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MADFL 2025 Expt8

The document outlines an experiment focused on implementing pattern matching algorithms, specifically the Brute Force, Boyer-Moore, and Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithms. It provides theoretical background on string operations and defines the pattern matching problem, including the necessary algorithms and their characteristics. The task involves writing programs to compare the performance of these algorithms using a specified text and pattern.

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5 views8 pages

MADFL 2025 Expt8

The document outlines an experiment focused on implementing pattern matching algorithms, specifically the Brute Force, Boyer-Moore, and Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithms. It provides theoretical background on string operations and defines the pattern matching problem, including the necessary algorithms and their characteristics. The task involves writing programs to compare the performance of these algorithms using a specified text and pattern.

Uploaded by

adityasb2004
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Experiment 8

Pattern Matching

Aim: To write programs to implement pattern matching algorithms.

Theory:
String operations
• Substring of an m-character string P refers to a string of the form P[i]P[i+1]P[i+2]…P[j],
for some 0<=i<=j<=m-1
• Let P [i…j] denote the substring of P from index i to index j inclusive i.e.
P [i…j] = P[i]P[i+1] …P[j]
• If i>j then P [i…j] = null string of length = 0
• Prefix of P: any substring of the form P [0…i] for 0<=i<=m-1
• Suffix of P: any substring of the form P [i…m-1] for 0<=i<=m-1
• Note: null string is prefix and suffix of any other string

 Pattern Matching Problem


• Given: 1) text string ‘T’ of length ‘n’
2) pattern string ‘P’ of length ‘m’
• Find: whether P is a substring of T
• Match – there is a substring of T starting at some index ‘i’ that matches P character by
character.
T[i] = P [0], T[i+1] = P [1], …, T[i+m-1] =P[m-1]
i.e. P = T [i … i+m-1]
Algorithm 1: Brute Force pattern matching.
 Enumerate all possible configurations of inputs and pick the best match.
• Can work with a potentially unbounded alphabet.

Reference:
https://youtu.be/jXERe53h5zc

Algorithm 2: Boyer-Moore algorithm.


• Assumes the alphabet is of fixed, finite size.
• Able to skip over large portions of the text.
 2 heuristics:
Looking-glass: begin comparison from the end of P and move backward to the front of P
• Character-jump:
if (mismatch of text character T[i] = c with P[j]) //no occurrence of c in P
then shift P completely past T[i]
else
shift P until an occurrence of character c in P gets aligned with T[i]

 Last(c):
input – character c from the alphabet
output – how far to shift pattern P {if a character = c is found in the text that does not match
the pattern}

If c is in P, last(c) is the index of the last (right-most) occurrence of c in P.


Otherwise, define last(c)= -1
0 1 2 3 4 5

• If characters can be used as indices in arrays then the last function can be
implemented as a lookup table

Algorithm 3: Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm.


• Reuse previously performed comparisons.
 Failure function f(j) is defined as the length of the longest prefix of P that is a suffix of
P[1…j]
 f(0) = 0
 Compare:
Move on to the next character in T and P
or
1) made progress in P->consult the failure function for new candidate character in
P (ignored comparisons are redundant)
2) mismatch-> start at beginning of P
Task:
Write programs to implement the following algorithms:
1) Brute Force Algorithm -

Text = abacaabaccabacabaabb
Pattern = abacab
2) Boyer Moore Algorithm

Text = abacaabaccabacabaabb
Pattern = abacab
3) Knuth-Morris-Pratt Algorithm

Text = abacaabaccabacabaabb
Pattern = abacab

Text = 1100011010001010
Pattern = 0010
Programs and Output:

Display the number of character comparisons for all three programs for the following:
Text = abacaabaccabacabaabb
Pattern = abacab

Conclusion:
Compare all three algorithms.

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