2020-2021

Part 1: Match
1. It is a piece of language actually used in a particular context. UTTERANCE
2. It refers to the way that a text is made semantically meaningful (as opposed to
COHESION) - COHERENCE
3. A form of linguistics analysis which focuses on transcripts of real life spoken
interactions,- CONVERSATION ANALYSIS
4. Brown and Yule (1983:ix) refer to it as ‘how humans use language to
communicate’ : DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
5. It is a specialized code or variety of language associated with a specific social
practice and designed to serve a specific social goal. Examples of registers
include medical interviews, lab reports, weather reports and newspaper
editorials. REGISTER
6. They are utterances which perform various social functions - SPEECH ACTS
7. It is the set of practices through which conversation is organized - TURN-
TAKING
8. A term coined by Julia Kristeva in 1966 (see Moi 1990) - INTERTEXTUALITY
9. Information which is implied in a statement but cannot be derived -
IMPLICATURE
10. In SPEECH ACT THEORY, these are circumstances that are required -
FELICITY CONDITIONS

Part 2: Decide whether these statements are True or False

1. Language is just for communication. F
2. Registers are the type of language which is selected as appropriate to a type of
situation. T
3. In comparison with Discourse Analysis, Discourse Studies is an older term. F
4. Halliday and Hasan (1976) divide cohesion into two distinct categories:
grammatical and ungrammatical. F
5. Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) define theme as ‘the point of departure for the
message’. Theme in English is realized by initial position in the clause. T
6. With speech acts, the, we are concerned with the functional, or communicative,
value of utterances, with language used to perform actions - actions such as greeting,
inviting, offering, ordering, promising, requesting, warning, and so forth. T
7. Promise, guarantee, refuse, decline could be labeled as expressives, which is one of
the categories of speech acts. F
8. According to Grice, non-literal meaning must be inferred from the context and the
CP in a special type inference he called implicature. T
9. A flout is when someone deliberately and ostentatiously contravenes a maxim. This
may be considered to be a major violation T
10. Utterances which contain metaphors, such as ‘You’re a pain in the neck’, or ‘He’s
a pillar of strength’, clearly flout the maxim of manner. T

Part 3: Fill in the gaps with appropriate words (3pts)

1. There are various usages of the term discourse, but we will begin here by
defining it broadly as language in its contexts of use.
2. One text cannot be understood except in relation to other texts which have
gone before (and, indeed, which are likely to follow).
3. SFL is a theory of language discourse developed by M.A.K Halliday and his
followers. Systemic in SFL refers to a view of language as a network of
systems, or choices, for expressing meaning. Functional refers to a concern for
what language does and how it does it, in contrast to more structural
approaches.
4. SFL views grammar and lexis (vocabulary) as working together is making
meanings: this combination is referred to as lexicogrammar
5. Within endophoric reference, there are two categories: anaphoric ( referring
back) and cataphoric (referring forward)
6. Pragmatics is to do with how language is used in context and the relationship
between language use and the language form.

2019 - 2020
Part 1: Match the definitions A-J with the terms 1-10.
A. Conservation analysis
B. Anaphora
C. DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
D. Register
E. Coherence
F. Intertextuality
G. Speech acts
H. TURN-TAKING
I. Felicity conditions
J. Implicature

1. It involves one term referencing another which has previously been mentioned.
ANAPHORA
2. It refers to the ways that a text is made semantically meaningful (as opposed to
COHESION) - COHERENCE
 3. A form of linguistic analysis which focuses on the transcript of real-life spoken
interactions. It is often referred to as the study of talk in interaction.
CONVERSATION ANALYSIS
4. Brown and Yule (1986, ix) refer to it as ‘how humans use language to
communicate’ : DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
5. It is a specialized code or variety of language associated with a specific social
practice and designed to serve a specific social goal. Examples of registers
include medical interviews, lab reports, weather reports and newspaper
editorials. REGISTER
6. They are utterances which perform various social functions such as requesting,
greeting, advising, complaining, warning and so on. SPEECH ACTS
7. It is the set of practices through which conversation is organized and is therefore an
important aspect of CONSERVATION ANALYSIS. TURN-TAKING
8. A term coined by Julia Kristeva in 1966 … Intertextuality
9. Information which is implied in a statement but cannot be derived from applying
logical inferencing techniques to it. Implicature
10. In SPEECH ACT THEORY, these are circumstances that are required -
FELICITY CONDITIONS

Part II: Decide whether these statements are True or False

1. Discourse Analysis may focus on any sort of text, written or spoken. The term
“text”, in Discourse Analysis, refers to any stretch of spoken or written
language T
2. Lexical density is a statistical measure of the relative frequency of lexical
words and grammatical words in a stretch of text T
3. Reference items in English include personal pronouns, such as I, you, he, she,
it: possessive adjectives, such as my, your, his, her: possessive pronouns, such
as mine, yours, his, hers: demonstratives, such as this, that, these, those: and the
indefinite article, a T
4. Halliday and Hasan (1976) divide cohesion into two distinct categories:
grammatical and ungrammatical F
5. Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) define the theme as “ the point of departure
for the message’. Theme in English is realized by initial position in the clause
T
6. With speech acts, then, we are concerned with the functional, or
communicative, value of utterances, with the language used to perform actions
- actions such as greeting, inviting, offering, ordering, promising, requesting,
warning, and so forth T
7. Promise, guarantee, refuse, decline could be labeled as expressives, which is
one of the categories of speech acts F
 8. According to Grice, non-literal meaning must be inferred from context and the
CP in a special type of inference he called implicature T
9. A flout is when someone deliberately and ostentatiously contravenes a maxim.
This may be considered to be a major violation T
10. Utterances which contain metaphors, such as “You’re a pain in the neck”, or
‘He’s a pillar of strength’, clearly flout the maxim of manner T

Part III: Fill in the gaps with appropriate words.

I believe in that. Whatever’s gonna happen is gonna happen.
I believe… that… y’know it’s fate.
It really is.
(1)BECAUSE eh my husband has a brother that was killed in an automobile accident,
and at the same time there was another fellow, in there, that walked away with not
even a scratch on him.
(2)FEEL I really fee-
I don't feel y’can push fate.
(3)THINK I think a lot of people do.
(4) I FEEL I feel that you were put here for so many years or whatever the case is,
and that’s how it was meant to be.
(5)SO like when we got married, we were supposed t’get married uh: like about five
months later.
My husband got a notice t’got into the service.
(6)SO we moved it up.
(7)AFTER my father died the week… after we got married.
(8) WHEN we were on our honeymoon.
(9)MOVE I just felt that move was meant to be, because if not, he wouldn't have been
there.
(10)SINCE eh y’know it just seems that that’s how things work.

ĐỀ K35
Part I. (5 pts.)
Question 1. Identify substitution or ellipsis in the following examples. If
ellipsis, identify the words that were omitted.
a. STOP BUS VANDALS
by reporting it at once to the driver or conductor.
(sign displayed in Edinburgh buses)
a. Ellipsis - "report it at once to the driver or conductor."
b. A: What was the Duke going to do?
B: Plant a row of poplars in the park.
 b. Substitution - "Plant a row of poplars in the park."
‘Plant a row of poplars’ is used as a substitute for ‘do’ in the
first sentence.
Question 2. What are the locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts of
the following examples?
a. Bus driver: This bus won't move until you boys move in out of the doorway.
- Locutionary act: Stating that the bus won't move
- Illocutionary act: Commanding the boys to move in out of the
doorway
- Perlocutionary act: Getting the boys to move in out of the doorway
b. It is so dark in this room.
- Locutionary act: Stating that it is dark in the room
- Illocutionary act: Conveying information about the darkness of the
room
- Perlocutionary act: Causing awareness or concern about the
darkness of the room in the listener.

Question 3. (1 pt.) Use this formula to count the portion of lexical density of
the sentence below.
Lexical density = (lexical words x 100) / Total words
Once, there lived a widow in a village on Tanimbar Island, Maluku. She had
two
children: a boy and a girl. They were both very mean and spoiled. Their mother
took care of them and did all the household chores. The two children treated
their mother like a slave.

Lexical words in the sentence are: once, lived, widow, village, Tanimbar, island,
Maluku, two, children, boy, girl, mean, spoiled, mother, took, care, household, chores,
treated, like, slave.
Total words in the sentence are: 31
Therefore, the lexical density of the sentence is:
(20 ÷ 31) x 100 = 64.5%
Hence, the lexical density of this sentence is 64.5%.

Question 4. Identify the reference items in the following examples. What do

they refer to? What type of reference is it?
a. Plato is on the bottom shelf of the bookcase.
b. I know! Well, they’d better get here soon or it’ll get cold.
‘It’ refers to something that both speakers know about (perhaps the dinner) and
it is exophoric reference

Question 5. Study the situation and answer these questions:

a. What maxim does B seem to flout? -> a. B seems to flout the maxim of
quality, which requires speakers to provide honest and accurate
information.

b. What implicature would you draw from B’s utterance? -> The implicature
that can be drawn from B's utterance is that they may be considering
voting for Mr. David in the upcoming election despite their support of Mr.
Tony in the previous election. B suggests that some of the problems that
existed in the previous regime still persist and that Mr. David, despite
being a less known quantity, may have the ability to address them.
A: That Mr. David will be a president candidate now, is your stance still the
same as the last governor election?
B: Actually, I see Mr. David has potency, so maybe, we already had two terms
with Mr.Tony, we see there are still human rights problems, corruption, and
etc. Meanwhile Mr. Tony is polite and proper, so it seems that people want to
get out of this stagnant situation.

ĐỀ GIỮA KÌ K35

Part I. Match the terms A-L with the definitions 1-10. (2 pts)
A. Ideational Metafunction
B. Cohesion
C. Superordinate
D. Appraisal
E. Illocutionary Force
F. A Corpus
G. Exophoric Reference
H. Meronym
I. Critical Discourse Analysis
J. Theme
K. Perlocution
L. Register
1. ‘It’ is a transdisciplinary approach to discourse, drawing on social as well as
linguistic theory. It has been influential not only in language studies, but also in
other fields such as business, public health, organisational studies, media
studies, accounting, and even tourism. Critical Discourse Analysis

2. ‘It’ is a large collection of language, usually held electronically, which can

be used for the purposes of linguistic analysis. A Corpus
3. ‘It’ is what we decide to bring to the front of the clause (by whatever means).
Theme
4. ‘It’ is a general word that includes members of its class. Superordinate
5. ‘It’ is a word that is part of a larger whole. Meronym
6. With ‘it’, we are concerned with the formal (but at the same time semantic
links between clauses, how an item - a pronoun, a noun or a conjunction - in
one clause may refer backwards or forwards to another clause.
7. An example of ‘it’ would be when someone refers to something which is
part of the context of situation, but does not appear in the text, as in That
picture beautiful, referring to a picture which is hanging on the wall, or Look at
them, referring to a group of people standing nearby. Exophoric reference
8. ‘It’ is the speaker's intention in making an utterance. Illocutionary force
9. ‘It’ is to do with actions, events and states (referred to as processes), for
example, run, occur, be; participants in those processes, for example, he, she,
man, car, weather, and the circumstances in which those processes occur, that
is, how when, and where. Ideational Metafunction
10. ‘It’ is an attempt to develop the minutiae of the interpersonal function. ‘It’
is concerned with the ways we express our views and react to the views of
others. ‘It’ has three systems: graduation, attitude and engagement. Appraisal

Part II: Decide whether these statements are True or False. (2pts)

1. Halliday and Hasan define felicity condition as ‘a configuration of meanings

that are typically associated with a particular situational configuration of field,
mode, and tenor'. T
2. Halliday and Hasan classify cohesive devices into five categories: reference,
substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion. T
3. The following is an example of language promoting the AXN television
channel: ‘There's a time to ask not what you can do for your country, but what
you can watch on AXN.' The substitution here is based on a famous statement
made by the US President, John F. Kennedy: ‘Ask not what your country can
do for you, but what you can do for your country.' The substitution with the
AXN promotion is created through the use of parallel syntactic, semantic and
prosodic structures. T

4. The language forms used to signal the performance of a speech act, such as
please in requests or do in insists, may be referred to as locutionary force
indicating devices (IFIDs) (Levinson, 1983). F
5. Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) define theme as ‘the point of departure for
the message'. Theme in English is realized by initial position in the clause. T
6. With speech acts, then, we are concerned with the functional, or
communicative, value of utterances, with language used to perform actions -
actions such as greeting, inviting, offering, ordering, promising, requesting,
warning, and so forth. T
7. promise, guarantee, refuse, decline could be labeled as expressives, which is
one of the categories of speech acts. F
8. According to Grice, non-literal meaning must be inferred from context and
the cooperative principle (CP) in a special type of inference he called
implicature. T
9. A flout is when someone deliberately and ostentatiously contravenes a
maxim. This may be considered to be a major violation. T
10. Utterances which contain metaphors, such as ‘You're a pain in the neck', or
‘He's a pillar of strength', clearly flout the maxim of manner. T

Part III: Fill in the gaps with appropriate words. Write ONLY ONE
WORD for each gap. (2pts)
1. Consider, for example, a situation in which A and B are fixing a car. B
would fail to comply with the maxim of MANNER, enjoining clarity of
purpose, if, when A needs a bolt of size 8, B passes him the bolt in a box that
usually contains bolts of size 10.
2. When we say that a theme or rheme ‘becomes' another theme or rheme, this
is not to imply that there must be an exact repetition; the reiteration may be a
pronoun, a synonym (a word with a similar meaning, for example, book is a
synonym of volume), _____HYPONYM_______ (a word denoting a member
of a class, for example, banana is a hyponym of fruit), a meronym (a word that
is part of a larger whole, for example, bumper is a meronym of car) or a
superordinate (a general word that includes members of its class).
3. Cohesion occurs where the INTERPRETATION of some element in the
discourse is dependent on that of another. The one ____PRESUPPOSES__ the
other, in the sense that it cannot be effectively decoded except by recourse to it.
When this happens, a relation of cohesion is set up, and the two elements, the
presupposing and the presupposed, are thereby at least potentially integrated
into the text.

4. Lexical density is a statistical measure of the relative frequency of lexical

words and grammatical words in a stretch of text. The category of lexical
words (also referred to as content words) includes nouns, verbs, adjectives and
adverbs. Grammatical words (also referred to as _____FUNCTION___words)
include determiners, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, numerals and
auxiliary verbs.

Part IV: Answer these questions. Please WRITE NO MORE THAN 20

WORDS. (3pts)
Question 1. (1 pt.)
Identify the reference items in the following sentence. What do they refer to?
What type of reference is it?
He was faced with a difficult choice. The choice he made demonstrated his
ability to make sound decisions under extreme pressure.
The reference items in the sentence are "choice" and "decisions".
"Choice" refers to the difficult decision mentioned at the beginning
of the sentence, and "decisions" refers back to the choice made under
extreme pressure. This is an example of anaphoric reference, where a
pronoun (in this case, "he") refers back to a previously mentioned
noun (in this case, "choice").
Question 2. (1 pt.)
What are the locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts of the
following?
a. Mother to son: Give me that Playboy magazine.
- Locutionary act: The mother uttered the words ‘Give me that Playboy
magazine’ to her son, meaning ‘Hand that Playboy magazine over to me’,
with me referring to the mother.
- Illocutionary act: The mother ordered (or requested) her son to give her
the Playboy magazine. Or the mother performed the speech act of
ordering (or requesting) her son to give her the Playboy magazine.
- Perlocutionary act: The mother persuaded her son to give her the
Playboy magazine. Or the son refused to give his mother the Playboy
magazine.
b. Dean’s secretary to professor: Coffee?
- Locutionary act: Dean’s secretary uttered the word ‘Coffee?’ to the
professor, meaning ‘Would you like coffee?’
 - Illocutionary act: Dean’s secretary offered a coffee to the professor. Or
Dean’s
secretary performed the speech act of offering a coffee to the professor.
- Perlocutionary act: The professor accepted the coffee from Dean’s
secretary with
thanks. Or the professor declined the coffee from Dean’s secretary with
thanks.

Question 3. (1 pt.)
In the following, which performative verbs are used performatively, and which
are used non-performatively?
a. We thanked them for their hospitality.
b. I hereby declare Tony Benn the duly elected member for this constituency.
c. I'm warning you not to spend too much on alcohol.
d. John withdraws his application.
a. ‘thanked’ is performative word → non-performatively
b. ‘declared’, ‘elected’ are performative words → performatively
c. ‘warning’, ‘spend’ are performative words → performatively
d. ‘withdraws’ is performative word → non-performatively

Question 4. (1 pt.)
Use this formula to count the portion of lexical density of the sentence below.
Lexical density = (lexical words x 100) / Total words

As a tourist attraction, this museum also houses a number of the finest works of
art presented to Mr. and Mrs. Soeharto by friends and colleagues from all
corners of the world.
Number of Lexical words = 14 (As, tourist, attraction, this, museum, also, houses, a,
number, of, finest, works, of, art, presented, to, Mr., and, Mrs., Soeharto, by, friends,
colleagues, from, all, corners, of, the, world)
Total Number of Words = 29
Lexical Density = (14 x 100) / 29
Lexical Density = 48.27 (rounded to the nearest hundredth)
Therefore, the lexical density of the sentence is 48.27%.

Ví dụ:
1. Performative:
a. I christen/name this ship the Princess Elizabeth.
b. I now pronounce you man/husband and wife.
c. I sentence you to ten years in prison.
d. I promise to come to your talk tomorrow afternoon.
e. I command you to surrender immediately.
f. I apologize for being late.
I’ll come to your talk tomorrow afternoon.
a. Surrender immediately.
b. How about going to New York on Saturday?
c. Leave me alone, or I’ll call the police.
We suggest that you go to the embassy and apply for your visa in
person.
(4.8) You are hereby warned that legal action will be taken.
(4.9) Passengers are hereby requested to wear a seat belt.
(4.10) a. Taken from a company’s AGM notice
Notice is hereby given that the Annual General Meeting of O2 plc will
be held at The Hexagon, Queens Walk, Reading, Berkshire RG1 7UA
on Wednesday, 27 July 2005 at 11.00 am for the following purposes: . . .
b. (Hurford and Heasley 1983: 239)
The management hereby warns customers that mistakes in change
cannot be rectiWed once the customer has left the counter.
c. (Levinson 1983: 260)
It is herewith disclosed that the value of the estate left by Marcus
T. Bloomingdale was 4,785,758 dollars.
(4.11) (Thomas 1995: 45)
a. A radio journalist is interviewing the chairman of Railtrack during a
strike
by signal workers.
A: Are you denying that the government has interfered?
B: I am denying that.
b. Taken from a naval disciplinary hearing
You are being discharged on the grounds of severe temperamental
unsuitability for service in the Royal Navy.
Stand up.
(4.15) I hereby request that you stand up. Or,
I hereby order you to stand up.
Non-performative:
 a. My daughter is called Elizabeth.
b. The children are chasing squirrels in the park.
c. Maurice Garin won the Worst Tour de France in 1903.
2. Locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary speech acts
(i) Locutionary act: the production of a meaningful linguistic expression.
(ii) Illocutionary act: the action intended to be performed by a speaker in
uttering a linguistic expression, by virtue of the conventional force
associated with it, either explicitly or implicitly.
(iii) Perlocutionary act: the bringing about of consequences or eFFects
on
the audience through the uttering of a linguistic expression, such
consequences or eFFects being special to the circumstances of the
utterance.
Representative:
a. Chinese characters were borrowed to write other languages, notably
Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese.
b. Francis Crick and Jim Watson discovered the double helix structure of
DNA.
c. The soldiers are struggling through the snow.
Directive:
a. Turn the TV down.
b. Don’t use my electric shaver.
c. Could you please get that lid oV for me?
Commissive:
a. I’ll be back in Wve minutes.
b. We’ll be launching a new policing unit to Fight cyber crime on the
internet soon.
c. I’ll never buy you another computer game.
Expressive
a. Well done, Elizabeth!
b. I’m so happy.
c. Wow, great!
Declarative:
a. President: I declare a state of national emergency.
b. Chairman: The meeting is adjourned.
 c. Jury foreman: We End the defendant not guilty.
Bài tập thêm:
1. Of the following utterances, which are performatives and which are
constatives?
(i) The couple live in a house on the corner of Henry Street.
(ii) I object, your honor.
(iii) John’s future is full of hope.
(iv) I declare this bridge open.
(v) I second the motion.
(vi) John is growing a beard.
(vii) As a call in bridge
Three clubs.
Performatives versus constatives
(i) constative
(ii) performative
(iii) constative
(iv) performative
(v) performative
(vi) constative
(vii) performative

2. Of the following performatives, which are explicit and which are implicit?
(i) All applications must be submitted to the dean by 31st March.
(ii) Who do you tip for the post?
(iii) You are hereby forbidden to leave this room.
(iv) How about going to the British Museum this afternoon?
(v) Keep all medicines out of reach of children.
(vi) One British MP to another in Parliament
I apologize for calling my honorable friend a liar.

3. Which of the following are performative verbs?

(i) resign
(ii) deny
(iii) nominate
(iv) threaten
(v) punish
(vi) ask
(i) Yes
(ii) Yes
(iii) Yes
(iv) No
(v) No
(v) Yes

4. In the following, which performative verbs are used performatively, and

which are used non-performatively?
(i) We thanked them for their hospitality.
(ii) I hereby declare Tony Benn the duly elected member for this constituency.
(iii) I’m warning you not to spend too much on alcohol.
(iv) John withdraws his application.
(v) All passengers on Xight number thirty-six to Paris are requested to proceed
to gate number nine.
(vi) The managing director congratulated everyone in the room.
(i) non-performatively
(ii) performatively
(iii) performatively
(iv) non-performatively
(v) performatively
(vi) non-performatively

6. What are the locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts of the

following?
(i) Mother to son: Give me that Playboy magazine.
(ii) Dean’s secretary to professor: Coffee?
(i) Locution: The mother uttered the words ‘Give me that Playboy magazine’
to her son, meaning ‘Hand that Playboy magazine over to me’, with me
referring to the mother.
Illocution: The mother requested (or ordered) her son to give her the
Playboy magazine. Or the mother performed the speech act of requesting
(or ordering) her son to give her the Playboy magazine.
Perlocution: The mother persuaded her son to give her the playboy maga-
zine. Or the son refused to give her mother the Playboy magazine.

(ii) Locution: The dean’s secretary uttered the word ‘Coffee?’ to the professor,
meaning ‘Would you like a coffee?’
Illocution: The dean’s secretary offered a coffee to the Professor. Or the dean’s
the secretary performed the speech act of offering a coffee to the professor.
Perlocution: The professor accepted the coffee from the dean’s secretary
with thanks. Or the professor declined the coffee from the dean’s secretary
with thanks.

7. Can you work out the Searlean felicity conditions for (i) questioning, (ii)
thanking, and (iii) warning?

8. Using Searle’s typology, classify the following speech acts:

(i) pleading
(ii) welcoming
(iii) recommending
(iv) undertaking
(v) baptizing a child into the Christian faith
(vi) appointing a minister
(vii) stating
(viii) apologizing
9. Of the following utterances, which are direct and which are indirect speech
acts?
(i) Would all drivers please proceed to the car deck and return to their vehicles,
as we will be docking shortly?
(ii) (At a Fitness club in Oxford)
Please shower before entering the pool. Please observe pool rules located at
poolside. You are advised against swimming alone.
(iii) Who cares!
(iv) Have a nice weekend!
(v) Why don’t we go to the new Italian restaurant near the museum?
(vi) (The following example is taken from a letter which I received from
Marquis Who’s Who in the World in May 2003.)
Once again, because our publication cycle operates within a Wrm timetable,
we respectfully request that you return your verified sketch by June 27.
10. John and Mary are watching TV. John has accidentally blocked the TV
screen.
In (i)–(v) below, there are Wve possible ways that Mary could get John to stop
blocking the screen (adapted from Peccei 1999: 90). Can you analyse them in
terms of Brown and Levinson’s set of FTA-avoiding strategies? Can you also
rank them in order of politeness, starting with the most polite.
(i) [Mary keeps shifting on the sofa or craning her neck.]
(ii) Would you mind moving just a bit?
(iii) What an interesting programme!
(iv) Move out of the way.
(v) How about moving over just a teensy bit?
11. The following is a typical interlanguage compliment response by Chinese L2
learners of English (Huang 1987).
(i) Foreign visitor to China: Your English is excellent.
Chinese student: No, no. My English is very poor. There’s much room for
improvement. I still have a long way to go in my study . . .
What is the main pragmatic error here? To what extent do you think that the
Chinese learner’s native language has influenced his or her inappropriate
realization of the speech act of responding to compliments in English?
2. Explicit versus implicit performatives
(i) implicit
(ii) implicit
(iii) explicit
(iv) implicit
(v) implicit
(vi) explicit
3. Performative verbs

4. Performatively versus non-performatively

5. The Austinian felicity condition Diana violated is B (i). It is a misfire.

6. Locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts
7. Searlean felicity conditions
(i) Questioning
(i) Propositional content: any proposition or propositional function
(ii) Preparatory: (a) S does not know the answer, i.e., for a yes/no question,
he does not know whether p is true or false; for a WH-question, he does
not know the missing information. (b) It is not obvious to both S and H
that H will provide the information at that time without being asked
(iii) Sincerity: S wants this information
(iv) Essential: the utterance of e counts as an attempt to elicit this information
from H
where p stands for the proposition expressed in the speech act
(ii) Thanking
(i) Propositional content: past act A done by H
(ii) Preparatory: S believes that A benefits S
(iii) Sincerity: S feels grateful or appreciative for A
(iv) Essential: the utterance of e counts as an expression of gratitude or
appreciation
(iii) Warning
(i) Propositional content: future event or state, etc. E
(ii) Preparatory: S has reason to believe that E will occur and that it is not
in H’s interest
(iii) Sincerity: S believes that E is not in H’s best interest
(iv) Essential: the utterance of e counts as an undertaking that E is not in
H’s best interest
where E stands for event.
8. Classification of speech acts
(i) directive
(ii) expressive
(iii) directive
(iv) commissive
(v) declaration
(vi) declaration
(vii) representative
(viii) expressive
9. Direct versus indirect speech acts
(i) indirect
(ii) direct
(iii) indirect (No one cares!)
(iv) indirect
(v) indirect
(vi) direct
10. FTA-avoiding strategies
(i) Don’t perform the FTA
(ii) On record, with negative politeness redress
(iii) Off record
(iv) On record, without redress
(v) On record, with positive politeness redress
Order of politeness, starting with the most polite: (i), (iii), (ii), (v), (iv)
11. Interlanguage compliment response
The main pragmatic error here is that the Chinese L2 learner of English uses
self-denigration as the response to the foreign visitor’s compliment. The typical
response by a native speaker of English here would be acceptance/thanking.
The error is largely the result of the influence of the typical compliment
response formula in Chinese, as pointed out in the text.
3. Cohesive devices:
Reference:
Endophoric: anaphoric & cataphoric (refer forward)
Exophoric
Substitution:
Nominal substitution is substituting a noun or a nominal group with another
noun. Elements of this type are one,
ones, and same. In the following example, one substitutes car.

This car is old. I will buy a new one.

Verbal substitution involves substituting a verb or a verbal group with another

verb. The verb element used to
replace items in this type is do. For example:

I challenge you to win the game before I do!

Here, do is the substitution for win the game.
Clausal substitution is substituting clauses by so or not. This is illustrated by the
following:
A: Do you think the teacher is going to be absent tomorrow?

B: No. I don’t think so.

In this example, so substitutes the clause going to be absent.
Ellipsis:
In nominal ellipsis, the noun is omitted. This is exemplified by:

My brothers like sports. In fact, both [0] love football. [0: My brothers]

In the second sentence, the nominal my brothers is omitted.

Verbal ellipsis involves the omission of the verb. In the following example, the
verb been studying is left
out in B.

A: Have you been studying? B: Yes, I have[0]. [0: been studying]

Clausal ellipsis occurs when the clause is omitted. In the example mentioned
below, the clause writing on the board is excluded in B.
A: Who is writing on the board?
B: Alice is [0]. [0: writing on the board]
Conjunction:
Lexical cohesion:
Reiteration: synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, meronymy
Collocation