Unit 3:

Trigonometry and Polar

Functions
Part 1 (3.1-3.7)
Name____________________

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Lesson 1-A: Periodic Phenomena

A periodic function is any function that repeats its values on regular intervals or “periods.” Think
about your breathing , your heartbeat, or the waves in the ocean. These phenomena repeat the same
activity as a steady pattern. The most famous periodic functions are the trigonometric functions. We
will see sine, cosine, and tangent in our second lesson. Other examples of periodic functions in nature
include light waves, sound waves and phases of the moon.

Verbal Vocabulary Visual Vocabulary

Periodic function – any function that repeats Use the graph below to label and identify the
a pattern of y-values at regular intervals. vocabulary terms.

Cycle – one complete pattern of the

y-values for a periodic function.

Period – the horizontal length of one cycle

for a periodic or repeating function.

Amplitude – half the difference between the

maximum and minimum values of the
function.

Identifying Cycles and Periods

EX #1: For each function, identify one cycle in two different ways. Then determine the period of
the function.
A. B.

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 Identifying Periodic Functions

EX #2: Determine whether each function is or is not periodic. If it is, find the period.
A. B.

Finding Amplitude of a Periodic Function

EX #3: Find the amplitude of each function.

A. B.

Real-World Connections

EX #4: Sound waves are produced by periodic changes in air pressure. Sketch the graph of a sound
wave with a period of 0.004 second and an amplitude of 2.

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 Graphing Periodic Functions

EX#5: Consider how the pedals on a bicycle rotate as the bike is being ridden. The height of a
bicycle pedal varies periodically as a function of time. The maximum height is 18 inches,
and the minimum is 6 inches.

A. Complete the table below.

Time (sec.) 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0

Height (in.) 18 15 12 9 6 9

B. Identify the period of the function.

C. Identify the amplitude of the function.

D. Graph the function for the first 5 seconds.

Putting It All Together

EX #6: Answer each of the following:

A. A periodic function goes through 5 complete cycles in 4 minutes. What is the period of the
function, in seconds?

B. The period of a periodic function is 8 seconds. How many cycles does it go through in 30 seconds?

C. The amplitude of a periodic function is 2.5 and its minimum value is 0. What is the function’s
maximum value?

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Lesson 1-B: Periodic Phenomena

Definition of a Periodic Function

The function 𝑓𝑓 is a periodic function of 𝑥𝑥 if and only if there is a number 𝑘𝑘 for which
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑛𝑛𝑘𝑘 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) for all values of 𝑥𝑥 in the domain.
If 𝑘𝑘 is the smallest such number, then 𝑘𝑘 is called the period of the function.

EX #7: Consider the periodic function shown below.

A. What is the period, 𝑘𝑘 of the function?

B. Complete the function behavior on

the grid at right.

C. Show that 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑛𝑛𝑘𝑘 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is valid

for 𝑛𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, . . . for any minimum
value on the graph.

EX #8: In Austin, Texas, the average high temperature for each month is shown in the table.

Average High Temperatures

Temp Temp
Month Month
(℉) (℉)
Jan. 63 July 98
Feb. 67 Aug. 100
Mar. 75 Sept. 93
April 81 Oct. 83
May 87 Nov. 72
June 94 Dec. 64

A. Sketch a graph of the function representing the scenario in the table.

B. Describe the period of the function.

C. Find the amplitude of the behavior.

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 Characteristics of Periodic Functions

Periodic functions take on characteristics of other functions, such as intervals of increase and
decrease, concavities, and various rates of change. However, with periodic functions, all
characteristics found in one period of the function will be in every period of the function.

EX #9: Identify the following characteristics.

A. period

B. amplitude

C. maximum and minimum values

D. intervals of concave up

F. Points of inflection

E. intervals of concave down

EX #10: Identify the following characteristics.

A. period

B. amplitude

C. maximum and minimum values

D. intervals of increase

E. intervals of decrease

F. Find average rates of change on the intervals [2, 3] ,[3, 6] 6, 7 and [7, 10] .

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EX #11: A storm siren makes 2.5 rotations per minute and the sound waves have a radius of 1 mile.
Mr. Tyler’s house is located 1 mile south from the siren. The distance of the sound wave from
his house varies periodically as a function of time.

A. What is the period of the function, in seconds?

B. Let the x-axis represent the time, in seconds

from 𝑡𝑡 = 0 to 𝑡𝑡 = 60. Let the y-axis represent
the distance d the sound wave is from Mr.
Tyler’s house at any time t. The siren begins
its rotation facing north.

EX #12: A Ferris Wheel at the Orlando Eye attraction is 120 meters in diameter. The height, in meters,
of a compartment h is a function of time t, in minutes.. It takes about 30 minutes to make
one complete revolution. Let the height of the car where you enter the ride represent the
height at time 0.

A. Find the amplitude.

B. Sketch a graph of the function.

C. At what time does the Ferris wheel reach a maximum?

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 Periodic Phenomena
3.1 Practice Set 1

Problems 1 − 4, determine whether each function is or is not periodic. If it is, find the period.
If not, explain why.
1. 2.

3. 4.

Problems 5 – 6, identify one cycle in two different ways. Then determine the amplitude and period
of the function. State maximum and minimum values for each graph.
5. 6.

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Problems 7 − 10, find the period and amplitude of each periodic function. State the maximum and
minimum values for each function.

7. 8.

9. 10.

Problems 11- 15, solve.

11. Sound waves are created by periodic changes in air pressure. Sketch two cycles of the graph of
a sound wave with a period of 0.008 second and an amplitude of 3.

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12. Your boat is bobbing slowly in the ocean over the waves while you are fishing. The range of
the swells are 4 feet from the top of a swell to the bottom. If it takes you 10 seconds to travel
from the top of one wave to the top of the next wave, sketch two complete cycles.

13. A periodic function goes through 14 complete cycles in 8 minutes. What is the period of the
function, in seconds?

14. In a physics lab you studied the oscillations of a pendulum. If a pendulum makes 48 complete
cycles in 12 seconds. Find the period, in seconds.

15. Using the graph below, show (label) maximum and minimum values, intervals of concave up
and concave down, and points of inflection.

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 Periodic Phenomena
3.1 Practice Set 2

Problems 1-2, sketch a graph to complete each question.

1. In Atlanta, Georgia, the average temperature per month is shown in the table below.
(www.worldcimate.com)

A. Plot the data on the grid provided.

Average High Temperatures

Temp Temp
Month Month
(℉) (℉)
Jan. 51.6 July 88.3
Feb. 55.9 Aug. 87.4
Mar. 63.7 Sept. 82.0
April 72.7 Oct. 72.7
May 80.1 Nov. 62.6
June 86.2 Dec. 54.0

B. Find the amplitude and sketch the midline.

2. The depth of the water at the end of the Cocoa Beach Pier varies with the tide on any given day.
Suppose the high tide occurs at 5:00 a.m. and the depth of the water is 15.0 feet, then low tide
occurs at 11:30 a.m. with a depth of 9.0 feet.

A. Sketch a graph showing how the

depth of the water depends on the
time, in hours, since midnight, 𝑡𝑡 = 0.

B. Describe the depth of the water at

noon?

C. If a large party boat needs at least

12 feet of water to navigate past the
pier, find the interval of time that
the boat can safely pass by the end
of the pier.

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3. A buoy in the Gulf of Mexico sends a signal beacon to a Coast Guard station. The behavior of the
buoy can be modeled by a periodic function, where h is measured in feet above sea level. During
a recent tropical storm, the height varies from 1 foot to 8 feet with a 6 second interval between
one 8-foot height to the next.

A. Sketch a graph showing how the height of the buoy oscillates over a 24-second time interval.

B. Find the amplitude and period

of the buoy.

C. What is the midline of the graph?

D. Explain the meaning of the points of inflection in relation to the context of the problem.

Problems 4 – 6, Given the periodic function, complete the function behavior on the grid. Then, find
the characteristics for each function.

4. For the graph at right:

A. Find the amplitude and period.

B. Find the rate(s) of change where

the function is increasing.

C. Find the rate(s) of change where the function is decreasing.

D. Given 𝑓𝑓 −2 = 4 , show that 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 𝑓𝑓(−2) where 𝑛𝑛 = 2. Does this value fall on the graph?

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5. For the graph at right:

A. Find the amplitude and period.

B. Find the midline of the graph.

C. Find the interval(s) where the

function is increasing.

D. Find the intervals where the function is decreasing.

E. Given 𝑓𝑓 3 = 1 , show that 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 𝑓𝑓(3) where 𝑛𝑛 = 2. Does this value fall on the graph?

6. For the graph at right:

A. Find the amplitude and period.

B. Find the midline of the graph.

C. Find the point(s) of inflection.

D. Find the interval(s) where the function is concave up.

E. Find the intervals where the function is concave down.

F. Given 𝑓𝑓 0 = 1 , show that 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 𝑓𝑓(0) where 𝑛𝑛 = −1. Does this value fall on the graph?

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 Free Response Question

Kevin and Alice are the last two seated on the Ferris wheel.
Once the ride begins, the wheel moves at a constant speed.
It takes 48 seconds to complete one revolution.

A. How high are the two friends when the ride starts? 74 ft.

B. At what height are they at 12 seconds? 24 seconds?

36 seconds?
6 ft

C. What is their height at 168 seconds? How many revolutions have they made? Show work to
support your answer.

D. Sketch a graph showing the relationship between the height above the ground and the time since
the ride began. Use 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 144 for the domain, where 𝑡𝑡 = 0 is the time at which the ride starts.

E. Predict where the riders will be at 4 minutes.

F. How far (in feet) have the two friends traveled after one revolution of the wheel? How far
have you traveled at 144 seconds?

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Lesson 2-A: Sine, Cosine, and Tangent

What do engineers, artists, airline pilots, carpenters and golfers have in common? They all work with
angles, like we all do from time to time. There are times we can estimate an angle, like a golfer on his
tee shot. But a carpenter or engineer must measure angles precisely in order to be successful. Our
chapter begins the journey into trigonometry with an introduction into angles and their measures. In
this lesson, we will examine properties of angles and their measures.

Verbal Vocabulary Visual Vocabulary

Use the graph below to label and identify the

Standard position – an angle whose vertex is at vocabulary terms.
the origin (0, 0) of a coordinate system and one-
ray is on the positive x-axis.

Initial side – any angle in standard position the

ray or side of the angle along the x-axis.

Terminal side − any angle in standard position

the ray or side of the angle that is not along the
x-axis.

Coterminal angles – two angles in standard

position that have the same terminal side.

Unit circle – the circle whose radius is 1 unit

and its center is at the origin of the coordinate
plane, points on the circle are related to periodic
functions.

Positive and Negative Angles

A positive or negative angle measurement tells the direction of rotation from the positive x-axis or
the initial side of the angle.

y
 Positive angles are rotated in a counterclockwise direction.
 Negative angles are rotated in the clockwise direction.
x
EX #1: Sketch a negative angle whose terminal side lies in
Quadrant III.

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 Sine, Cosine, and Tangent

By picking a point 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 on the terminal side of an

𝑃𝑃 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦
angle 𝜃𝜃 in Quadrant I in an xy-coordinate system; and Hypotenuse
draw a perpendicular from the point to the horizontal (radius)
axis, a right triangle is formed.
r
Vertical leg y
The right triangle definition of these trigonometric
(Opposite 𝜃𝜃)
functions for acute angle 𝜃𝜃 is

opposite leg length adjacent leg length

sin 𝜃𝜃 = cos 𝜃𝜃 = 𝜃𝜃
hypotenuse length hypotenuse length
Horizontal leg x
(Adjacent to 𝜃𝜃)
opposite leg length
tan 𝜃𝜃 =
adjacent leg length

Relating Right Triangle Form to Coordinate Form

Let (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) be a point 𝑟𝑟 units from the origin on the terminal side of a rotating ray. If 𝜃𝜃 is the angle
in standard position to the ray, then the following ratios will hold.

Right Triangle Form Coordinate Form

The sine of the angle is the ratio of the vertical

displacement of 𝑃𝑃 from the x-axis to the distance between
the origin and point 𝑃𝑃.

𝑃𝑃 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦
sin 𝜃𝜃 =
𝑟𝑟
r
The cosine of the angle is the ratio of the horizontal
𝜃𝜃 displacement of 𝑃𝑃 from the y-axis to the distance between
𝑟𝑟, 0 the origin and point 𝑃𝑃.

𝑥𝑥
cos 𝜃𝜃 =
𝑟𝑟

The tangent of the angle is the slope, if it exists, of the

terminal ray – the ratio of the vertical displacement to
the horizontal displacement of 𝑃𝑃 .

𝑦𝑦 sin 𝜃𝜃
tan 𝜃𝜃 = or tan 𝜃𝜃 =
𝑥𝑥 cos 𝜃𝜃

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 𝜃𝜃

The figure above shows a circle with radius 𝑟𝑟 centered at the origin with an angle of measure 𝜃𝜃 in
standard position. The terminal ray of the angle intersects the circle at point 𝐴𝐴 whose coordinates
are (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦). The points 𝑀𝑀, 𝑇𝑇, and 𝐻𝐻 are the result of reflecting point 𝐴𝐴 across the y-axis, the origin,
and the x-axis, respectively.

EX #2: Find the coordinates of the points 𝑀𝑀, 𝑇𝑇, and 𝐻𝐻 in terms of 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦.

Point 𝑀𝑀 = ____________________ Point 𝑇𝑇 = ____________________ Point 𝐻𝐻 = ____________________

EX #3: Use the image above to find the following:

A. The sine of the angle whose terminal ray intersects the circle at point 𝐻𝐻.

B. The cosine of the angle whose terminal ray intersects the circle at point 𝑀𝑀.

C. The tangent of the angle whose terminal ray intersects the circle at point 𝑇𝑇.

EX #4: The figure at right shows a circle with radius 5, centered

at the origin with an angle of measure 𝜃𝜃 in standard
position. The terminal ray of the angle intersects the
circle at point 𝑄𝑄. Find the following:

A. 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 = B. cos 𝜃𝜃 = C. tan 𝜃𝜃 =

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 𝛽𝛽 (4, 0)

𝑃𝑃 𝑥𝑥, −𝑦𝑦

EX #5: The figure above shows a circle centered at the origin with an angle of measure 𝛽𝛽 , in standard
position. The terminal ray of the angle intersects the circle at point 𝑃𝑃. Which of the following
is true about the sine of 𝛽𝛽?

𝑥𝑥
A. sin 𝛽𝛽 = because it is the ratio of the horizontal displacement of P from the y-axis to the
4
distance between the origin and point P.

4
B. sin 𝛽𝛽 = because it is the ratio of the distance between the origin and point P to the horizontal
𝑥𝑥
displacement of P from the y-axis.

−𝑦𝑦
C. sin 𝛽𝛽 = 4 because it is the ratio of the vertical displacement of P from the x-axis to the distance
between the origin and point P.

−𝑦𝑦
D. sin 𝛽𝛽 = 𝑥𝑥
because it is the ratio of the vertical displacement to the horizontal displacement of 𝑃𝑃.

EX #6: Let 𝛼𝛼 be an angle in standard position whose terminal ray coincides with the line
𝑦𝑦 = −2𝑥𝑥 in quadrant II. Sketch the scenario, label the triangle and find the
following values:

y
A. sin 𝛼𝛼 =

x
B. cos 𝑎𝑎 =

C. tan 𝛼𝛼 =

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 Lesson 2-B: Sine, Cosine, and Tangent

Radians and Central Angles

Verbal Vocabulary Visual Vocabulary

Central Angle – an angle whose vertex is at the center The graph below will help identify
of a circle. the vocabulary terms.

Intercepted arc – the portion of a circle whose endpoints

are on the sides of a central angle of the circle and whose
remaining points lie in the interior of the angle.
r
r
Radian – one radian is the measure of a central angle of a
circle that intercepts an arc equal in length to a radius of
the circle. You can use a proportion to convert an angle r Initial side
measure from one unit of measure to the other. 1 radian

Circumference − 2𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 = 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋

2𝜋𝜋 radians = 360°
π radians = 180°

Converting Between Units of Angle Measure

To convert degrees to radians, To convert radians to degrees,

multiply by: multiply by:

EX#7: Find the measure of the angles below.

A. Find the radian measure of a 60° angle.

B. Convert 85° to radians.

C. Converts 2.5 radians to degrees.

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 In the AP Precalculus course, our focus and practice will be to use radian measure, exclusively.
However, it is important that you can make the connection between relationships of degree measure
and radian measure.

Common Radian Measures

Sketch each radian measure on the coordinate plane below.

𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
− 4
radians 2
radians radians
3

EX #8: Complete each of the following using radian measure.

A. The minute hand of a clock travels how many radians in 5 minutes?

B. What is the measure of 𝜃𝜃 in radians, if 𝑥𝑥 = 45° ?

y

𝜃𝜃
x
x

C. What is the measure of 𝜃𝜃 in radians?

𝜃𝜃
x 5x

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 The Unit Circle

The unit circle that we will develop is the most useful tool in trigonometry. It provides an easy way
to know and recall trigonometric values of the most popular angles. To be successful in this class,
then later in calculus and beyond, you must understand it and memorize it!

A Geometry Connection
First, let’s remember the important ratio relationships for two famous triangles.

30°-60°-90° Triangle
30°
The lengths of the legs of the triangle correspond to the angles
30°: 60°: 90° as, 𝑥𝑥: 𝑥𝑥 3 : 2𝑥𝑥 respectively. In the figure at right,
60°
Name the lengths of the sides if the hypotenuse is 1.

45°-45°-90° Triangle
45°
The length of the legs of the triangle correspond to the angles
45°: 45°: 90° as 𝑥𝑥: 𝑥𝑥: 𝑥𝑥 2 , respectively. In the figure at right,
45°
Name the lengths of the sides if the hypotenuse is 1.

Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Ratios

EX #9: Find values for sine, cosine, and tangent of the angle 𝜃𝜃 = 30°, given the coordinates on the
unit circle.

3 1
1 𝑃𝑃 ,
2 2
𝜃𝜃

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 Angles on a Unit Circle

EX #10: Find values for sine, cosine, and tangent of the angle 𝜃𝜃 = 45°, given the coordinates on the
unit circle.

2 2
𝑃𝑃 ,
2 2
1

𝜃𝜃

EX #11: Find values for sine, cosine, and tangent of the angle 𝜃𝜃 = 60°, given the coordinates on the
unit circle.

1 3
𝑃𝑃 ,
1 2 2

𝜃𝜃

EX #12: Find values for sine, cosine, and tangent of the angle 𝜃𝜃 = 90°, consider that no triangle is
formed since the terminal side of angle 𝜃𝜃 is on the y-axis.

Defining Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions on a Unit Circle

Given a point 𝑃𝑃 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) on the unit circle, corresponding to an angle 𝜃𝜃, in standard position:

1. The sine of 𝜃𝜃 is equal to the _____________________________________________ of point P

2. The cosine of 𝜃𝜃 is equal to the ___________________________________________ of point P

3. The tangent of 𝜃𝜃 is equal to the __________________________________________________, if it exists.

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 Finding Exact Values of the Trigonometric Functions

EX #13: Summarize the exact values for 30°, 45°, and 60° angles (rationalize denominators).

𝜃𝜃 𝜃𝜃
sin 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃 tan 𝜃𝜃
Degrees Radians

𝜋𝜋
30°
6

𝜋𝜋
45°
4

𝜋𝜋
60°
3

Quadrantal Angles

A quadrantal angle is an angle whose terminal side lies along one of the coordinate axes.

EX #14: Evaluate the three trig functions at the four quadrant angles.

𝜃𝜃 degrees 0° 90° 180° 270°

𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋
radians 0 𝜋𝜋
2 2

sin 𝜃𝜃

cos 𝜃𝜃

tan 𝜃𝜃

Summary of Key Concepts

By using examples 9-14, we have developed the first quadrant coordinates of the 16-point unit
circle. Our last task will be to create the full unit circle on the following page. Be aware of the
direction that you move in each quadrant so that your values for (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) are accurate. Are you ready
for the challenge?

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 The 16-Point Unit Circle
EX #15: Complete the 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 coordinates for all angles.

, , ,
𝜋𝜋
, 2𝜋𝜋 2
𝜋𝜋 ,
3 3
3𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
4 4
, 5𝜋𝜋
,
𝜋𝜋
6 6

0
, 𝜋𝜋 ,
2𝜋𝜋

11𝜋𝜋
7𝜋𝜋
6
, 6 ,
7𝜋𝜋
5𝜋𝜋 4
4
, 4𝜋𝜋
3𝜋𝜋
5𝜋𝜋 ,
3 3
2

, ,
,

. . . Where Trigonometric Functions are Positive . . .

Function Quadrant I Quadrant II Quadrant III Quadrant IV

Sine/Cosecant

Cosine/Secant

Tangent/ Cotangent

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 Sine, Cosine, and
3.2 Tangent Practice
Set 1

Problems 1 − 4, sketch each angle in standard position.

3π 5𝜋𝜋
1. 4
2. 2

2𝜋𝜋 11𝜋𝜋
3. − 3
4. 4

Problems 5 − 8, find the measure of an angle between 0 and 2𝜋𝜋 coterminal with each given angle.

5𝜋𝜋 13𝜋𝜋
5. − 6. 6
4

11𝜋𝜋 26𝜋𝜋
7. − 15
8. − 9

Problems 8 − 13, Convert each angle in degrees to radians. Express your answer as a multiple of 𝜋𝜋.

8. 150° 9. −75°

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10. −140° 11. 420°

12. −220° 13. 315°

Problems 14 − 19, Convert each angle in radians to degrees.

7𝜋𝜋 9𝜋𝜋
14. 12
15. 2

16. −
5𝜋𝜋 17. 5𝜋𝜋
6

5𝜋𝜋 7𝜋𝜋
18. − 19. 4
3

Problems 20 – 21, Find the measure of 𝜃𝜃, in radians and degrees.

20. 21. y
𝜃𝜃 𝜃𝜃
x
x 8x

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 Sine, Cosine, and
3.2 Tangent Practice
Set 2

Problems 1 − 6, the measure θ of an angle in standard position is given. Sketch the angle, use the
unit circle to find the exact values of sine, cosine, and tangent for each angle
measure, if possible.
5𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋
1. 2. 2
3

7𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
3. 6
4. − 3

5𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
5. 6. − 6
4

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Problems 7 − 14, Find the exact value of the sine, cosine, and tangent of the given angle using the
unit circle. If any are not defined, say “undefined.” Do not use a calculator.

5𝜋𝜋 11𝜋𝜋
7. 8. 4
6

7𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋
9. 3
10. − 4

11.
−2𝜋𝜋 12. 𝜋𝜋
3

5𝜋𝜋 13𝜋𝜋
13. − 14. 6
2

Problems 15 − 20, find the exact coordinates of the point where the terminal side of the given angle
intersects the unit circle. Then find the sine, cosine, and tangent of each angle.

5𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
15. 16. 3
6

5𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
17. 18. − 3
4

19. − 2
𝜋𝜋 20. 4𝜋𝜋

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Problems 21 − 22, Given the images below, complete the following.

21. Given the circle with radius 17, centered at the origin with
angle 𝜃𝜃 in standard position whose terminal side lies in
Quadrant III, and intersects the circle at point 𝑇𝑇. The
coordinates of point 𝑀𝑀 are (8, 17) and the segment 𝑀𝑀𝑇𝑇
passes through the origin. Find the values for sine, cosine 𝜃𝜃
and tangent of 𝜃𝜃.

22. The figure at right shows a circle centered at the origin with
𝜋𝜋
angle 𝛽𝛽 = 6 . Find the measures of the angles in standard
position whose terminal ray intersects the circle at points
A, T, and H.
𝛽𝛽

Problems 23 − 25, multiple choice.

23. Let 𝛼𝛼 be an angle in standard position with the terminal ray intersecting a circle centered at the
origin at point 𝑃𝑃. If point 𝑃𝑃 is in Quadrant II, which of the following could be 𝛼𝛼?

𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋 7𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋

𝐀𝐀. 𝐁𝐁. 𝐂𝐂. 𝐃𝐃.
6 4 6 3

24. Let 𝐵𝐵 be an angle in standard position with the terminal ray intersecting a circle centered at the
origin at point 𝑃𝑃. If point 𝑃𝑃 is in Quadrant IV, which of the following could be 𝛽𝛽?

4𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 7𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋

𝐀𝐀. 𝐁𝐁. 𝐂𝐂. 𝐃𝐃.
3 6 4 2

25. Let 𝜃𝜃 be an angle in standard position with the terminal ray intersecting a circle centered at the
origin at point 𝑃𝑃. If point 𝑃𝑃 is in Quadrant III, which of the following could be 𝜃𝜃?

15𝜋𝜋 𝐁𝐁. 𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 7𝜋𝜋

𝐀𝐀. 𝐂𝐂. 𝐃𝐃.
12 6 4

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Lesson 3-A: Sine and Cosine Function Values

In our last lesson, we explored angles on a unit circle and the related trigonometric functions of
sine, cosine, and tangent. In this lesson we will look at the geometry of isosceles, right, and
equilateral triangles again. But, in this case we want to explore an approach to finding exact values
of trigonometric functions when the point on the terminal side of an angle is beyond the unit circle
with radius 1.

Finding Exact Trigonometric Values Using Geometry

EX #1: The terminal side of angle 𝜃𝜃 contains the point (−5,3). Find exact values of the
sine and cosine functions of 𝜃𝜃. Use radicals, if necessary, but no decimals.

(−5, 3)
𝜃𝜃
𝜃𝜃 ′

Using One Trig Ratio to Find Others

5
EX #2: Let 𝜃𝜃 be an acute angle such that sin 𝜃𝜃 = 6
and 𝜃𝜃 lies in Quadrant I. Evaluate the cosine
and tangent values of 𝜃𝜃.

4
EX #3: If 𝜃𝜃 terminates in Quadrant III and tan 𝜃𝜃 = 7 , find the
exact values (no decimals) for sine and cosine of 𝜃𝜃.

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 More Geometry Connections

You can use the proportions of the sides in the 30° − 60° − 90° triangle and the 45° − 45° − 90°
triangle to find exact function values for angles whose reference angle is a multiple of 30° or 45°.

45°
30° 2
2
3 1

60° 45°
1 1

The shorter leg is half the hypotenuse The legs are equal in an
of an equilateral triangle. isosceles triangle.

NOTE: The angles 30°, 45° and 60° will occur frequently in our course. We will use radian
measures of 𝜋𝜋/6, 𝜋𝜋/4, and 𝜋𝜋/3 to construct the triangles.

Sine, Cosine, and Tangents of Special Angles

EX #4: Complete the table below.

Sine, Cosine, and Tangent of Special Angles

𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
sin 30° = sin = cos 30° = cos = tan 30° = tan =
6 6 6

𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
sin 45° = sin = cos 45° = cos = tan 45° = tan =
4 4 4

𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
sin 60° = sin = cos 60° = cos = tan 60° = tan =
3 3 3

What do you notice about the sin 𝜃𝜃 and cos(90° − 𝜃𝜃)?

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Lesson 3-B: Sine and Cosine Function Values

Our next task will be to consider reference angles for any angle and determine coordinates of
points on a circle centered at the origin. In this lesson, we want to consider angles that do not lie in
quadrant I in order to determine exact function values for sine and cosine.

Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle

Let θ be an angle in standard position with (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) a point on the terminal side of 𝜃𝜃 and
𝑟𝑟 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 ≠ 0

EX #5: Use the figure at right, to name the basic y

trigonometric functions in terms of x, y, P (x, y)
and r, where r is the radius of a circle.
y
r
sin 𝜃𝜃 =
θ
x
x
cos 𝜃𝜃 =
𝑟𝑟 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2

tan 𝜃𝜃 =

Finding Coordinates of Points

4𝜋𝜋
EX #6: Given an angle of measure 𝜃𝜃 = 3 in standard position and a circle with radius 𝑟𝑟 = 5
centered at the origin, find the coordinates of point 𝑃𝑃 = (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) of the angle where the
terminal ray intersects the circle.

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 Finding Exact Values by Reference Angles

EX #7: If 𝜃𝜃 terminates in Quadrant II and cos 𝜃𝜃 = −1/3 ,

find the value of sin 𝜃𝜃.
𝜃𝜃

EX #8: Find all values of 0 ≤ 𝜃𝜃 < 2𝜋𝜋 where 𝑟𝑟 � cos 𝜃𝜃 = 0 .

4
EX #9: If tan 𝜃𝜃 = 3 and cos 𝜃𝜃 < 0 find sin 𝜃𝜃 and cos 𝜃𝜃 and the
coordinates where the terminal side of the angle
intersects the circle.

Real-World Application

EX #10: A machine shop needs to drill through a steel plate at point 𝑃𝑃. Calculate
the actual measurement for the placement of the hole then use your
calculator to approximate the location of the hole to be drilled.

𝑃𝑃 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦
14
25°

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 Sine and Cosine
3.3 Function Values
Practice Set 1

Problems 1 − 4, A point on the terminal side of an angle 𝜃𝜃 is given. Find the exact values of the
sine and cosine functions of 𝜃𝜃.

1. (3, −4)

2. (−1, 2)

3. (−1, −1)

4. (5, 12)

Problems 5 −6, Find the values of sin 𝜃𝜃 and cos 𝜃𝜃 of the angle.

5. 6.

6 5
θ θ
8 7

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Problems 7 − 12, the measure θ of an angle, on a unit circle, in standard position is given.
Find the exact values of 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜃𝜃 and 𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 for each angle measure.

5𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋
7. 8. 2
3

7𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
9. 6
10. − 3

5𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
11. 12. − 6
4

Problems 13 -16, Find the exact values of the indicated variables (selected from x, y, and r.)

13. Find x and y 14. Find 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑟𝑟

𝑟𝑟
13 3 5
𝑦𝑦
45°
𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥

15. Find 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 16. Find 𝑦𝑦 and 𝑟𝑟

12
𝑦𝑦 𝑟𝑟
𝑦𝑦
30°
𝑥𝑥 60°
8

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 Sine and Cosine
3.3 Function Values
Practice Set 2

Problems 1− 4, The terminal side of angle 𝜃𝜃 contains the point (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦). Find exact values of the sine
and cosine functions of 𝜃𝜃. Use radicals, if necessary, but no decimals.

1. (5, 7)

2. (12, −5)

3. (−8, 5)

4. (−15, −8)

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Problems 5− 8, Given an angle 𝜃𝜃 in standard position and the radius 𝑟𝑟 centered at the origin, find
the coordinates of point 𝑃𝑃 = (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) of the angle where the terminal ray intersects
the circle.
2𝜋𝜋
5. 𝜃𝜃 = 3
, 𝑟𝑟 = 8

−5𝜋𝜋
6. 𝜃𝜃 = 6
, 𝑟𝑟 = 6

3𝜋𝜋
7. 𝜃𝜃 = 4
, 𝑟𝑟 = 4

𝜋𝜋
8. 𝜃𝜃 = − 3 , 𝑟𝑟 = 5

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Problems 9− 12, Given key information, find the values of the function specified.

5
9. If 𝜃𝜃 terminates in Quadrant III and tan 𝜃𝜃 = 3
, find sine and cosine of 𝜃𝜃.

3
10. If sin 𝜃𝜃 < 0 and tan 𝜃𝜃 = − 2 , find sine and cosine of 𝜃𝜃 and the coordinates of 𝑃𝑃 = (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)

11. Find all values of 0 ≤ 𝜃𝜃 < 2𝜋𝜋 where 𝑟𝑟 � sin 𝜃𝜃 = 0

12. A 20-foot-long ladder is leaning against a house. The ladder makes a 52° angle with the
ground.

A. How far up the wall does the ladder reach?

B. How far from the wall is the base of the ladder?

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Lesson 4-A: Sine and Cosine Function Graphs

The sine and cosine functions relate real number values to the x- and y-coordinates of a point on the
unit circle. What would this look like if we created a graph relating the angle and the function value?
Let’s begin with that relationship in order to visualize the unit circle in a two-dimensional graph.

Vocabulary

matches the measure of an angle in standard position with the y-coordinate

Sine function of a point on the unit circle. This point is where the terminal side of the angle
intersects the unit circle.

Sine curve the graph of a sine function

the y-coordinate of the point at which the terminal side of the angle intersects
Sine of θ the unit circle.

The Graph of y = sin x

EX #1: Since the period of the sine function is 2𝜋𝜋, we will graph the function on the interval [0, 2𝜋𝜋].

A. Make a table of values 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 on 𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥𝑥 from the unit circle.

𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 7𝜋𝜋 4𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 11𝜋𝜋

𝑥𝑥 0 𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6

𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥𝑥

B. State the intervals of 𝑥𝑥 where the y-values are increasing.

C. State the intervals of 𝑥𝑥 where the y-values are decreasing.

D. State the maximum point(s) and the minimum point(s).

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To sketch the graphs of the basic sine and cosine curves by hand, it helps to know the five key points in
one period of the parent function. Key points are named: the intercepts, the maximum points, and the
minimum points. These points will be divided up into quarter intervals. Let’s begin with the graph of
the sine function.

The Graph of y = sin x

EX #2: Use the table of values from example 1 to label the five key points for the parent function.

Key Properties of Sine Functions

𝒚𝒚 = 𝑨𝑨 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬(𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩) , with A ≠ 0, B > 0, 𝑩𝑩 in radians

Domain:
Range:

Amplitude:
Period:
Key Points:

Graphing Variations of y = sin x

EX #3: Use the five key points of the parent function to graph 𝑦𝑦 = 2 sin(𝑥𝑥)

Value of 𝑩𝑩: Value of 𝒚𝒚:

𝜋𝜋
2

𝜋𝜋

3𝜋𝜋
2

2𝜋𝜋

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 Five Key Points Table

EX #4: Complete the table for the five key points for sine, cosine, and tangent functions.

𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋
𝜃𝜃 radians 0 𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
2 2

sin 𝜃𝜃

cos 𝜃𝜃

tan 𝜃𝜃

csc 𝜃𝜃

sec 𝜃𝜃

cot 𝜃𝜃

Graphing Variations of y = sin x

EX #5: Use the five key points of the parent function to graph 𝑦𝑦 = −3 sin 2𝑥𝑥 .

𝑩𝑩, 𝒚𝒚 : Rule:

(0,0)

𝜋𝜋
2
,1

(𝜋𝜋, 0)

3𝜋𝜋
, −1
2

(2𝜋𝜋, 0)

Describe the transformation of the graph from the parent function 𝑦𝑦 = sin (𝑥𝑥)

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 Graphing Variations of y = sin x

EX #6: Graph 𝑦𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑥𝑥 + 2

𝑩𝑩, 𝒚𝒚 : Rule:

(0,0)

𝜋𝜋
2
,1

(𝜋𝜋, 0)

3𝜋𝜋
, −1
2

(2𝜋𝜋, 0)

Describe the transformation of the graph from the parent function 𝑦𝑦 = sin (𝑥𝑥)

© 2023 Jean Adams Flamingo Math.com

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Lesson 4-B: Sine and Cosine Function Graphs

You should now have a good understanding of the process for finding the five key points of the sine
function. This same concept will work for the cosine curve, let’s establish this parent function using
the same approach.

Vocabulary

matches the measure of an angle in standard position with the

Cosine function x-coordinate of a point on the unit circle. This point is where the
terminal side of the angle intersects the unit circle.

Cosine curve the graph of a cosine function

the x-coordinate of the point at which the terminal side of the angle
Cosine of θ intersects the unit circle.

The Graph of y = cos x

EX #7: Since the period of the cosine function is 2𝜋𝜋, we will graph the function on the interval [0, 2𝜋𝜋].

A. Make a table of values 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 on 𝑦𝑦 = cos 𝑥𝑥 from the unit circle.

𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 7𝜋𝜋 4𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 11𝜋𝜋

𝑥𝑥 0 𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6

𝑦𝑦 = cos 𝑥𝑥

B. State the intervals of 𝑥𝑥 where the y-values are increasing.

C. State the intervals of 𝑥𝑥 where the y-values are decreasing.

D. State the maximum point(s) and the minimum point(s).

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The five key points on the parent function of the cosine curve will have a different pattern but the
same naming conventions: the intercepts, the maximum points, and the minimum points. The points
will be again be divided up into quarter intervals. Let’s look at the graph of the cosine function.

The Graph of y = cos x

EX #8: Use the table of values from example 7 to label the five key points for the parent function.

Key Properties of Cosine Functions

𝒚𝒚 = 𝑨𝑨 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐬𝐬(𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩) , with A ≠ 0, B > 0, 𝑩𝑩 in radians

Domain:
Range:

Amplitude:
Period:
Key Points:

Graphing Variations of y = cos x

EX #9: Use the five key points of the parent function from Example #4 to graph 𝑦𝑦 = 1.5 cos(𝑥𝑥)

𝑩𝑩, 𝒚𝒚 : Rule:

(0,1)

𝜋𝜋
2
,0

(𝜋𝜋, −1)

3𝜋𝜋
,0
2

(2𝜋𝜋, 1)

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 Graphing Variations of y = cos x

1
EX #10: Use the five key points of the parent function to graph 𝑦𝑦 = −2 cos 2
𝑥𝑥 .

𝑩𝑩, 𝒚𝒚 : Rule:

(0,1)

𝜋𝜋
2
,0

(𝜋𝜋, −1)

3𝜋𝜋
,0
2

(2𝜋𝜋, 1)

Describe the transformation of the graph from the parent function 𝑦𝑦 = cos (𝑥𝑥)

EX #11: Graph 𝑦𝑦 = 3 cos 𝑥𝑥 − 2

𝑩𝑩, 𝒚𝒚 : Rule:

(0,1)

𝜋𝜋
2
,0

(𝜋𝜋, −1)

3𝜋𝜋
,0
2

(2𝜋𝜋, 1)

Describe the transformation of the graph from the parent function 𝑦𝑦 = cos (𝑥𝑥)

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 Sine and Cosine
3.4 Function Graphs
Practice Set 1

Problems 1 − 4, find the amplitude and period of each sine curve. Write an equation for
each curve, and describe the transformation from the parent function.

1. 2.

3. 4.

Problems 5 – 8, sketch one cycle of each sine curve. Assume 𝑎𝑎 > 0. Write an equation for each
graph.

5. amplitude 3; period 2π 6. amplitude 2; period π

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7. amplitude 2, period 4π 8. amplitude 1.5; period 3π

Problems 9 – 12, sketch one cycle of the graph of each sine function, include the rule.

9. 𝑦𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑥𝑥 10. 𝑦𝑦 = −3 sin

𝑥𝑥
2
Amplitude: Amplitude:
Period: Period:
Rule 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 : Rule 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 :

2
11. 𝑦𝑦 =
5
sin 2𝑥𝑥 12. 𝑦𝑦 = −2 sin 3
𝑥𝑥
2

Amplitude: Amplitude:
Period: Period:
Rule 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 : Rule 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 :

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 Sine and Cosine
3.4 Function Graphs
Practice Set 2

Problems 1 − 4, find the amplitude and period of each cosine curve. Write an equation for
each curve and describe the transformation from the parent function.

1. 2.

3. 4.

Problems 5 – 8, sketch one cycle of each cosine curve. Assume 𝑎𝑎 > 0. Write an equation for each
graph.

5. amplitude 3; period 2π 6. amplitude 2; period π

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7. amplitude 1.5, period 2π 8. amplitude 3; period 4π

Problems 9 – 12, sketch one cycle of the graph of each cosine function, include the rule.

9. 𝑦𝑦 = −4 cos 𝑥𝑥 10. 𝑦𝑦 = 2 cos

𝑥𝑥
2
Amplitude: Amplitude:
Period: Period:
Rule 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 : Rule 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 :

2
11. 𝑦𝑦 = −
7
cos 2𝑥𝑥 12. 𝑦𝑦 = cos 3
𝑥𝑥
2

Amplitude: Amplitude:

Period: Period:

Rule 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 : Rule 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 :

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Lesson 5-A: Sinusoidal Functions
The graphs of sine and cosine functions are periodic. This means that the function values will repeat
as x increases. We have learned the sine value of a function is equal to the y-value at the corresponding
point (angle) on the unit circle. Also, the cosine value is equal to the x-value at this same point (angle).

Characteristics of Sinusoidal Functions

y = sin(x) y = cos(x)

Graph

Key Points

Domain

Range

Amplitude

Period

Symmetry

Key Concept

By comparing the graphs of 𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 = cos 𝑥𝑥 , you can see that either one can be horizontally
translated to obtain the other. The sine and cosine functions are both sinusoidal functions. We will
prove that cos 𝑥𝑥 = sin 𝑥𝑥 + 𝜋𝜋/2 .

Definition of a Sinusoid

A function is a sinusoid if it can be written in the form 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = A sin 𝐵𝐵 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶 + 𝐷𝐷

where 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐, and 𝑑𝑑 are constants and neither a nor b is 0.

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 Finding the Period of a Sinusoidal Curve

EX #1: Use the graph to find the period of each function.

A. B.

EX #2: Use the equation to find the period of each function.

A. 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 3 cos 5𝑥𝑥 B. 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = − sin

𝑥𝑥
3

Finding the Amplitude of a Sinusoidal Curve

EX #3: Find the amplitude for the graphs below.

A. B.

EX #4: Use the equation to find the amplitude of each function.

A. 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = −4 sin 𝑥𝑥 + 𝜋𝜋 − 1 B. 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 =
1
cos 3𝑥𝑥
2

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Math.com
 Phase Shift of Sine to Obtain Cosine

EX #5: Let’s verify the fact that we can obtain the cosine function by a horizontal transformation
𝜋𝜋
of the sine curve. We want to show that cos 𝜃𝜃 = sin 𝜃𝜃 + 2

A. Graph 𝑦𝑦 = cos 𝜃𝜃 on −𝜋𝜋, 3𝜋𝜋

𝜋𝜋
B. Use the key points for 𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝜃𝜃 + 2 to complete the table below.

C. Graph the function values in the table in red to verify the statement.

Value of 𝒙𝒙: Value of 𝒚𝒚:

0
𝜋𝜋
2

𝜋𝜋

3𝜋𝜋
2
2𝜋𝜋

The Midline of a Sinusoidal Function

The midline of the graph of a sinusoidal function is the average, or arithmetic mean, of the
maximum and minimum values of the function. The midline of 𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 = cos 𝑥𝑥 is 𝑦𝑦 = 0.

EX #6: Use the graph to find the midline of each function. Sketch the equation of the line in red.
A. B.

EX #7: Use the equation to find the midline of each function.

A. 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = −2 cos 𝑥𝑥 − 5 B. 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 3.5 sin 2𝑥𝑥 + 4

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Lesson 5-B: Sinusoidal Functions

We have seen the terms amplitude, period, midline, concavity, and phase shift in this lesson and others.
We need to make one more connection between the period and frequency of a sinusoid. Then, we
should be able to use this information to analyze key characteristics of sinusoids. The period and
frequency are reciprocals.

Period and Frequency of a Sinusoid

For general equations 𝑦𝑦 = sin(𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥) and 𝑦𝑦 = cos(𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥)

The period is the length of one full cycle of the periodic curve.
Period 2𝜋𝜋
𝐵𝐵

The frequency is the number of complete cycles the periodic

curve completes in a unit interval.
Frequency
𝐵𝐵
2𝜋𝜋

EX #8: Use the equation to find the period and frequency of each function.

A. 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 15 cos
1
𝑥𝑥 B. 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = −8 sin 48𝜋𝜋𝑥𝑥
4

EX #9: A mass on a spring oscillates back and forth and completes one cycle in
0.25 second. Its maximum displacement is 6 cm. Write an equation that
models this motion if the spring is released from the maximum height.
Find the frequency of the behavior.

0 cm

d cm

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 Concavity, Points of Inflection and Bounds

You have explored concavity and points of inflection in earlier lessons. We know that a point of
inflection occurs where a graph changes concavity, will occur on midline. The five key points of a
sinusoidal graph can be named as intercepts, maximum and minimum values. You can also name
the critical points as upper bounds, lower bounds and equilibrium. Let’s look at a practical
application to consider.

EX #10: Consider the first period of each of the graphs given below.
A. Find the five key points for one period.
B. Identify where the function is concave up, concave down
C. Identify the interval(s) where the function is increasing or decreasing.
D. Name the point(s) of inflection.

A.

B.

C.

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 Concavity, Points of Inflection and Bounds

EX #11 A buoy oscillates as waves go past. For any given time, it moves a total
of 4.5 feet from its low point to its high point and then returns to a
high point every 15 seconds.

A. If the buoy is at its lowest point at 𝑡𝑡 = 0, write an

equation that models the motion of the buoy.

B. What is the frequency of the motion, explain in context.

C. Use a graphing utility to find the point of inflection where the buoy is at equilibrium.

D. What does equilibrium of the buoy mean in respect to the behavior of the waves?

E. Identify the interval(s) where the buoy is decreasing.

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 Sinusoidal Functions
3.5 Practice Set 1

Problems 1 − 4, Determine the amplitude and period of each function without graphing.

1. 𝑦𝑦 = 5 sin(𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋) 2. 𝑦𝑦 = −4 cos
3
𝜋𝜋
2

3. 𝑦𝑦 = 2 sin 3𝜋𝜋 − 𝜋𝜋 4. 𝑦𝑦 = 7 cos 4𝜋𝜋 + 𝜋𝜋

Problems 5 − 8, Use the five key points to graph each equation from −2𝜋𝜋, 2𝜋𝜋 , include the rule.

5. 𝑦𝑦 = 2 sin 𝜋𝜋 6. 𝑦𝑦 = − cos
1
𝜋𝜋
2

7. 𝑦𝑦 = 2 cos 𝜋𝜋 − 1 8. 𝑦𝑦 = −3 sin 𝜋𝜋 + 2

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Problems 9 −12, find the amplitude, period and midline of each sine curve. Then write an equation
for each graph.

9. 10.

11. 12.

Problems 13 −16, find the amplitude, period and midline of each cosine curve. Then write an
equation for each graph.

13. 14.

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15. 16.

Problems 17-20, Match the given function to one of the graphs [A] − [D].

[A] [B]

[C] [D]

17. 𝑦𝑦 = 2 cos
𝜋𝜋
𝜋𝜋 18. 𝑦𝑦 = −2 sin(𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋)
2

19. 𝑦𝑦 = −2 cos(2𝜋𝜋) 20. 𝑦𝑦 = 2 sin

1
𝜋𝜋
2

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 Sinusoidal Functions
3.5 Practice Set 2

Problems 1 – 4, sketch one cycle of the graph of each cosine function.

1. 𝑦𝑦 = −4 cos 𝜃𝜃 2. 𝑦𝑦 = 2 sin
𝜃𝜃
2

Amplitude:
Amplitude:
Period:
Period:
Maximum: Minimum:
Maximum: Minimum:
Point(s) of Inflection:
Point(s) of Inflection:

7 2
3. 𝑦𝑦 = − 2 sin 2𝜃𝜃 4. 𝑦𝑦 = cos 𝜃𝜃
3

Amplitude: Amplitude:

Period: Period:

Maximum: Minimum: Maximum: Minimum:

Point(s) of Inflection: Point(s) of Inflection:

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Problems 5-10, describe the relationship between the graphs of 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔. Consider amplitudes,
periods, reflections and shifts. Include the rule. Verify with a calculator.

5. 𝑓𝑓 𝜋𝜋 = sin 𝜋𝜋 6. 𝑓𝑓 𝜋𝜋 = cos (3𝜋𝜋)

1
𝑔𝑔 𝜋𝜋 = − 2 sin 𝜋𝜋 𝑔𝑔 𝜋𝜋 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 3𝜋𝜋 + 5

7. 𝑓𝑓 𝜋𝜋 = sin 𝜋𝜋 8. 𝑓𝑓 𝜋𝜋 = cos 𝜋𝜋
𝑔𝑔 𝜋𝜋 = sin(𝜋𝜋 − 𝜋𝜋) 𝑔𝑔 𝜋𝜋 = cos(2𝜋𝜋)

9. 𝑓𝑓 𝜋𝜋 = sin 𝜋𝜋 10. 𝑓𝑓 𝜋𝜋 = cos 𝜋𝜋

𝑔𝑔 𝜋𝜋 = −2 sin 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
𝑔𝑔 𝜋𝜋 = cos 𝜋𝜋 + 2

Problems 11-14, find the point(s) of inflection and state the intervals where the function is
concave up and concave down on the interval given.

11. 𝑦𝑦 = sin 2𝜋𝜋 ; for 0 ≤ 𝜋𝜋 ≤ 𝜋𝜋 12. 𝑓𝑓 𝜋𝜋 = −3 cos 𝜋𝜋 + 2 ; for 0 ≤ 𝜋𝜋 ≤ 2𝜋𝜋

13. 𝑦𝑦 = −
1
sin
𝑥𝑥
; for 0 ≤ 𝜋𝜋 ≤ 4𝜋𝜋 14. 𝑓𝑓 𝜋𝜋 = 2 cos 2𝜋𝜋 − 3 ; for 0 ≤ 𝜋𝜋 ≤ 𝜋𝜋
2 2

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 Problems 15 − 18, solve.
The period and frequency of a pitch are reciprocals of each other.

𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
Period = 𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠
and frequency = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

15. A tuning fork vibrating at 256 hertz (Hz) gives the tone middle C represented by the equation:
𝑦𝑦 = 0.005 sin[ 2𝜋𝜋 256𝑡𝑡], where amplitude is in centimeters (cm) and time is in seconds.
Find the amplitude and frequency of the wave.

16. When playing the music note A above middle C, the function which models this sound is
𝑦𝑦 = 0.001 sin(880 𝜋𝜋𝜃𝜃).

A. Find the period of the function.

B. Find the frequency of the function.

C. What is the amplitude of the function?

D. How many cycles of the graph are between 0 and 2π?

17. The lowest pitch that is easily heard by humans is 30 cycles per second. Let a = 1 and
θ = time in seconds, write an equation for the pitch.

18. The equation 𝑦𝑦 = sin(240,000 𝜋𝜋𝜃𝜃) models the highest pitch heard by bats. Find the period
and frequency if 𝜃𝜃 = time in seconds.

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Lesson 6-A: Sinusoidal Function Transformations
Graphing the basic sine and cosine functions in a rectangular coordinate system should now be a
comfortable task for you to perform. Let’s complete or toolkit by considering more advanced
transformations of the parent functions.

Characteristics of Transformations

y = A sin[B(x + C)] + D
𝐴𝐴
𝑦𝑦 = 𝐷𝐷
Key Points: 𝐶𝐶

2𝜋𝜋
A > 0:
𝐵𝐵

A < 0:

y = A cos[B(x + C)] + D
𝐴𝐴
𝑦𝑦 = 𝐷𝐷
Key Points: 𝐶𝐶

A > 0: 2𝜋𝜋
𝐵𝐵
A < 0:

Amplitude 𝐴𝐴 changes the height of the graph, a vertical dilation

2𝜋𝜋
Period the length of one complete cycle
𝐵𝐵

Phase Shift −𝐶𝐶 the horizontal translation “starting point” for the
cycle

Midline (Vertical Shift) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐷𝐷 translates the midline of the graph

The “B-value” is the number of cycles in the

B
interval from 0 to 2𝜋𝜋

B(x + C) This expression is called the “argument”

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 Graphing by Key Points y = A sin [B(x + C)]

The graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐴𝐴 sin[𝐵𝐵 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶 ] is a horizontal shift of the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐴𝐴 sin(𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥) . The starting
point of the cycle is shifted from 𝑥𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥𝑥 = 𝐶𝐶. We can find an interval containing one cycle by
solving the argument for the period of 2𝜋𝜋. This will give you the starting point and the ending
point of one period.

𝜋𝜋
EX #1: Graph 𝑦𝑦 = 3 sin 3 𝑥𝑥 − 6

Graphing by Key Points y = A cos [B(x + C)]

1
EX #2: 𝑦𝑦 = 2 cos 2
𝑥𝑥 + 2𝜋𝜋

Compare and contrast what occurs to the period when B > 1 to when 0 < 𝐵𝐵 < 1.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

When the argument is 𝐶𝐶 < 0, then the phase shift is to the ________________________.

When the argument is 𝐶𝐶 > 0 , then the phase shift is to the __________________________.

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 Vertical Shift (Midline)

If you add or subtract a number from the entire equation, you can shift a trigonometric graph
“up or down.” This is a shift in the x-axis, which creates a new “midline” for the graph.

EX #3: Graph 𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥𝑥 + 1 EX #4: Graph 𝑦𝑦 = cos 𝑥𝑥 − 2

Therefore, if 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐴𝐴 sin 𝐵𝐵 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶 + 𝐷𝐷 or 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐴𝐴 cos[𝐵𝐵 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶 ] + 𝐷𝐷 then, the vertical shift

of the entire graph is equal to D. The midline of the graph is 𝒚𝒚 = 𝑫𝑫.

Summary

EX #5: Given the standard form of a sine or cosine function, complete the summary in the
table below.

Variable Explain the effect of this

Given:
Expression transformation on the parent function

Amplitude

Period

Phase shift

Vertical shift

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Lesson 6-B: Sinusoidal Function Transformations

Consider how you evenly space the five key points. It is possible to summarize this procedure using
two different methods.

Finding an Interval for the First Cycle

EX #6: We can find the endpoints for the first cycle of a trigonometric function in two ways.
Let’s explore.

Method #1 Method #2

Period Begins:

Period Ends:

NOTE: Use the first and last points of one cycle to divide the interval into four equal
segments.

3𝜋𝜋
EX #7: Find the amplitude, period and phase shift for 𝑦𝑦 = 2 cos 2 𝑥𝑥 + 2
. Graph the function.

Amplitude:

Period:

Phase Shift:

EX #8: Given the equation, 𝑦𝑦 = −2 sin 3 𝑥𝑥 − 2𝜋𝜋 , describe the transformations that occur from
the parent graph 𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥𝑥. Then sketch the graph.

1. _________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________

3. __________________________________________________

4. __________________________________________________

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 More Graphing
𝜋𝜋
EX #9: Determine the amplitude, period, and midline of 𝑦𝑦 = −2 cos 3
𝑥𝑥 + 3.
Then, graph the function from 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 12.

Writing Functions from Characteristics

EX #10: Write the equation for the given function that has the following characteristics.

A. Sine function B. Cosine function

2𝜋𝜋
Amplitude: 3 Period: 3
Amplitude: 5 Period: 4𝜋𝜋
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
Phase Shift: 3
right Vertical shift: none Phase Shift: left Vertical shift: 2 down
4

EX #11: Write a sinusoidal equation with amplitude 2.5, Period 𝜋𝜋, and point (2, 0).

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 Writing Equations Given the Graph

EX #12: Find an equation for each graph. State the amplitude, period, phase shift, midline.
Verify your equation with a graphing utility. State the maximum and minimum points
in one period and the points of inflection.

A.

B.

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 Sinusoidal Function
3.6 Transformations
Practice Set 1

Problems 1-8, Graph each equation.

Equation Characteristics Graph

𝜋𝜋 Amplitude:
1. 𝑦𝑦 = 2 cos 𝑥𝑥 +
2

Period:

Phase Shift:

2. 𝑦𝑦 = −3 sin 𝑥𝑥 − 𝜋𝜋 Amplitude:

Period:

Phase Shift:

𝜋𝜋 Amplitude:
3. 𝑦𝑦 = 2 cos 𝑥𝑥 − 2

Period:

Phase Shift:

4. 𝑦𝑦 = 4sin[2 𝑥𝑥 − 𝜋𝜋 ] Amplitude:

Period:

Phase Shift:

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 Equation Characteristics Graph

𝜋𝜋 Amplitude:
5. 𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥𝑥 − +1
4

Period:

Phase Shift:

Midline:

𝜋𝜋 Amplitude:
6. 𝑦𝑦 = − cos 2 𝑥𝑥 − 2

Period:

Phase Shift:

Midline:

1 Amplitude:
7. 𝑦𝑦 = 2 sin 2
𝜃𝜃 − 𝜋𝜋 +2

Period:

Phase Shift:

Midline:

𝜋𝜋
8. 𝑦𝑦 = −3 cos[ 3 𝜃𝜃 + 1 ] − 2 Amplitude:

Period:

Phase Shift:

Midline:

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 Sinusoidal Function
3.6 Transformations
Practice Set 2

Problems 1 − 4, Write the equation for the given function that has the following characteristics.

1. Sine function 2. Cosine function

Amplitude: 4 Period: 𝜋𝜋 Amplitude: 3 Period: 4𝜋𝜋

1
Phase Shift: 2
right Vertical shift: none Phase Shift: 2 right Vertical shift: −1

3. Cosine function 4. Sine function

𝜋𝜋
Amplitude: 5 Period: 3𝜋𝜋 Amplitude: 3 Period: 2

1
Phase Shift: 3
left Vertical shift: 2 Phase Shift: 2 left Vertical shift: 4

Problems 5−10, Find amplitude, period, and phase shift of each function. Graph the function.

𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
5. 𝑦𝑦 = 2 cos 3 𝑥𝑥 − 3
6. 𝑦𝑦 = −2 sin 2 𝑥𝑥 − 4

Amplitude: Amplitude:

Period: Period:

Phase shift: Phase shift:

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7. 𝑦𝑦 = 2 cos 𝜋𝜋 𝑥𝑥 + 2 8. 𝑦𝑦 = −3 sin 𝜋𝜋 𝑥𝑥 − 4

Amplitude: Amplitude:

Period: Period:

Phase shift: Phase shift:

1 1
9. 𝑦𝑦 = −4 cos 2
𝑥𝑥 − 2𝜋𝜋 10. 𝑦𝑦 = 2 sin 2
𝑥𝑥 + 3𝜋𝜋

Amplitude: Amplitude:

Period: Period:

Phase shift: Phase shift:

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 Problems 11-12, Find 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐, and 𝑑𝑑 for each graph. Then, write an equation for each graph.
11. Cosine function 12. Sine function

Problems 13- 16, Describe the relationship between the graphs of f and g. Consider amplitudes,
periods, and shifts.

13. 14.

15. 16.

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Lesson 7-A: Sinusoidal Function Context and Data Modeling

Now we can put together the concepts from the last few lessons to write equations using sine or
cosine functions given a verbal description of periodic behavior. Then we can use the equation as
a mathematical model to make predictions and interpretations related to real-world phenomena.

EX #1: The figure at right shows the depth of water

along a seawall. The depth is 5 feet at low tide
and 11 feet at high tide. On a given day, low tide

Depth (feet)
occurs at 6 a.m. and high tide at noon.

A. If 𝑑𝑑 represents the depth of the water 𝑡𝑡 hours after

midnight, use a cosine function of the form
𝑑𝑑 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐵𝐵𝑡𝑡 + 𝐷𝐷 to model the depth of the water.

Number of Hours after Midnight

B. Use your model to find the interval(s) of time when the tide is rising.

EX #2: The height above the ground of a yo-yo can be modeled by the equation
ℎ(𝑡𝑡) = 1.5 cos 𝜋𝜋𝑡𝑡 + 2.25, where h represents the height of the yo-yo in feet above
the ground and t represents time in seconds since the yo-yo was first dropped from
its maximum height.

A. When does the yo-yo return to the maximum height for the first time?

B. Find the maximum and minimum heights reached above the ground by the yo-yo.

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 Simple Harmonic Motion

An object that moves on a coordinate axis is in simple harmonic motion if its distance from the
origin, d, at time t is given by either

𝑑𝑑 = 𝑎𝑎 cos(𝜔𝜔 � 𝑡𝑡) 𝑑𝑑 = 𝑎𝑎 sin(𝜔𝜔 � 𝑡𝑡)

The motion has amplitude , the maximum displacement of the object from its rest position. The
2𝜋𝜋
period of the motion is, 𝜔𝜔 where 𝜔𝜔 > 0. The period gives the time it takes for the motion to go
𝜔𝜔
through one complete cycle. The motion has frequency 2𝜋𝜋
, which is the number of oscillations
per unit of time.

EX #3: A point on the tip of a tuning fork vibrates in harmonic motion described by the equation
𝑑𝑑 = 12 sin(𝜔𝜔 � 𝑡𝑡). Find 𝜔𝜔 for a tuning fork that has a frequency of 386 vibrations per second.
Answer in π radians

EX #4: A ball on a spring is pulled 6 inches below its rest position and then released. The period
for the motion is 4 seconds. Write the equation for the ball’s simple harmonic motion.

EX #5: A mass oscillating up and down on the bottom of a spring (assuming perfect elasticity and
no friction or air resistance) can be modeled as harmonic motion. If the weight is displaced
a maximum of 4 cm, find the modeling equation if it takes 3 seconds to complete one cycle.
Assume the object starts at rest.

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EX #6: A Ferris wheel is constructed such that a person gets onto the ride at its lowest point, five
feet above the ground and the ride reaches its highest point at 125 feet above the ground.
The amount of time it takes to complete one full rotation is equal to 8 minutes. The vertical
position of the rider can be modeled as a function of time 𝑡𝑡 in minutes since boarding by
the equation 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐴𝐴 cos [𝐵𝐵 𝑡𝑡 − 𝐶𝐶 ] + 𝐷𝐷.

A. Sketch a graph of the rider’s height

with respect to time, for one cycle.

B. Find the values of 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵, 𝐶𝐶 and 𝐷𝐷.

C. Write an equation to model the function.

D. At what time is the rider at 65 feet above the ground?

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Lesson 7-B: Sinusoidal Function Context and Data Modeling

Let’s continue our investigation of real-world applications related to sinusoidal behavior.

EX #7: Alternating current is the form in which electric power is delivered to businesses and
residences, and it is the form of electrical energy consumers typically use when they
plug televisions, lights, and any electric appliance into a wall socket. The current I, in
amperes, flowing through an alternating current circuit at time t, in
1
seconds is modeled by 𝐼𝐼 𝑡𝑡 = 220 sin 60𝜋𝜋 𝑡𝑡 − 360 for 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 0.

A. Find the amplitude, period, and phase shift.

B. Graph two periods of the function.

C. Where are the x-intercepts of the function? What do they represent in context to the current.

EX #8: Cheryl opened a bakery and found that her monthly profit followed an up-and-down
pattern during the first year. She discovered that her profit could be modeled by
𝜋𝜋
𝑃𝑃 𝑡𝑡 = 2𝑡𝑡 − 7 sin 3 𝑡𝑡 , where 𝑃𝑃 is measured in hundreds of dollars and t was
measured in months after January 1. Use a graphing utility to find the following.

A. When did the bakery first begin to make money? Explain how you know.

B. In what month did her shop make its greatest profit in that first year? What was her profit?

© 2023 Jean Adams Flamingo Math.com

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EX #9: Hurricanes are categorized using the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. The table below
represents the number of major hurricanes in the Atlantic Basin that are rated as major
storms of category 3,4, or 5 for each decade from 1921 to 2020.

A. Use a graphing utility to create a scatter plot of the data for 𝑡𝑡 = 1 to 𝑡𝑡 = 10 for the decades
shown in the table below.

Decade, x Hurricanes Decade, x Hurricanes

1921-1930 5 1971-1980 4

1931-1940 8 1981-1990 5

1941-1950 10 1991-2000 5

1951-1960 8 2001-2010 11

1961-1970 6 2011-2020 9
Source: U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

B. Find a sinusoidal regression function that best models the data.

C. What is the maximum and minimum number of storms based on your model?

D. In what decade will the next maximum number of storms occur based on your model?

© 2023 Jean Adams Flamingo Math.com

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 Finding Sinusoidal Functions from Data

EX #10: The table below shows the average temperature per month for Atlanta, Georgia. Information
was found at the World Climate website (www.worldclimate.com).

Month Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

°𝐹𝐹 51.6 55.9 63.7 72.7 80.1 86.2 88.3 87.4 82.0 72.7 62.6 54.0

A: Plot the data below, and notice that they approximate sinusoidal behavior.

B. Why does it make sense that average monthly temperatures can be modeled by a periodic
function?

© 2023 Jean Adams Flamingo Math.com

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 C. Let’s model this graph with a sine function in the form of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐴𝐴 sin 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 + 𝐷𝐷 .
Use the data plot to estimate the amplitude, period, vertical translations.

D. Use these values in the data to find a sinusoidal regression equation of the form
𝑦𝑦 = 𝐴𝐴 sin 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 − 𝐶𝐶 + 𝐷𝐷 .

E. Explain the meaning of the points of inflection in context to the data.

F. Explain the meaning of the maximum and minimum values in the regression model as
they relate to the context of the data set.

© 2023 Jean Adams Flamingo Math.com

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 Sinusoidal Function
3.7 Context and Data
Modeling Practice Set 1

Problems 1- 10, solve each problem using sinusoidal models.

1. The figure at right shows the number of hours of daylight

in St. Augustine, Florida. Hours of daylight are at a

Hours of Daylight
minimum of 10 hours in December. Hours of daylight
are at a maximum of 14 hours in June.

Let x represent the month of the year, where Jan. =1,

Feb. = 2, and Dec. = 12. If y represents the number
of hours of daylight in month x, use a sine function
in the form 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐴𝐴 sin[𝐵𝐵 𝑥𝑥 − 𝐶𝐶 ] + 𝐷𝐷 to model the
hours of daylight. Month (Jan = 1, Feb = 2, etc.)

Explain the meaning of the points of inflection in context to the scenario.

2. The London Eye Ferris wheel has a diameter of 135 meters. A ride on the Eye will complete one
rotation every 30 minutes. Passengers board from a platform that is 2 meters above the round.
Write an equation that models the height above ground as a function of time in minutes.

3. A person’s blood pressure can be modeled by the function 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 = 20 sin 160𝜋𝜋𝑡𝑡 + 100 , where 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡)
represents the blood pressure at time t, measured in minutes. Interpret the function in terms of
period and frequency.

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4. The voltage 𝑉𝑉, produced in an alternating current generator can be modeled by
𝑉𝑉(𝑡𝑡) = 220 sin(120 𝜋𝜋𝑡𝑡) .
A. Find the amplitude and period.

B. If a resistance of 𝑅𝑅 = 20 ohms is present, what is the current I ? Use Ohm’s Law 𝑉𝑉 = 𝐼𝐼𝑅𝑅 .

C. Fine the amplitude and period of the current I.

5. A buoy in the Gulf of Mexico sends a signal beacon to a Coast Guard station. The behavior of the
buoy can be modeled by the function ℎ = 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑏𝑡𝑡 + 4 .5, where h is measured in feet above sea
level. During a recent tropical storm, the height varies from 1 foot to 8 feet with a 4.5 second
interval between one 8-foot height to the next. Find the values of the constants a and b.

6. In Miami, FL., there are 12 hours 45 minutes of sunlight on the summer solstice, but only
10 hours 35 minutes of sunlight on the winter solstice.
A. Write a function that models this data using the format: 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐴𝐴 sin 𝐵𝐵 𝑥𝑥 − 𝐶𝐶 + 𝐷𝐷

B. Use the model from A to predict the number of hours of sunlight on April 1, the 91st day
of the year.

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7. A piston operates by a wheel rotating at a constant
rate, 𝜔𝜔 radians per second. The back-and-forth
motion of the piston is an example of simple
harmonic motion. In a mechanical piston, like
shown at right, a wheel with a 6-cm radius turns
with an angular velocity of 6𝜋𝜋 radians/second.
Use 𝑑𝑑 = 𝑎𝑎 cos(𝜔𝜔𝑡𝑡)
A. What is the frequency of the piston?

B. What is the distance from the starting position 𝑡𝑡 = 0 exactly 2.4 seconds after starting?

8. A weight oscillating up and down on the bottom of a spring

(assuming no air resistance or friction) can be modeled as
harmonic motion.

A. If the weight is displaced a maximum of 8 cm, and it takes

2 seconds to complete one cycle, what is the frequency of
the oscillating weight?

B. Find the modeling equation of the action if the spring is at

the origin when 𝑡𝑡 = 0.

9. A point on the tip of a tuning fork vibrates in harmonic motion described

by the equation 𝑑𝑑 = 16 sin(𝜔𝜔𝑡𝑡).

Find 𝜔𝜔 for a tuning fork that has a frequency of

560 vibrations per second.

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 Free Response Question
Calculator Required
10. A weight is attached to the end of a long spring that is bouncing up and down. As it bounces,
the distance from the floor varies sinusoidally with time. You start a stopwatch. When the
stopwatch reads 0.4 second, the weight first reaches a high point of 72 centimeters above
the floor. The next low point, 48 centimeters above the floor, occurs at 1.9 seconds.

A. Write an equation expressing the distance from the floor in terms of the number of seconds
the stopwatch reads.

B. Predict the distance from the floor when the stopwatch reads 8.4 seconds.

C. What was the distance from the floor when you started the stopwatch?

D. Predict the first positive value of time at which the weight is 55 centimeters above the floor.

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 Sinusoidal Function
3.7 Context and Data
Modeling Practice Set 2

Problems 1- 8, solve each problem using sinusoidal models.

1. The Ferris Wheel at the Florida State Fair in Tampa is a popular ride that soars to a maximum
height of 45 feet and a low point of 3 feet. When the last seat is filled and the Ferris Wheel
begins to revolve, your seat is at the position marked in the figure below at t=0. Your
stopwatch records that it takes you 4 seconds to reach the top, and that the wheel makes
a complete revolution once every 12 seconds. The wheels diameter is 42 feet.

A. Graph the sinusoid.

𝑡𝑡 = 0

B. Write an equation that models the behavior of the Ferris Wheel ride.

C. Use your equation to find the height above the ground at your starting location 𝑡𝑡 = 0.

D. What is the value of t the second time that you are 15 feet above the ground?

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2. During a 90-day period, daily rainfall can be modeled by sinusoidal functions. If the rainfall
fluctuates between a low of 2 inches on day 8 and 12 inches on day 53, during what period is daily
rainfall more than 10 inches.

3. The possible hours of daylight in a given day is a function of the day of the year. In Atlanta, Georgia,
the minimum hours of daylight (occurring on the Winter solstice) is 9.9 hours, and the maximum
hours of daylight (during Summer Solstice) is equal to 14.4 hours.
A. If the hours of daylight can be modeled using a sinusoidal equation, what is the equations
amplitude?

B. Where does the midline occur and what does this represent in context to the daylight hours
in Atlanta, Georgia?

4. Outside temperatures over the course of a day can be modeled as a sinusoidal function.
Suppose the high temperature of 105°F occurs at 5PM and the average temperature for the day
is 85°F. Find the temperature, to the nearest degree, at 9:00 a.m.

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5. Chase wanted to lose weight and noticed that his weight loss program W, over a
two-year period, followed a curve that could be modeled by the function
𝜋𝜋
𝑊𝑊 𝑡𝑡 = 250 − 1.5𝑡𝑡 + 9.82 sin 4 𝑡𝑡 , where t was measured in months after
January 1 and W was measured in pounds.
A. What did Chase weight initially? What was his weight at the end of two years?

B. What was his maximum weight during the two-year period?

C. What was his minimum weight during the two-year period?

6. The length of time between consecutive high tides is 12 hours and 25 minutes according to
NOAA. On Friday, April 7, 2023, high tide occurred at 9:30 a.m. (9.5 hours) and low tide
occurred at 3:27 p.m. (15.45 hours). Water heights are measured as the amount above or
below the mean lower low water. The height of the water at high tide was 6.85 feet, and the
height of the water at low tide was −0.35 foot.
A. Approximately when will the next high tide occur?

B. Find a sinusoidal function of the form 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐴𝐴 sin 𝐵𝐵 𝑥𝑥 − 𝐶𝐶 + 𝐷𝐷 that models the data.

C. Use your function model to predict the height of the water at noon on April 7th, 2023.

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7. The depth of the water at the end of the Cocoa Beach Pier
varies with the tide on any given day. Suppose the high tide
occurs at 5:15 a.m. and the depth of the water is 15 feet,
then low tide occurs at 11:27 a.m. with a depth of 9.5 feet.

A. Sketch a graph showing how the depth of the water

depends on the time since midnight.

B. Write a trigonometric equation as a sine function that models the depth of the water
t hours after midnight.

C. What is the depth of the water at noon?

D. If a large party boat needs at least 12 feet of water to navigate past the pier, find the time
period, after noon, that the boat can safely pass by the end of the pier.

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8. The pendulum on a grandfather clock moves in a sinusoidal fashion. The length
of the pendulum is 31 inches at its lowest point. The pendulum is 1.5 feet from
the floor.

The pendulum begins to move at 𝑡𝑡1 so that the interior angle between 𝑡𝑡2
and 𝑡𝑡3 is 90°. It takes 0.875 second for the pendulum to swing from 𝑡𝑡2 to 𝑡𝑡3 . 31 ‘’

𝑡𝑡2 𝑡𝑡3
A. What is the minimum height of the pendulum in inches?
𝑡𝑡1

1.5 ft.

B. What is the maximum height of the pendulum?

C. Write the sinusoidal equation that models the movement of the pendulum as a
cosine function 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 − 𝐶𝐶 + D.

D. To the nearest inch, how high will the pendulum be at 1 hour?

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