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Lecture Two

The document outlines the essential environment for processing Remote Sensing (RS) data, detailing hardware and software requirements necessary for effective information extraction. It discusses various types of software used in RS, including graphics, specialized, GIS, and computer vision software, as well as the importance of hardware specifications. Additionally, it highlights the significance of data processing levels and the role of machine learning in RS applications.

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5 views48 pages

Lecture Two

The document outlines the essential environment for processing Remote Sensing (RS) data, detailing hardware and software requirements necessary for effective information extraction. It discusses various types of software used in RS, including graphics, specialized, GIS, and computer vision software, as well as the importance of hardware specifications. Additionally, it highlights the significance of data processing levels and the role of machine learning in RS applications.

Uploaded by

mwoha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.

Environment for Data


Processing for RS

Prof. Dr.-Ing. F.N. Karanja


Outline
2.0. Overview
2.1. Hardware Requirments
2.2. Software Requirements
Objectives
To describe the environment required for
information extraction from Remote Sensing Data.
To explain hardware specifications important in
handling Remote Sensing Data.
To demonstrate how to use a given software in
RS information extraction.
To identify different software modules for various
applications
Solving a RS Problem
A remote sensing
problem????
2.0. Overview (1)
2.0. Overview (2)
2.0. Overview (3)

Image
Analysis
2.0. Overview (4)
2.0. Overview (5)
2.0. Overview (6)
2.0. Overview (7)
Types of Software (1)
Types of Software (2)
Types of Software (3)

Graphics Software
most common type of image processing software
allow manipulating image bands and can be quite
useful for visualizing and enhancing satellite
imagery
primary drawback is that graphics software cannot
use geo-coding information in satellite images,
which makes it difficult to accurately overlay
vector data such as roads, towns, and contours or
to combine two or more images into one image as
a "mosaic."
Examples of Graphics software
Types of Software (4)
Specialized Software
Image processing software packages designed
for use with satellite imagery have built-in
capabilities that allow it to make use of geo-
coding information
GIS software
Image processing software packages designed
for use with Vector or GIS data
have built-in capabilities that allow it to
manipulate GIS data as well as integrating
vector and raster data.
Types of Software (5)
Computer Vision
Focuses on processing that helps the software
recognize objects within the viewing area. For
example, some factories use computer vision to
determine if particular steps in their process have
been completed successfully.
Medical Imaging
Focuses on processing that helps with issue
detection and diagnosis. Examples include;
Bioimaging (non-invasive visualization of biological
processes) and Neuroimaging (visualization of the
Types of Software (6)
Photo Editing
This type focuses on processing that helps
improve photographs, like changing the
brightness, contrast, or color skew. For
example, when you brighten an overly dark
photograph or crop out background clutter.
Remote Sensing Software
Examples –Source Web

Task: Briefly describe each of the software highlighting the


strength in terms of application.
A Generic Image Processing System
Types of Hardware (1)
Types of Hardware (2)
Wavelengths used for RS
Image Processing and Interpretation
Image Analysis (1)
Image Analysis (2)
Interpretation is the critical process of making sense of the data.
The first application was that of aerial photographic collection
which used the following process; spatial measurement through
the use of a light table in both conventional single or
stereographic coverage, added skills such as the use of
photogrammetry, the use of photomosaics, repeat coverage,
making use of objects’ known dimensions in order to detect
modifications.
Image Analysis is the recently developed automated computer-
aided application which is in increasing use.
Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) is a sub-discipline of
GIScience devoted to partitioning remote sensing (RS) imagery
into meaningful image-objects, and assessing their
characteristics through spatial, spectral and temporal scale.
Examples of Image Analysis
Systems and Workflows
Difference between Pixel Based
and Object Based Classification
AI, Machine Learning, Deep Learning
Machine Learning Vs Deep Learning
Machine Learning in RS (1)
Machine Learning in RS (2)
Data Processing Levels
Explanation of the Levels
A Level 1 data record is the most fundamental (i. e., highest
reversible level) data record that has significant scientific utility,
and is the foundation upon which all subsequent data sets are
produced.
Level 2 is the first level that is directly usable for most scientific
applications; its value is much greater than the lower levels.
Level 2 data sets tend to be less voluminous than Level 1 data
because they have been reduced temporally, spatially, or
spectrally.
Level 3 data sets are generally smaller than lower level data sets
and thus can be dealt with without incurring a great deal of data
handling overhead. These data tend to be generally more useful
for many applications. The regular spatial and temporal
organization of Level 3 datasets makes it feasible to readily
combine data from different sources.
A Digital Image
An image is a picture, photograph or any form of a two-dimensional representation of
objects or a scene.
The information in an image is presented in tones or colours. A digital image is a two
dimensional array of numbers.
Each cell of a digital image is called a pixel and the number representing the
brightness of the pixel is called a digital number (DN)).
As a two-dimensional (2D) array, a digital image is composed of data in lines and
columns.
The position of a pixel is allocated with the line and column of its DN. Such regularly
arranged data, without x and y coordinates, are usually called raster data.
As digital images are nothing more than data arrays, mathematical operations can be
readily performed on the digital numbers of images.
Mathematical operations on digital images are called digital image processing.
A digital image can be stored as a file in a computer data store on a variety of media,
such as a hard disk, CD, DVD or tape.
It can be displayed in black and white or in colour on a computer monitor as well as
in hard copy output such as film or print.
A Digital Image and its elements
2.1. Hardware Requirements
2.2. Remote Sensing Software
Remote Sensing data is processed and
analyzed with computer software, known as a
remote sensing application.
A large number of proprietary and open
source applications exist to process remote
sensing data. According to a NOAA
Sponsored Research by Global Marketing
Insights, Inc the most used applications
softwares include ERDAS IMAGINE ,
ERMapper, ESRI, ITT Visual Information
Solutions ENVI, MapInfo and AutoDesk
Comparison of Commonly Used RS
S/W
Remote Sensing Software
Other important Remote Sensing Software
packages include:
TNTmips from MicroImages,
PCI Geomatica made by PCI Geomatics, the
leading remote sensing software package in Canada,
IDRISI from Clark Labs,
Image Analyst from Intergraph,
The original object based image analysis software
eCognition from Definiens.
Dragon/ips is one of the oldest remote sensing
packages still available, and is in some cases free.
Open Source Remote Sensing S/W
Open source remote sensing software
includes :
GRASS GIS,
QGIS,
OSSIM,
Opticks (software) and
Orfeo toolbox.
IDRISI Interface
ERDASIMAGINE Interface
Cloud Computing for RS (1)
Cloud Computing for RS (2)
Which Software to Use
Considerations:-
Budget
Experience
Task (application)
Points to Note
Different applications have different requirements
in terms of software modules and hardware
(storage, processing speed and display or output
media)
Storage and processing speed are influenced by the
type of Remote Sensing data, i.e. spatial, spectral
and temporal resolution.
The End

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