MODULE 3 TRANSMISSION

OPTICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

CONTENTS

1. optical transmission principles

2. optical terminating equipment
 pdh Fujistu optical line terminating equipment (OLTE)
3. SDH optical terminating equipment
 SDH principles/ FLX 150/600
 OSN 3500
OPTICAL TRANSMISSION PRINCIPLES

Introduction

Fiber optic cables are the medium of choice in telecommunications infrastructure, enabling the
transmission of high-speed voice, video, and data traffic in enterprise and service provider
networks. Depending on the type of application and the reach to be achieved, various types of
fiber may be considered and deployed.

Since 1980s, optical fiber cable is slowing replacing copper cable as the mainstream medium of
transmission in telecommunication network, from undersea submarine network, terrestrial
long-haul, to metro backbone and access network.

Now we are already beginning to see fibers running in the last mile and even into the
subscriber’s home. Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) has become an industrial buzzword. This is an
umbrella term used for emerging access networks that uses optical fiber in the first/last mile.

In transmission we are mainly interested in the long-haul transmission between cities, town, or
even in the metropolitan area. Fiber transmission is far more advanced as compared to open
wire transmission (copper) or even the radio transmission which we discussed in the previous
module.

Before we go into detail with optical transmission systems we need to first of all we need to
study the basics of fiber optic cables.
FIBER OPTIC BASICS

The reason why fiber is becoming dominant in today’s telecommunications systems is because
of the advantages that fiber has over copper or even microwave. Some of the advantages
include:

 High bandwidth for voice, video and data applications

 Optical fiber can carry thousands of times more information than copper wire.
 Fiber is more lightweight than copper.
 Low loss. The higher frequency, the greater the signal loss using copper cabling. With
fiber, the signal loss is the same across frequencies, except at the very highest
frequencies
 Reliability - Fiber is more reliable than copper and has a longer life span
 Secure - Fiber does not emit electromagnetic interference and is difficult to tap

Because of these fiber is now replacing copper and microwave in many applications.

WHAT IS AN OPTICAL FIBER?

An optical fiber is a flexible filament of very clear glass capable of carrying information in the
form of light. Optical fibers are hair-thin structures created by forming pre-forms, which are
glass rods drawn into fine threads of glass protected by a plastic coating.

OPTICAL FIBER CONSTRUCTION

The construction of a fiber optic cable consists of a core, cladding, coating buffer, strength
member and outer jacket. The optic core is the light-carrying element at the center. The core is
usually made up of a combination of silica and Germania.

The cladding surrounding the core is made of pure silica. The cladding has a slightly lower index
of refraction than the core. The lower refractive index causes the light in the core to reflect off
the cladding and stay within the core.
The two main elements of an optical fiber are its core and cladding.

CORE

The “core”, or the axial part of the optical fiber made of silica glass, is the light transmission
area of the fiber. It may sometimes be treated with a “doping” element to change its refractive
index and therefore the velocity of light down the fiber.

 Carries the light signals

 Silica and a dopant to raise index of refraction

CLADDING

The “cladding” is the layer completely surrounding the core. The difference in refractive index
between the core and cladding is less than 0.5 percent. The refractive index of the core is
higher than that of the cladding, so that light in the core strikes the interface with the cladding
at a bouncing angle, gets trapped in the core by total internal reflection, and keeps traveling in
the proper direction down the length of the fiber to its destination. In brief the cladding:

 Surrounds the core



PLASTIC COATING

 Protects the glass

 Gives fiber flexibility

Surrounding the cladding is usually another layer, called a “coating,” which typically consists of
protective polymer layers applied during the fiber drawing process, before the fiber contacts
any surface. “Buffers” are further protective layers applied on top of the coating.
The other components such as buffer jacket, strength member,

LIGHT RAY PROPAGATION THROUGH AN OPTIC FIBER

Optical fiber is a very thin strand of pure glass, which acts as a waveguide for light over long
distances. It uses a principal known as “Total Internal Reflection”.

When light tries to pass between two different media, Rays are refracted, absorbed or reflected
on an optical interface. Rays that enter the interface at a critical angle undergo total internal
reflection. In fiber, rays entering at the critical angle bounce back and forth along the fiber as
shown below.

OPTIC FIBER TYPES

There are two main types of fiber optic cables namely

1. Single-mode fiber (SMF)

2. Multi-mode fiber (MMF)

The SMF has a very narrow core typically 8-10microns which allows only a single mode of light
to propagate whereas MMF have a wider core typically 50-62.5microns, this allows multiple
modes (or rays of light to propagate).
SINGLE MODE VS MULTI MODE

Single-mode Multi-mode

Small core (8-10μm) Large core (50 & 62.5 μm)

Carries only one mode Carries many modes
Generally inexpensive Generally expensive
Difficult to couple light & connectorise Easy to couple light & connectorise
Uses expensive lasers (e.g. DFB lasers) Uses inexpensive lasers (VCELS) and LEDs
Carries larger bandwidth Carries lower bandwidth
Signal quality high Signal quality low
Long distance transmission Short distance transmission

OPTIC FIBER SPLICING and connectors

Splicing and use of connectors plays a critical role both in the cost of installation an in system
performance. The object of splicing and use of connectors is to precisely match the core of one
fiber to another in order to produce a smooth junction through optical fiber without alteration
or interruption.

There are two ways that fibers are joined:

 splices, which form permanent connections between fibers in the system

 connectors, which provide removable connections, typically at termination points

SPLICING

Two optical fiber splicing methods are available for permanent joining of two optical fibers.
Both methods provide much lower insertion loss compared to fiber connectors.
  Fiber optic cable fusion splicing – Insertion loss < 0.1dB
 Fiber mechanical splicing – Insertion loss < 0.5dB

Fusion splicing

Fiber optic cable fusion splicing provides the lowest-loss connection. Special equipment called
fusion splicer is used to perform the fiber fusion splicing. The fusion splicer performs optical
fiber fusion splicing in two steps.

 Precisely align the two fibers

 Generate a small electric arc to melt the fibers and weld them together

Fusion splicing Procedure

1. Strip fiber cable jacket. Strip back about 3 meters of fiber cable jacket to expose the
fiber loose tubes or tight buffered fibers. Use cable rip cord to cut through the fiber
jacket. Then carefully peel back the jacket and expose the insides. Cut off the excess
jacket. Clean off all cable gel with cable gel remover. Separate the fiber loose tubes and
buffers by carefully cutting away any yarn or sheath. Leave enough of the strength
member to properly secure the cable in the splice enclose.
2. Strip fiber tubes. For a loose tube fiber cable, strip away about 2 meters of fiber tube
using a buffer tube stripper and expose the individual fibers.
3. Clean cable gel. Carefully clean all fibers in the loose tube of any filling gel with cable gel
remover.
4. Secure cable tubes. Secure the end of the loose tube to the splice tray and lay out
cleaned and separated fibers on the table. Strip and clean the other cable tube’s fiber
that is to be spliced, and secure to the splice tray.
5. Strip first splicing fiber. Hold the first splicing fiber and remove the 250um fiber coating
to expose 5cm of 125um bare fiber cladding with fiber coating stripper tool. For tight
buffered fibers, remove 5cm of 900um tight buffer first with a buffer stripping tool, and
then remove the 5cm of 250um coating.
6. Place the fusion splice protection sleeve. Put a fusion splice protection sleeve onto the
fiber being spliced.
7. Clean the bare fiber. Carefully clean the stripped bare fiber with lint-free wipes soaked
in isopropyl alcohol. After cleaning, prevent the fiber from touching anything.
8. Fiber cleaving. With a high precision fiber cleaver, cleave the fiber to a specified length
according to your fusion splicer’s manual.
9. Prepare second fiber being spliced. Strip, clean and cleave the other fiber to be spliced.
10. Fusion splicing. Place both fibers in the fusion splicer and do the fusion splice according
to its manual.
 11. Heat shrinks the fusion splice protection sleeve. Slide the fusion splice protection sleeve
on the joint and put it into the heat shrink oven, and press the heat button.
12. Place splice into splice tray. Carefully place the finished splice into the splice tray and
loop excess fiber around its guides. Ensure that the fiber’s minimum bending radius is
not compromised.
13. Perform OTDR test. Perform an OTDR test of the splice and redo the splice if necessary.
14. Close the splice tray. After all fibers have been spliced, carefully close the splice tray and
place it into the splice enclosure.
15. Bidirectional OTDR test (or power meter test). Test the splices with an OTDR or power
meter from both directions.
16. Mount the splice enclosure. Close and mount the splice enclosure if all splices meet the
specifications

Mechanical splicing

Fiber optic cable mechanical splicing is an alternate splicing technique which does not require a
fusion splicer. Mechanical splicing uses a small, mechanical splice, about 6cm long and 1cm in
diameter that permanently joins the two optical fibers.

A mechanical splice is a small fiber connector that precisely aligns two bare fibers and then
secures them mechanically. A snap-type cover, an adhesive cover, or both, are used to
permanently fasten the splice.

Fiber optic cable mechanical splices are small, quite easy to use, and are very handy for either
quick repairs or permanent installations. They are available in permanent and reenterable
types.

Fiber optic cable mechanical splices are available for single mode or multimode fibers. Their
connection losses are usually less than 0.5dB which is much bigger than a 0.1dB fusion splice.

OPTICAL TERMINATING EQUIPMENT

Important components in any optical system includes

 MUX/DEMUX
 Light source
  Light detectors
 Optical ADM
 Optical amplifiers

MUX AND DEMUX

To be discussed in detail (Fujistu type).

LIGHT SOURCES

There are three main light sources used in opticalcommunication transmitters

1. Light Emitting Diode (LED)

 Low modulation speed

 Incoherent output light
 Very large spectral width (~50nm)
2. Vertical-Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL)

 Medium modulation speed

 Coherent output
 Medium spectral width (~4nm)
3. Lasers – e.g Distributed Feed Back (DFB)
  Very high modulation possible
 Very coherent light source
 Very narrow spectral width (~0.1nm)

PHOTO DETECTORS

Photo detectors are based on the photo-electric effect. Light can be regarded as photons, each
with energy ℏυ - ℏ being the Plank’s constant and υ is the frequency

When light falls on a photo diode, the photon energy frees electrons resulting in an electric
current if an appropriate circuit is connected

OADM
An OADM extracts a wavelength and drops it to deliver data at a location. As an option, the
same wavelength with data from the location can be added to the network.

OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS

Typical fibers have attenuation of ~0.2dB/km, after 100km the attenuation is 20dB. Too high
attenuation results in unacceptable BER (Bit Error Ratio).

Regeneration of the signal i.e. modulates a laser and recreate a strong replica of the signal can
be done even though it requires more expensive equipment. Optical amplifiers are a more cost
effective approach to boosting the power of the weakened signal.

FUJISTU OLTE

The Fujistu OLTE equipment is divided into three main sections

1. PDH MUX
 PCM30 MUX (30 channels to give 2MB/s output)
 H MUX A (16 X 2MB/s to give 34MB/s output)
 H MUX B (4 X 34MB/s to give 140MB/s output)
2. Optical block
 Converts the 140MB/s electrical to light
 Performs the Automatic Protection Switching (APS)
3. Equipment Supervisory Block
The table below shows the specifications and bit rates for the multiplex and optical equipment

EQUIPMENT TRIBUTARY INPUT N MULTIPLEX OUTPUT

BIT RATE SIGNAL TYPE TIMES BIT RATE SIGNAL TYPE
PCM 30 MUX 64kbps Analog v.f. 30 2.048Mbps HDB-3 elect
M13 MUX 2.048Mbps HDB-3 elect 16 34.368Mbps HDB-3 elect
M34 MUX 34.368Mbps HDB-3 elect 4 139.264Mbps CMI elect
34M OLTE 34.368Mbps HDB-3 elect 1 41.242Mbps opt
140M OLTE 139.264Mbps CMI elect 1 167.117Mbps opt

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

System configuration of the FUJISTU equipment is shown by the table and diagram above. The
multiplex equipment mixes up N tributary inputs of voice analog signal/ lower bit-rate digital
signals into one signal output of N times to produce a higher order signal. Synchronization is
done by pulse stuffing. The optical transmission system 34Mbps converts HDB-3 electrical signal
of 34.368Mbps bit rate into 5B6B NRZ optical signal of 41.242Mbps bit-rate.

The optical transmission system 140Mbps converts CMI electrical signal of 139.264Mbps bit-
rate into optical signal of 167.117Mbps bit rate.
The channel plan is decided by PCM multiplex system and 2M digital line from Digital PBX. As
the diagram shows, individual digital distribution frames (DDF) are used for terminating coaxial
cables from multiplexes.

In Figures, one actual line between multiplexer and DDF indicated a pair of the coaxial cables
(transmit and receive lines).

FUJISTU PDH MUX

1. PCM30 MUX BLOCK

The PCM-30 Multiplex Block converts 30- channels of voice signals and signaling information
into CEPT system primary group (2048 kb/s) PCM signals.

The line interfaces, voice characteristics, and equipment functions conform to CCITT
Recommendation as follows:

 Line Interface CCITT Rec. G.703

 Pulse Code Modulation of Voice Frequency CCITT Rec. G.711.
 Performance Characteristics of PCM Channel at Audio Frequencies CCITT Rec.G71 21713
 Characteristics of Primary PCM Multiplex Equipment CCITT Rec. G.732

The table below shows the main component list for the PCM30 block.
PCM-30 Primary Multiplex Equipment consists of PCM-30 MUX block and E-SV block. In this
section we are going to consider some units individually.
4WIRE E AND M UNIT (4WE&M)

This unit is used to carry various calls such as local, toll, special number, and ring down between
both telephone exchanges through the PCM system, by the E&M signaling system. This circuit
adopts the software control using a microprocessor to control the line signal from/to telephone
exchange, and can transmit various calls by this control without changing the hardware.

FUNCTION

The 4W E&M unit has the following functions:

1. One way interfacing with telephone exchange

2. Receiving various signals by open and ground potentials on M-Lead
3. Sending various signals by open and ground potentials from E-Lead
4. Control of line signal by the software control using a microprocessor
5. Use of electronic relay for E-Lead
6. Sending and receiving voice frequency signals
7. Encoding and decoding voice frequency signals
8. Monitoring pin
9. Busy lamp

Each 4WE&M carries six channels, hence 5 units are required to carry 30 channels and produce
a PCM30 signal. The voice lines interface with input and output of the exchange as 4W 600
ohms balanced circuits. This signal is level adjusted then it is band-limited through 0.3 to 3.4kHz
BPF, and is sampled with 8kHz by Coder to be converted to 8 bit PCM signals synchronized with
2,048kb/s main clocks.

The M lead of signaling is given from the exchange side as ON (ground) or OFF (open) signal and
the 0/1 signal is input to data selector port.

These signaling signals, similarly with voice circuit signals, are transmitted to the SIG MUX part
in MUX· unit through TS 16 INF as 30 channel PCM signaling signals.

The signaling data sent from the remote station is input from the SIG 0 MUX part through TS 16
INF. This information makes the E lead of the exchange side turn ON (ground) or OFF (open).

BUSY LAMPS

MUX UNIT
2. H-MUX A BLOCK

The main function of H MUX A block is to combine 16 E1 signals to come up with a 34Mbps
signal which will be sent to H MUX B for further higher order multiplexing. The main units which
we are going to discuss are

1. M12CH unit
2. M23MD unit
3. MUX CONT unit
4. M23MD & CONT unit

Note that M12 and M23 perform skip multiplexing (the 8Mbps signal cannot be accessed). The
function of M12 combined withM23 results to the two multiplexing stage being called M13 (it
multiplexes 16 first order signals to 1 third order signal 34Mbps).

The M13 MUX equipment consists of the M12CH, multiplex control (MUX CONT), M23 MD,
M23 MD&CONT and, multiplex power A (MUX PWR A) units.

M12 CHANNEL UNIT

The M12 CH unit multiplexes four primary (first) order digital signals (D1 = 2048kbps) to one
secondary (second) order digital signal (D2 = 8448kbps), and also demultiplexes one secondary
order signal to four primary order signals.

The unit has the following features:

 The electrical signal interface conforms to CCITT Rec. G703.

 The principal characteristics of multiplexing and de multiplexing conform to CCITT Rec.
G742.
 Multiplexing: The unit uses cyclic bit interleaving technique for tributary numbering
order and positive justification technique.
 Coding: For bit sequence independence, HDB-3 codes are applied for the primary and
second order signals.
 Local loopback (LLB): D2(8.448Mb/s) output signal is looped back to the receiving
circuit.
 Remote loopback (RLB): Under control of the local equipment, a tributary output signal
(D1) of the remote M 12 CH is looped back to the sending circuit.
 In-service monitoring.
  Provisioning function: By accessing from the maintenance potable terminal (MPT),
required setting conditions can be set to operate the equipment.

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION

The M12 MUX unit consists of multiplex, demultiplex, PLL, bipolar to unipolar (B/U) converter,
and unipolar to bipolar converter (U/B) for the D1 signals, RLB, LLB, and oscillator circuits.

The diagram above shows the block diagram of the M12MUX unit. The unit functions as
described in the following paragraphs.
Multiplexing

1. The M23 MD unit oscillator supplies a clock (8448kbps) from M23 MD unit to the
multiplex section.
2. The B/U converts a bipolar signal to unipolar signal and also extracts a timing clock from
coming D1 signal.
3. Positive and negative data and the timing clock signals are separately sent to the MUX
LSI.
4. The data (HDB-3) is converted to NRZ signal. The MUX circuit with memory multiplexes
the data synchronizing with the receiving clock (R CLK).
5. In case of remote loopback operation, the RLB returns a demultiplexed signal to the
MUX circuit.

Demultiplexing

1. Positive and negative data and the timing clock signals are separately received from
M23 MD unit the MUX LSI.
2. In case of local loopback operation, the LLB returns a multiplexed signal (DATA S) to the
D MUX circuit.
3. The D MUX demultiplexes the D2 signal (DATA R) synchronizing a frame alignment signal
in the send data (DATA S). The received stuffing control bits controls the coming bits
stream. The D MUX also detects alarms, FA, ERR, AIS, and RMT, then sends to the MUX
CO NT unit.
4. In this demultiplex section, a PLL adjusts phase of the received clock.
5. The U/B converts the unipolar signal, which is encoded to HDB-3 code in the D MUX, to
a bipolar signal (D1).
6. The U/B sends out the D1 signal to lower multiplex equipment (PCM-30).

Error Monitoring

This unit detects error pulses (EP) generated in itself and sends them to the MUX CONT unit to
activate the related light emitting diode (LED).

AIS Signal

This unit generates an alarm indication signal in the following cases:

 When a coming 2Mbps signal is lost (SIN DWN), the unit sends out the AIS on the higher
order (8Mbps) bit stream.
 When a coming 8Mbps signal is lost (RIN DWN), the unit sends out the AIS on all lower
order (2Mbps) bit streams.
Loopback

It is possible to loopback a signal locally and remotely. The loop back can be performed by the
MPT operation. Below are the two types of loopbacks that can be performed by this multiplex
equipment.

1. Local loopback: An output higher order signal (8Mbps) is directly returned to the
receiving circuit.
2. Remote loopback: Under control of the local equipment, a received lower order signal
(2Mbps) in the remote M12 CH is returned to the sending circuit.

FRONT VIEW DESCRIPTION

Figure below shows front view of the M 12 CH unit.

The unit has two light emitting diodes (LED), five jacks, and two pair-terminals in the front
section. Each of them is described in the following paragraphs.

ALM LED – When a failure occurs in the unit, this LED lights red.

SYS MAINT LED – When the unit is in a loopback status, this LED lights green.

D2 OUT/IN jacks – These are used to monitor the sending and receiving D2 signals.

D1 IN/OUT (1 to 4) jacks – These are used to monitor the sending and receiving Dl signals.

ERR MON (T) and (SG) terminals – These are used to monitor an error rate

M23 MD UNIT

This manual describes functions and uses of the M23 muldex (M23MD) unit of M13 MUX
equipment installed in the H-MUX A block.
The M23MO unit multiplexes four secondary order digital signals (D2 = 8448kbps) to one third
order digital signal (D3 = 34368kbps), and also demultiplexes one third order signal to four
secondary order signals. The unit has the following features:

 The electrical signal interface conforms to CCITT Rec. G703.

 The principal characteristics of multiplexing and demultiplexing conform to CCITT
Rec.G751.
 Multiplexing: The unit uses cyclic bit interleaving technique for tributary numbering
order and positive justification technique.
 Coding: For bit sequence independence, HDB-3 codes are applied to the primary and
second order signals.
 Local loopback (LLB): D3 output signal is looped back to the receiving circuit.
 Remote loopback (RLB): Under control of the local equipment a tributary output signal
(D2) of the remote M23MD is looped back to the sending circuit.
 In-service monitor: Monitoring.
 Provisioning function: By accessing from the maintenance potable terminal (MPT),
required setting conditions can be set to operate the equipment.

The M23MD unit consists of multiplex, demultiplex, PLL, bipolar to unipolar (B/U) converter and
unipolar to bipolar (U/B) converter for the D2 signals, bipolar to unipolar (B/U) converter and
unipolar to bipolar (U/B) converter for the D3 signals, RLB, LLB, and oscillator circuits.

Multiplexing

1. The internal oscillator supplies a clock (34368kbps) to the multiplex section.

2. Positive and negative data and the timing clock are separately sent to the MUX LSI.
3. The MUX circuit with memory multiplexes the data synchronizing the receiving clock (R
CLK).
4. The U/B (D3) encodes the multiplexed signal to the HDB-3 code, converts the unipolar
signal to a bipolar signal, and then outputs it as the D3 signal.

Demultiplexing

1. The B/U (D3) extracts a clock used in the demultiplex section from coming D3 signal.
2. Positive and negative data and the timing clock are separately sent to the MUX LSI.
3. In case of local loopback operation, the LLB returns a multiplexed signal (DATA S) to the
D MUX circuit.
4. The D MUX demultiplexes the D3 signal (DATA R) synchronizing a frame alignment signal
in the send data (DATA S). The received stuffing control bits controls the coming bits
 stream. The 0 MUX also detects alarms, FA, ERR, AIS, and RMT, then sends to the MUX
CONT unit.

Error Monitoring

The unit detects error pulses (EP) generated in itself and sends them to the MUX CONT unit to
light the related light emitting diode (LED).

AIS signal

The unit generates an alarm indication signal (AIS) in the following cases:

 When a coming 8Mbps signal is lost (SIN DWN), the unit sends out the AIS on the higher
order (34Mbps) bit stream.
 When a coming 34Mbps signal is lost (RIN DWN) , the unit sends out the AIS on all lower
order (8Mbps) bit streams M23MD unit

Loopback

It is possible to loop back a signal locally and remotely. The loopback is available by the MPT
operation.

 Local loopback: All output higher order signal (34Mbps) is directly returned to the
receiving circuit.
 Remote loopback: Under control of the local equipment, a received lower order signal
(8Mbps) in the remote M23MD is returned to the sending circuit.

MUX CONT UNIT

The MUX CONT unit functions as a gear of alarm and status processing. The MUX CONT unit is
applied in common for the higher order MUX blocks; M12, M23 and M34 MUXs.

The unit has the following features:

 The unit processes alarm and status data from each unit.
 LEDs corresponding to the collected alarm and status data light red or yellow. The unit
has also a seven-segment LED to display the mounting location of a selected unit.
 For each equipment system the unit outputs major (MAJ) and minor (MIN) alarms by
transistor circuits.
 Sending the collected data to the equipment supervisory (E-SV) block.
 Controls loopback operation in each channel.
  Transfers control data; alarm test and loopback control data, from the E-SV.

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION

The MUX CONT unit consists of main CPU, MAJ and MIN alarm controllers with interfaces, I/O
controller, and E-SV interface circuits.

The CPU administrates collection, processing, and display of the alarm and status data from all
units of the H-MUX block.

The MAJ and MIN alarm controllers interfaces to each MUX unit and process the collected data
under the control of the CPU. The controllers and CPU are connected by BUS.

The E-SV interface circuit transfers the collected data from the CPU to the E-SV block and also
receives control signals from it. The I/O controller controls to light relating to the alarm and
status data, outputs MAJ and MIN alarm signals and transfers control signals, and alarm test to
MUX units. The controller also receives the faulty PWR signal, then acts as same above.

Front view description

The unit has eight light emitting diodes (LED), one seven-segment LED, and one STEP SW in the
front section. Each of them is described in the following paragraphs.

1. SA LED. Service alarm: It means that a line does not operate correctly, i.e. line
interruption of prompt alarms (PRO), AIS, and RMT alarms are issued.
2. PRO LED. Prompt maintenance alarm: The LED lights red when the MUX CONT detects a
service affecting status, SIN OWN, RIN OWN, SOUT OWN, ROUT OWN, FA, and ERR MAJ.
3. DEF LED. Deferred maintenance alarm: The LED lights yellow when the MUX CONT
detects a non-service affecting status, ERR MIN.
4. ERR LED. Error: A failure relates very often to cable characteristics deterioration. When
the error is issued on a line, the LED light red.
5. AIS LED. Alarm indication signal: A signal that replaces the normal traffic signal when a
maintenance alarm indication has been activated. Since the equipment system is in the
system affecting status, the SA is generated.
6. RMl LED. Remote alarm: When a failure occurs in the opposite equipment, this alarm is
sent to local station. This is processed as a minor alarm (MIN). When the MUX CONT has
received the RMT, it lights the SA LED.
7. UPR LED. The current indication is for upper units installed in the block.
8. LWR LED. The current indication is for lower units installed in the block.
9. UNIT NO. LED. This is a seven-segment LED that indicates a slot number of the selected
unit installed in the block.
 10. STEP SW. The pushbutton is used to select a unit in order to check an alarm status in the
MUX block.

M23 MD & CONT UNIT

This unit has the same function as, M23MD unit and MUX CONT unit. The M23MD section
multiplexes four secondary order digital signals (D2 8,448kbps) to one third order digital signal
(D3 = 34,368kbps), and also demultiplexes one third order signal to four secondary order
Signals. The unit has the following features:

 The electrical signal interface conforms to CCITT Rec. G.703.

 The principal characteristics of multiplexing and demultiplexing conform to CCITT Rec.
G.751.
 Multiplexing: The unit uses cyclic bit interleaving technique tor tributary numbering
order and positive justification technique.
 Coding: For bit sequence independence HDB-3 codes are applied to the primary and
second order signals.
 Local loop back (LLB): D3 output signal is looped back to the receiving circuit.
 Remote loopback (RLB): Under control of the local equipment, a tributary output signal
(D2) of the remote M23MD is looped back to the sending circuit.
 In-service monitor: Monitoring transmission code error in service.
 Provisioning function: By accessing from the maintenance potable terminal (MPT),
required setting conditions can be set to operate the equipment.

3. H MUX B BLOCK

This section describes functions and major specifications of the fourth order multiplex
(M34MUX) equipment in digital transmission system.

The M34 MUX is equipment in the CEPT hierarchical digital transmission system, which four
third order digital signals are converted to one fourth order digital signal, and vice versa. The
electrical signal interface conforms to CCITT Rec. G703, and the principal characteristics of
multiplexing and demultiplexing conform to CCITT Rec. G751.

Basic performance

The M34 MUX block is provided with the following features for the ease of the maintenance
and the monitor control.

 Local loopback: 140Mb/s output signal is looped back to the receiving circuit.
 Remote loopback: in control of the opposite equipment, a tributary output signal
(34Mb/s) of the remote M34 MUX is looped back to the sending circuit.
 In-service monitor: Monitoring transmission code-error in service.
 Provisioning functions: By accessing from the MPT, required setting conditions are set to
operate the equipment.

When fully equipped, an equipment block consists of:

1. two M34 - MUX units,

2. one MUX CONT unit,
3. one MUX PWR B unit.

Four third order group digital signals (34,368kb/s) to one fourth order group of digital signal in
the M34 MUX equipment according to the frame structure of CCITT Rec. G. 751 vice versa.

The MUX PWR B unit supplies required powers which are converted from -48V source power to
the M34 MUX and MUX CONT units.

The M34 MUX has local loopback-and remote loopback functions. For the local loopback, the
04 output signal is looped back to the D4 input circuit. For the remote loopback, the opposite
equipment controls the remote loopback circuit in the local equipment to loop back the D3
output signal to the D3 input circuit.

The MUX CONT collects the alarm and status information of the M34 MUX block to transfer to
the E-SV block and conversely receives control signals; ALM TST, MPT commands, from the E-
SV.
4. 140Mbps OLTE BLOCK

This section describes functions and specifications of 140Mbps Optical Line Terminal (140M
OLTE) with Automatic Protection Switch (APS) facilities Block for the 140Mbps fiber optic
transmission system. The equipment consists of:

 140Mbps optical line terminal unit (140M OL TU)

 optical control (OPT CONT) unit
 overhead bits (OHB) unit
 power unit for optical equipment (OPT PWR) unit
 through (THR) unit
 140Mbps expandable automatic protection switch (140M APS-E) unit
 automatic protection switch control (APS CONT) unit
 140Mbps simplified automatic protection switch (140M APS-S) unit.

Equipment Concept

In the 140M OL TE, a 139.264Mb/s signal is converted to an optical signal, and vice versa. The
electrical interface at 139.264Mb/s conforms to CCITT Rec. G.703.

Basic performance

140M OLTE functions as a terminal repeater equipment with line switching facilities. The 140M
OLTE converts a 167.117Mb/s NRZ signal, which is generated after 5B6B conversion of a fourth
order digital signal (139 .264Mb/s) in the CEPT hierarchy system, to an optical signal to transmit
on an optical fiber cable.

The OL TE also converts a received optical signal to a 139.264Mb/s signal. For a relief measure
of a faulty optical transmission system, the block provides the APS facilities, APS-S unit for APS-
E units .

The APS-S unit is applied for setting up the exclusive 1: 1 APS system which has 1 protection
(standby) line associated with 1 working line.

The APS-E units involve APS-E1 unit with APS CONT unit and APS-E2 unit used in combination
with the APS-E1 unit and also are applied for setting up the 1:n (n 5) APS system which
consists of 1 protection line and n working lines.

The 140M OLTE block has the following features:

 One block can assemble up to two system of 140M OLTE.

  When an optical power is interrupted in the link, the 140M OLTE shuts off the optical
output.
 Major OLTE circuits are constructed on one PC board of the 140M OLTU.
 It is possible to monitor performance.
 The block is applicable for APS system configuration.
 The system without APS system is configured by THR unit.
 Non-expandable 1: 1 APS system is configured by APS-S unit.
 1:n APS system is configured by APS-E1 unit and APS-E2 unit.
 It is possible to set up maximum 1:5 APS system in one standard rack
 APS CONT unit administrates APS-E1 and APS-E2 under the control of OL TE.
 Each of the APS-E 1 and APS-E2 units contains two systems of switching circuits
(SYS1 and SYS2).
 MPT is accessible to the APS-E.

OPT PWR unit

The unit receives the station power from bay-top power terminals and converts it to ± 5.2V is
used to each unit in the block end the -8V and + 50V are used to 140M OLTU unit only.

140M OLTU

The 140M OLTU consists of the following sections;

 C/U converter: This section converts a coming CMI signal to a unipolar signal.
 5B6B code converter: The sending section converts the unipolar signal to 5B6B code
signal at 167Mb/s, and adds overhead bits, LINK MON and SV/OW signals from the OHB
unit, to the coded 5B6B signal frame.
 The receiving section converts the 5B6B signal to the original unipolar signal and
separates the overhead bits from it.
 OS section: This section converts the 5B6B signal to an optical signal.

When the OR section detects that a receiving signal is lost, the OS shuts off the sending optical
signal.

 OR section: This section converts a receiving optical signal from a optic fiber cable to the
5B6B NRZ signal.
 U/C converter: This section converts the unipolar signal from the 5B6B code converter
to the original CMI signal
OPT CONT unit

The unit functions as a controller in the block. It collects information of alarms generated in the
block, displays it, and transfers it to the ES-V block.

OHB unit

The unit functions as an interface, between the 140M OLTU and externals. It sends out
overhead bits separated from a main frame to externals, and also receives the overhead bits to
add the main frame from them.

THR unit

The unit locates between the 140M OLTU and the M34 MUX equipment, and directly connects
with printed pattern between them. A fourth order digital signal passes through the unit. When
a redundancy optical system (1 : n) is planned, an 140M APS-E unit ,must be installed at the
same location replacing the THR unit.

140M APS-S unit

OLTE block involves this unit to set up optical system with the exclusive 1: 1 APS system. The
line switching is operated by receiving the switch trigger signal (SW TRG 1,2) from OL TU unit in
the state of AUTO mode and sending the control signal to the switching part of the receiving
side. In this case, SW TRG2 issued in the minor (MIN) alarm status can be inhibited by a setting
switch on the unit.
In manual (MAN) mode, line switching or restoration is operated by receiving the manual
control signal (C-MAN) from the OPT CONT unit. When switching is operated, main signal is
switched to the standby line.

140M APS-E1 unit

This unit has maximum 1:5 (up to 5 working lines compared to 1 standby line) switching
functions which switch the working line to the standby line in combination with 140M APS-E2
unit. In this unit, sealed type high frequency relays switch both the sending and receiving
circuits at the same time.

Normally, all “1” Signals from dummy generator (D.G.) are output to the standby line and, by
changing the setting; it is available for transmitting a low priority signal. After receiving line
selecting signals (PTCT SEL, WK n SEL) and later switching drive signal (DRV) from APS CONT
unit, the unit activates switching circuits. Similarly, restoration is operated by receiving the line
selecting signals (PTCT SEL, WK n SEL) and later the restoration signal (RST) from APS CONT unit.

140M APS-E2 unit

OLTE block involves this unit to expand 1:1 APS system to 1:n (2 n 5) APS system in
combination with 140M APS-E 1 unit. This unit provides switching circuits for two working lines
and is applied only for exclusive working systems. When a failure occurs in a working optical
system connected to this unit, the unit switches main signal for the faulty system to the
protection system of the 140M APS-E1 unit. Both the switching operations of sending and
receiving circuits are done at the same time. This unit also provides two modes of the switching
operations which are done under the control of the APS CONT and forcedly by pressing a push
button switch on front of the unit.

The unit indicates switching status with LED lit on the front and also transfers the status signal
to the APS CONT unit.

APS CONT unit

This unit administrates 1: n (n 5) switching system which operates switching and restoration
between the working and standby lines. When the control status is in AUTO mode, this unit
receives the switch trigger signal (SW TRG) sent from OLTU of the system where a failure occurs
and switch drive part transmits the drive control signal (DRV) and line selecting signal (SEL) to
140M APS-E1 unit. Furthermore, the unit sends the switching information to the remote station
via the OHB unit and indicates switching status.

When the control status is in MAN mode, the unit receives tile control signal (C-MAN) from
MPT. Then the unit sends the switching or restoration Signal (DRV, RES) and line selecting signal
to 140M APS-E1 or -E2 unit, and at the same time, sends switching information to the OHB unit.
In this case, the unit indicates the switching status.
SDH EQUIPMENT

This section will explain the basic configuration and equipment set up for the Fujistu
FLX150/600 equipment. Student should take note that while some components vary from
different vendors, the principle of most SDH equipment remains the same.

SDH NETWORK CONFIGURATIONS

Types of network configurations supported by SDH equipment include the following

 Point-to-point network
 Linear network
 Hubbing network
 Ring network (2-fiber)
 Meshed network

Point-to-Point Network

Figure below shows a point-to-point network configuration. The FLX 150/600 is used as a
terminal multiplexer (TRM) in this network. A 1 + 1 protection configuration is optionally
available.

Linear network

Figure below shows a linear network configuration. This network inserts intermediate stations
having the add/drop and regeneration functions to the point-to-point network. In this network,
the FLX I 50/600 is used as a terminal multiplexer (TRM) at each end of the network. It is used
as an add/drop multiplexer (ADM) and also a regenerator (REG) between the terminals. A 1 + 1
protection configuration is optionally available.
Hubbing network

Figure below shows a hubbing network configuration. This network is used to transmit signals
from one station (hub station) to multiple stations. In this network, the FLX150/600 is used as a
terminal multiplexer (TRM) or add/drop multiplexer (ADM) in the hub station. A 1 + 1
protection configuration is optionally available.

Ring Network

Figure below shows a ring network configuration. This network consists of stations connected
in a closed loop. In this network, the FLX 150/600 is used as an add/drop multiplexer (ADM).
This network can use the VC path protection function to protect traffic.
Meshed network

Figure below shows a meshed network configuration. This network consists of stations each
connected to multiple lines, thus enabling construction of multiple line configurations. In this
network, the FLXI50/600 is used as an add/drop multiplexer (ADM) having the cross-connect
function. A 1 + 1 protection configuration is optionally available.
SYNCRONIZATION

The synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) network requires all network elements (NEs) to
synchronize with a high-precision, highly-stable clock source. The following two synchronization
modes are available to meet this requirement:

Independent synchronization mode

In this mode, each NE synchronizes with the high-precision, highly-stable clock source installed
in each station. Figure below shows the network configuration.

Dependent synchronization mode

In this mode, the high-precision, highly-stable clock source installed in one station is
transmitted through the optical line signal to other stations. The NE in each station
synchronizes with the clock extracted from the optical line signal. Figure below shows the
network configuration.
Synchronization Functions

The FLX150/600 has the following synchronization functions:

Synchronization source

The FLX150/600 can extract synchronization timing signals from the following sources:

 2.048 Mb/s tributary inputs (CH1 , 4, and 7)

 STM-N tributary inputs (all channels)
 STM-N aggregate inputs (all channels)
 2.048 Mb/s external input (two channels)
 2.048 MHz external input (two channels)
 Internal oscillator

However, when the FLX 150/600 is used as a regenerator, it extracts the synchronization signal
only from the STM-N aggregate signal.

Synchronization output

The FLX 150/600 can output the following two types of clock signal to the outside:

 Equipment clock (EC)

 Line clock (LC)

The EC synchronizes with the equipment clock (EC) in the FLX 150/600. It is used as the clock
source for other equipment installed in the station.

The LC synchronizes with the STM-N signal received by the FLX150/600. It is used as the clock
source for the synchronizing signal supply unit installed in the station.

Synchronization source selection

The FLX 150/600 has the function to select the synchronization source for synchronization of
itself. It supports two selection modes depending on the timing sources used.

1. Mode 1
In mode 1, up-to three synchronization source signals are selected from all those listed
in synchronization sources and assigned priority. Of these source signals, the one with
the highest quality is automatically used.
 2. Mode 2
In mode 2, up-to three synchronization source signals are selected from only STM-N
source signals in those listed in synchronization sources and assigned priority. Of these
source signals, the one with the highest quality is automatically used.

Synchronization source switching

The FLXl50/600 supports the following two synchronization input signal switching modes:

a. Auto mode
If the quality of the source signal used in auto mode is deteriorated, a quality check is
made on the other sources in descending order of priority. The deteriorated source
signal is automatically switched to the one with the highest quality. The synchronization
source signal is switched if the following faults occur:
 STM-N signal: Loss of signal (LOS), loss of frame (LOF), multiplex section alarm
indication signal (MS-A1S), section trace mismatch, or short term error
performance (STEP) 1B2 major (error rate of 10-3 or more). Either STEP or B2
major can be selected
 2.048 Mb/s signal: Loss of tributary signal (LOT), frame alignment loss (FAL), or
alarm indication signal (AIS)
 2.048 MHz signal: LOS
 If all source signals fail and no other alternate source signals are left, a signal at the
frequency of the source signal used last by the equipment is used as the source
signal (hold-over).

When the FLX 150/600 is used as a regenerator (REG), the source is switched to the
internal oscillator.

b. Manual mode
In manual mode, the source can be switched by an instruction from the operator. Note
that this function is available when the source to be used is not faulty. If the destination
source fails in manual mode, the mode is released and the source is switched in auto
mode.

Cross-Connection

The FLX150/600 has the following path cross-connect functions:

 Through
 Add/drop
 Through/drop (broadcast)
 Interchange

Path through Function

Figure below shows the path through function. The signal received from the X (Y) side is
subjected to pointer processing. The signal is again subjected to pointer processing and output
to the same time slot on the Y (X) side.

Path Add/Drop Function

Figure below shows the path add/drop function. The signal received from the X or Y side is
subjected to pointer processing and then connected to the tributary at the VC-12, VC-3, or VC-4
level according to cross-connection setup data. The signal is then output to the tributary.
The signal received from the tributary is mapped and then connected to the X or Y side at the
VC-12, VC-3, or VC-4 level according to cross-connection setup data. The signal is then output to
the X or Y side.

Path Through/Drop (broadcast) Function

Figure below shows the path through/drop (broadcast) function. The signal received from the X
side is subjected to pointer processing and then connected to the Y side and multiple tributaries
at the VC-I2, VC-3, or VC-4 level according to cross-connection setup data. The signal is then
output to the Y side and multiple tributaries.

Path interchange function

Figure below shows the path interchange function. The signal received from the X,Y or tributary
side is subjected to pointer processing. The signal is then connected to the X,Y, or tributary side
at the VC-12, VC-3 or VC-4 level according to cross-connection setup data and output to it.
PROTECTION

The FLX150/600 has the following three independent protection mechanisms:

 Multiplex section protection (MSP)

 VC path protection switch (PPS)
 Unit protection

Multiplex Section protection (MSP)

The multiplex section protection mechanism is available for the point to point and linear
networks. If a failure occurs in the optical interface, the function automatically switches the
transmission line from the current line to the other line. The FLX150/600 supports this function
as an option.

The FLX150/600 uses the 1+1 non revertive protection switching fo the MSP mechanism. Both
unidirectional and bidirectional switching are available. Unidirectional switching means that the
switch occurs for one direction (receive) only. Bidirectional switching means that both the
sending line and the receiving line switch to the protection side.

Fig below compares unidirectional and bidirectional switching.

The switch modes supported by the FLX 1501600 are listed below in descending order of
priority:

 Lockout
 Force
 Auto-SF/Auto-SD .
 Manual

The lockout mode is used for line maintenance. In this mode, the transmission cannot be
switched from the working line to the protection line regardless of the line state.
The force mode is also used for line maintenance. This mode is instructed by maintenance
personnel to forcibly switch the transmission from the current line to the line currently not
used regardless of the line state.

The auto-Signal Failure (SF) or auto-Signal Degrade (SD) mode is used to relieve the
transmission line when the current line fails. When this mode is valid, the line is automatically
switched under the following line failure conditions

Switching trigger Switch mode

LOS, LOF, MS-AIS or Section trace mismatch Auto-SF

Error rate deterioration *1

 B2 major (error rate of 10-3 or more) Auto-SF/SD *3

 B2 minor (error rate of 10n or more) *2 Auto-SD

Error performance deterioration *1

 STEP (short term error performance) Auto-SF/SD *3

 DEP (degrade error performance) *4 Auto-SD *4

*1 – Either the error rate or error performance can be selected

*2 – n can be specified in the range from -5 to -9

*3 – Either SF or SO can be selected

*4 – Whether to include DEP in the switching trigger can be specified

The manual mode is used for line maintenance. In this mode, the transmission can be switched
from the line currently used to the other line by an instruction from maintenance personnel. If
a failure occurs after switching in this mode, the switching is canceled.

Note

The manual mode is available only when both the working and protection lines are operating
normally.

In addition to these switch modes, there is a lock-in function. This function can be enabled or
disabled by maintenance personnel. The function disables the line switching for a given time
even if a line failure occurs. This is to prevent successive switching due to failures under
unstable conditions.
If switching occurs n times or more for t minutes, the switching function is locked in to disable
automatic switching. (Switching in the lock-out, force, or manual mode is still enabled.)

The lock-in state is automatically released z hours after lock-in starts. It can also be released
forcibly by maintenance personnel.

Maintenance personnel can set the parameters as follows:

 Switch monitoring time (t): 1 to 255 (minutes)

 Switch count (n): 1 to 255 (times)
 Switch-disabled time (z): 1 to 255 (hours)

VC Path Protection (Trail Protection)

The virtual container (VC) path protection mechanism is available for the ring network. It
automatically switches the transmission from working path to the protection path at a VC path
(VC-4, VC-3, or VC-12) level. There are two types of path protection switching (PPS); Sub-
Network Connection (SNC) Protection and Trail Protection. In SNC Protection (figure a below),
path terminating points (O) are located on the tributary side of the switching points and
switching –trigger alarms are monitored at the Pate Overhead Monitor (•). In Trail Protection
(Figure b below), path terminating points (O) are located on the aggregate side of the switching
points and switching-trigger alarms are monitored at the path terminating points. The
FLX150/600 supports the Trail protecting as an option.
The FLX 150/600 uses the non-revertive protection switching for the VC path PPS. There are
two switch modes: single-ended and dual-ended PPS.

Figure below compares single-ended and dual-ended PPSs.

In single-ended PPS mode, the PPS mechanisms of the local and opposite stations operate
independently. When the incoming VC path in station A fails, the transmission switches over to
the protection path.

In dual-ended PPS mode, the PPS mechanisms of the local and opposite stations are
interlocked. When the incoming VC path in station A fails, the transmission switches over to the
protection path and the transmission in opposite station B also switches over to the protection
path.
The switch modes supported by the FLX 150/600 are listed below in descending order of
priority:

 Lockout
 Force
 Auto-SF/Auto-SO
 Manual

The lockout mode is used for line maintenance. In this mode, the transmission cannot be
switched from the current path to the other path regardless of the path state.

The force mode is also used for line maintenance. This mode is instructed by maintenance
personnel to forcibly switch the transmission from the current path to the path currently not
used regardless of the path state. In the auto-SF or auto-SO mode the transmission path
switches automatically from the current path to the other path under the following path failure
conditions:

Switching trigger Switch mode

Tributary unit alarm indication signal (TU-AIS) Auto-SF

LOP, or UNEQ *1

Error rate deterioration

 B3 major (VC-3/VC-4)/BIP major (VC-12) Auto-SF/SD *3

(error rate of 10-3 or more)
 B3 minor (VC-3/VC-4)/BIP minor (VC-12) Auto-SD\
(error rate of 10n or more) *2

*1 – Whether to include UNEQ in the switching trigger can be specified (only VC-4).

*2 – n can be specified in the range from -5 to -9.

*3 – Either SF or SD can be selected.

The manual mode is used for line maintenance. In this mode, the transmission can be switched
from the current path to the other path by an instruction from maintenance personnel. If a
failure occurs after switching in this mode, the switching is canceled.

Note –The manual mode is available only when both the working and protection paths are
operating normally.
Unit Protection

The FLX 150/600 allows its plug-in units related to main signals to form a redundant
configuration as an option. Each plug-in unit in a redundant configuration has the self-
diagnostic function to perform plug-in unit switching by detecting a failure. However, optical
interface units use the MSP mechanism for this purpose.

There are two types of protection configuration: 1 + 1 and 1 : n (n 3). The 1 + 1 configuration
is fixed to the non-revertive mode. The 1 : n configuration allows a choice between the
revertive and non-revertive modes.

The FLXI50/600 supports the following plug-in unit switching:

 CHPD-D12 unit: 1:n (n ) in revertive mode

 CHPD-D3 unit: 1+1
 CHPD-D4 unit: 1+1
 CHSD-IE unit: 1+1
 TSCL unit: 1+1

The switch modes supported by the FLX 150/600 are listed below in descending order of
priority:

 Lockout
 Auto
 Manual

The lockout mode is used for plug-in unit maintenance. In this mode, the transmission is fixed
to the working unit and cannot be switched regardless of the unit state. In a 1 : n configuration,
however, transmission of working units other than the fixed unit can be switched to the
protection unit.

In the auto mode switching operation depends on the protection configuration. In the 1 + 1
configuration, the transmission switches automatically from the current unit to the other unit;
in the n:1 configuration, from the failing working unit to the protection unit. The switching time
taken from fault detection to switching is 10ms or less.

The manual mode is used for plug-in unit maintenance. In this mode, the transmission can be
switched from the current unit to the other unit by an instruction from maintenance personnel.
If a failure occurs after switching in this mode, the switching is canceled.
Note – The manual mode is available only when all of the working and protection units are
operating normally. (In the 1:n configuration, one of the other working units has not been
switched.)

EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION

This section describes the equipment configurations supported by the FLX 150/600 and the
operations in these configurations. The section also describes the functions of the plug-in units
which can be plugged in the FLX-LS shelf, and the functions of the fan shelf and rack.

The equipment configurations supported by the FLX150/600 are the SDH terminal multiplexer,
add/drop multiplexer, and regenerator, which are equipped with the STM-1 or STM-4 optical
line.

Being a single shelf assembly, one FLX-LS shelf supports all (TRM, ADM, and REG) equipment
configurations. The single shelf also enables upgrading from an STM-l equipment to an STM-4
equipment.

Configurations

The FLX 150/600 supports the following equipment configurations:

 Terminal multiplexer (TRM)

 Add/drop multiplexer (ADM)
 Regenerator (REG)

Terminal multiplexer (TRM)

Figure below shows the terminal multiplexer (TRM) configuration. The FLX 150/600 is used as a
terminal equipment in the point-ta-point or linear network. It multiplexes tributary signals to an
aggregate signal (STM-1 or STM-4). The aggregate signal line can form a 1 + 1 protection
configuration as an option.
Add/drop multiplexer (ADM)

Figure below shows the add/drop multiplexer (ADM) configuration. The FLX 150/600 is used as
intermediate station equipment in the linear hubbing ring, or meshed network. It is used to
drop tributary signals from an aggregate signal add the tributary signals to the aggregate signal,
or let signals pass through without addition or dropping. The equipment can also be used to
interchange time slots or interconnect tributaries (cross-connect function). The aggregate signal
line can form a I + I protection configuration as an option.

Regenerator (REG)

Figure below shows the regenerator (REG) configuration. The TRM or ADM alone may not be
sufficient for long-haul transmission. In this case, the FLXI50/600 can be used as a regenerator
of optical signals in any network applications.
Plug-in Units

Units which can be plugged in the FLX-LS shelf are grouped into the following three sections:

 Common section
 Aggregate interface section
 Tributary interface section

Figure below shows FLX150/600 unit accommodation.

1. Common section

Plug-in units required for the FLX150/600 in any equipment configuration are installed in the
common section.
 2. Aggregate interface section

The aggregate interface section has four plug-in unit slots: CH slots 1-1 and 1-2 (Group-1) and 2-
1 and 2-2 (Group-2). These slots support the 139.264 Mb/s, STM-1, and STM-4 interfaces.

For linear ADM, Group-1 and Group-2 are used to form a 1 + 1 protection configuration. The
ring ADM uses two CH slots, 1-2 and 2-2 or 1-1 and 2-1.

CH slots 2-1 and 2-2 can also form a 1 + 1 protection configuration for a tributary interface.

3. Tributary interface section

The tributary interface section has six plug-in unit slots: CH slots 3 and 4 (Group-3), 5 and 6
(Group-5), and 7 and 8 (Group-7). These slots support the 2.048 Mb/s, 34.368 Mb/s, 139.264
Mb/s, and STM-1 interfaces.

For the 34.368 Mb/s, 139.264 Mb/s, or STM-1 interface, Groups-3 and 5 each are used to form
a 1 + 1 protection configuration or as independent interfaces and Group-7 is used to form a 1 +
1 protection configuration.

For the 2.048 Mb/s interface, CH slots 4 to 8 are used to support up to 63 (1 : 3 configuration)
interfaces.

PLUG-IN UNITS DESCRIPTION

The FLX 150/600 equipment configurations are implemented by various combinations of plug-
in units shown in Figure 3.20. These units are compatible between the STM-I and STM-4
equipment and can also be used in the same FLX-LS shelf
INSTALLATION UNIT PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
SECTION NAME NUMBER
Common PWRL-1 FC9672PW11 Power Supply L-1 Unit
section –Converts the station supply voltage of -48
or -60 V to secondary supply voltages (+5,-
5.2, +12, +3.3 V dc).
SACL-1 FC9672SAC1 1. Shelf Alarm L-1 Unit – 1. Applicable to the
-48 or -60 V station power supply.
2. Indicates equipment alarm status on LEOs
and also outputs it to the outside.
3. Collects and controls housekeeping
alarms.
4. Supports the order-wire function.
5. Equipped with a 4W VF external interface.
SACL-3 FC9672SAC3 Shelf Alarm L-3 Unit
L Applicable to the -48 or -60 V station
power supply.
2. Indicates equipment alarm status on LEOs
and also outputs it to the outside.
3. Collects and controls housekeeping
alarms.
4. Supports the order wire function.
5. Equipped with a 4W VF external interface.
6. Supports the 64 Kb/s data user channel
function.
NML-1 FC9672NM11 Network Management Interface L-I Unit
L Equipped with an X.25 interface to connect
to the network management system (NMS).
2. Equipped with a V.24 interface to connect
to a local terminal.
3. The ACS LEO lights yellow while being
accessed by the local terminal
FC9672NM12 Network Management Interface L-I Unit
L Equipped with an X.25 interface to connect to
the network management system (NMS).
2. Equipped with a V.24 interface to connect to a
local terminal.
3. The ACS LED lights green while being accessed
by the local terminal.
NML-D FC9672NMD1 Network Management Interface L-O Unit
Section I. Equipped with an X.25 interface
and an LCN interface
(Continued) to connect to the network
management system (NMS).
2. Equipped with a V.24 interface to connect
to a local terminal.
3. Supports the software download function.
MPL-1 FC9672MP11 Microprocessor L-I Unit
1. Collects alarm, status, provisioning, and
performance monitor information.
2. Supports the equipment overall
management and
Control functions.
3. Makes the UNITIRCI LEOs on interface
(aggregate/tributary) units and cross-
connect units lit
yellow while the unit is in-service.