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Module 1: Doing
Philosophy
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objectives

 After going through this module, you are

expected to:
 1. Distinguish a holistic perspective from a
partial point of view (PPT11/12-Ia-1.1)
 2. Realize the value of doing Philosophy in
obtaining a broad perspective in life
 (PPT11/12-Ib-1.3)

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(Mabaquiao, 2016).

 In ancient Greece, the lovers of wisdom (philosophers)

were the pioneers in

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 Men in nature has the “sense of wonder” which enables

them to ponder on some of the most enduring questions
about human existence.
 These are called “big questions” in life.


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GROUP ACTIVITY

WOULD YOU RATHER?

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Activity 2. Balancing Ideas

Directions.Using the diagram

below, write your idea on the
difference between holistic
perspective and partial point of
view.

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 Holistic
thinking Holistic thinking • A holistic perspective requires an12
- a perspective that considers large- individual to have an open
scale patterns in systems. mindset and an ability to get the
This is often described as looking at general sense or impression
the “big picture” when describing
and analyzing a situation or
regarding a situation (Abella,
problem. 2016).

Partial
thinking Partial thinking
- focuses on specific aspect of a • Though partial thinking is useful,
situation. • Philosophy utilizes holistic thinking
The partial view is an in making sense of problems and
important component of analytical issues related to
thinking, as an individual focuses on
certain areas • the human experience (Abella,
or aspect of a problem in order to 2016)
understand it. 29/08/2024
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an activity that requires a person to

examine
his or her thoughts,feelings, and actions
and

learn from experiences in life.

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ANSWER KEY

1. T
2. T
3. T
4. T
5. F
6. T
7. F
8. T
9. T
10. T

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 After going through this module, you are expected to:

 1. Distinguish opinion from truth (PPT11/12-Ic-2.1)

 2. Realize that the methods of Philosophy lead to wisdom and truth

(PPT11/12-Id-
 2.3)

 3. Evaluate truth from opinions in different situations using the methods of

 philosophizing

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 Philosophy, as the love of wisdom, aims to search for

wisdom.
 In searching for wisdom, Philosophers also seek
for truth.
 Being wise is knowing when you know the truth and
when you don’t know it.
 Truth is a kind of property whose opposite is falsity
 (Mabaquiao, 2016).
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TRUTH KNOWLEDGE CLAIMS

• Truth is a kind of • Knowledge consists • Claims are

of ideas statements that are
property whose not evidently known
opposite is • and beliefs that we
know to be true to be true.
falsity (Abella, 2016). • With this, one can
• (Mabaquiao, • On the other hand, say that truthful
2016). propositions or • statements are
based on facts and
• statements that are
observed to be • a claim needs to be
proven
real or truthful are
considered facts. • by verification and
• experimentation in
order to be
considered as true
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Third, a statement or belief is true if it can be

proven through an action.

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 With the statements above, one can infer that, there are ways on knowing if something is
true.

 First, a statement is true if it can be justified or proven through the

use of one’s senses.
 Second, a statement or belief is true if it is based on facts.
 Third, a statement or belief is true if it can be proven through an
action.
 Philosophers also believe that claims and beliefs must be subjective
to test to determine truth.

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Activity 2. Truth or Opinion

 Directions. Determine if the statement can be categorized as TRUTH

or OPINION. Use the table below for organized categorization.
1. The K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic
education (six years of primary education, four years of Junior High
School, and two years of Senior High School).
2. The K-12 Basic Education system entails another burden for Filipino
students because it requires another two years to finish the basic
education program.
3. Rodrigo Duterte, is a Filipino politician who is the 16th President of
the Philippines.
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4. Rodrigo Duterte is the most competent

and the best president the Philippines has
ever had.
5. It takes Rhian to travel for one hour from
her house going to the school where she
studies.
6. Living near the school where you are
studying is better because you can save
money for transportation and time for travel.
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Guide Questions:
1. What is your basis of
categorizing the
statements as truth or
opinion?
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are series of provide reasons to convince
others if the statement or belief is truth or opinion.
Some
When analyzing an
arguments may opinion on the other
Because of this,
analyzing an be based on hand,
argument is crucial faulty reasoning. one must be aware
because not all These kinds of of bias or the
arguments are arguments are personal view of the
truthful. person presenting
called the statement.

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• are a type of incorrect argument in
natural language.
Informal • The source of the error is not just
fallacies due to the form of the argument, as
is the case for formal fallacies, but
can also be due to their content
and context.

• Fallacies, despite being incorrect,

usually appear to be correct and
thereby can seduce people into
accepting and using them.
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 Ad hominem means “against the man,” and this type of fallacy is sometimes
called name calling or the personal attack fallacy. This type of fallacy occurs
when someone attacks the person instead of attacking his or her argument.

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 Appeal to force (argumentum ad baculum,

literally “argument from the stick”)
 A fallacy committed when an arguer appeals
to force or to the threat of force to make
someone accept a conclusion. (Sometimes
made when rational argument has failed.)
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Example : Explanation:
Logical Form: Melvin: Boss, why do I have to Melvin has asked a
If you don’t
work weekends when nobody legitimate question to
else in the company does? which he did not get a
accept X as Boss: Am I sensing legitimate answer, rather
insubordination? I can his question was
true, I will hurt find another employee deflected by a threat of
you. very quickly, thanks to
Craigslist, you know.
force (as being forced
out of his job).

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For example,
"You
need to pass me in this course, since I'll lose my
scholarship if you don't."
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Logical Form:

Everybody is doing X.
Therefore, X must be the right thing to do.
Example #2:
A 2005 Gallup Poll found that an estimated 25% of Americans over the age of 18 believe in astrology—or that the
position of the stars and planets can affect people's lives. That is roughly 75,000,000 people. Therefore, there must
be some truth to astrology!
Explanation: No, the popularity of the belief in astrology is not related to the truthfulness of astrological
claims. Beliefs are often cultural memes that get passed on from person to person based on many factors other than
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truth.
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Logical Form:
Everybody is doing X.
Therefore, X must be the right thing to do.

Example :
A 2005 Gallup Poll found that an estimated 25% of Americans over the age
of 18 believe in astrology—or that the position of the stars and planets can
affect people's lives. That is roughly 75,000,000 people. Therefore, there
must be some truth to astrology!
Explanation: No, the popularity of the belief in astrology is not related to the
truthfulness of astrological claims. Beliefs are often cultural memes that get
passed on from person to person based on many factors other than29/08/2024
truth.
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5. Appeal to tradition

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6. Begging the question

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7. Cause and effect

FAULTY CAUSE AND EFFECT (post hoc, ergo

propter hoc). This fallacy falsely assumes
that one event causes another. Often a
reader will mistake a time connection for a
cause-effect connection.
EXAMPLE:
Every time I wash my car, it rains.
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8. Fallacy of composition

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9.Fallacy of division

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1. CORRESPONDENCE BIAS

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2. CONFIRMATION BIAS

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3. FRAMING BIAS

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4. HINDSIGHT

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5. CONFLICT OF INTEREST

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6. CULTURAL BIAS

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Assessment

 Instructions: Identify the following.

 __________1. Its property can be described as the opposite of falsity.
 __________2. It is the clear awareness and understanding of something.
 __________3. Propositions or statements which are observed to be real or
truthful.
 __________4. A statement that needs to be examined further in order to
establish the truthfulness or falsity of it.

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 __________5. These are series of statements that provide reasons to convince others if
 the statement or belief is truth or opinion.
 __________6. Arguments that may be based on faulty reasoning is called ________.
 __________7. Kind of fallacy that attacks a person presenting the argument rather than
 the argument itself.
 __________8. A fallacy in reasoning known as “circular argument”.
 __________9. A fallacy that assumes that what is true of a part is true for the whole.
 __________10. A bias that focusses on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring
 other aspect.

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