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CAT CARE
MANUAL
r
' .f,
Contents
LONDON • NEW YORK • MELBOURNE
MUNICH • DELHI
Introduction 6
Glossary 184
Cat Care Record 186
Index 188
Acknowledgments 192
The ASPCA and Cat Care
No ONE IS sure why cats purr, except that it seems, in part at least, to be one way of
showing that they feel very strongly about us. We do not fully understand what constitutes
intensity in a cat’s mind, or even how, what, and to what degree cats think; but they do
think - that much has been determined - and we’d like to believe that they think good
things about us. They certainly purr when they are around us. They
apparently like us as much as we like them.
The affection and respect for animals that many people share
resulted in the formation of the The American Society for the
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in 1866. It is the Western
Hemisphere’s oldest humane society, whose purpose, as stated by its
founder, Henry Bergh, is “to provide effective means for the
prevention of cruelty to animals throughout the United States.”
Today, more than 125 years later, the ASPCA continues its work by operating shelters and
an animal hospital in New York City. Authorized as peace officers, its Humane Law
Enforcement agents continue Bergh’s work by investigating instances of cruelty to animals.
The ASPCA’s educational and legislative programs reach millions of people across the
country each year.
Many of the problems that all humane societies across the country are
forced to deal with are the result of uncaring, irresponsible, or
simply poorly informed pet owners. Education plays an
integral role in correcting and preventing
these problems by providing people
with the information they need to
care for their companion
animals in a humane
and responsible fashion.
6
THE ASPCA AND CAT CARE
Roger Caras
President (1991-1999)
7
Introduction
It IS ONLY during the last few thousand years that the cat has become domesticated, developing
from small, wild ancestors that first roamed the Earth about 12 million years ago. Even before then,
the larger cats, such as lions, tigers, and leopards, were developing from a few prototypes, while
other members of the cat family branched in a different direction to
become specialist hunters like the cheetah, or small, forest-dwelling
felines like the ocelot and the margay.
As people moved around the world, the cat went with them. The
earliest signs of domestication were probably seen in the Middle East.
The Ancient Egyptians were the first civilization to realize the cat’s
potential as a vermin hunter, that protected the grain supplies on which
their lives depended. It is not surprising, then, that this reliance turned to
worship. The cat became a deity in Ancient Egypt and was almost as well¬
loved as it is today. Although it is not regarded as a deity anymore,
worship has been replaced with a caring, loving
relationship with presentday owners.
Essential Care
Deciding to add a cat to your household should not be taken lightly if
you and your pet are to be happy together. Therefore, it is essential that
you know exactly how to care for a cat; from choosing a healthy kitten,
to reproduction, house training, and basic discipline. A major section of
this book covers all the varied aspects of day-to-day cat care. Becoming a
cat owner is a serious business, and this chapter gives advice on what to
look for when adopting or purchasing your pet, basic equipment such as cat
collars and baskets, and containers for traveling with your pet.
8
INTRODUCTION
9
Chapter 1
Introducing
the Cat
C 'ATS ARE always enigmatic and
enchanting, and they have been a
source of fascination for mankind
throughout history. The cat has
been worshiped and persecuted in
turn, but it is now
in the ascendant
again. Cats are
perfectly suited to i', 3
the urban lifestyle of
twentieth-century society.
Whether pedigree or
1
ordinary housecat, they
make attractive, rewarding, and relatively
easy-to-care-for pets. Indispensable
companions to people of all ages and
nationalities, they are chameleon
characters; fearless hunters one moment,
and purring comforters the next.
11
INTRODUCING THE CAT
1 2
THE FIRST DOMESTIC CATS
16th century
Longhaired cats taken
to Italy from Turkey
Circa 900 BC
Shorthaired cats taken
r ; \ 17th century to Italy from Egypt
■ ■: . . -
Z Shorthaired cats
taken to United States
ik'ih '
by first settlers \
Process of domestication
1970s Singapura taken
The shorthaired domestic cat spread across the
to United States from world from Egypt, while longhaired cats came
Singapore much later from Turkey, Iran, and Afghanistan.
13
INTRODUCING THE CAT
'ISC:
1 4
THE FELINE SENSES
mm
3tt :
15
INTRODUCING THE CAT
16
Climbing
From a tree or fence,
THE RIGHTING REFLEX
a cat can patrol its
territory and watch its
prey without being
seen. Using its strong
hind-leg muscles and
gripping with its front
claws, going up is
relatively easy, but
coming down can be
more difficult.
The eyes
survey the
ground
The hind
legs are
carefully
Turning over
balanced
A cat’s balance and
coordination are
unsurpassed, and
this has led to the
belief that a cat is
able to withstand a
fall from a great
height. This is -hP®
not always the
case, but some cats
have survived falls
of over 65 ft (20
meters). The cat’s
righting reflex works
automatically and
quickly. The cat’s
eyes and balance
organs in the inner
ear tell it where it is
in space, and it lands
on its feet.
17
INTRODUCING THE CAT
First meeting
Cats usually establish their social order
without incurring serious injury. Intense
staring and emphatic body language may
deter more timid cats. The engagement
may break up with each cat washing itself
in a very deliberate way.
Aggressive cat
A cat lying on its back is Defensive cat
not necessarily submitting A cat poised to make a strategic
to a more dominant feline. withdrawal may remain still for several
With its teeth and claws minutes. The attention is focused, the
The ears are flattened showing, a formidable array gaze intense, and the ears pricked
against the head of weaponry is displayed. forward to monitor any sound.
ASSESSING A CAT’S MOOD
Close companions
Cats that are part of the same
household will greet each
other affectionately by
touching noses and rubbing
their bodies together. Cats
that are best friends will
groom each other, sleep
huddled together, and
play with one another.
Cat calls
The vocal repertoire
of a cat is extensive,
Making contact
with more than 16
Rubbing against people
different sounds. Cat
is an endearing habit, but
calls include howls of
your cat is not simply
anger, yowls and growls
being affectionate. It is
of tomcats fighting, as
marking out tenitory
well as queens in
with the secretions
heat looking for
of glands around
mates. According
its face. The tail
to the intonation,
area and paws
a cat’s meow can
also carry the
be used to
cat’s scent.
express many
different moods.
PURRING
The purr is a low-frequency Purring for pleasure
sound that is produced not by Purring is a uniquely feline sound
the vocal chords but from that usually means that
somewhere deep in a cat’s a cat is relaxed and
chest. Purring is usually a sign contented.
of pleasure or contentment. A
mother cat purrs when her
kittens are bom and when they
begin to suckle; tiny kittens purr
when they feel secure, warm,
and well fed. However, a cat
will also purr to comfort itself
when it is nervous or in pain.
19
INTRODUCING THE CAT
20
THE CAT AS A PET
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sous Palafox, on ne trouve guère que le nombre total de cent mille
hommes, renfermant presque tout ce que l'Espagne comptait de
soldats disciplinés et de volontaires ardents, présentant un mélange
confus de troupes de ligne, assez instruites pour sentir la
défectuosité de leur organisation et en être découragées, de
paysans, d'étudiants dépourvus d'instruction, sans aucune idée de la
guerre, prêts à s'enfuir à la première rencontre sérieuse, le tout mal
équipé, mal armé, mal nourri, conduit par des généraux ou
incapables, ou suspects parce qu'ils étaient sages, jaloux les uns des
autres, et profondément divisés. Le grand courage de la nation
espagnole ne pouvait suppléer à tant d'insuffisances, et si le climat,
une armée étrangère, les circonstances générales de l'Europe, les
fautes politiques de Napoléon, ne venaient pas en aide à l'ancienne
dynastie, ce n'était pas des défenseurs armés pour elle qu'elle devait
attendre son rétablissement.
Plus audacieux que lui parce qu'ils étaient plus ignorants, ses
soldats montraient une assurance que lui-même n'avait pas, et du
haut de leur position poussaient des cris, insultaient nos troupes, les
menaçaient du geste. L'impatience de nos soldats, peu habitués à
souffrir l'insulte de l'ennemi, portée au comble, avait excité celle du
vieux Lefebvre, qui n'était pas fâché, dans sa grossière finesse, de
faire quelque bon coup de main sur l'armée espagnole avant l'arrivée
de l'Empereur. Le maréchal avait avec lui la division Sébastiani,
composée de quatre vieux régiments d'infanterie (les 32e, 58e, 28e,
75e de ligne) et d'un régiment de dragons, formant un effectif
d'environ 6,000 hommes; la division Leval, composée de 7,000
Hessois, Badois, Hollandais, et enfin, seulement comme auxiliaire, la
division Villatte, forte de quatre vieux régiments d'un effectif d'à peu
près 8,000 hommes, des meilleurs de l'armée française. C'était plus
qu'il n'en fallait pour battre l'armée espagnole, quoiqu'une partie des
hommes, à la suite d'une longue marche, n'eût pas encore rejoint.
Les Espagnols étaient en avant de Durango sur
Combat de
Zornoza. une ligne de hauteurs, dont la droite moins
fortement appuyée pouvait être tournée. Le
maréchal Lefebvre plaça au centre de sa ligne la division Sébastiani,
et à ses deux ailes les Allemands mêlés avec la division Villatte, pour
leur donner l'exemple. Il fit commencer l'attaque par sa gauche, afin
de tourner la droite des Espagnols, qui était, comme nous venons de
le dire, moins solidement établie. Le 31 octobre au matin, par un
brouillard épais, le général Villatte avec deux de ses régiments, les
94e et 95e de ligne, et une portion des Allemands, se porta si
vigoureusement sur la position, que les Espagnols surpris tinrent à
peine. Bien qu'ils eussent beaucoup d'obstacles de terrain à opposer
aux Français, ils se laissèrent culbuter de poste en poste, dans le
fond de la vallée. Un feu allumé par le général Villatte devait servir
de signal au centre et à la droite, qui ne marchèrent pas avec moins
de vigueur que la gauche. Une grêle d'obus lancés à travers le
brouillard avait déjà fort ébranlé les Espagnols. On les aborda
ensuite vivement, et on les refoula si promptement sur le revers des
hauteurs qu'ils occupaient, qu'on eut à peine le temps de les joindre.
Leur manière de combattre consistait à faire feu sur nos colonnes en
marche, puis à se jeter à la débandade dans le fond des vallées. En
plaine, la cavalerie les aurait sabrés par milliers. Tout ce que pouvait
notre infanterie dans ces montagnes escarpées, c'était de les fusiller
dans leur fuite, en ajustant ses coups beaucoup mieux qu'ils ne
savaient ajuster les leurs. On leur blessa ou tua ainsi 15 ou 1,800
hommes, pour 200 qu'ils mirent hors de combat de notre côté. Mais
plusieurs milliers d'entre eux saisis de terreur se dispersèrent à cette
première rencontre, commençant à comprendre, et à moins aimer la
guerre avec les Français. Ce n'était pas le courage naturel qui leur
manquait assurément; mais, privés de la discipline, les hommes ne
conservent jamais dans le danger la tenue qui convient, et sans
laquelle toute opération de guerre est impossible.
De son côté, le maréchal Victor n'avait pas fait mieux. Envoyé par
Orduña à Amurrio, afin de flanquer le maréchal Lefebvre, il avait
expédié vers Oquendo le général Labruyère avec une brigade, et
l'avait retenu dans cette position, sans que l'idée lui vînt de s'y
rendre lui-même pour le diriger. Le général Labruyère, au milieu de
ces montagnes escarpées, où l'on avait peine à se reconnaître, où
les brouillards de l'hiver ajoutaient à l'obscurité des lieux, privé de
toute direction, ne sachant ce qu'il pouvait avoir d'ennemis en sa
présence, n'avait pas voulu s'engager, et avait laissé passer devant
lui les corps qui flanquaient Blake pendant le combat de Zornoza,
n'osant rien faire pour arrêter leur retraite. Les jours suivants il était
resté en position, voyant Balmaseda de loin, apercevant la division
Villatte sans songer à la rejoindre, apercevant aussi la division
Sébastiani qui de Bilbao exécutait des reconnaissances sur la route
d'Orduña; de manière que nos troupes, au lieu de se réunir pour
accabler Blake, seule opération qui fût raisonnable dès qu'on avait
eu le tort de combattre avant les ordres du quartier général, étaient
dispersées entre Bilbao, Balmaseda et Oquendo, exposées dans leur
isolement à de graves échecs.
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