MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY AND TRADE

INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY OF HO CHI MINH CITY

FALCULTY OF MECHANICAL

NAME OF SUBJECT: INTRODUCTION TO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

NAME OF TOPIC: ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

Intructor: MS Võ Ngọc Yến Phương

Group: 1
Class: DHCDT19ATT
Members:

Hoàng Văn Tiến Group leader 23652971

Nguyễn Gia Tuấn Member

Nguyễn Văn Member

Trịnh

Nguyễn Minh Tân Member

Ho Chi Minh City, December 27th 2024

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 Table of Contents
1. Introduction....................................................................................................................6
1.1 General Overview....................................................................................................6
1.2. Purpose and Scope of Study...................................................................................6
1.3. Importance of Electric Circuits.............................................................................6
2. Theoretical Basis............................................................................................................7
2.1. Definition and Classification..................................................................................7
2.2. Basic Components...................................................................................................7
2.2.1. Power Sources (DC and AC).............................................................................7
2.2.2. Wires..................................................................................................................7
2.2.3. Resistors.............................................................................................................7
2.2.4. Capacitors..........................................................................................................7
2.2.5. Inductors............................................................................................................8
2.3. Analysis of Basic Circuits (Series and Parallel)...................................................8
3. Capacitors and Inductors..............................................................................................8
3.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................8
3.2 Capacitors.................................................................................................................9
3.3 Inductors.................................................................................................................11
3.4 Conclusion..............................................................................................................12
4. Electrical Safety and Applications of Electric Circuits............................................12
4.1 Electrical Safety.....................................................................................................12
4.1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................12
4.1.2 Safety Principles...............................................................................................13
4.2 Applications of Electric Circuits..........................................................................13
4.2.1 Energy Conversion and Distribution................................................................13
4.2.2 Control and Automation...................................................................................13
4.2.3 Signal Transmission..........................................................................................13
4.2.4 Protection and Safety........................................................................................13
4.2.5 Smart Technology Integration..........................................................................14
4.2.6 Education and Research....................................................................................14
4.2.7 Support for Production Activities.....................................................................14
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4.3 Conclusion..............................................................................................................14

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 ABSTRACT:
Electrical circuits play an indispensable role in modern life, from household appliances to
industrial systems and advanced technology. We provide energy and control the
operation of many devices, helping to improve work efficiency and quality of life.
A basic electrical circuit consists of a power source (battery, accumulator, or AC power
source), conductors, loads (light bulbs, motors, resistors), and current control conditions
such as switches, transistors, or microcontrollers. The combination of these components
allows the current to circulate information and perform specific functions according to
the design.
In addition, electrical safety is an important factor that needs to be carefully considered.
Proper insulation, avoiding circuit measurement, controlling current, and using protective
devices such as fuses and circuit breakers not only help protect equipment but also
resolve the risk of fire, explosion, flashing, or electric shock.
Circuits are present in almost every field, from consumer electronics such as phones,
computers, televisions to industrial automation systems, control robots and artificial
intelligence technology. With the continuous development of science and technology,
circuits are becoming more compact, flexible and efficient, opening up many new service
applications for users.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, our team would like to express our sincere gratitude to Ho Chi Minh
City University of Industry for integrating the Introduction to the Major course into the
curriculum, providing us with the opportunity to acquire essential knowledge about
workplace safety.
At the same time, we would like to extend our deepest appreciation to our course
instructor, Ms. Võ Ngọc Yến Phương, who has dedicated her time and effort to imparting
invaluable experiences and profound knowledge to us throughout the learning process.
Thanks to her dedicated guidance in this course, our team has gained many useful lessons
and crucial knowledge in teamwork. These skills and insights will be invaluable assets,
helping us become more confident as we advance in our future careers.
Building upon the knowledge we have acquired, our team has conducted this research
paper on the topic: "Automated Defect Detection in Products Using Image Processing
and Sensors – Alert Systems and Improvement Proposals." This is a highly practical
subject, allowing us to explore and engage with advanced technologies in quality control
and defect detection.
Despite our best efforts during the research and implementation process, due to time
constraints, limited experience, and practical knowledge, our report inevitably contains
shortcomings. We sincerely hope to receive valuable feedback from Ms. Võ Ngọc Yến
Phương and our peers to further refine this research paper and enhance our knowledge
and skills for future applications.
Finally, our team wishes Ms. Võ Ngọc Yến Phương good health, happiness, and
continued success in her teaching career. We hope that she will continue to share her
expertise and valuable experiences with many future generations of students.
We sincerely thank you!

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1. Introduction
1.1 General Overview

Electric circuits are systems of interconnected electrical components that form a closed
path for electric current to flow. These components can include power sources (such as
batteries or generators), conductors (wires), passive components (resistors, capacitors,
inductors), and active components (transistors, integrated circuits). Electric circuits are
fundamental to virtually all modern electronic devices and systems.

1.2. Purpose and Scope of Study

This research paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of electric circuits,

covering:

 Definitions and classifications of electric circuits.

 Fundamental components and their functions.
 The operational principles of capacitors and inductors.
 Electrical safety guidelines.
 Applications of electric circuits in various fields.

The scope of this study focuses on basic electric circuits, including DC and AC circuits,
and series and parallel configurations. Common applications of electric circuits will also
be discussed

1.3. Importance of Electric Circuits

Electric circuits are crucial to modern society. Their understanding is essential for:

 Safe and efficient use of electrical devices.

 Design and development of new electronic technologies.
 Advancement of sustainable energy systems.
 Enhancement of productivity and quality of life.

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2. Theoretical Basis

2.1. Definition and Classification

Definition: An electric circuit is a closed loop that provides a path for electric current.

Classification:

 DC Circuits (Direct Current): Current flows in one direction only. Example:

battery-powered circuits.

 AC Circuits (Alternating Current): Current reverses direction periodically.

Example: household electrical circuits.

2.2. Basic Components

2.2.1. Power Sources (DC and AC)

 DC Sources: Provide constant voltage and current. Examples: batteries, DC

power supplies.
o Symbol: DC
 AC Sources: Provide alternating voltage and current. Examples: wall outlets,
generators.
o Symbol: AC

2.2.2. Wires

 Function: Connect components and allow current flow.

 Materials: Typically copper, aluminum, or silver due to low resistivity.
o Symbol: (Insert wire symbol)

2.2.3. Resistors

 Function: Limit current, divide voltage, generate heat.

 Symbol: (Insert resistor symbol)
 Unit: Ohm (Ω)

2.2.4. Capacitors

 Function: Store energy in an electric field, filter signals, create oscillators.

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  Symbol: (Insert capacitor symbol)
 Unit: Farad (F)

2.2.5. Inductors

 Function: Store energy in a magnetic field, filter signals, create oscillators.

 Symbol: (Insert inductor symbol)
 Unit: Henry (H)

2.3. Analysis of Basic Circuits (Series and Parallel)

Series Circuits:

 Components connected in a single path.

 Current is the same through all components.
 Total voltage is the sum of individual voltages.

 Equivalent resistance: Rtd =R 1+ R 2+ …+ Rn

image 2. 1. Series Circuits
Parallel Circuits:

 Components connected across the same two

points.
 Voltage is the same across all components.
 Total current is the sum of individual currents.
1 1 1 1
 Equivalent resistance: R = R + R +…+ R image 2. 2. Series Parallel
td 1 2 n

3. Capacitors and Inductors

3.1 Introduction

Unlike resistors, which dissipate energy, capacitors and inductors are passive components
that store energy. They play vital roles in various applications, including electronics,
communication systems, and power systems. This section will explore their
characteristics, behavior in circuits, and common applications.

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3.2 Capacitors

A. Definition and Construction

 Capacitance: The ability of a component to store electrical energy in an

electric field.
 Structure: Two conductive plates separated by an insulating material called a
dielectric. When a voltage is applied, opposite charges accumulate on the
plates.

B. Capacitance and Factors Affecting It

 Formula: q=Cv (charge = capacitance × voltage)

 Unit: Farad (F)

 Influencing Factors:

 Surface area of the plates (larger area = higher capacitance)

 Distance between the plates (smaller distance = higher capacitance)
 Permittivity of the dielectric material (higher permittivity = higher capacitance)

C. Current-Voltage Relationship

dv
 Formula: i=C ( ) (current = capacitance × rate of change of voltage)
dt
 Current flows through a capacitor only when the voltage across it is changing.
 Capacitors block DC current.

D. Energy Storage

2 1
 Formula: w= Cv
2

E. Key Properties

 Block DC, allow AC.

 Voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantly.
 Ideal capacitors do not dissipate energy.

F. Series and Parallel Capacitors

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Parallel:
 Voltage across each capacitor is the same.
 Equivalent capacitance: C eq=C 1 +C 2+ …+Cn

Series:
 Current through each capacitor is the same.
1 1 1 1
 Equivalent capacitance: C = C + C +…+ C
eq 1 2 n

G. Applications

 Energy Storage: Camera flashes, backup power supplies

image 3. 1. A typical enclosed switching power supply

Filtering: Smoothing current flow, blocking high-frequency noise.

image 3. 2. Schematic diagram of an LC filter circuit

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Transformers: Changing voltage levels in AC circuits.

image 3. 3. A typical power transformer

Motors and Generators: Converting between electrical and mechanical energy.
3.3 Inductors

image 3. 4. Industrial AC motor

A. Definition and Construction
 Inductance: The ability of a component to store energy in a magnetic field.
 Structure: A coil of wire, often wound around a core material. Current flowing
through the coil generates a magnetic field.
B. Inductance and Factors Affecting It
 Formula: v = L (di/dt) (voltage = inductance × rate of change of current)
 Unit: Henry (H)
 Influencing Factors:
o Number of turns in the coil (more turns = higher inductance)
o Core material (magnetic materials increase inductance)
o Cross-sectional area of the coil (larger area = higher inductance)
o Length of the coil (longer length = lower inductance)
C. Energy Storage

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  Formula: w = 1/2 Li²
D. Key Properties
 Resist changes in current.
 Current through an inductor cannot change instantly.
 Ideal inductors do not dissipate energy.
E. Series and Parallel Inductors
 Series:
o Current through each inductor is the same.
o Equivalent inductance: Leq = L1 + L2 +... + Ln
 Parallel:
o Voltage across each inductor is the same.
o Equivalent inductance: 1/Leq = 1/L1 + 1/L2 +... + 1/Ln
F. Applications
 Energy Storage: Switching power supplies, energy storage systems.
o (Insert image of a switching power supply)
 Filtering: Smoothing current flow, blocking high-frequency noise.
o (Insert image of a filter circuit with an inductor)
 Transformers: Changing voltage levels in AC circuits.
o (Insert image of a transformer)

 Motors and Generators: Converting between electrical and mechanical energy.

o (Insert image of an electric motor)
3.4 Conclusion

Capacitors and inductors are essential components in electrical and electronic systems,
offering capabilities for energy storage, filtering, and timing. Their unique properties
enable them to perform critical functions in a wide range of applications.

4. Electrical Safety and Applications of Electric Circuits

4.1 Electrical Safety
4.1.1 Introduction

Electrical circuits are fundamental to modern life, powering everything from lighting and
appliances to complex industrial systems. However, electrical hazards pose significant
risks to human life and property. Understanding and implementing electrical safety
principles is crucial to prevent accidents and ensure the safe operation of electrical
equipment.

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4.1.2 Safety Principles

 Check Equipment: Regularly inspect and test electrical equipment for proper
operation and any signs of damage.
 Disconnect Power: Always disconnect power before performing maintenance or
repairs on electrical circuits or devices.
 Use Protective Equipment: Wear appropriate personal protective equipment
(PPE), such as insulated gloves and footwear, when working with electrical
circuits.
 Grounding System: Ensure proper grounding of electrical systems to protect
against electrical shocks and faults.
 Raise Awareness: Promote awareness of electrical safety practices among
individuals and workers to prevent accidents and ensure responsible use of
electricity.

4.2 Applications of Electric Circuits

4.2.1 Energy Conversion and Distribution

Electrical circuits are the foundation of power generation, transmission, and distribution
systems. They convert various forms of energy into electrical energy and deliver it to
homes, businesses, and industries.

4.2.2 Control and Automation

Electrical circuits are used extensively in control systems and automation processes. They
enable precise control of motors, robots, and industrial machinery, enhancing
productivity and efficiency.

4.2.3 Signal Transmission

In communication systems, electrical circuits transmit signals between devices, such as

telephones, computers, and network equipment. They enable the exchange of information
and data across various platforms.

4.2.4 Protection and Safety

Electrical circuits incorporate protective devices, such as fuses, circuit breakers, and
sensors, to prevent overloads, short circuits, and other electrical hazards. These
components ensure the safety of both equipment and users.

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4.2.5 Smart Technology Integration

In the Internet of Things (IoT), electrical circuits are embedded in devices to connect and
process data from sensors, control smart appliances, and enable communication between
devices.

4.2.6 Education and Research

Electrical circuits are used in educational settings and research laboratories to study
electrical phenomena, conduct experiments, and develop new technologies.

4.2.7 Support for Production Activities

In industrial settings, electrical circuits are essential for automated production systems,
process control, and energy management. They contribute to efficient and reliable
manufacturing processes.

4.3 Conclusion

Electrical circuits are indispensable for converting and distributing energy, controlling
and automating systems, transmitting signals, and ensuring safety. They support the
development of smart technologies and the IoT, playing a vital role in various fields and
contributing to improved production efficiency and quality of life. Applying electrical
safety principles is crucial to protect human life, maintain equipment efficiency, and
ensure stability in business and production activities.

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