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General Physics

Gauss's Law relates electric field (E) to charge (q) through the concept of electric flux (Φ), which is defined as the product of E and the area (A) through which it passes. The document discusses various charge distributions and their applications of Gauss's Law, including examples involving conductors, insulating spheres, and infinite planes of charge. It also covers the calculation of electric fields in different geometries and conditions.

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13 views60 pages

General Physics

Gauss's Law relates electric field (E) to charge (q) through the concept of electric flux (Φ), which is defined as the product of E and the area (A) through which it passes. The document discusses various charge distributions and their applications of Gauss's Law, including examples involving conductors, insulating spheres, and infinite planes of charge. It also covers the calculation of electric fields in different geometries and conditions.

Uploaded by

vomiwew744
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LECTURE-3

Gauss’s Law
What is Gauss’s Law?

Gauss’s law is a statement of the relation between 𝑞 and 𝐸.


1. Given any charge distrubution, imagine we surround it with a
surface of area 𝐴 that encloses the charge (𝑞!"#$%&!' ).
2. Look at various points on the surface through which a uniform 𝐸
passes.
3. See the relation between 𝐸 at all points and 𝑞!"#$%&!' within the
surface.
Electric Flux
• Consider an 𝐸 that is uniform in both
magnitude and direction.
• The total number of lines penetrating the
surface is proportional to the product 𝐸𝐴
called electric flux (Φ( ).
• The flux through 𝐴 equals the flux through 𝐴).

Φ( = 𝐸𝐴) = 𝐸𝐴 cos 𝜃
• Using the definition of the scalar product of
two vectors 𝐴⃗ + 𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃,

Φ( = 𝐸 + ∆𝐴⃗

• Summing the contributions of all elements


with areas approaching zero,

Φ( = . 𝐸 + 𝑑𝐴⃗
Charge and Electric Flux
• The field patterns are different on the surfaces of the boxes.
Zero Net Charge, Zero Flux
1. Empty box, no Φ( .

2. There is 𝐸 but no net Φ( .

3. There is charge but no net Φ( .


• Net Φ( is directly proportional to 𝑞!"#$%&!' .
𝑞!"#
Φ( = . 𝐸 + 𝑑𝐴 =⃗
𝜖*
How to Calculate the Electric Flux
Φ( = 𝐸 + 𝐴⃗ = 𝐸𝐴 cos 𝜙

Φ! = 𝐸𝐴 cos 0° = 𝐸𝐴 Φ! = 𝐸𝐴 cos 𝜙 Φ! = 𝐸𝐴 cos 90° = 0

𝐸 ∥ 𝐴⃗ 𝐸 ⊥ 𝐴⃗
Φ! = EA Φ! = 0
Example-1: Flux Through a Cube
• Consider a uniform electric field of magnitude 𝐸 oriented in the 𝑥
direction. Find the net electric flux throught the surface of a cube of
edge length 𝑙 oriented as shown. (Answer: Φ( =0)
Application of Gauss’s Law to Various Charge
Distributions
Gauss’s law:
𝑞!"# 𝐸 ∥ 𝐴⃗ 𝐸 ⊥ 𝐴⃗
Φ( = . 𝐸 + 𝑑𝐴⃗ = Φ! = EA Φ! = 0
𝜖*
Symmetries:
1. Spherical 2. Cylindrical 3. Planar
Electric Field inside Conductors
• Suppose we construct a Gaussian surface inside a
conductor.
• Electric field reads zero everywhere on this
surface so the net charge inside this surface is
zero.
• Under electrostatic conditions, any excess charge
on a solid conductor resides entirely on the
conductor’s surface.
Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium

1. The electric field is zero everywhere inside the conductor, whether


the conductor is solid or hollow.
2. If the conductor is isolated and carries a charge, the charge resides
on its surface.
3. The electric field at a point just outside a charged conductor is
perpendicular
+
to the surface of the conductor and has a magnitude
, where σ is the surface charge density at that point.
,!
4. On an irregularly shaped conductor, the surface charge density is
greatest at locations where the radius of curvature of the surface is
smallest.
Example-2: Cylindrically Symmetric Charge Distribution
Find the electric field a distance 𝑟 from a line of positive charge of infinite
length and constant charge per unit length λ.
Example-3: Infinite Plane Sheet of Charge
Find the electric field due to an infinite plane of positive charge with uniform
surface charge density σ.
Example-4: Point Charge

Consider a positive point charge 𝑞. Find the electric field 𝐸 at a point P


at a distance 𝑟 from the charge 𝑞.
Example-5: Insulating Sphere
An insulating sphere of radius R has a uniform volume charge density 𝜌
and a total charge 𝑄. Calculate the magnitude of the electric field
a) At a point 𝑟 > 𝑅 and
b) At a point 𝑟 < 𝑅.
Example-6: Thin Spherical Shell
A thin spherical shell of radius 𝑅 has a total charge 𝑄 uniformly
distributed over its surface. Find the electric field inside and outside the
shell.
Example-7: Solid Conducting Sphere
A solid conducting sphere of radius 𝑅 has a net positive charge 𝑄.
Calculate the electric field
a. Inside the sphere and
b. Outside the sphere
Example-8: Conducting Sphere and Conducting Shell
A solid conducting sphere of radius 𝑎 carries a net
positive charge of 2𝑄. A conducting spherical shell of
inner radius 𝑏 and outer radius 𝑐 is concentric with the
solid sphere and carries a net charge −𝑄. Using Gauss’s
law, find the electric field in the regions labeled and the
charge distribution on the shell.
Example-9: Insulating Sphere and Conducting Shell
A solid insulating sphere of radius 𝑎 has a uniform
charge distribution 𝜌 and a total charge 𝑄. Concentric
with this sphere is an uncharged conducting spherical
shell of inner radius 𝑏 and outer radius 𝑐.
a. Find the electric field everywhere.
b. Determine the induced charges on the inner and
outer surfaces of the uncharged conducting shell.
Example-10: Two Infinite Parallel Plates
Two infinite, nonconducting sheets of charge are parallel
to each other. The sheet on the left has a uniform
surface charge density 𝜎, and the one on the right has a
uniform charge density −𝜎. Calculate the electric field at
points
a. to the left of,
b. İn between, and
c. to the right of the two sheets.
d. Find the electric fields in all three regions if both
sheets have positive uniform surface charge
densities of value 𝜎.
Example-11: Conducting Cylindrical Shell
The presented figure shows a section of a long, thin-walled metal tube of
radius 𝑅 = 3.00 𝑐𝑚, with a charge per unit length of 𝜆 = 2.00×10-. 𝐶/𝑚.
What is the magnitude 𝐸 of the electric field at radial distance
a. 𝑟 = 𝑅/2.00 and
b. 𝑟 = 2.00𝑅?
c. Graph 𝐸 versus 𝑟 for the range 𝑟 = 0 to 2.00𝑅.
Example-12: Cylindrical Shell and a Conducting Rod
The following figure is a section of a conducting rod of radius 𝑅/ =
1.30 𝑚𝑚 and length 𝐿 = 11.00 𝑚 inside a thin-walled coaxial conducting
cylindrical shell of radius 𝑅0 = 10.0𝑅/ and the length 𝐿. The net charge on
the rod is 𝑄/ = +3.40×10-/0 𝐶; that on the shell is 𝑄0 = −2.00𝑄/. What
are the magnitude and direction of the electric field
a. At 𝑟 = 2.00𝑅0,
b. At 𝑟 = 5.00𝑅/?
c. What is the charge on the interior and exterior
of the shell?
EXTRA PROBLEMS
7- Consider a point charge −2𝑞 placed at the center of a metallic spherical shell of
radius 𝑎 and charge 5𝑞, as shown in the figure. Find the magnitude and the direction
of the electric field

a) everywhere,

b) at a radial distance of 𝑎 ⁄3, and

c) at a radial distance of 3𝑎.

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