public class BitwiseStringOperations {

public static void main(String[] args) {

String str = "Adarsh kumar";
System.out.println("Original String: " + str);

StringBuilder andResult = new StringBuilder();

StringBuilder orResult = new StringBuilder();
StringBuilder xorResult = new StringBuilder();

for (char ch : str.toCharArray()) {

andResult.append((char) (ch & 127));
orResult.append((char) (ch | 127));
xorResult.append((char) (ch ^ 127));
}

System.out.println("AND result with 127: " + andResult.toString());

System.out.println("OR result with 127: " + orResult.toString());
System.out.println("XOR result with 127: " + xorResult.toString());
}
}

PS C:\Users\ADARSH\Desktop\cf> & 'C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-21\bin\java.exe'

'-XX:+ShowCodeDetailsInExceptionMessages' '-cp'

'C:\Users\ADARSH\AppData\Roaming\Code\User\workspaceStorage\d8a4d4e5d6a30892978430a025a0
bf4
0\redhat.java\jdt_ws\cf_fa686e5a\bin' 'BitwiseStringOperations'

Original String: Adarsh kumar

AND result with 127: Adarsh kumar
OR result with 127: A•arsh••••••
XOR result with 127: -
import java.util.*;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Input string
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter a string: ");
String str = sc.nextLine();

List<String> v = new ArrayList<>();

v.add(""); // Initialize first rail
v.add(""); // Initialize second rail

// Distribute characters to rails

for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) {
v.set(i % 2, v.get(i % 2) + str.charAt(i));
}

// Print combined rails

System.out.println("Combined Rails:");
for (String rail : v) {
System.out.print(rail);
}
System.out.println();

// Interleaved (original-like) format

System.out.println("Interleaved format:");
for (int i = 0; i < v.get(0).length(); i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
if (i < v.get(j).length()) {
System.out.print(v.get(j).charAt(i));
}
}
}
System.out.println();
}
}
PS C:\Users\adarsh\Desktop\cf> & 'C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-21\bin\java.exe'
'-XX:+ShowCodeDetailsInExceptionMessages' '-cp'

'C:\Users\adarsh\AppData\Roaming\Code\User\workspaceStorage\d8a4d4e5d6a30892978430a025a0bf4
0\redhat.java\jdt_ws\cf_fa686e5a\bin' 'Main'
Enter a string: Adarsh
Combined Rails:
Arh
das
Interleaved format:
Adarsh
import java.util.*; public class
MD5HashCalculator { public static void
main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in); // Scanner object for user input
// Prompt user to enter the text
System.out.print("Enter text to hash: ");
String text = scanner.nextLine(); // Fixed: using nextLine() instead of nextInt()
try {
String md5Hash = calculateMD5(text); // Call the hashing function
System.out.println("MD5 Hash: " + md5Hash); // Print the result
} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
System.out.println("MD5 Algorithm not found."); // In case algorithm is not available
}

scanner.close(); // Close the scanner to avoid resource leak

}

// Function to calculate MD5 hash public static String calculateMD5(String text)

throws NoSuchAlgorithmException {
// Get an instance of MD5 MessageDigest
MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");

// Convert string to bytes using UTF-8 encoding and compute hash

byte[] hashBytes = md.digest(text.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));

// Convert the byte array into a positive BigInteger

BigInteger number = new BigInteger(1, hashBytes);

// Convert the BigInteger to a hex string

StringBuilder hashText = new StringBuilder(number.toString(16));

// Pad with leading zeros to ensure 32-character

length while (hashText.length() < 32) {
hashText.insert(0, '0');
}

return hashText.toString(); // Return the final MD5 hash

}
}

PS C:\Users\ad\Desktop\cf> & 'C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-21\bin\java.exe'

'-XX:+ShowCodeDetailsInExceptionMessages' '-cp'
'C:\Users\ad\AppData\Roaming\Code\User\workspaceStorage\d8a4d4e5d6a30892978430a025a0bf4
0\redhat.java\jdt_ws\cf_fa686e5a\bin' 'MD5HashCalculator'
Enter text to hash: adar
MD5 Hash: 7d1c91ed68d0ef87b8705aefba927eab
import java.util.*;
import javax.crypto.*;
import javax.crypto.spec.*;
import java.security.*;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.util.Base64;

public class SimpleDESExample {

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
String key = "12345678";
String plainText = "adarsh";
System.out.println("Plain Text: " + plainText);
String encryptedText = encrypt(key, plainText);
System.out.println("Encrypted Text: " + encryptedText);
String decryptedText = decrypt(key, encryptedText);
System.out.println("Decrypted Text: " + decryptedText);
}

public static String encrypt(String key, String message) throws Exception {

SecretKeyFactory keyFactory = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance("DES");
DESKeySpec keySpec = new DESKeySpec(key.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
SecretKey secretKey = keyFactory.generateSecret(keySpec);
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("DES/ECB/PKCS5Padding");
cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, secretKey);
byte[] encryptedBytes = cipher.doFinal(message.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
return Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(encryptedBytes);
}

public static String decrypt(String key, String encryptedMessage) throws Exception {

byte[] encryptedBytes = Base64.getDecoder().decode(encryptedMessage);
SecretKeyFactory keyFactory = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance("DES");
DESKeySpec keySpec = new DESKeySpec(key.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
SecretKey secretKey = keyFactory.generateSecret(keySpec);
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("DES/ECB/PKCS5Padding");
cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, secretKey);
byte[] decryptedBytes = cipher.doFinal(encryptedBytes);
return new String(decryptedBytes, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
}
}

PS C:\Users\ad\Desktop\cf> & 'C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-21\bin\java.exe'

'-XX:+ShowCodeDetailsInExceptionMessages' '-cp'
'C:\Users\ad\AppData\Roaming\Code\User\workspaceStorage\d8a4d4e5d6a30892978430a025a0bf4
0\redhat.java\jdt_ws\cf_fa686e5a\bin' 'DESExample'
Plain Text: adarsh
Encrypted Text: 0Eny8XNfU5esozk6VrLFTw==
Decrypted Text: Adarsh
PS C:\Users\ad\Desktop\cf>
mport java.security.*;
import javax.crypto.*;
import java.util.Base64;

public class RSAExample {

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
KeyPair keyPair = generateKeyPair();
PublicKey publicKey = keyPair.getPublic();
PrivateKey privateKey = keyPair.getPrivate();
String plainText = "adarsh";
System.out.println("Plain Text: " + plainText);
String encryptedText = encrypt(publicKey, plainText);
System.out.println("Encrypted Text: " + encryptedText);
String decryptedText = decrypt(privateKey, encryptedText);
System.out.println("Decrypted Text: " + decryptedText);
}
public static KeyPair generateKeyPair() throws Exception {
KeyPairGenerator generator = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("RSA");
generator.initialize(2048);
return generator.generateKeyPair();
}
public static String encrypt(PublicKey key, String message) throws Exception {
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("RSA");
cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, key);
byte[] encryptedBytes = cipher.doFinal(message.getBytes("UTF-8"));
return Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(encryptedBytes);
}

public static String decrypt(PrivateKey key, String encrypted) throws Exception {

byte[] bytes = Base64.getDecoder().decode(encrypted);
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("RSA");
cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, key);
byte[] decryptedBytes = cipher.doFinal(bytes);
return new String(decryptedBytes, "UTF-8");
}
}

PS C:\Users\ad\Desktop\cf> & 'C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-21\bin\java.exe'

'-XX:+ShowCodeDetailsInExceptionMessages' '-cp'
'C:\Users\ad\AppData\Roaming\Code\User\workspaceStorage\d8a4d4e5d6a30892978430a025a0bf4
0\redhat.java\jdt_ws\cf_fa686e5a\bin' 'RSAExample'
Plain Text: adarsh
Encrypted Text:
kL1o6Ls5tT0vLp60Fv2XauVq7pt1j9hCUyFb6n70D0Up7VpBbnH2z0zIkZRRuh1AGZTfsDpNVFAsLzO68f
oKmT9j7wPZGQbnZ5SwOwzhn3L0e7OliXktw==
Decrypted Text: adarsh
import java.math.*;

public class DiffieHellman {

public static BigInteger power(BigInteger base, BigInteger exp, BigInteger mod) {
BigInteger result = BigInteger.ONE;
base = base.mod(mod);
while (exp.compareTo(BigInteger.ZERO) > 0) {
if (exp.mod(BigInteger.TWO).equals(BigInteger.ONE)) {
result = (result.multiply(base)).mod(mod);
}
exp = exp.shiftRight(1); // Divide by 2
base = (base.multiply(base)).mod(mod);
}
return result;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

BigInteger p = BigInteger.valueOf(37); // Prime number
BigInteger g = BigInteger.valueOf(8); // Primitive root
BigInteger a = BigInteger.valueOf(11); // Alice's private key
BigInteger b = BigInteger.valueOf(22); // Bob's private key
BigInteger A = power(g, a, p); // Alice's public key
BigInteger B = power(g, b, p); // Bob's public key
BigInteger keyA = power(B, a, p); // Key computed by Alice
BigInteger keyB = power(A, b, p); // Key computed by Bob

System.out.println("Public Key of Alice: " + A);

System.out.println("Public Key of Bob: " + B);
System.out.println("Shared Secret Key (Alice): " + keyA);
System.out.println("Shared Secret Key (Bob): " + keyB);
}
}

PS C:\Users\ad\Desktop\cf> & 'C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-21\bin\java.exe'

'-XX:+ShowCodeDetailsInExceptionMessages' '-cp'
'C:\Users\ad\AppData\Roaming\Code\User\workspaceStorage\d8a4d4e5d6a30892978430a025a0bf4
0\redhat.java\jdt_ws\cf_fa686e5a\bin' 'DiffieHellman'
Public Key of Alice: 34
Public Key of Bob: 8
Shared Secret Key (Alice): 5
Shared Secret Key (Bob): 5
import javax.crypto.Cipher;
import javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec;
import java.util.Base64;

public class AESExample {

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
String plaintext = "adarsh04"; // New input
String key = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP"; // 16-byte AES key

byte[] keyBytes = key.getBytes();

SecretKeySpec secretKey = new SecretKeySpec(keyBytes, "AES");

// ENCRYPTION
Cipher cipherEncrypt = Cipher.getInstance("AES/ECB/PKCS5Padding");
cipherEncrypt.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, secretKey);
byte[] encryptedBytes = cipherEncrypt.doFinal(plaintext.getBytes());
String ciphertextBase64 = Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(encryptedBytes);

// DECRYPTION
Cipher cipherDecrypt = Cipher.getInstance("AES/ECB/PKCS5Padding");
cipherDecrypt.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, secretKey);
byte[] decryptedBytes = cipherDecrypt.doFinal(encryptedBytes);
String decryptedText = new String(decryptedBytes);

// OUTPUT
System.out.println("Plaintext: " + plaintext);
System.out.println("Ciphertext (Base64): " + ciphertextBase64);
System.out.println("Decrypted Text: " + decryptedText);
}
}

PS C:\Users\ad\Desktop\cf> & 'C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-21\bin\java.exe'

'-XX:+ShowCodeDetailsInExceptionMessages' '-cp'
'C:\Users\ad\AppData\Roaming\Code\User\workspaceStorage\d8a4d4e5d6a30892978430a025a0bf4
0\redhat.java\jdt_ws\cf_fa686e5a\bin' 'AESExample'
Plaintext: adarsh04
Ciphertext (Base64): GdyIL/ZazkrPY4ZTkDM+NQ==
Decrypted Text: adarsh04
PS C:\Users\ad\Desktop\cf>