mv‡n‡ji b¤^i
†mv‡nj I †ivnvb‡K wR‡Ám Ki‡jb AZGe †mvn‡ji b¤^i Gi 2-Gi cwic~iK Ki‡Z
†Zvgiv 1g mvgwqK cixÿvq ICTwel‡q n‡e|
KZ b¤^i †c‡qwQ‡j? †mv‡nj ejj (105)8 †mv‡n‡ji b¤^i = (01000101)2
Ges †ivnvb ejj (4F)16 | wcQ‡b e‡m = (10111010)2 [1-Gi cwic~iK]
_vKv wgZv ejj m¨vi Avwg‡Zv
10111010
(100111)2 b¤^i †c‡qwQ|
(K) evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ Kx? +1
(L) 6+5+3=1110 n‡Z cv‡i- e¨vL¨v Ki| (10111011)2 [2-Gi cwic~iK]
(M) wgZvi cÖvß b¤^iwU `kwg‡K i~cvšÍi 01001111
Ki| + 10111011
(N) †mv‡nj I †ivnvb Gi cÖvß b¤^‡ii g‡a¨ †hvMdj = 100001010
cv_©K¨ †hv‡Mi gva¨‡g wbY©q Kiv K¨vwiweU
hvq wKbv? we‡kølYc~e©K gZvgZ
MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq
`vI|
20 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi ⸫ †mv‡nj I †ivnv‡bi b¤^‡ii cv_©K¨ (1010)2
(K) †h msL¨v c×wZ‡Z `ywU †gŠwjK A¼
(Digit) ev wPý 0 I 1 e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K 21|
evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ e‡j|
(L) `kwfwËK msL¨vq 6, 5, 3 †hvM Ki‡j A_©vr
6 + 5 + 3 = 14 nq|
evBbvwi‡Z,
2 14 LSB
2 70
2 31 wPÎ-1 wPÎ-2
2 1  1 MSB wPÎ-3
01 (K) Gb‡KvWvi Kx?
⸫ (14)10 = (1110)2 (L) BDwb‡KvW ÒevsjvÓ fvlv eyS‡Z
cv‡iÑ e¨vL¨v Ki|
(M) wPÎÑ 1 †Kvb †MB‡Ui mv‡_
mv`„k¨c~Y©? Zvi eY©bv `vI|
(M) wgZv cÖ_g mvgwqK cix¶vq ICT †Z
(N) DÏxc‡Ki wPÎÑ3 Gi †MBU w`‡q wPÎÑ2
†c‡q‡Q (100111)2. Gi †MBU‡K ev¯Íevqb Kiv m¤¢e
(100111) 2 = 1× 25 + 0 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + wKbv? we‡kølYc~e©K gZvgZ `vI|
1 × 20
= 32 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 1 = (39)10 21 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
⸫ (100111)2= (39)10 (K) Gb‡KvWvi n‡”Q GK ai‡bi mgwš^q
jwRK mvwK©U hv gvby‡li fvlv‡K

‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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Kw¤cDUv‡ii †evaMg¨ ev hvwš¿K fvlvq = ( A+ B ) .( A+ B)
iƒcvšÍi K‡i| = ( A+ B ) + A+ B

(L) BDwb‡Kv‡Wi c~Y©iƒc n‡”Q Universal = ( A+ B ) + ( A+ B )

code. we‡k¦i mKj fvlv‡K Kw¤cDUv‡i †KvWf‚³
Kivi Rb¨ ev cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ BDwb‡KvW
e¨envi nq| BDwb‡KvW g~jZ 2 evBU ev 16
we‡Ui †KvW| d‡j GB †Kv‡Wi gva¨‡g 216 ev
65,536wU A¼, eY© ev wPý‡K AwØZxqfv‡e
cÖKvk Kiv hvq| evsjv eY©gvjvi Rb¨ Unicode myZivs, NOR Gate w`‡q X-NOR Gate
n‡jv (0980)16  (09FF)16| ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e|
ZvB ejv hvq Unicode evsjv fvlv eyS‡Z cv‡i|
22| K…wó,wcqvj I gyw³ mncvVxiv
(M) wPÎ-1 AND Gate Gi mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y©| weevn Dcj‡ÿ¨ h_vµ‡g (5D7)16, (750)8 I
eywjqvb exRMwY‡Zi A¨vÛ Acv‡ikb (999)10 UvKv w`‡q Dcnvi mvgMÖx µq
ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq A¨vÛ †MBU| †h Kij|
wWwRUvj B‡jKUªwbK mvwK©‡U `yB ev (K) ASCII Kx?
Z‡ZvwaK (`y‡qi AwaK) BbcyU w`‡q GKwU (L) 2- Gi cwic~iK wWwRUvj eZ©bx‡K
mij K‡iÑ e¨vL¨v Ki|
gvÎ AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq Ges AvDUcyUwU
(M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ K…wó I gyw³i
nq BbcyU¸‡jvi †hŠw³K ¸‡Yi mgvb Zv‡K Dcnvi mvgMÖxi g~j¨ evBbvwi‡Z
AND Gate e‡j| wb‡P AND gate Gi cÖZxK †gvU KZ n‡e wbY©q Ki|
eywjqvb m~Î, mZ¨K mviwYmn jwRK¨vj (N) wcqvj I K…wói Dcnvi µ‡qi g~j¨
eZ©bx †`Lv‡bv n‡jv: h_vµ‡g †n·v‡Wwm‡gj I `kwgK
msL¨vq wbY©q Ki|
22 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) ASCII (American Standard Code for
AND Gate Gi cÖZxK Information Interchange) n‡jv GKwU 7/8 we‡Ui
A¨vÛ †MB‡Ui mZ¨K AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †KvW hv Kw¤cDUvi I
BbcyU/AvDUcyU wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ Z_¨
mviwY (Truth Table)
¯’vbvšÍ‡i e¨eüZ nq|
wPÎt `yB Input Output
BbcyUwewkó And A B Y=A.B (L) 2-Gi cwic~iK MVb e¨envi K‡i mij jwRK
0 0 0
eZ©bx ˆZwi Kiv hvq| hv `v‡g
0 1 0
m¯Ív I `ªæZ MwZ‡K KvR K‡i| 2-Gi cwic~iK
`yB BbcyUwewkó AND Gate 1 0 0
1 1 1 MV‡b †hvM I we‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ GKB eZ©bx
Gi B‡jKwUªK¨vj eZ©bx|
e¨envi Kiv hvq weavq mvwK©‡Ui gvÎv K‡g
(N) DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-3 Gi †MBU nj NOR Gate. Ges RwUjZv Kg nq| ZvB ejv hvq 2-Gi
wPÎ-2 Gi †MBU nj XNOR Gate. NOR †MBU cwic~iK wWwRUvj eZ©bx‡K mij K‡i|
w`‡q X NOR †MB‡Ui ev¯Íevqb wb¤œiƒc:
Boolean Algebra Abyhvqx XNOR Gate Gi Output, (M) K…wói Dcnv‡ii g~j¨ = (5D7)16
X = A⊕B
= A+ A B 0101 1101 0111
= AB + A . B = (10111010111)2 [evBbvwi]
= AB+ A B gyw³i Dcnv‡ii g~j¨ = (999)10 =
(1111100111)2 [evBbvwi]
= ( AB ) . A B
GLb, 10111010111
= ( A+ B ) . ( A + B ) +1111100111
‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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100110111110
⸫ evBbvwi msL¨vq K…wó I gyw³i Dcnvi
mvgMÖxi †gvU g~j¨= (100110111110)2.

(N) wcqv‡ji Dcnv‡ii g~j¨ = (750)8

(750)8
Y = M + R+ S+(M . R . S)
111 101 000 = M + R+ S+(M . R . S)
(750)8 = (111101000)2 [evBbvwi] = M + R+ S+(M + R +S ) [wW giMvb Dccv`¨]
= (000111101000)2 [12 bit Gi binary] = M + R+ S+ M + R+ S
= 0001 1110 1000. = M + R+ S [†h‡nZz A + A = A]

I E 8 (N) (M) n‡Z cvB,

⸫ (750)8= (1E8)16 Y = M + R+ S
K…wói Dcnv‡ii g~j¨ = (5D7)16 = M . R . S [wW giMvb Dccv`¨]
(5D716 = 5  162 + D  161 + 7 × 160 = M .R.S
= 5  256 +13  6 + 7  1
= (1495)10
23|

wPÎt NAND †MBU Øviv Y ev¯Íevqb wPÎ:

⸫ Y Gi mijxK…Z gvb‡K NAND †MBU Øviv
ev¯Íevqb| [‡`Lv‡bv n‡jv]

24| 'K' K‡j‡Ri AvBwmwU wk¶K

(K) †iwR÷vi Kx? †ev‡W© (63)10, (63)8, (63.8)16 msL¨v¸‡jv
(L) F = AB + AC + BC mij Ki| wjL‡jb Ges wØZxq I Z…Zxq msL¨v
(M) DÏxc‡K Y Gi mijK…Z gvb wbY©q Ki| `ywU †hvM K‡i †`Lv‡jb| AZtci ej‡jb,
(N) Y mijxK…Z gvb‡K NAND †MBU Øviv ÒKw¤cDUv‡ii Af¨šÍ‡i mg¯Í
ev¯Íevqb Ki| MvwYwZK KvR nq GKwU gvÎ
23 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi Acv‡ik‡bi gva¨‡g"|
(K) ‡iwR÷vi n‡jv GK¸”Q wd¬cd¬c Gi (K) BDwb‡KvW Kx?
mgš^‡q MwVZ †g‡gvwi wWfvBm †hLv‡b (L) 9 + 7 = 10 m¤¢e wK-bv? e¨vL¨v Ki |
cÖ‡Z¨KwU wd¬cd¬c GKwU K‡i evBbvwi (M) DÏxc‡Ki wØZxq I Z…Zxq msL¨v
weU aviY K‡i| `ywUi †hvMdj evBbvwi‡Z cÖKvk Ki|
(N) DÏxc‡K ewY©Z Acv‡ik‡bi gva¨‡g
(L) F = A B + AC + BC cÖ_g I wØZxq msL¨vi cv_©K¨
wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e we‡kølY K‡i †`LvI|
= A B + AC + BC (A + A ) [ †h‡nZz A + A = 1]
24 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
= A B+AC+ABC + A BC
(K) we‡k¦i mKj fvlv‡K Kw¤cDUv‡i †KvWfz³
= A B + A BC + AC + ABC
Kivi Rb¨ †h †KvW e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K
= A B (1 + C) +AC (1+B)
BDwb‡KvW ev Universal Code ev me©Rbxb
= A B + AC [†h‡nZz 1 + X = 1]
†KvW e‡j|
(M) DÏxc‡K Y Gi jwRK mvwK©U wb¤œiƒc:
(L) Hexadecimal msL¨v c×wZ‡Z 9 + 7 = 10 m¤
¢e|

‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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G‡¶‡Î, `kwgK 9 + 7 = (16)10 100001100 [K¨vwiweU MÖnY‡hvM¨
GLb, bq]
16 16 .: cÖ_g I wØZxq msL¨vi cv_©K¨ (1100)2
16 1  0 = (10)16
01 25|
⸫ 9 + 7 = (16)10 = (10)16

(M) DÏxc‡Ki wØZxq I Z…Zxq msL¨v `ywU

(63)8, (63.8)16
(63)8 = (63)8

110 010 = (110011)2 [Kzwgjøv †evW© -2019]

(K) A¨vWvi Kx?
(63)16 = 63.8 (L) M(M+N) = M e¨vL¨v Ki|
(M) Y Gi gvb mZ¨K mviwY‡Z †`LvI|
(N) wPÎ-2 Øviv cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix †MBU
w`‡q wPÎ-1 Gi mgZzj¨ mvK©U
110 010 = (1100011.1000)2 ev¯Íevqb Kiv m¤¢e wK-bv? we‡kølY
evBbvix msL¨v `ywUi †hvM: Ki|
110011 25 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
1100 011.1000 (K) evBbvwi †hv‡Mi Rb¨ †h eZ©bx e¨envi
10010110. 1000 Kiv Kq Zv‡K A¨vWvi e‡j|
†hvMdj = (10010110.1000)2
(L) M(M + N) = M
evgc¶ = M(M + N)
(N) DÏxc‡K ewY©Z Acv‡ikb n‡jv 2-Gi = MM + MN [wefvRb Dccv`¨]
cwic~iK| 2-Gi cwic~i‡Ki gva¨‡g cÖ_g I = M + MN
wØZxq msL¨vi cv_©K¨ wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e| = M (1 + N) [wefvRb Dccv`¨]
2 62 fvM‡kl = M. 1 [†gŠwjK Dccv`¨ 1 + N = N]
2 31 1 LSB = M [†gŠwjK Dccv`¨ M.1 = M]
2 15 1 = Wvbc¶
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1 (M)
2 0 1 MSB

⸫ (63)10 = (111111)2 = (00111111)2 [8 weU

evBbvwi]
(63)8 = (110011)2
= (00110011)2 [8 weU evBbvwi] jwRK mvwK©U n‡Z cvB,
= 11001100 [1- Gi c~iK] Y = ( A+ B ) + ( A+ B )
+1 = A+ B [‡h‡nZz, A + A = A]
11001101 [2-Gi cwic~iK] = A . B [wW giMv‡bi Dccv`¨]
00111111 Y = AB
+11001101 Y Gi mZ¨K mviYx wb¤œiƒc:
A B A AB
‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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0 0 1 0 Szwgi K¬vm †ivj = (37)8
0 1 1 1 = 3  81 + 7  80
1 0 0 0 = 24 + 7
1 1 0 0 = (31)10
wPÎ-2 Øviv cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix †MBU n‡jv
iæwgi K¬vm †ivj = (3A)16
NAND Gate| NAND †MBU w`‡q wPÎ-1 Gi
mgZzj¨ mvwK©U ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e| = 3  161 + 10 × 160
(N) (M)bs n‡Z cvB, ( A+ B ) + A+ B [wW giMv‡bi = 48+10
m~Î] = (58)10
Y = A+ B
= A.B (N) Szwgi cÖvß b¤^i (920)10
= A .B iæwgi cÖvß b¤^i (920)8
= A.B (920)8 bv¤^viwU 8-wfwËK A±vj msL¨v| 8
wfwËK msL¨v c×wZ‡Z 0-7 ch©šÍ msL¨v
e¨eüZ nq| †h‡nZz (920)8 msL¨vwU‡Z 9
i‡q‡Q hv A±vj msL¨v c×wZi ewnf©‚Z|
†m‡nZz (920)8 msL¨vwU m¤¢e bq|
26| Szwg I iæwg †U÷ cix¶vq cÖvß
†gvU b¤^i h_vµ‡g (920)10 I (920)8| myZivs, Szwg I iæwgi cÖvß b¤^i `ywUi
Zv‡`i K¬vm †ivj h_vµ‡g (37)8 I (3A)16| cv_©K¨ †hv‡Mi gva¨‡g wbiƒcY Kiv m¤¢e
(K) wewmwW †KvW Kx? bq|
(L) we‡k¦i mKj fvlv‡K †KvWfz³ Kiv m¤¢e
n‡q‡Q e¨vL¨v Ki| 27|
(M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †ivj b¤^i `ywU‡K
cÖPwjZ msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki|
(N) Szwg I iæwgi cÖvß b¤^i `ywUi
cv_©K¨ †hv‡Mi gva¨‡g wbiƒcY Kiv
m¤¢e wK-bv? we‡kølY Ki| (K) mve©Rbxb †MBU Kx?
26 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi (L) †Kv‡WW †WUv‡K Avb‡Kv‡WW
(K) BCD Gi c~Y© bvg Binary Coded Decimal †WUvq iƒcvšÍ†ii wWfvBmwU e¨vL¨v
hv `kwgK c×wZi msL¨v‡K evBbvwi Ki|
msL¨vq cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq (M) wPÎ-1 I wPÎ-2 Gi mgš^‡q ˆZwi
†hv‡Mi eZ©bxwU eY©bv Ki|
(L) we‡k¦i mKj fvlv‡K Kw¤cDUv‡i †KvWfz³ (N) wPÎ-1 I wPÎ-2 Gi mgwš^Z eZ©bx
Kivi Rb¨ ev cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ BDwb‡KvW Øviv wPÎ-3 evmÍevqb m¤¢e wKbv
e¨envi nq| BDwb‡Kv‡Wi (Unicode) c~Y©iƒc gZvgZ `vI|
n‡”Q Universal code| BDwb‡KvW g~jZ 2 27 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
evBU ev 16 we‡Ui †KvW| d‡j GB †Kv‡Wi (K) †h †MBU Øviv †gŠwjK †MBU (Ai, A¨vÛ I
gva¨‡g 2 ev 65,536 wU A¼, eY© ev wPý‡K bU) mn Ab¨vb¨ mKj †MU ev¯Íevqb Kiv hvq,
16

AwØZxqfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv hvq| GB †Kv‡Wi Zv‡K me©Rbxb †MBU e‡j|

mvnv‡h¨ we‡k¦i †QvU-eo mKj fvlv‡K
Kw¤cDUv‡i †KvWfz³ Kiv hvq| †h mKj fvlv‡K (L) †Kv‡WW †WUv‡K Gb‡Kv‡WW †WUvq
†KvWfz³ Kivi Rb¨ 8 weU ch©vß bq (‡hgb- iƒcvšÍ‡ii wWfvBmwU n‡jv wW‡KvWvi|
RvcvbxR, PvqwbR, †Kvwiqvb fvlv BZ¨vw`) wW‡KvWvi
†m mKj fvlvi mKj wPý‡K 16 weU
Ggb GKwU B‡jKUªwbK hš¿ ev wWfvBm hv
BDwb‡Kv‡Wi mvnv‡h¨ mn‡RB †KvWfz³
Kw¤cDUv‡ii †evaMg¨ fvlv‡K gvby‡li
Kivi ev cÖKvk Kiv hvq|
†evaMg¨ fvlvq iƒcvšÍi K‡i| wW‡KvWv‡i
Bbcy‡Ui msL¨v n n‡j Zvi AvDUcyU msL¨v =
(M) cÖPwjZ msL¨v c×wZ n‡jv `k©wgK 2n n‡e Ges AvDUcyU jvB‡b †h †Kv‡bv
msL¨v c×wZ| wb‡P Szwg I iæwgi †ivj GKwU AvDUcyU| n‡j evwK me AvDUcyU 0
`kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kiv n‡jv|
‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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cvIqv hv‡e| AvDUcyU Ae¯’v me©`v BbcyU
Ae¯’vi Dci wbf©ikxj|

wPÎ: nvd A¨vWv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ dzj A¨vWv‡ii

ev¯Íevq‡bi jwRK mvwK©U|
(M) wPÎ-1 n‡jv XOR †MBU, wPÎ-2 n‡jv AND cÖ_g nvd A¨vWv‡ii BbcyU A I B Gi †hvMdj,
†MBU| G `ywU †MB‡Ui mgš^‡q ˆZwi S1 Ges K¨vwi Ci
†hv‡Mi eZ©bxwU n‡e nvd A¨vWvi| †h ⸫ cÖ_g nvd A¨vWv‡ii †¶‡Î,
A¨vWvi `y‡Uv weU †hvM K‡i †hvMdj (Sum) I S1 = A⊕B
nv‡Z _vKv msL¨v ev K¨vwi (Carry) †ei Ki‡Z C1 = AB
cv‡i Zv‡K nvd A¨vWvi ejv nq| wØZxq nvd A¨vWv‡ii `ywU BbcyU n‡jv S₁
Ges C; G‡`i †hvMdj|
S2 Ges K¨vwi C2 |
⸫wØZxq nvd A¨vWv‡ii †hvMdj,
S2 = Si⊕Ci
= A⊕B⊕Ci
Ges C2 = S1Ci
wPÎt nvd A¨vWvi Gi eøK WvqvMÖvg wPÎt
= (A⊕B)Ci
nvd A¨vWvi Gi jwRK WvqvMÖvg
wZbwU BbcyU A, B I Ci Gi †¶‡Î dzj A¨vWv‡ii
A I B `y'wU evBbvwi msL¨v Ges S I C
mZ¨K mviwY †_‡K †jLv hvq †h, S = A BCi + A
h_vµ‡g Sum Ges Carry n‡j A I B †hv‡Mi d‡j
BC i + A B C i + ABCi
wb¤œwjwLZ Ae¯’v¸‡jv n‡Z cv‡i|
= A ( BCi + BC i)+A( B C i + BCi)
Input Output
= A (B⊕Ci) + A( B⊕C )
A B S C
0 0 0 0 = A⊕B⊕Ci
0 1 1 0 = S2
1 0 1 0 Ges C0 = A BCi + A BCi + ABC i + ABCi
1 1 0 1 = Ci( A B+ A B ¿+ AB ¿i + Ci)
= Ci (A⊕B) + AB
mZ¨K mviwY †_‡K cÖvß mgxKiY n‡jv: = C2 + AB
⸫ S = A B + A B ev, S = A⊕B [⊕Symbol A_©vr X- 28| iwb AvBwmwU K¬v‡m wewfbœ
OR] msL¨v c×wZ m¤c‡K© aviYv jvf K‡i|
Ges C = AB G aviYvi wfwˇZ iwbi †ev‡bi eqm
A_©vr, Half Adder- G GKwU X-OR †MBU Ges ( 110101), Ges fvB‡qi eqm (53),
GKwU AND †MBU jvM‡e| eQi| iwb I Zvi fvB GKB e¨v‡Ûi I GKB
(N) wPÎ 1 I wPÎ 2 Gi mgwš^Z eZ©bxwU g‡W‡ji `yBwU ¯‹zj e¨vM h_vµ‡g
n‡jv nvd A¨vWvi| wb‡¤œ nvd A¨vWvi Øviv (207)16 I (510)10 UvKv w`‡q wfbœ
†`vKvb †_‡K µq K‡i|
3bs wPÎ A_©vr dzj A¨vWvi Gi ev¯Íevqb
(K) Unicode Kx?
†`Lv‡bv n‡jv: (L) "1+1+1=1" e¨vL¨v Ki|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki iwbi fvB I †ev‡bi eq‡mi
cv_©K¨ †hv‡Mi gva¨‡g wbY©q Ki|
(N) Zv‡`i ¯‹zj e¨v‡Mi g~j¨ A±vj c×wZ‡Z
wbY©qc~e©K gZvgZ `vI|
28 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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Doyti Academic and Admission care Joykoli Admission Coaching
(K) we‡k¦i mKj fvlv‡K Kw¤cDUv‡i †KvWfz³ 29|
Kivi Rb¨ †h †KvW e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K
BDwb‡KvW ev Universal Code ev me©Rbxb
†KvW e‡j|
(L) GwU GKwU eywjqvb OR Acv‡ikb|
eywjqvb OR Acv‡ik‡bi †¶‡Î 1+1+1=1 djvdj
(K) Universal †MBU Kx?
m¤¢e| OR Acv‡ik‡b †h‡Kvb GKwU BbcyU 1
(L) Kw¤cDUv‡ii fvlv‡K gvby‡li †evaMg¨
n‡jB djvdj 1 ev True nq|
fvlvq iƒcvšÍ‡ii mvwK©UwU e¨vL¨v Ki|
(M) iwbi †ev‡bi eqm = (110101)2 = (00110101)2
(M) DÏxc‡Ki eZ©bxwU †gŠwjK †MBU
[8 bit binary] w`‡q evevqb Ki|
iwbi fvB‡qi eqm = (53)8 (N) DÏxc‡Ki eZ©bxwU‡Z GKwU Bbcy‡Ui
(53) msL¨v nªvm Ki‡j bZzb †h eZ©bxwU
cvIqv hv‡e Zv NAND †MBU Øviv
ev¯Íevqb K‡i †`LvI|
101 011 29 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
⸫ (53)8 = (101011)2 = (00101011)2 (K) †h †MBU Øviv †gŠwjK †MBU (Ai, A¨vÛ I
(00101011)2- Gi 1 Gi cwic~iK = (11010100)2 bU) mn Ab¨vb¨ mKj †MU ev¯Íevqb Kiv hvq,
+1 Zv‡K me©Rbxb †MBU e‡j|
2-Gi cwic~iK = (11010101)2
GLb, 00110101 (L) Kw¤cDUv‡ii fvlv‡K gvby‡li †evaMg¨
+11010101 fvlvq iƒcvšÍ‡ii jwRK mvwK©UwU n‡jv
100001010 [cÖ_g msL¨vwU K¨vwi weU hv wW‡KvWvi| GwU †Kv‡WK †WUv‡K
AMÖnY‡hvM¨] Gb‡Kv‡WW †WUvq iƒcvšÍi K‡i| wW‡KvWv‡i
iwbi fvB I †ev‡bi eq‡mi cv_©K¨ = (1010)2 BbcyU msL¨v n n‡j Zvi AvDUcyU msL¨v 2n
n‡e Ges AvDUcyU jvB‡b †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU
(N) iwbi ¯‹zj e¨v‡Mi g~j¨ = (207)16 AvDUcyU 1 n‡j evwK me AvDUcyU 0 cvIqv
(207) hv‡e| AvDUcyU Ae¯’v me©`v BbcyU
Ae¯’vi Dci wbf©ikxj|

0010 0000 0111 (M) DÏxc‡Ki eZ©bxwU n‡jv dzj A¨vWvi|

⸫ (207)16 = (001000000111)2 Full Adder Gi BbcyU `ywU A I B Ges
001 000 000 111 c~e©eZ©x K¨vwi Ci †hvMdj S Ges
1 0 0 7 eZ©gvb K¨vwi C0 n‡j mgxKiY n‡e-
⸫ (207)16 Gi A±vj gvb (1007)8 S = A BCi + A BC i + A B C i+ ABCi
iwbi fvB‡qi ¯‹zj e¨v‡Mi g~j¨ = (510) C0 = A BCi + A BCi + ABC i + ABCi
S mijxKiY Ki‡j cvIqv hvq-
8 510 fvM‡kl S = A BCi + A BC i + A B C i+ ABCi
8 63 6 LSB = A ( B C i + BC i) + A¿ C i + BC i)
8 7 7 = A (B⊕Ci) + A(B ⊕ C i)
8 0 7 MSB [B⊕Ci †K B ai‡j mgxKiYwU nq A B+ A B = A⊕ B]
C0 †K mijxKiY Ki‡j cvIqv hvq:
⸫ (510)10 Gi A±vj gvb (776)8 C0 = A BCi + A BCi + ABC i + ABCi
(1007)8 > (776)8 = A BCi + A BCi + ABC i + ABCi + ABCi + ABCi
[†h‡nZz A + A + A = A]
A_©vr iwbi fvB‡qi KvQ †_‡K e¨v‡Mi g~j¨
= A BCi + ABCi + A BCi + ABCi + ABC i+ ABCi
iwbi Zzjbvq †ewk ivLv n‡q‡Q|
= BCi( A + A) + ACi( B+ B¿ + AB(C i + Ci)
‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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= BCi + ACi + AB
= AB + BCi + ACi (K) A¨vWvi wK ?
(L) GKwU 4-weU evBbvwi KvD›Uvi
(N) wb‡¤œ †gŠwjK †MB‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ Full
KZwU msL¨v ¸b‡Z cv‡i- e¨vL¨v Ki|
Adder ev¯Íevqb Kiv n‡jv: (M) wk¶K cÖ`wk©Z msL¨v c×wZ‡Z
eZ©gvb †ivj b¤^iwU iƒcvšÍi Ki|
(N) †hv‡Mi gva¨‡g †ivj b¤^i`‡qi cv_©K¨
wbY©q K‡i wk¶‡Ki gšÍe¨ g~j¨vqb Ki|
30 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) evBbvwi †hv‡Mi Rb¨ †h eZ©bx e¨envi
Kiv nq Zv‡K A¨vWvi e‡j|

(L) GKwU 4-weU evBbvwi KvD›Uvi 16 wU

msL¨v ¸Y‡Z cv‡i| GKwU n weU evBbvwi
KvD›Uvi 0 †_‡K 2n  1 ch©šÍ ¸Y‡Z cv‡i|
DÏxc‡Ki eZ©bxwU‡Z GKwU Bbcy‡Ui msL¨v A_©vr 4 weU evBbvwi KvD›Uvi 0 †_‡K 2  1
4

nªvm Ki‡j nvd A¨vWvi cvIqv hv‡e| g‡b Kwi, ev 15 ch©šÍ 16 wU weU msL¨v ¸Y‡Z cv‡i| 4
`ywU BbcyU A I B| G‡`i †hvMdj S Ges weU evBbvwi KvD›Uv‡ii †÷U WvqvMÖvg:
K¨vwi C|
Input Output
A B S C
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
wPÎ: Half Adder Gi mZ¨K mviwY
mZ¨K mviYx n‡Z cvB,
S = A B + BA
(M) wk¶‡Ki cÖ`wk©Z 8wU †gŠwjK wPý (0-
= ( A B) .( A B) 7) wewkó msL¨v c×wZ n‡jv A±vj|
Ges, C = AB = AB Qv‡Îi eZ©gvb †ivj b¤^i = (375)10
NAND Gate Gi mvnv‡h¨ Half Adder Gi jwRK
eZ©bxwU wb¤œiƒct 8 375 fvM‡kl
8 46 7 LSB
8 5 6
8 0 5 MSB
⸫ (375)10 = (567)8

(N) Qv‡Îi eZ©gvb †ivj b¤^i = (375)10

= (101110111)2 [binary]
= (0101110111)2 [10 bit binary]
30| AvBwmwU wk¶K †kªYx‡Z msL¨v Qv‡Îi MZ eQ‡ii †ivj b¤^i = (17C)16
c×wZ covw”Q‡jb| GK Qv·K †ivj
= (101111100)2 [binary]
b¤^i wR‡Ám KivB †m (375)10 DËi w`j|
wk¶K Qv‡Îi †ivj b¤^iwU †K AvUwU = (0101111100)2 [10 bit binary]
†gŠwjK wPý wewkó msL¨v c×wZ‡Z †hv‡Mi gva¨‡g A_©vr 2 Gi cwic~i‡Ki
iƒcvšÍi K‡i †`Lv‡jb QvÎxi MZ eQi †ivj gva¨‡g b¤^i؇qi cv_©K¨ wbY©q:
b¤^i (17C)16 Rvb‡Z †c‡i wk¶K Zvi †kl (0101110111) Gi 1-Gi cwic~iK = (1010001000)2
cix¶vi djvdj fv‡jv n‡q‡Q gšÍe¨ Ki‡jb| +1
‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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2-Gi cwic~iK = (1010001001)2
0101111100
+ 1010001001
10000000101 (K¨vwi weU 1 hv
AMÖnY‡hvM¨)
⸫ †ivj b¤^i؇qi cv_©K¨ = (101)2 = (5)10
A_©vr Qv‡Îi †ivj 5 GwM‡q‡Q| myZivs Dc‡ii wPÎ n‡Z,
wk¶‡Ki gšÍe¨wU h_v_©| F = P+Q ( R+ P ) Q ( R+ P ) P+Q ( P
31| Gi mZ¨K mviYxt
P Q R P Q R+ P

F=
[ewikvj †evW© -2019]
(K) †KvW Kx?
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
(L) FF-Gi c‡ii msL¨vwU 100 Ñe¨vL¨v Ki| 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
(M) DÏxc‡Ki AvDUcyU F-Gi gvb mZ¨K 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
mviwY‡Z †`LvI| 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
(N) AvDUcyU F-‡K ïaygvÎ ÔA’ wPwýZ 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
†MBUwU w`‡q ev¯Íevqb m¤¢eÑ 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
we‡kølY Ki| 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
31 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
(K) Kw¤cDUvi wm‡÷‡g e¨eüZ cÖwZwU (N) A wPwýZ †MBUwU n‡jv NOR †MU|
eY©, msL¨v ev we‡kl wPý‡K Avjv`vfv‡e AvDUcyU F †K NOR †MB‡Ui gva¨‡g
ev¯Íevqb:
wmwcBD‡K †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ we‡Ui (0 ev 1)
(M)bs n‡Z cvB,
wewfbœ web¨v‡mi mvnv‡h¨ AwØZxq
F = P+Q ( R+ P )
(Unique) ms‡KZ ˆZwi Kiv nq| GB AwØZxq
ms‡KZ‡K †KvW ejv nq| = P+Q ( R+ P )
= P+Q+ ( R+ P )
(L) Hexadecimal msL¨vc×wZ‡Z 16 wU A¼ =
P+Q+ ( R+ P )
_v‡K (0-9, A, B, C, D, E, F)| FF msL¨vwU 2
A¼wewkó| Zvic‡ii msL¨vwU †c‡Z n‡j 1
†hvM Ki‡Z
n‡e| cÖwµqvwU wb¤œiƒc:
(FF)16 = (11111111)2
11111111
+1
1 0000 0000 AvDUcyU F-‡K wPÎ A-wPwýZ NOR †MBU
1 0 0 w`‡q ev¯Íevqb K‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
FF + 1 = (100)16
myZivs, FF Gi c‡ii msL¨vwU 100. 32| mywg, mywgi evev I gv‡qi eqm
(M) h_vµ‡g (10)16, (100)8 Ges (2F)16 eQi|
(K) wewmwW †KvW Kx?
(L) Ò2 Gi cwic~iK Ki‡j msL¨vi ïaygvÎ
wP‡ýi cwieZ©b nqÓ- eywS‡q †jL|
(M) mywgi gv‡qi eqm A±vj msL¨vq
iƒcvšÍi Ki|
‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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(N) mywgi evevi eqm mywgi eq‡mi KZ
¸Y? we‡kølY Ki| F = AB+ A + B
32 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
(K) BCD Gi c~Y© bvg Binary Coded Decimal
hv `kwgK c×wZi msL¨v‡K evBbvwi Fig-2
msL¨vq cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq| (K) KvD›Uv‡ii †gvW Kx?
(L) †Kv‡bv abvZ¥K msL¨v‡K FYvZ¥K (L) cvuP Bbcy‡Ui A¨vÛ †MBU ev¯Íevq‡b
msL¨vq wKsev †Kv‡bv FYvZ¥K msL¨v‡K KqwU b¨vÛ †MBU cÖ‡qvRb? eywS‡q
abvZ¥K msL¨vq cwieZ©b Kiv‡K wecixZKiY †jL |
ev wb‡Mkb e‡j| evBbvwi wPýhy³ msL¨v‡K (M) Y Gi mijxK…Z gvb wbY©q Ki|
(N) ÒF-Gi mijxK…Z gv‡bi †MBUwU
2 Gi cwic~i‡K cwieZ©b K‡i wecixZKiY ev
evBbvwi †hv‡M e¨eüZ nqÓ we‡kølY
wb‡Mkb Kiv nq| wecixZKiY ev wb‡Mk‡bi Ki|
d‡j †Kv‡bv msL¨vi gv‡bi cwieZ©b nq bv
wKš‘ wP‡ýi cwieZ©b nq| 33 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
8 we‡U +9 Gi evBbvwi mgZzj¨ n‡jv 0 (K) GKwU KvD›Uvi cÖ_g avc †_‡K ïiæ K‡i
Avevi cÖ_g av‡c wd‡i Avm‡Z hZ¸‡jv avc
0001001 Ges -9 Gi evBbvwi mgZzj¨ n‡jv 1
cÖ‡qvRb nq, Zv‡K H KvD›Uv‡ii †gvW e‡j|
0001001|
(L) F = X1X2X3X4X5 = X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 X 5
0 0001001 = +9
wb‡Mkb 1 1110111 = -9 (2 Gi
cwic~iK)
cybtwb‡Mkb 0 0001001 = +9

(M) mywgi gv‡qi eqm = (2F)16

⸫ cvuP Bbcy‡Ui A¨vÛ †MBU ev¯Íevq‡b
(2F)16
2wU b¨vÛ †MBU cÖ‡qvRb|
0010 1111 (M) Fig-1 †_‡K,
⸫ (2F)16 = (00101111)2 = (000101111)2 [9 bit
binary]
0 00 101 111
0 5 7
⸫ (2F)16 = (57)8 Y = ( ABC ). ( A+ B+C )
(N) mywgi evevi eqm = (100)8 = ( A + B + C ). A B C [wW giMvb Dccv`¨]
(100)8= 1  82 + 0  8 + 0  80 =A A B C +A BB C + A B CC
=1  64 + 0 + 0 = A B C+ A B C+ A B C [ †h‡nZz X.X = X]
= (64)10 = A B C [†h‡nZz X+X = X]
mywgi eqm = (10)16 = A+ B+C
(10)16 = 1  161 + 0 × 160
= 16 + 0 (N) †`Iqv Av‡Q,
= 16 F = AB+ A + B
64
mywgi evevi eqm mywgi eq‡mi ¸Y = 4 = AB. A+ B
16 = AB. ( A+ B )
¸Y|
= ( A+ B ).(A+B)
= A A + A B + BA + BB
33|
= 0 + A B + BA + BB
= 0 + A B + BA + 0 [X.X = 0]
= AB + AB

‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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= A⊕B ⸫ Y = A.B
hv X-OR †MBU Gi mgZzj¨| X-OR †MBU Gi
mZ¨K mviwY wb¤œiƒc:
A B A⊕B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1 wPÎ: NAND Gate w`‡q `yB input wewkó OR
1 1 0 Gate ev¯Íevqb
evBbvwi †hv‡Mi eZ©bx n‡jv A¨vWvi| nvd
A¨vWv‡ii mZ¨K mviwY wb¤œiƒc: (M) eøK wPÎ-K n‡jv 8 to 3 jvBb Gb‡KvWvi|
A I B `y'wU evBbvwi msL¨v Ges S I C GB Gb‡KvWv‡i 8 wU BbcyU †_‡K 3wU
h_vµ‡g Sum Ges Carry n‡j A I B †hv‡Mi d‡j AvDUcyU jvBb cvIqv hvq| ZvB Gi mvnv‡h¨
wb¤œwjwLZ Ae¯’v¸‡jv n‡Z cv‡i| A±vj msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍwiZ
Input Output Kiv hvq| GRb¨ G‡K A±vj †_‡K evBbvwi
A B S C
Gb‡KvWvi e‡j| wb‡P jvBb 8 †_‡K 3 wU jvBb
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 Gb‡KvWv‡ii mZ¨K mviwY †`Iqv n‡jv:
1 0 1 0 Input Output
1 1 0 1 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 X Y Z
X-OR †MB‡Ui mZ¨K mviwY n‡Z cÖvß 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
AvDUcyU evBbvwi †hv‡Mi mgZzj¨| 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
AZGe, F-Gi mijxK…Z gv‡bi †MBUwU
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
evBbvwi †hv‡M e¨eüZ nq| 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
34| 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
mZ¨K mviwY n‡Z cvB,
X = D4 + D 5 + D 6 + D 7
Y = D2 + D 3 + D 6 + D 7
(K) mZ¨K mviwY Kx? Z = D1 + D 3 + D 5 + D 7
(L) NAND ‡MBU w`‡q OR ‡MBU D³ dvskb n‡Z ev¯ÍevwqZ jwRK mvwK©U:-
ev¯Íevqb Ki|
(M) eøK wPÎ-K wPwýZ K‡i mZ¨K mviwY I
jwRK eZ©bx A¼b Ki|
(N) Kw¤úDUv‡ii †evaMg¨ fvlv‡K gvby‡li
†evaMg¨ fvlvq iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z eøK
wP‡Îi †KvbwUi f~wgKv Acwinvh©Ñ
wPÎt 8 †_‡K 3 jvBb wPÎt 8 †_‡K 3 jvBb
we‡kølY Ki|
Gb‡KvW‡i
34 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi Gb‡KvWv‡ii eøK WvqvMªvg
(K) †h mKj †Uwej ev mviwYi gva¨‡g (N) eøK wPÎ L n‡jv 2 to 4 Decoder. Decoder
wewfbœ †MB‡Ui djvdj ev jwRK mvwK©‡Ui Øviv Kw¤cDUv‡ii †evaMg¨ ev evBbvwi
Bbcy‡Ui Dci wfwË K‡i AvDUcy‡Ui djvdj ms‡KZ‡K gvby‡li †evaMg¨ K‡i †Zvjv nq|
cÖKvk Kiv nq ZvB mZ¨K mviwY| Kw¤c wW‡K gvby‡li
DUv‡ vWvi fvlv
(L) A I B `yB BbcyU wewkó OR Gate Gi jwRK ii
dvskb n‡e: DÏxc‡K cÖ`wk©Z 24 wW‡KvWvi Øviv 0  3
Y=A+B ch©šÍ msL¨vi evBbvwi †_‡K †Wwmgvj
= A+ B iƒcvšÍi m¤¢e|
‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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m¤¢e Z‡e Zv Lye KwVb I e¨qeûj| wKš‘
evBbvwi ms‡KZ 0 I 1 †K Lye mn‡RB
B‡jKwUªK¨vj wmMb¨v‡ji mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk
Kiv hvq|
(M)
2 36 fvM‡kl
Input Output 2 18 0 (LSB)
X Y D0 D1 D2 D3 2 9 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 2 4 1
0 1 0 1 0 0
2 2 0
1 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 0
mZ¨K mviYx: 2 to 8 Decoder 2 0 1 (MSB)
Dc‡ii mZ¨K mviYx‡Z hLb X = 0, Y = 0 nq ⸫ (36)10 = (100100)2
A_©vr input (0)10 = (00)2 nq ZLb D0 Output high c~Y©vsk
n‡e| Avevi hLb X = 0, Y = 1 nq A_©vr (1)10 = fMœvsk
(01)2 nq ZLb D1 output high n‡e| Gfv‡e †evSv 0.75
hv‡e input G Decimal msL¨vq KZ input  2
wn‡m‡e †`qv n‡q‡Q| 1 .5
2
35| 1 .0
X = (36.75)10 P = (57)8 (0.75) = (11)2
⸫ (36.75) = (100100.11)2
Y = (59.F)16 Q = (30)10 Y = (59.F)16
`„k¨Kí-K `„k¨Kí-L 59.F

(K) BDwb‡KvW Kx?

0101 1001 1111
(L) wWwRUvj wWfvB‡m e¨eüZ msL¨v
⸫ (59.F)16 = (01011001.1.111)2
c×wZ e¨vL¨v Ki|
(M) `„k¨Kí-K Gi X I Y Gi gvb‡K 100100.1100
evBbvwi‡Z †hvM Ki| (+) 1011001.1111
(N) `„k¨KíÑL G DwjøwLZ P I Q Gi g‡a¨ 1111110.1011
e¨eavb 2 Gi cwic~iK c×wZ e¨envi wb‡Y©q †hvMdj = (1111110.1011)2
K‡i wbY©q Ki|
35 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi (N) `„k¨Kí-L G P I Q Gi gvb h_vµ‡g (57)8 I
(K) we‡k¦i mKj fvlv‡K Kw¤cDUv‡i †KvWfz³ (30)10|
Kivi Rb¨ †h †KvW e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K
(57)8
BDwb‡KvW ev Universal-Code ev me©Rbxb
†KvW e‡j| P = (57)8 = = (101111)2 = (00101111)
(L) wWwRUvj wWfvB‡m e¨eüZ msL¨v [8 bit binary]
c×wZ n‡jv evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ| †h 101 111
msL¨v c×wZ‡Z Binary Digit wn‡m‡e 0 I 1
e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ e‡j| 2 30 fvM‡kl
†h‡nZz evBbvwi‡Z ïay `yBwU A¼ e¨eüZ 2 15 0 (LSB)
nq, ZvB Gi wfwË 2| Kw¤cDUvi KvR K‡i 2 7 0
B‡jKwUªK¨vj wmMb¨v‡ji mvnv‡h¨| 2 3 1
B‡jKwUªK¨vj wmMb¨v‡ji mvnv‡h¨ `kwgK 2 1 0
msL¨vi `kwU wfbœ wfbœ Ae¯’v cÖKvk Kiv 2 0 0 (MSB)
⸫ (30)10 = (11110)2
‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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+30 Gi evBbvwi = (00011110)2 [8 bit binary] + (57)8 = 00101111
wb‡Mkb: (11100001)2 [1 Gi cwic~iK]  (30)10= 11100010
+1 100010001
(11100010)2 [2 Gi cwic~iK] K¨vwi 1 hv we‡eP¨ bq| wPý weU 0 A_©vr
P I Q Gi e¨eavb: djvdj abvZ¥K|
⸫ e¨eavb = (10001
)2

msL¨v c×wZ Avwe®‹v‡ii BwZnvm M (ABC)16 N (CBA)16

1. ‡KvbwU RwUj I A‰eÁvwbK msL¨v 12. (10)16 Gi c~‡e©i gvb †KvbwU?
hv GLbI e¨envi Kiv nq? Kl LA
K wgkixq L e¨ewjqvb ME NF
M gvqvb N ‡ivgvb 13. K¬v‡k wkÿK (1011.11)2 I (1101.10)2 Gi
2. KzwowfwËK msL¨v c×wZi cÖPjb †hvMdj wbY©q Ki‡Z ej‡jb| GKRb
†Kvb mf¨Zvq ïiæ nq? wkÿv_x© (11011.122)2 wjLj| †m KZ
K gvqvb L fviZxq †ewk wjLj?
M ‡ivgvb N e¨ewjqvb K 10.10 L 11.10
msL¨v c×wZ M 11.11 N 101.10
3. (5A)16 Gi c‡ii msL¨vwU KZ 14. (11011.110111)2 Gi mgZzj¨
K (6A)16 L (5B)16 †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v KZ?
M (91)16 N (90)16 K lB.37 L lB.DC
4. bb-cwRkbvj msL¨v †KvbwU? M D8.DC N D8.37
K5 L 1011 15. EFF Gi c‡ii msL¨vwU KZ?
MA NV K 100 L 200
5. ‡Kvb msL¨v c×wZ‡Z me©‡gvU M F00 N FF0
hZ¸‡jv AsK e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K Kx 16. 2 BAD.8C ‡Kvb ai‡bi msL¨v?
e‡j? K `kwgK L evBbvwi
K ‡KvW L ‡em M AKUvj N ‡n·v‡Wwm‡gj
M weU N mvBb weU 17. (29)10 msL¨vwU evBbvwi gvb KZ?
6. `ywU msL¨vi cv_©K¨ (1F)16| 1g K 11100 L 11011
msL¨vwU (58)10 n‡j 2q msL¨vwU KZ? M 10111 N 11101
K (11011)2 L (11111)2 18. 4, 8, C AbyµgwUi c‡ii gvb KZ?
M (110010)2 N (11010)2 KD LF
7. (100)2 Ges (1A)16 Gi †hvMdj KZ? M 10 N 16
K 1AA L 1B 19. wfwËi Dci wbf©i K‡i msL¨v c×wZ
M AF N lE KZ cÖKvi?
8. (1110.11)2 Gi mgKÿ †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡ji K2 L3
msL¨v †KvbwU? M4 N5
K E.A L E.C 20. (37.125)10 Gi evBbvwi gvb KZ?
M C.E N E.B K 100101.01 L 100101.001
9. (17)8 Gi c‡ii msL¨v †KvbwU? M 101001.01 N 101001.001
K 14 L 15 21. (100)2 Ges (AA)16 Gi †hvMdj KZ?
M 16 N 20 K 1 AA L1B
M AF N AE
10. wmMbvjwUi 22. A±vj msL¨vi †eR KZ?
mvswL¨K gvb KZ? K2 L8
K 0010011010 L 1001100101 M 10 N 16
M 1011010101 N 0100110010 23. (78)10 Gi BCD gvb KZ?
11. (A + B + C)16 Gi mgZzj¨ gvb †KvbwU? K 01111001 L 01111000
K (33)8 L (100001)2
‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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M 01101000 N 01101100 M 00 N 11
24. ‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v c×wZi wfwË KZ? 2-Gi cwic~iK
K 16 L 10 38. 2 Gi cwic~iK c×wZ‡Z †KvbwU
M8 N2 e¨envi Kiv nq?
25. (1101110.1)2 Gi †n·v‡Wwmgvj msL¨v K ‡hvM K‡i L we‡qvM K‡i
†KvbwU? M fvM K‡i N ¸Y K‡i
K DD.l L DE.l 39. (25)10 Gi 1 Gi cwic~iK gvb
M DE.8 N ED.8 †KvbwU?
26. MSB-Gi c~Y©i~c n‡”Q– K 00011001 L 11100110
K Most Suitable Bit L Most Significant Bit M 11100111 N 11000110
M Maximum Suitable Bit 40. `kwgK msL¨v 13 Gi 2'S Complement
N Maximum Significant Bit KZ?
27. AKUvj msL¨v c×wZ‡Z 177 Gi c‡ii K 00001100 L 11110101
msL¨vwU KZ? M 11110011 N 11110100
K 178 L 180 41. c¨vwiwU weUhy³ †KvW KZ
M 200 N 270 we‡U©i?
28. wb‡Pi †Kvb jwRK †MB‡vUi K3 L4
AvDUcyU Bbcy‡Ui wecixZ? M7 N8
K AND L OR 42. `kwgK msL¨v 13 Gi 2'S complement
M NOT N X-OR KZ?
29. (12)10 Gi mgKÿ evBbvwi †KvbwU? K 00001100 L 11110101
K (1101)2 L (1100)2 M 11110011 N 11110100
M (1111)2 N (1010)2 43. – 5 Gi 2 Gi cwic~iK gvb KZ?
30. (100101.101011)2 Gi †n·v‡Wwm‡gj K 1101 L 1001
gvb KZ? M 1010 N 1011
K 25.AC L 45.53 ‡KvW
M 37.53 N 94.AC 44. A¨vmwK‡Z cÖZxK wb‡`©kK †KvW
31. (1F)16 Gi mv‡_ 1 †hvM Ki‡j KZ n‡e? KqwU?
K (HF)16 L (2F)16 K 16 L 32
M (20)16 N (16)16 M 65 N 96
32. wg. myexi GKRb Qv·K eqm 45. ASCll ‡Kv‡W wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ KZwU
wRÁvmv Kivq †m ejj, evBbvwi‡Z †KvW e¨eüZ nq?
Zvi eqm 10010| Zvi GB msL¨vi K8 L 16
mv‡_ (1011)2 †hvM Ki‡j evBbvwi‡Z M 32 N 64
†hvMdj KZ n‡e? 46. wb‡Pi †KvbwU 16 we‡Ui †KvW?
K 11001 L 11101 K ASCll L BCD
M 10011 N 10111 M EBCDIC N UNICODE
33. (72)10 Gi BCD †KvW †KvbwU? 47. BDwb‡Kv‡W †gvU KZ¸‡jv wfbœ
K (11110)2 L (111001)2 Aÿi‡K †KvWfz³ Kiv hvq?
M (111010)2 N (01110010)2 K8 L 16
34. (BFE)16 Gi mgZzj¨ AKUvj gvb KZ? M 256 N 65536
K (5774)8 L (5776)8 48. ASCll-8 †Kv‡Wi gva¨‡g KZwU
M (5976)8 N (101111111111110)8 AwØZxq wPý‡K wbw`©ó Kiv hvq?
evBbvwi †hvM we‡qvM K 128 L 256
35. (1010.1101)2 + (101.101)2 = ? M 512 N 65536
K (10000.0111)2 L (11011.0111)2 49. evsjv fvlv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i AšÍfz©³
M (11010.0101)2 N (10001.0110)2 Kivi Rb¨ eZ©gv‡b †Kvb ai‡bi †KvW
36. (1000.11100)2 – (101.01001)2 = ? e¨eüZ nq?
K 0011.10011 L 1010.10011 K BCD L ASCll
M 1011.10011 N 1011.11011 M EBCDIC N UNICODE
37. evBbvwi †hv‡M 1 + 0 + 1 = ? 50. ASCll-8 †Kv‡W msL¨vm~PK weU
K 10 L 01 KZwU?
‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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K2 L4 62. A, B, C, D BbcyUwewkó wW‡KvWv‡ii
M8 N 16 AvDUcyU msL¨v nj–
51. evsjv eY©gvjv †Kvb †KvWfz³? K2 L4
K BCD L ASCll M8 N 16
M EBCDIC N UNICODE 63. ‡Kvb wWwRUvj mvwK©‡Ui BbcyU
52. BDwb‡Kv‡Wi we‡Ui msL¨v KZ? Ges AvDUcyU msL¨v mgvb?
K4 L8 K nvd A¨vWvi L dzj A¨vWvi
M 16 N 32 M Gb‡KvWvi N KvD›Uvi
53. BCD ‡KvW KZ we‡Ui? 64. (– 293)10 msL¨vwU †iwR÷v‡i †÷vi
K2 L4 Ki‡Z Kgc‡ÿ KZ we‡Ui cÖ‡qvRb?
M8 N 16 K8 L 16
54. ‡Kvb †KvW `kwgK msL¨v‡K M 32 N 64
evBbvwi msL¨vq i~cvšÍi K‡i? 65. MwZ †ewk wKš‘ aviYÿgZv Kg; G
K ASCll L EBCDIC iKg †g‡gvwi n‡jv–
M UNICODE N BCD K K¨vk †j‡fj-1 L ‡iwR÷vi
eywjqvb Gj‡Reiv I wWwRUvj wWfvBm M fvPz©qvj †g‡gvwi N i¨vg
55. F = XY + X Y + X Gi mijxK…Z gvb KZ? 66. cvuPwU BbcyUwewkó wW‡KvWv‡ii
K XY LX AvDUcyU jvBb KZwU?
M X(Y + 1) NX+Y K8 L 16
56. x = c +b (a + b c); x Gi gvb 1 n‡e hLb–– M 31 N 64
K a = 0, b = 0, c = 0 L a = 1, b = 0, c = 0 67. ‡Kvb eZ©bx‡Z n msL¨K BbcyU Ges
M a = 1, b = 1, c = 0 N a = 0, b = 1, c = 1 2-msL¨K AvDUcyU _v‡K?
57. Inverter wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i †Kvb jwRK K Gb‡KvWvi L wW‡KvWvi
†MBU? M ‡iwR÷vi N KvD›Uvi
K AND L OR 68. ‡Kvb wWwRUvj eZ©bx‡Z n msL¨K
M NOT N X-OR Bbcy‡Ui Rb¨ 2n msL¨K AvDUcyU
58. ‡gŠwjK jwRK †MBU KqwU? cÖ`vb K‡i?
K2 L3 K Gb‡KvWvi L wW‡KvWvi
M4 N5 M nvdGWvi N dzjGWvi
69. F = R S + R SmgxKiYwUi †Kvb †MBU
59. wP‡Îi AvDUcyU n‡e– wb‡`©k K‡i?
K AB L AB K NOR L NAND
M A B NAB M X-OR N X-NOR
60. 70. ‡KvbwU eywjqvb A¨vj‡Reivi
Input Output †gŠwjK Dccv`¨?
A B X Ka+1=a La+a=a
0 0 0 Ma+0=0 Na+a=0
71.
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Dc‡ii mZ¨K mviwY †Kvb †MU‡K F-Gi gvb KZ?
wb‡`©k K‡i? K1 L0
K NOR L EX–OR MA N A
M EX–NOR N NAND 72. Y = A . B + C eywjqvb mgxKiY
61. Gb‡KvWv‡ii †ÿ‡Î †KvbwU mwVK? ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z †gvU KqwU †gŠwjK
K BbcyU 2n n‡j AvDUcyU n‡e n †MBU cÖ‡hvRb?
L BbcyU n n‡j AvDUcyU n‡e 2n K2 L3
M BbcyU n n‡j AvDUcyU n‡e n M4 N5
N ‡Kv‡WW †WUv‡K Avb‡Kv‡WW 73. ‡Kvb jwRK †MB‡Ui BbcyU I
†WUvq i~cvšÍi AvDUcyU jvBb mgvb _v‡K?
K AND L OR
‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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M NOT N NAND 84. 16 BbcyU wewkó Gb‡KvWv‡ii
74. ´ . BC
F = AB ´ Gi mijxK…Z gvb †KvbwU? AvDUcyU msL¨v KZwU n‡e?
K AB.BC L ABC K2 L3
M AB + AC N ABC M4 N5
75. A + BC = (A + B) (A + C) Dccv`¨wU 85. ‡KvbwU †gŠwjK Dccv`¨?
n‡jv–– KA+1=A LA+0=A
K wewbgq L Abyl½ MA+ A=0 NA+A=1
M ‡gŠwjK N wefvRb 86.
76. ‡h jwRK eZ©bx Avjdv wbD‡gwiK
K¨v‡i±i‡K evBbvwi †Kv‡W cwiYZ
K‡i Zv‡K wK e‡j?
K ‡iwR÷vi L Gb‡KvWvi
M wW‡KvWvi N KvD›Uvi
77. mve©Rbxb †MBU †KvbwU?
K AND L NAND
M XOR N X-NOR
78. a = 1, b = 0 a ⊕ b = ? wP‡Îi jwRK mvwK©UwUi AvDUcyU
K0 L1 X Gi gvb n‡e ––
M 0, 1 N 1, 0 KA⊕B L A⊕B
79. ‡KvbwU NAND †MU? M A ⊕B N A⊕ B
87. AND Ges NOT †MBU wg‡j †Kvb
K L †MBU nq?
K NOR L NAND
M NOT N X-OR
M N 88. mve©Rbxb †MBU †KvbwU?
80. wW‡KvWv‡ii BbdzU msL¨v 4 n‡j K NOR L AND
AvDUcyU n‡e– M NOT N OR
89. wW-giM¨v‡bi Dccv`¨ Abyhvqx
K4 L8
M 16 N 32 cvB––
81. A + BC = KZ? K AB = A . B L A+ B = A + B
K (A + B) + (A.C) L (A + C) + (A.B) M AB = A + B N A+ B = A . B
M (A + B) (A + C) N (A + B) + (A + C) 90. ‡Kvb eZ©bx B eY©wU ASCll-†Z
82. hw` wZb BbcyU OR †M‡Ui i~cvšÍi K‡i?
AvDUcyU 0 (k~b¨) Kiv cÖ‡qvRb nq K A¨vWvi L Gb‡KvWvi
Zvn‡j †KvbwU cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e? M wW‡KvWvi N KvD›Uvi
K mKj BbcyU 0 (k~b¨) Ki‡Z n‡e 91. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †gŠwjK gate?
L mKj BbcyU 1 Ki‡Z n‡e K NOT L NOR
M ‡h‡Kv‡bv GKwU BbcyU 0 (k~b¨) Ki‡Z M NAND N X-NOR
n‡e  mZ¨K mviwYwU †`L Ges 92 bs
N ‡h‡Kv‡bv GKwU BbcyU 1 Ki‡Z n‡e cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
83. BbcyU AvDUcyU
A B X
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
92. DÏxc‡K †Kvb †MBUwUi AvDUcyU
†`Iqv Av‡Q?
F Gi gvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU? K OR L AND
K A B + AB L A⊕B M NOT N X-OR
M A⊕B NAB+A B 93. wW-giM¨vb Gi Dccv`¨ †KvbwU?
‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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K A ⊕ B = A B + AB i. (10101011)2 ii. (253)8
L AB = A + B iii. (73)10
M A ⊕ B = AB + AB wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
N A + AB = A K i I ii L ii I iii
94. F = ABC + ABC Gi mijxK…Z gvb M i I iii N i, ii I iii
†KvbwU? 104.mve©Rbxb †MBU ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ
K A+ B+C L ABC nq––
M ABC N A + B+ C
i. ii.
95. ‡Kvb mvwK©‡U m‡e©v”P †lvjwU
BbcyU †_‡K PviwU AvDUcyU cvIqv
hvq? iii.
K Gb‡KvWvi L wW‡KvWvi
M ‡iwR÷vi N KvD›Uvi wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
96. NOR ‡MB‡Ui AvDUcyU‡K NOT K i I ii L ii I iii
†MB‡Ui ga¨ w`‡q cÖe‡k Kiv‡j †Kvb M i I iii N i, ii I iii
105. ( a+ b ) +(a+b) GB mgxKYwU mij Ki‡Z
†MBU cvIqv hvq?
K OR L X-NOR n‡j †h m~Î e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e––
M X-OR N AND i. A ⊕ B ii. A B + A B
97. F = A + B + A B n‡j F mixK…Z gvb KZ? iii. A ⊕ B
KO Ll wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
MA NB K i I ii L i I iii
98. ‡Kvb mvwK©‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ †WUv‡K M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
Kw¤úDUv‡ii †evaMg¨ fvlvq i~cvšÍi 106.NOR Gi AvDUcyU 0 (k~‡b¨) n‡e
Kiv hvq? hLb––
K ‡iwR÷vi L KvD›Uvi i. me¸‡jv Bbcy‡U 1 ii. me¸‡jv Bbcy‡U 0
M Gb‡KvWvi N wW‡KvWvi iii. ‡h †Kv‡bv GKwU Bbcy‡U 1
eûc`x mgvwßm~PK cÖ‡kœvËi wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
99. 8 wfwËK msL¨v n‡jv– K i I ii L i I iii
i. 0 ii. 7 M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
iii. 8 107. ‡KvbwU 8 we‡Ui †KvW?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. ASCll Code ii. EBCDIC Code
K i I ii L i I iii iii. BCD Code
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
100. (110110)2 Gi mgKÿ gvb– K i I ii L i I iii
i. (66)8 ii. (54)10 M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
iii. (36)16 108. Dfq BbcyU 1 n‡j AvDUcyU 0 nq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? †Kvb †MB‡U?
K i I ii L i I iii i. NAND ii. NOR
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii iii. XNOR
101. (0101110)2 Gi mgKÿ gvb– wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i. (78)10 ii. (114)8 K i I ii L i I iii
iii. (4E)16 M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 109. (A)16 + (10)2 + (7)8 Gi gvb n‡Z cv‡i–
K i I ii L i I iii i. (13)16 ii. (23)8
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii iii. (10011)2
102. (41)8 Gi mgKÿ gvb– wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i. (10001)2 ii. (20)16 K i I ii L i I iii
iii. (33)10 M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 110. ‡Kvb †MB‡Ui mKj BbcyU 0 n‡j
K i I ii L i I iii AvDUcyU 1 n‡e?
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii i. NAND ii. NOR
103. (AB)16 Gi mgZzj¨– iii. X-NOR
‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i I ii L i I iii
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 119.
111. A djvdj n‡Z cv‡i hLb–
i. A + A + A ii. A.A
iii. A ⊕ A Dc‡ii wP‡Î AvDUcyU n‡”Q–
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. X +Y ii. X + Y
K i I ii L i I iii iii. XY
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
112. DcvË I Z_¨ msiÿ‡Yi mv‡_ RwoZ– K i I ii L i I iii
i. wd¬c-d¬c ii. A¨vWvi M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
iii. ‡iwR÷vi 120. 762 msL¨vwU n‡Z cv‡i–
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. `kwgK ii. AKUvj
K i I ii L i I iii iii. ‡n·v‡Wwm‡gj
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
113. (1010)2 Gi mgZzj¨ gvb–– K i I ii L i I iii
i. (10)10 ii. (12)8 M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
iii. (14)16 121. cwRkbvj msL¨v c×wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? GKwU msL¨vi gvb wbY©q Kivi Rb¨
K i I ii L ii I iii `iKvi–
M i I iii N i, ii I iii i. msL¨vwU e¨eüZ A¼¸‡jvi wbR¯^ gvb
114. mKj gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUv‡i Bs‡iwR ii. msL¨vwU e¨eüZ A¼¸‡jvi ¯’vbxq gvb
eY©‡K AšÍf©z³ Kiv hvq–– iii. msL¨v c×wZi †eR ev wfwË
i. ASCll Øviv ii. EBCDIC Øviv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. Unicode Øviv K i I ii L i I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K i I ii L i I iii 122. X-OR ‡MBU ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq–
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii i. OR Gate ii. AND Gate
115. Gb‡KvWv‡ii BbcyU n‡”Q– iii. NOT
i. A±vj msL¨v ii. `kwgK msL¨v wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. ‡n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v K i I ii L i I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K i I ii L i I iii 123.
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
116. 111 msL¨vwU n‡Z cv‡i––
i. evBbvwi ii. AKUvj DcwiD³ eZ©bxi AvDUcyU n‡e––
iii. ‡Wwm‡gj i. A + B ii. A B + A B
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? iii. A ⊕ B
Ki L iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M i I iii N i, ii I iii K i I ii L i I iii
117.NOR Gi AvDUcyU 0 (k~b¨) n‡e hLb– M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
i. ‡h‡Kv‡bv GKwU AvDUcyU 2 (k~b¨) 124. (– 42)10 msL¨vwU Dc¯’vcbvvq
ii. me¸‡jv BbcyU 1 e¨eüZ MVb n‡jv–
iii. †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU BbcyU 1 i. cÖK…Z gvb MVbii. 1-Gi cwic~iK MVb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? iii. 2-Gi cwic~iK MVb
K i I ii L i I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K i I ii L i I iii
118. Avjdv wbD‡gwiK †WUv Av`vb- M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq–] Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK cÖ‡kœvËi
i. ASCll Code ii. EBCDIC Code  DÏxcKwU c‡o 125 I 126 bs cÖ‡kœi
iii. Unicode DËi `vI:
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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K¬v‡m wkÿK AvwZK‡K Zvi eqm
wR‡Ám K‡ib| AvwZK ejj, Zvi eqm
(10100)2|
125.AvwZ‡Ki eq‡mi mgKÿ msL¨v n‡jv––
K (20)8 L (24)8
M (40)10 N (24)16
126. `k eQi ci AvwZ‡Ki eqm 133. DÏxc‡Ki Y Gi gvb n‡Z cv‡i–
†n·v‡Wwmgv‡j KZ n‡e? i. P ⊕ Q ii. PQ + PQ
K (lD)16 L (lE)16 iii. P ⊕ Q
M (lF)16 N (2D)16 wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 DÏxcKwU c‡o 127 I 128 bs cÖ‡kœi K i I ii L ii I iii
DËi `vI: M i I iii N i, ii I iii
wkÿK Kwig‡K wR‡Ám Ki‡jb †Zvgvi 134.DÏxc‡K eZ©bxi AvDUcyU Y = O n‡e,
K¬vm †ivj KZ? Kwig DËi w`j 3D. hLb––
127. DÏxc‡Ki msL¨vwUi mgKÿ msL¨v K 1 I 2bs Gi cwie‡Z© NOR gate
KZ? L 3bs Gi cwie‡Z© NAND gate
K 61 L 71 M 4bs Gi cwie‡Z© AND gate
M 81 N 91 N 5bs Gi cwie‡Z© NAND gate e¨envi Kiv
128. DÏxc‡K Kwi‡gi †iv‡ji mv‡_ (5)10 n‡e
†hvM Ki‡j msL¨vwU KZ n‡e?  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges 135 I 136
K (28)8 L (66)10 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
M (1000011)2 N (24)16
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 129 I 130
bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
GKRb dj we‡µZv (5A)16 UvKvi Av‡cj I
(50)8 UvKvi Kgjv weµq K‡i me©‡gvU
(20)8 UvKv jvf K‡i|
129. `kwgK c×wZ we‡µZvi jv‡fi cwigvY
135.DÏxc‡Ki jwRK mvwK©‡Ui AvDUcyU
KZ?
mgxKiY †Kvb †MB‡Ui mgZzj¨?
K 10 L 16
K NAND L NOR
M 20 N 22
M X-OR N X-NOR
130. we‡µZvi †gvU weµqg~j¨ A±vj
136. DÏxc‡K mvwK©‡Ui BbcyU A, B I C
c×wZ‡Z KZ?
n‡j KLb X = 1 n‡e?
K 28 L 110
K A = 0, B = 0, C = 0 L A = 0, B = 0, C = 1
M 130 N 202
M A = 0, B = 1, C = 0 N A = 1, B = 0, C = 0
 wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges 131 I 132 bs
 wb‡Pi jwRK wPÎwU †`L Ges 137 I
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
138 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:

137. Y Gi gvb †KvbwU?

K A+B LAB
131. 'Y' Gi gvb †KvbwU? MA+B N AB
KA+B L AB 138. A I B Gi gvb KZ n‡j Y = 1 n‡e?
M A+ B N A⊕B i. A = 0, B = 0 ii. A = 1, B = 0
132. DÏxc‡Ki eZ©bxwUi AvDUcyU Y = 1 iii. A = 0, B = 1
†c‡Z n‡j A I B Gi BbcyU KZ w`‡Z wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
n‡e? K i I ii L i I iii
KA=0IB=0 LA=0IB=1 M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
MA=1IB=0 NA=1IB=1  wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges 139 I 140
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU †`L Ges 133 I 134 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:

‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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145. X Gi gvb n‡e–
K A +B+C LA+B+C
M A + BC N AB + C
146. A = 0, B = 1, C = 1 n‡j AvDUcyU KZ?
K0 L1
M2 N3
139.DcwiD³ hyw³ eZ©bxwU †Kvb †MBU  DÏxcKwU c‡o 147 I 148 bs cÖ‡kœi
wb‡`©k K‡i? DËi `vI:
K AND L OR
M NOR N NAND
140. NAND Gi †ÿ‡Î KLb Av‡jv R¦j‡e?
i. A = 0, B = 0 ii. A = 1, B = 0 147. Y Gi gvb †KvbwU?
iii. A = 0, B = 1 K AB ´
L AB
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M A+ B N AB
K i I ii L i I iii 148. DÏxc‡Ki eZ©bxwUi AvDUcyU Y = 1
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii †c‡Z n‡j A I B Gi KZ BbcyU w`‡Z
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ¨ Ki Ges 141 I n‡e?
142 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: KA=0IB=0 LA=0IB=1
A B Y MA=1IB=0 NA=1IB=1
0 0 1  DÏxcKwU c‡o 149 I 150 bs cÖ‡kœi
0 1 1 DËi `vI:
1 0 1
1 1 0
141. DÏxc‡Ki mZ¨K mviwY †h †MBU
wb‡`©©k K‡i Zv n‡jv–
K NOR L NAND
M XOR N XNOR 149. DÏxc‡Ki F Gi mgZzj¨ jwRK †MBU
142. DÏxc‡K Y Gi gvb 0, 1, 1, 0 n‡j †h †KvbwU?
†MBU wb‡`©k Ki‡e Zv nj– K OR L XOR
K L M NAND N XNOR
DÏxc‡Ki G †_‡K cÖvß jwRK †MBU
150.
e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i–
M N i. `ywU we‡Ui Ae¯’v Zzjbv Kivi Rb¨
 wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges 143 I 144 ii. nvd G¨vWvi ˆZwii †ÿ‡Î
bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: iii. KvD›Uvi ˆZwii †ÿ‡Î
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
 wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges 151 I 152 bs
143. F Gi mijxK…Z gvb †KvbwU? cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
KP⊕Q L P ⊕Q
MP+Q N P +Q
144. F Gi mijxK…Z gvb‡K ‡gvU KqwU
†gŠwjK †MBU Øviv ev¯Íevqb m¤
¢e?
K2 L3
M4 N5 151. DÏxcK eZ©bxi AvDUcy‡Ui mijxKiY
 DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 145 I 146 bs gvb †Kvb †MB‡Ui mv‡_
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: mv`„k¨c~Y©?
K NAND L NOR
M XOR N XNOR

‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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152. DÏxcK eZ©bxi AvDUcyU k~b¨ †c‡Z  DÏxcKwU c‡o 159 I 160 bs cÖ‡kœi
n‡j †Kvb `yBwU †MBU wewbgq DËi `vI:
Ki‡Z n‡e? 'Q' wbe©vPbx cixÿvq ICT wel‡q (100)8
K1I3 L1I4 b¤^i †c‡q‡Q|
M1I5 N2I3 159. DÏCc‡K ewY©Z msL¨vwUi
[cÖkœwU ÎæwUc~Y©] †n·v‡‡Wwmgvj msL¨v n‡jv–
 wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges 153 I 154 bs K 40 L 10
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: M8 N4
160. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z msL¨vwUi Av‡Mi
msL¨v KZ?
153. x Gi gvb 1 n‡e hLb– K (55)8 L (64)8
M (66)8 N (77)8
i. P = 1, Q = 1, R = 0ii. P = 0, Q = 1, R = 1
iii. P = 1, Q = 1, R = 1  DÏxcKwU c‡o 161 I 162 bs cÖ‡kœi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? DËi `vI:
K i I ii L i I iii A B X
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 0 0 1
154. x Gi mgxKiY †KvbwU? 0 1 0
1 0 0
K PQR + PQ R + PQ R + PQR 1 1 0
L P QR + PQ R + PQ R + PQR [w`.‡ev.'19]
MP⊕Q⊕R N P ⊕ Q⊕ R 161.mZ¨K mviwYi jwRK †MBU †KvbwU?
 wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges 155 I 156
bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: K AND L OR
M NOR N NAND
162.X Kjv‡g '0' ¯’‡j '1' Ges '1' Gi ¯’‡j '0'
emv‡j cÖvß †MBUwU n‡e–
K L
155. wP‡Îi AvDUcyU F Gi gvb KZ?
M N
K AB + AB L A B +A B  wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges 163 I 164 bs
M AB + A B N AB + A B cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
156.DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Î OR †MB‡Ui cwie‡Z©
AND †MBU e¨envi Ki‡j F Gi gvb KZ
n‡e?
163. F Gi gvb †KvbwU?
KA LB
M0 N1
K AB L AB
 wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges 157 I 158
M AB N AB
bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
164. X-NOR Gi ¯’‡j †Kvb †MBU emv‡j
AvDUcyU 0 n‡e?
157. P Gi gvb ‡KvbwU? K AND L OR
M NAND N NOR
KA+B L A+B  wb‡Pi DÏxcK n‡Z 165 I 166 bs
MA+B N A+B cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
158. DÏxc‡Ki P = 0 hLb–

K A = 0, B = 0 L A = 0, B = 1
M A = 1, B = 0 N A = 1, B = 1

‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU Abymv‡i 171 I 173
165. DÏxc‡Ki eZ©bxwUi Q-Gi gvb KZ? bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
A I B `ywU eZ©bxi cÖ_gwU `ywU
K0 L1 msL¨v Kw¤úDUv‡i †evaMg¨fv‡e
MM NM+N Dc¯’vcb K‡i Ges AciwU msL¨v `ywUi
166. DÏxc‡Ki OR †MUwUi cwie‡Z© †Kvb ¸Ydj †ei Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
†MU e¨envi Ki‡j me©`v Q = 1 n‡e? 172. A eZ©bxwU n‡jv–
K AND L NOR
M XOR N XNOR K A¨vWvi L Gb‡KvWvi
[we.`ª: Q = 0 n‡Z n‡e] M ‡iwR÷vi N KvD›Uvi
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 167 I 168 173. A eZ©bxwU ‡Kv_vq hy³ _v‡K?
bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
Kw¤úDUvi wkÿK Rbve mwdK m¨vi K gwbU‡i L Kx †ev‡W©
†ev‡W© GKwU (77)8 msL¨v wjL‡jb| M wcÖ›Uv‡i N ¯úxKv‡i
167. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ ms_¨vwUi `kwgK  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 174 I 175
msL¨v n‡jv – bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
K 56 L 63 wg. AvwZK Kvgvj‡K ejj, Ò‡Zvgvi eqm
M 64 N 77 KZÓ Kvgvj ejj †h Zvi eqm (101101)2|
168. DÏxc‡Ki msL¨vwU cieZx© msL¨v
†KvbwU? 174. Kvgv‡ji eq‡mi mgKÿ msL¨v n‡jv–
K (78)8 L (1001)8
M (200)8 N (777)8 K (25)8 L (35)8
[we.`ª. mwVK DËi (100)8] M (55)8 N (65)8
 wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges 169 I 170 175. `k eQi ci Kvgv‡ji eqm evBbvwi‡Z
bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: KZ n‡e?
K (101011)2 L (1011102)
M (101111)2 N (110011)2
[we.`ª. (110111)2]
 wb‡Pi wPÎwU †`‡L 176 I 177 bs
169. DÏxc‡K hy³ eZ©bxwU †Kvb †MU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
wb‡`©k K‡i?
K AND L OR
M NOT N NOR 176. Dc‡ii wPÎwU †Kvb †M‡Ui mgZzj¨?
170. DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Îi †M‡Ui mv‡_ Not Gate
hy³ Ki‡j †Kvb †MU cvIqv hv‡e? K NOT L AND
K AND L NAND M OR N NOR
M X-OR N X-NOR 177. Y Gi gvb 1 n‡e hw`–
 DÏxcKwU c‡o 171 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi i. A = 0, B = 1 ii. A = 0, B = 0
`vI: iii. A = 1, B = 0
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
 wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges 178 I 179
171. DÏxc‡Ki eZ©bxi AvDUcy‡Ui bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
mijxK…Z gv‡bi eZ©bx n‡Z cv‡i–
i. ii.
178. F Gi gvb KZ?
iii.
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K B(C + A) L A(B + C)
K i I ii L i I iii M C(A + B) N AC + B
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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179.2 I 3 bs †MB‡Ui wKi~c cwieZ©b Ki‡j K OR L AND
F Gi gvb k~b¨ n‡e? M NOT N NOR
K 2-‡K NAND Ges 3-‡K NOR Ki‡j  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co 186 I 187 bs
L 2-‡K NOR Ges 3-‡K AND Ki‡j cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
M 2-‡K OR Ges 3-‡K NAND Ki‡j
N 2-‡K NAND Ges 3-‡K NAND Ki‡j
 wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges 180 I 181
bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: 186. ÒKÓ wP‡Îi AvDUcy‡U †hvMdj S Gi
mgxKiY n‡e–
KS=M+N LS=M⊕N
M S = M⊕N N S = M +N
187. ÒLÓ wP‡Îi AvDUcyU K¨vwi Co = 0
[iv.‡ev.'16; wm.‡ev.'16]
†c‡Z n‡j BbcyU M, N I Co Gi gvb n‡Z
180. wP‡Î Z Gi mgxKiY †KvbwU?
n‡e–
i. M = 0, N = 1, Cm = 1 ii. M = 0, N = 1, Cm = 0
K X Y + XY L XY + XY
iii. M = 1, N = 0, Cm = 0
M X Y + XY N X Y + XY
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
181. DÏxcKwU‡Z OR †MBUwUi ¯’‡j NOR
K i I ii L i I iii
Gate emv‡j djvdjwU †Kvb †MBUwUi
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
mgvb?
 wPÎwU †`L Ges 188 I 189 bs
K NOR L OR
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
M XOR N X-NOR
 DÏxcKwU co Ges 182 I 183 bs
cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
wkÿK Qv·K †ivj bs wRÁvmv Kij| QvÎwU
evBbvwi c×wZ‡Z †ivj bs 1101 ejj|
182. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ msL¨vi mv‡_ 188. AvDUcyU F Gi gvb †KvbwU?
(1001)2 Gi †hvMdj KZ?
K (01100)2 L (10110)2 K A+ B+C L A⊕B⊕C
M (10010)2 N (11110)2 MA+B+C N ABC
183.DÏxc‡Ki †ivj bs Gi mgKÿ msL¨v 189.wP‡Î 'X' wPwýZ †MBU cwieZ©b K‡i
n‡jv– †Kvb †MBU emv‡j AvDUcyU ABC
i. (13)10 ii. (11)16 n‡e?
iii. (15)8 K NAND L NOR
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M XOR N XNOR
K i I ii L i I iii  wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 190 I 191 bs
M ii I iii N i, ii I iii cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU jÿ Ki Ges 184 I 185
bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:

190. GLv‡b P = ?
184. DÏxc‡Ki AvDUcyU Gi mijxK…Z gvb
†KvbwU? K X + YZ L (X + Z) Y
K A+ B+C L A +B+C M XY + XZ N XYZ
M ABC N A+ B+C [we.`ª. mwVK DËi X + Y + Z]
191. X = 0, Y = 1, Z = 1 n‡j P' = ?

185. DÏxc‡K Gi ¯’‡j K P = 1, P' = 1 L P = 1, P' = 0

emv‡j F Gi mijxK…Z gvb wb‡Pi M P = 0, P' = 1 N P = 0, P' = 0
†Kvb †MBU‡K mg_©b K‡i?
‰`Zx feb: cÖavb Kvh©jq: 2/B Afq`vm †jb, wUKvUzjx, XvKv-1203, †gvevBj:
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