PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET

C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/if1.py
3 is greater
done
-1 a is smaller
Finish
--------------------------------

a=10

if a>9:

print("A is Greater than 9")

Output:

C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/if2.py

A is Greater than 9

Alternative if (If-Else):

An else statement can be combined with an if statement. An else statement contains the
block of code (false block) that executes if the conditional expression in the if statement
resolves to 0 or a FALSE value.

The else statement is an optional statement and there could be at most only one else
Statement following if.

Syntax of if - else :

if test expression:
Body of if stmts
else:
Body of else stmts
If - else Flowchart :

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET

Fig: Operation of if – else statement

Example of if - else:

a=int(input('enter the number'))

if a>5:
print("a is greater")
else:
print("a is smaller than the input given")

Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/ifelse.py
enter the number 2
a is smaller than the input given
----------------------------------------

a=10
b=20
if a>b:
print("A is Greater than B")
else:
print("B is Greater than A")

Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/if2.py
B is Greater than A

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET

Chained Conditional: (If-elif-else):

The elif statement allows us to check multiple expressions for TRUE and execute a
block of code as soon as one of the conditions evaluates to TRUE. Similar to the else,
the elif statement is optional. However, unlike else, for which there can be at most one
statement, there can be an arbitrary number of elif statements following an if.

Syntax of if – elif - else :

If test expression:
Body of if stmts
elif test expression:
Body of elif stmts
else:
Body of else stmts

Flowchart of if – elif - else:

Fig: Operation of if – elif - else statement

Example of if - elif – else:

a=int(input('enter the number'))
b=int(input('enter the number'))
c=int(input('enter the number'))
if a>b:
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
print("a is greater")
elif b>c:
print("b is greater")
else:
print("c is greater")

Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/ifelse.py
enter the number5
enter the number2
enter the number9
a is greater
>>>
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/ifelse.py
enter the number2
enter the number5
enter the number9
c is greater

-----------------------------
var = 100
if var == 200:
print("1 - Got a true expression value")
print(var)
elif var == 150:
print("2 - Got a true expression value")
print(var)
elif var == 100:
print("3 - Got a true expression value")
print(var)
else:
print("4 - Got a false expression value")
print(var)
print("Good bye!")

Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/ifelif.py

3 - Got a true expression value

100

Good bye!
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
Iteration:
A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements multiple times as
long as the condition is true. Repeated execution of a set of statements with the help of loops
is called iteration.
Loops statements are used when we need to run same code again and again, each time with a
different value.

Statements:
In Python Iteration (Loops) statements are of three types:
1. While Loop
2. For Loop
3. Nested For Loops
While loop:

 Loops are either infinite or conditional. Python while loop keeps reiterating a block of
code defined inside it until the desired condition is met.
 The while loop contains a boolean expression and the code inside the loop is
repeatedly executed as long as the boolean expression is true.
 The statements that are executed inside while can be a single line of code or a block of
multiple statements.
Syntax:

while(expression):
Statement(s)

Flowchart:

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
Example Programs:

1. --------------------------------------
i=1
while i<=6:
print("Mrcet college")
i=i+1
output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/wh1.py
Mrcet college
Mrcet college
Mrcet college
Mrcet college
Mrcet college
Mrcet college
2. -----------------------------------------------------
i=1

while i<=3:
print("MRCET",end=" ")
j=1
while j<=1:
print("CSE DEPT",end="")
j=j+1
i=i+1
print()
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/wh2.py

MRCET CSE DEPT

MRCET CSE DEPT

MRCET CSE DEPT

3. --------------------------------------------------

i=1
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
j=1
while i<=3:
print("MRCET",end=" ")

while j<=1:
print("CSE DEPT",end="")
j=j+1
i=i+1
print()
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/wh3.py

MRCET CSE DEPT

MRCET
MRCET

4. ----------------------------------------

i=1
while (i < 10):
print (i)
i = i+1
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/wh4.py
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

2. ---------------------------------------
a=1
b=1
while (a<10):
print ('Iteration',a)
a=a+1
b=b+1

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
if (b == 4):
break
print ('While loop terminated')

Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/wh5.py
Iteration 1
Iteration 2
Iteration 3
While loop terminated
--------------------------
count = 0
while (count < 9):
print("The count is:", count)
count = count + 1
print("Good bye!")

Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/wh.py =
The count is: 0
The count is: 1
The count is: 2
The count is: 3
The count is: 4
The count is: 5
The count is: 6
The count is: 7
The count is: 8
Good bye!

For loop:

Python for loop is used for repeated execution of a group of statements for the desired
number of times. It iterates over the items of lists, tuples, strings, the dictionaries and other
iterable objects

Syntax: for var in sequence:

Statement(s) A sequence of values assigned to var in each iteration
Holds the value of item
in sequence in each iteration

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
Sample Program:

numbers = [1, 2, 4, 6, 11, 20]

seq=0
for val in numbers:
seq=val*val
print(seq)

Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/fr.py
1
4
16
36
121
400

Flowchart:

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
Iterating over a list:

#list of items
list = ['M','R','C','E','T']
i=1

#Iterating over the list

for item in list:
print ('college ',i,' is ',item)
i = i+1

Output:

C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/lis.py
college 1 is M
college 2 is R
college 3 is C
college 4 is E
college 5 is T

Iterating over a Tuple:

tuple = (2,3,5,7)
print ('These are the first four prime numbers ')
#Iterating over the tuple
for a in tuple:
print (a)

Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/fr3.py
These are the first four prime numbers
2
3
5
7

Iterating over a dictionary:

#creating a dictionary
college = {"ces":"block1","it":"block2","ece":"block3"}

#Iterating over the dictionary to print keys

print ('Keys are:')

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
for keys in college:
print (keys)

#Iterating over the dictionary to print values

print ('Values are:')
for blocks in college.values():
print(blocks)

Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/dic.py
Keys are:
ces
it
ece
Values are:
block1
block2
block3

Iterating over a String:

#declare a string to iterate over

college = 'MRCET'

#Iterating over the string

for name in college:
print (name)

Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/strr.py
M
R
C
E
T

Nested For loop:

When one Loop defined within another Loop is called Nested Loops.
Syntax:
for val in sequence:
for val in sequence:
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
statements
statements

# Example 1 of Nested For Loops (Pattern Programs)

for i in range(1,6):
for j in range(0,i):
print(i, end=" ")
print('')
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/nesforr.py
1
22
333
4444
55555
--------------------------

# Example 2 of Nested For Loops (Pattern Programs)

for i in range(1,6):

for j in range(5,i-1,-1):

print(i, end=" ")

print('')

C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/nesforr.py

Output:
11111

2222

333

44

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
Break and continue:

In Python, break and continue statements can alter the flow of a normal loop. Sometimes
we wish to terminate the current iteration or even the whole loop without checking test
expression. The break and continue statements are used in these cases.

Break:

The break statement terminates the loop containing it and control of the program flows to
the statement immediately after the body of the loop. If break statement is inside a nested
loop (loop inside another loop), break will terminate the innermost loop.

Flowchart:

The following shows the working of break statement in for and while loop:

for var in sequence:

# code inside for loop
If condition:
break (if break condition satisfies it jumps to outside loop)
# code inside for loop
# code outside for loop

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
while test expression

# code inside while loop

If condition:
break (if break condition satisfies it jumps to outside loop)
# code inside while loop
# code outside while loop

Example:

for val in "MRCET COLLEGE":

if val == " ":
break
print(val)

print("The end")

Output:
M
R
C
E
T
The end

# Program to display all the elements before number 88

for num in [11, 9, 88, 10, 90, 3, 19]:

print(num)
if(num==88):
print("The number 88 is found")
print("Terminating the loop")
break

Output:
11
9
88
The number 88 is found

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
Terminating the loop

#-------------------------------------
for letter in "Python": # First Example
if letter == "h":
break
print("Current Letter :", letter )

Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/br.py =

Current Letter : P

Current Letter : y

Current Letter : t

Continue:

The continue statement is used to skip the rest of the code inside a loop for the current
iteration only. Loop does not terminate but continues on with the next iteration.

Flowchart:

The following shows the working of break statement in for and while loop:

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
for var in sequence:
# code inside for loop
If condition:
continue (if break condition satisfies it jumps to outside loop)
# code inside for loop
# code outside for loop

while test expression

# code inside while loop

If condition:
continue(if break condition satisfies it jumps to outside loop)
# code inside while loop
# code outside while loop

Example:

# Program to show the use of continue statement inside loops

for val in "string":

if val == "i":
continue
print(val)

print("The end")

Output:

C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/cont.py
s
t
r
n
g
The end

# program to display only odd numbers

for num in [20, 11, 9, 66, 4, 89, 44]:

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
# Skipping the iteration when number is even
if num%2 == 0:
continue
# This statement will be skipped for all even numbers
print(num)

Output:

C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/cont2.py
11
9
89

#------------------
for letter in "Python": # First Example
if letter == "h":
continue
print("Current Letter :", letter)
Output:

C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/con1.py
Current Letter : P
Current Letter : y
Current Letter : t
Current Letter : o
Current Letter : n

Pass:

In Python programming, pass is a null statement. The difference between

a comment and pass statement in Python is that, while the interpreter ignores a comment
entirely, pass is not ignored.
pass is just a placeholder for functionality to be added later.

Example:
sequence = {'p', 'a', 's', 's'}
for val in sequence:
pass

Output:

C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/f1.y.py
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>>>

Similarily we can also write,

def f(arg): pass # a function that does nothing (yet)

class C: pass # a class with no methods (yet)

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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
UNIT – III

FUNCTIONS, ARRAYS

Fruitful functions: return values, parameters, local and global scope, function composition,
recursion; Strings: string slices, immutability, string functions and methods, string module;
Python arrays, Access the Elements of an Array, array methods.

Functions, Arrays:

Fruitful functions:

We write functions that return values, which we will call fruitful functions. We have seen
the return statement before, but in a fruitful function the return statement includes a return
value. This statement means: "Return immediately from this function and use the following
expression as a return value."
(or)

Any function that returns a value is called Fruitful function. A Function that does not return
a value is called a void function

Return values:

The Keyword return is used to return back the value to the called function.

# returns the area of a circle with the given radius:

def area(radius):
temp = 3.14 * radius**2
return temp
print(area(4))

(or)

def area(radius):
return 3.14 * radius**2
print(area(2))

Sometimes it is useful to have multiple return statements, one in each branch of a

conditional:

def absolute_value(x):
if x < 0:
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
return -x
else:
return x

Since these return statements are in an alternative conditional, only one will be executed.

As soon as a return statement executes, the function terminates without executing any
subsequent statements. Code that appears after a return statement, or any other place the
flow of execution can never reach, is called dead code.

In a fruitful function, it is a good idea to ensure that every possible path through the program
hits a return statement. For example:

def absolute_value(x):
if x < 0:
return -x
if x > 0:
return x

This function is incorrect because if x happens to be 0, both conditions is true, and the
function ends without hitting a return statement. If the flow of execution gets to the end of a
function, the return value is None, which is not the absolute value of 0.

>>> print absolute_value(0)

None

By the way, Python provides a built-in function called abs that computes absolute values.

# Write a Python function that takes two lists and returns True if they have at least one
common member.

def common_data(list1, list2):

for x in list1:
for y in list2:
if x == y:
result = True
return result
print(common_data([1,2,3,4,5], [1,2,3,4,5]))
print(common_data([1,2,3,4,5], [1,7,8,9,510]))
print(common_data([1,2,3,4,5], [6,7,8,9,10]))

Output:
C:\Users\MRCET\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python38-32\pyyy\fu1.py
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
True
True
None

#-----------------

def area(radius):

b = 3.14159 * radius**2

return b

Parameters:

Parameters are passed during the definition of function while Arguments are passed during
the function call.

Example:
#here a and b are parameters

def add(a,b): #//function definition

return a+b

#12 and 13 are arguments

#function call
result=add(12,13)
print(result)

Output:

C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/paraarg.py

25

Some examples on functions:

# To display vandemataram by using function use no args no return type

#function defination
def display():
print("vandemataram")
print("i am in main")
57