Contents

Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 3
Aims and Objectives ................................................................................................................... 3
Problem Statement: ..................................................................................................................... 3
Hypothesize................................................................................................................................. 3
Analytical Method: ..................................................................................................................... 3
To Find out .................................................................................................................................. 3
X- and Y- displacements for all nodes. ........................................................................................ 4
Stiffness Matrix [K] .................................................................................................................... 5
Detailed Calculation of Stiffness matrix ..................................................................................... 5
Ks for all Nodes .........................................................................................................................11
Forces on each node .................................................................................................................... 17
Forces in all Elements ................................................................................................................. 17
Reaction Forces at each element ................................................................................................ 19
Summary of Calculated Reactions ............................................................................................ 21
Stress in all elements ................................................................................................................... 21

1
 Abstract

This study focuses on the analysis of a truss frame subjected to a concentrated load at
point F. Using finite element analysis (FEA) software, we constructed a model to evaluate
the behavior of the truss, including displacements, forces, reaction forces at supports, and
stresses within each element. Our findings provide insight into the deformation and stress
distribution across the truss structure, offering a comparative analysis with theoretical
calculations.

2
 Introduction

Aims and Objectives

The primary aim of this coursework is to gain hands-on experience with FEA software (Ansys,
MATLAB etc.) for modeling and analyzing engineering structures. Specifically, we aim to:

➢ Understand the capabilities and limitations of computer-based models for solving

structural problems.
➢ Develop an understanding of analytical and numerical modeling in an engineering
context.

Problem Statement:
The problem involves constructing a truss frame model (Figure 1) using FEA and analyzing its
response to an applied force.

Hypothesize
We hypothesize that the software-based model will provide results consistent with theoretical
calculations for displacements, stresses, and reaction forces in the truss, which can be validated
through equilibrium equations and hand calculations.

Analytical Method:
To analyze the truss frame, we established an FEA model with parameters such as Young's
modulus, Poisson's ratio, yield stress, and cross-sectional dimensions as listed in Table 1. Using
FEA, we aim to solve for displacements and forces in each element while ensuring equilibrium at
key points, including point E.

To Find out
➢ X- and Y- displacements for all nodes.
➢ Forces for all nodes.
➢ Forces in all elements.
➢ Reaction forces at supports
➢ Stress in all elements.

3
X- and Y- displacements for all nodes.

The fundamental equation F=K.U represents stiffness relationship, according to part 1 we have
to find x and y displacements of each node.

First, we find out the Angle 𝜃 to find out the Global stiffness matrix

For this purpose, we will use GLOBAL COORDINATE REFERECE SYSTEM. In structural
analysis, this system is commonly used as a fixed coordinate system

Dealing with all the elements to find out the displacement at each node.

4
Total elements=09,

Stiffness Matrix [K]

𝒍𝟐 𝒍𝒎 −𝒍𝟐 −𝒍𝒎
[K]= [ 𝒍𝒎𝟐
𝑨𝑬 𝒎𝟐 −𝒍𝒎 −𝒎𝟐 ]
𝑳 −𝒍 −𝒍𝒎 𝒍𝟐 𝒍𝒎
−𝒍𝒎 −𝒎𝟐 𝒍𝒎 𝒎𝟐
Were,

l=cos 𝜽,

m=sin 𝜽

Detailed Calculation of Stiffness matrix

At Element EA:

𝜃 = 60°

So,

l=0.5, m=0.866
0.01
Also, A=𝜋𝑟 2 = 3.14 ∗ ( )^2= 0.0000785
2

E=160GPa

L=1.154m

Stiffness Matrix [K]

𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑

𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟓×𝟏𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗
[𝐊]𝑬𝑨 = [ ]
𝟏.𝟏𝟓𝟒 −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑
−𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗

At Element AB

𝜃 = 60°

So,

5
 [𝐊]𝑬𝑨 = [𝐊]𝑨𝑩
For Element EB

𝜃 = 30°

So,

l=0.866, m=0.5
0.01
Also, A=𝜋𝑟 2 = 3.14 ∗ ( )^2= 0.0000785
2

E=160GPa

L=1.154m

𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑

𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟓×𝟏𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
[𝐊]𝑬𝑩 = [ ]
𝟏.𝟏𝟓𝟒 −𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑
−𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓

For Element EC

𝜃 = 30°

So,

l=0.866, m=0.5
0.014
Also, A=𝜋𝑟 2 = 3.14 ∗ ( )^2= 0.00015
2

E=160GPa

L=2m

𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑

𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓×𝟏𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
[𝐊]𝑬𝑪 = [ ]
𝟐 −𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑
−𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓

6
For Element ED

𝜃 = 0°

So,

l=01, m=0
0.0
Also, A=𝜋𝑟 2 = 3.14 ∗ ( 2 )^2= 0.0000785

E=160GPa

L=1.7321m

𝟏 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟓×𝟏𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
[𝐊]𝑬𝑫= [ ]
𝟏.𝟕𝟑𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
For Element BC

𝜃 = 0°

So,

l=01, m=0
0.01
Also, A=𝜋𝑟 2 = 3.14 ∗ ( )^2= 0.0000785
2

E=160GPa

L=1.154

𝟏 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟓×𝟏𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
[𝐊]𝑩𝑪 = [ ]
𝟏.𝟏𝟓𝟒 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎

7
Element at EF:

𝜃 = 210°

So,

l=-0.866,m=-0.5
0.01
Also, A=𝜋𝑟 2 = 3.14 ∗ ( )^2= 0.0000785
2

E=160GPa

L=1.3m

𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑

𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟓×𝟏𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
[𝐊]𝑬𝑭 = [ ]
𝟏.𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑
−𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
Element at AF:

𝜃 = 120°

So,

l=-0.5, m=0.866
0.01
Also, A=𝜋𝑟 2 = 3.14 ∗ ( )^2= 0.0000785
2

E=160GPa

L=0.66m

𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑

𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟓×𝟏𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗
[𝐊]𝑨𝑭= [ ]
𝟎.𝟔𝟔 −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑
−𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗
For Element DC

𝜃 = 90°

So,

8
l=0, m=1
0.01
Also, A=𝜋𝑟 2 = 3.14 ∗ ( )^2= 0.0000785
2

E=160GPa

L=1m

𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟓×𝟏𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 −𝟏
[𝐊]𝑫𝑪 = [ ]
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
Now
𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟓×𝟏𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗
[𝐊]𝑬𝑨 = [ ]
𝟏.𝟏𝟓𝟒 −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑
−𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗
𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟓×𝟏𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗
[𝐊]𝑨𝑩= [ ]
𝟏.𝟏𝟓𝟒 −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑
−𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗
𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟓×𝟏𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
[𝐊]𝑬𝑩 = [ ]
𝟏.𝟏𝟓𝟒 −𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑
−𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓×𝟏𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
[𝐊]𝑬𝑪 = [ ]
𝟐 −𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑
−𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝟏 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟓×𝟏𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
[𝐊]𝑬𝑫= [ ]
𝟏.𝟕𝟑𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎

9
 𝟏 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟓×𝟏𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
[𝐊]𝑩𝑪 = [ ]
𝟏.𝟏𝟓𝟒 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟓×𝟏𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
[𝐊]𝑬𝑭 = [ ]
𝟏.𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑
−𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟓×𝟏𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗
[𝐊]𝑨𝑭= [ ]
𝟎.𝟔𝟔 −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑
−𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟗
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟓×𝟏𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 −𝟏
[𝐊]𝑫𝑪 = [ ]
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏

10
 𝑨𝑬
Now multiplying the factor with metrices
𝑳

Ks for all Nodes

[𝐊]𝑬𝑨 =
𝟐. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟒. 𝟕𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟐. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟒. 𝟕𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝟓
[ 𝟒. 𝟕𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟖𝟏. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟒. 𝟕𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟖𝟏. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 ]
−𝟐. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟒. 𝟕𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟐. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟒. 𝟕𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
−𝟒. 𝟕𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟖𝟏. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟒. 𝟕𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟖𝟏. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
[𝐊]𝑨𝑩=
𝟐. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟒𝟕. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟐. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟒𝟕. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝟓
[ 𝟒𝟕. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟓 𝟖𝟏. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟒𝟕. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟖𝟏. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 ]
−𝟐. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎 −𝟒𝟕. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟐. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟒𝟕. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
−𝟒𝟕. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟖𝟏. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟒𝟕. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟖𝟏. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
[𝐊]𝑬𝑩
𝟖𝟏. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟒𝟕. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟖𝟏. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟒𝟕. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝟓
= [ 𝟒𝟕. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟓 𝟐𝟕. 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟒. 𝟕𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟐𝟕. 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 ]
−𝟖𝟏. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎 −𝟒𝟕. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟖𝟏. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟒𝟕. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
−𝟒𝟕. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟐𝟕. 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟒𝟕. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟒𝟕. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
[𝐊]𝑬𝑪
𝟖𝟗. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟓𝟏. 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟖𝟗. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟓𝟏. 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝟓
=[ 𝟓𝟏. 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟓 𝟑𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟓𝟏. 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟑𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 ]
−𝟖𝟗. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎 −𝟓𝟏. 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟖𝟗. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟓𝟏. 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
−𝟓𝟏. 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟑𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟓𝟏. 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟑𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
[𝐊]𝑬𝑫
𝟕𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟎 −𝟕𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟎
=[ 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎]
−𝟕𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟎 𝟕𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎

11
 [𝐊]𝑩𝑪
𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟎 −𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟎
=[ 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎]
−𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
[𝐊]𝑬𝑭 =
𝟕𝟐. 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟒𝟏. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟕𝟐. 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟒𝟏. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝟓
[ 𝟒𝟏. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟓 𝟐𝟒. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟒𝟏. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟐𝟒. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 ]
−𝟕𝟐. 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎 −𝟒𝟏. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟕𝟐. 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟒𝟏. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
−𝟒𝟏. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟐𝟒. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟒𝟏. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟐𝟒. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
[𝐊]𝑨𝑭 =
𝟒𝟕. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟖𝟐. 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟒𝟕. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟖𝟐. 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝟓
[ 𝟖𝟐. 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟒𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟖𝟐. 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟏𝟒𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 ]
−𝟒𝟕. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟖𝟐. 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟒𝟕. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟖𝟐. 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
−𝟖𝟐. 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟏𝟒𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟖𝟐. 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 −𝟏𝟒𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
[𝐊]𝑫𝑪 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟎 −𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
[ ]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 −𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓

To combine all the individual matrices (KAB,KBC,KD etc.) into Global stiffness matrix
“K”. By adding DOF

12
Code Python:

13
Output:

𝐾
745000 1294000 0 0 0 0 0 0 −27000 −471000 −475000 −823000
1294000 2239000 0 0 0 0 0 0 −471000 −814000 −823000 −1425000
0 0 11694000 471000 −10880000 0 0 0 −814000 −471000 0 0
0 0 471000 272000 0 0 0 0 −471000 −270000 0 0
0 0 −10880000 0 10880000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 12560000 0 −12560000 0 0 0 0
=
0 0 0 0 0 0 −725000 0 −725000 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 −12560000 0 12560000 0 0 0 0
−270000 −471000 −814000 −471000 0 0 725000 0 253200 1360000 −723000 −41800
−471000 −814000 −471000 −272000 0 0 0 0 136000 1327000 −418000 −24100
−475000 −823000 0 0 0 0 0 0 −723000 −41800 1198000 1241000
[−823000 −1425000 0 0 0 0 0 0 −418000 −24100 1241000 1666000 ]

So The value of x matrix is

𝑢1
𝑣1
𝑢2
𝑣2
𝑢3
𝑣3
𝑥=
𝑢4
𝑣4
𝑢5
𝑣5
𝑢6
[𝑣]

As we know the Equation is

F=[k][x]
Now we have to find the values of forces to make F-Matrix
𝐹 = K x

𝐹𝐴𝑥 745000 1294000 0 0 0 0 0 0 −27000 −471000 −475000 −823000 𝑢1

𝐹𝐴𝑦 1294000 2239000 0 0 0 0 0 0 −471000 −814000 −823000 −1425000 𝑣1
𝐹𝐵𝑥 0 0 11694000 471000 −10880000 0 0 0 −814000 −471000 0 0 𝑢2
𝐹𝑏𝑦 0 0 471000 272000 0 0 0 0 −471000 −270000 0 0 𝑣2
𝐹𝐶𝑥 0 0 −10880000 0 10880000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 𝑢3
𝐹𝐶𝑦 0 0 0 0 0 12560000 0 −12560000 0 0 0 0 𝑣3
=
𝐹𝐷𝑥 0 0 0 0 0 0 −725000 0 −725000 0 0 0 𝑢4
𝐹𝐷𝑦 0 0 0 0 0 −12560000 0 12560000 0 0 0 0 𝑣4
𝐹𝐸𝑥 −270000 −471000 −814000 −471000 0 0 725000 0 253200 1360000 −723000 −41800 𝑢5
𝐹𝐸𝑦 −471000 −814000 −471000 −272000 0 0 0 0 136000 1327000 −418000 −24100 𝑣5
𝐹𝐹𝑥 −475000 −823000 0 0 0 0 0 0 −723000 −41800 1198000 1241000 𝑢6
[ 𝐹𝐹𝑦] [−823000 −1425000 0 0 0 0 0 0 −418000 −24100 1241000 1666000 ] [𝑣6]

As FFy=100N

14
And making the boundary conditions

1. Fixed point at point D and C so:

u4=0
v4=0
u5=0
v5=0
u6=0
v6=0

So, the X-matrix becomes

𝑢1
𝑣1
𝑢2
𝑣2
𝑢3
𝑣3
x=
0
0
0
0
0
[0]
Reduced x-matrix equation:

𝑢1
𝑣1
𝑢2
x= 𝑣2
𝑢3
𝑣3
[𝑣6]
The Force Matrix according to our diagram is

15
 0
0
0
0
0
0
F=
0
0
0
0
0
[−100]
So the reduced F=K.x

If we apply inverse method we can find x-displacement

𝑢1 −2.5144 ∗ 10−5
𝑣1 −2.6509 ∗ 10−5
𝑢2 0
𝑣2 = 0
𝑢3 0
𝑣3 0
[𝑣6] [−1.1165 ∗ 10−4 ]

Explanation:

➢ u 1 and v1 has small ngative values (displacement) indicating slightly tilt at nod A
➢ v6 has large negative value indicating downward forc applied at node F
➢ Other displacements having answer zero indication no movmnet within reduced system

16
Forces on each node
To findout forces on each node

By simulatneous Method:

Equation for Fax

Fax= K11.u1+K12.v1+k13.u2+k14.v2+k15.u3+k16.v3+k17.u4+K18.v4+k19.u5+k1,10.v6

Same method apply to all forces and we get

𝐹𝑢1 38.86
𝐹𝑣1 67.22
𝐹𝑢2 0
𝐹𝑣2 = 17.83 N
𝐹𝑢3 36.11
𝐹𝑣3 −104.80
[𝐹𝑣6] [−127.55]

Forces in all Elements

To find the forces in all elements

The main formula used:

𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 × ∆𝐿

As given:

Using this data :

❖ Calculating Crossectional area of each element:

𝜋𝑑2
For circular bars is used
4
Area for bar CE:
𝜋0.0142
𝐴𝑐𝑒 = =1.539× 10−4 𝑚2
4

Area for all other bars:

17
 𝜋0.012
𝐴𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = =7.854× 10−5 𝑚2
4

❖ The change in legth ∆𝐿 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑑

Using formula
(uj-ui)cos𝜽 + (𝒗𝒋 − 𝒗𝒊)𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
➢ Elment AB:2.5144× 10−5 m
➢ Element BE:−1.0995 × 10−4 𝑚
➢ Elmenet AE:−9.7374 × 10−5 m
➢ Element EC: 2.6509 × 10−5 m
➢ Element BC:0m (no change)
➢ Element ED:7.872 × 10−5m
➢ Element CE:-1.1165× 10−4m

Finding values of K

By using Formula:
𝑨𝑬
K= 𝑳

➢ AB:10.88 × 106 N/m

➢ BE: 10.88 × 106 N/m
➢ AE: 16.32 × 106 N/m
➢ EC: 10.88 × 106 N/m
➢ BC: 6.28 × 106 N/m
➢ ED: 7.26 × 106 N/m
➢ CE: 14.22 × 106 N/m

Finding forces by using formula

𝑭𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝑲𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 × ∆𝑳

Force in AB:

10.88 × 106 N/m×2.5144× 10−5 m=273.62 N

18
Force for BE:

10.88 × 106 N/m× −1.0995 × 10−4 𝑚 = −𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟔. 𝟒𝑵

Force for AE:

16.32 × 106 N/m× −9.7374 × 10−5m=-1589.56N

Forces for EC:

10.88 × 106 N/m× 2.6509 × 10−5m=288.49N

Forces for BC

6.28 × 106 N/m×0=0N

Force for ED

7.26 × 106 N/m× 7.872 × 10−5 m=571.58N

Force on CE

14.22 × 106 N/m× −1.1165× 10−4m=-1587.6N

∴ 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙

∴ 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑢𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑑

Reaction Forces at each element

Reaction at support D

Support D is fixed support so two components x and y i.e. Rx and Ry

Elements connected to D
Connection ED

Force in element ED=571.58N (allready found out)

Angle w.r.t horizontal=30°

➢ Horizontal Component:

𝐹𝐸𝐷𝑥 = 𝐹𝐸𝐷. cos(30°) = 495𝑁

➢ Vertical Component

19
𝐹𝐸𝐷𝑦 = 𝐹𝐸𝐷. sin(30°) = 285.79𝑁

Element CE:

Force in element CE=-1587.6N (allready found out)

Angle w.r.t horizontal=90°

➢ Horizontal Component:

𝐹𝐶𝐸𝑥 = 𝐹𝐶𝐸. cos(90°) = 0𝑁

➢ Vertical Component

𝐹𝐶𝐸𝑦 = 𝐹𝐶𝐸. sin(90°) = −1587.6𝑁

Total Reaction Forces:

• Horizonatal Reactions at D:

𝑹𝑿 =𝑭𝑪𝑬𝒙+𝑭𝑬𝑫𝒙 = 𝟒𝟗𝟓𝑵

• Vertical Reaction at D:

𝑹𝒀 =𝑭𝑪𝑬𝒚+𝑭𝑬𝑫𝒚 = −𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟏. 𝟖𝟗𝑵

Reaction at Support C:
Support C is rolling support so only resist vertical forces

At Element BC

𝐹𝐵𝐶𝑦 = 0.0𝑁

At Element EC:

𝐹𝐸𝐶 = 288.49𝑁

Angle w.r.t horizontal is 0°

So,

𝐹𝐸𝐶𝑦= 𝐹𝐶𝐸. sin(0°) = 0.0𝑁

Total Reaction Forces at C:

𝑹𝒚𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝑵 + 𝟐𝟖𝟖. 𝟒𝟗𝑵 = 𝟐𝟖𝟖. 𝟒𝟗𝑵

20
Summary of Calculated Reactions:
• Horizontal Reaction at D 𝑅𝑥𝐷 = 495.0𝑁
• Vertical Reaction at D 𝑅𝑦𝐷 = −1301.89N
• Vertical Reaction at C 𝑅𝑦𝐶 = 288.49𝑁

Stress in all elements

𝑭𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 =
𝑨𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍

As w calculated before:

Area of bar CE:

𝜋0.0142
𝐴𝑐𝑒 = =1.539× 10−4 𝑚2
4

Area for all other bars:

𝜋0.012
𝐴𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = =7.854× 10−5 𝑚2
4

We know the Elemental forces of each element

Just putting values in the formula of stress, we can find the stress on each element:

➢ Elment AB:3.48× 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 Pa

➢ Element BE:-15.23× 𝟏𝟎−𝟔Pa
➢ Elmenet AE:-20.24× 𝟏𝟎−𝟔Pa
➢ Element EC: 3.67× 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 Pa
➢ Element BC:0Pa (no force Equilibrium)
➢ Element ED:7.28× 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 Pa
➢ Element CE: -10.31× 𝟏𝟎−𝟔Pa

21