HYDAULICS

Fluid Flow Measurement, Water Hammer

CE-IC 422 COMPREHENSIVE COURSE 2 Open Channels

BASIC FORMULAS: Standard Weirs:

Head Loss Francis Formula
   A1   v 2
( )  H / P  0.4
2
 1 C w = 1.84 1 + 0.26 ( H / d )
2
HL =  2 − 1 1 −   
 Cv    A 2   2g
Rehbok and Chow Formula
@ neglect : velocity of approach C w = 1.8 + 0.22 ( H / P )
 1  v2 Contracted Rectangular Weirs:
HL =  2 − 1
 Cv  2g L = L '− 0.1( nH )
n = number of contraction
Orifice (Constant Head)
H = measured head
v t = 2gH
Triangular Weirs
v a = c v 2gH
4
v 2 p − pB Q= C 2gLH1.5
H=h+ A + A 15
2h  V-notch:
2 8
Q = C 2gL  h 21.5 − h11.5  Q= C 2g tan (  / 2 ) H 2.5
3 15
900 weir:
Orifice (Variable Head)
A s dh Q = 1.4H 2.5
dt =
Qin − Qout
Trapezoidal sharp crested weir
h1
A s dh

2 8
t= Q= C 2hLH1.5 + C 2g tan (  / 2 ) H 2.5
h2
Qout 3 15

t=
2A s
CA o 2g
( H1 − H 2 ) Weir (Unsteady Flow)
H1 A s dh
t=
t=
2As1As2
( As1 + As2 ) CAo 2g
( H1 − H 2 ) H2 Qo
2A s  1 1 
t=  − 
C w L  H 2 H1 
Venturi Meters
BEE :
Water Hammer
E1 = E 2
for : z1 = z 2 = 0 For rigid pipes:
2 2
v p v p EB
+ 1 = 2 + 2
1
c=
2g  2g  
 p1 − p 2  for non-rigid pipes:
 −h 
 EB
Q = Cv A 2 2g   c=
1 − ( D 2 / D1 )   E D
4

   1 + B 
 Es t 
c = celerity pressure wave
Weir (Constant Head)
Rectangular Weir:  = density of liquid
E B = bulk modulus of elasticity
( h + h v )dh
H
dQ = 2g  L
0 E s = modulus of elasticity of pipe material
2
Q = C 2gL ( H + h v ) − ( h v ) 
1.5 1.5
D = diameter of pipe
3  
t = thickness
Q = Cw LH 1.5
Time taken by pressure wave to travel Non-unform Flow:
2L F2 − F1 = Q ( v1 − v 2 )
T=
C for rectangular section:
p = Cv  rigid pipe
q 2 d1d 2 ( d1 + d 2 )
 =
p=v  non − rigid pipe g 2
 1 D 
 +  v12 − v 2 2
HL = + ( d1 − d 2 )
 B
E E st  2g
L = length of the pipe
C = celerity pressure wave
1.) The 30 cm by 15 cm venturi meter is installed in a vertical pipe. The vertical
v = velocity distance from the inlet to the throat is 30 cm. The flow is upward through
p = increase in pressure due to water hammer the differential manometer containing liquid (s = 1.5) is attached from the
inlet to the throat, and the deflection being 80 cm. Determine the flow of
Open Channel water through the meter if the meter coefficient is 0.97. Determine also
head lost from the inlet to the throat.
Flow capacity: Manning's formula Ans: 0.02364 m
1 2/3 1/ 2
v= R S
n
Q = Av
Boundary Shear Stress:
 = RS
where : 15 cm

A
R = hydraulic radius =
P 30 cm
P = wetted perimeter
30 cm
S = bed slope 80 cm
n = manning's coefficient
Critical Flow: FN = 1.0
general equation:
Q2 A3 liquid, s = 1.5
=
g B 2.) When the flow of water through a horizontal 300 mm x 150 mm Venturi
for rectangular channels: meter (C = 0.95) is 0.11 m3/s, find the deflection of the mercury in the
differential gage attached to the meter.
q2
= d c3 Ans: 163 mm
g
2
dc = E
3
Q
q = vd =
B
for rectangular channel:
h =?
v
FN = Hg
gd
for non-rectangular channel: 3.) A power nozzle throws a jet of water which is 2 in. in diameter. The
2 diameter of the base of the nozzle and of the approach pipe is 6 in. If the
QB
FN = power in the jet is 42 hp and the pressure head at the base of the nozzle is
A3g 180 ft, compute the head lost in the nozzle.
Ans: 144.175 ft
where :
FN = froude number 4.) 12.A 2.5” in fire hose discharges a 1.25 in jet. If the head lost in the nozzle
A is 6 ft, what gage pressure must be maintained at the base of the nozzle to
d= = hydraulic depth throw a stream to a vertical height of 100 ft, neglecting air resistance?
B Ans: 43.23 psi
5.) If the velocity at point A is 18 m/s, what is the pressure at point C if we 10.) A contracted weir 1.3 m high and 8 m long is to be built across a
consider head loss between B to C. Assume Cv = 0.96? rectangular channel 10 m wide. If the depth of water on the
Ans: 307.42 kPa upstream of the weir is 2 m.
a) What is the discharge of the weir neglecting the velocity of
A
approach.
Ans: 8.47 m3/s
b) What is the discharge of the weir considering the velocity of
approach?
15 m Ans: 8.63 m3/s
75 mm ø c) What is the velocity of approach.
Ans: 0.431 m/s
B
11.) An engineer measured a constant discharge of 8 m3/s in a 4 m wide
0.5 m C
rectangular channel. He used a direct method, so he wants to verify
this value by placing a weir in the channel. What will be the head
200 mm ø recorded on top of the weir if:
a) A rectangular sharp-crested weir is used? Neglect the velocity
6.) An air is flowing through a system shown. If oil (s = 0.86) shows of approach. Use C = 0.75.
a deflection of 80 mm, calculate the flow velocity neglecting Ans: 0.93 m
head lost. b) A Cipolleti weir is used?
Ans: 33.195 m/s Ans: 1.05 m
c) A broad crested weir is used?
Ans: 1.11 m
d) A v-notch weir, with vertex angle of 1800 is used. Use C = 0.60.
Ans: 2.14 m
e) In question d, what is the weir factor?
Ans: 1.19
f) What angle does the sides of a Cipolleti weir makes with the
horizontal?
80 mm Ans: 75o57’50”

12.) The figure below shows the dimensions of a trapezoidal weir.

C = 0.58

7.) A vertical cylindrical tank has an orifice in its vertical side at a

point 0.60 m above the bottom. If the discharge reduces the
depth of water in the tank from 6 m to 4 m in 78 sec., what is the
time required to reduce the depth from 3.60 m to 1.60 m.
Ans: 109.75 seconds

8.) A tank in the form of a frustum of a right circular cone, 1.5-m

diameter at the bottom, 3-m diameter at the top, and 3.5 m high
is full of water. The bottom of the tank contains an orifice with
C = 0.62. What size of a circular orifice is needed to empty the a) Determine the discharge.
tank in 8 minutes? Ans: 10.07 m3/s
Ans: 109 mm⏀
13.) A trapezoidal channel having a bottom width of 10 meters and side
9.) Two vertical cylindrical tanks, one is 6 m in diameter and the slopes of 2H and 1V carries a flow of 30 m3/s. The channel is lined with
other is 10 m are connected by a short tube having a cross- concrete (n = 0.013) and drops 1 m every 1 km.
sectional area of 0.0045 m2 with c = 0.65 located at the bottom a) Compute the normal depth of the channel.
Ans: 1.09 m
portion. When the tube is closed, the water surface in the
b) What is the specific energy of the channel?
smaller tank is 10 m higher than that in the bigger tank.
Ans: 1.35 m
c) Calculate the boundary shearing stress.
a) Determine the discharge in the tube immediately after it is
Ans: 8.76 Pa
opened.
d) Calculate the chezy coefficient of the channel.
Ans: 0.041 m3/s
Ans: 75.5
b) Determine the time for the water surface in each tank to be
in the same level. 14.) An irrigation canal with a trapezoidal cross-section has the following
Ans: 183.06 seconds properties: side slope = 1.5 horizontal to 1 vertical, coefficient of roughness
c) Determine the time for the difference in the water surfaces = 0.025. The canal will serve clay-loam Riceland for which the discharge is
to be 4 meters. 3130 liters per seconds and the velocity is 0.9 m/s. Find the bottom width
Ans: 67.28 seconds of the channel if seepage is kept at a minimum.
Ans: 1.37 m
15.) A 20 mm thick, non-rigid steel pipe with a diameter of 450 mm discharges
freely under a head of 200 m. Rapid closure of the valve stops a discharge
of 0.32 cms. Consider Esteel = 200 GPa, and EB of water = 2100 MPa.
a) Determine the composite modulus of elasticity.
Ans: 1698.7 MPa
b) What water hammer pressure would develop in the walls of the pipe
near the valve?
Ans: 2622.4 kPa
c) What is the maximum stress in the pipe?
Ans: 51.60 MPa

16.) A 3.2 km rigid pipe with a diameter of 600 mm discharges oil (sg = 0.80, EB
of water = 1800 MPa) at a rate of 0.50 CMS.
a) Determine the celerity pressure wave.
Ans: 1500 m/s
b) What water hammer pressure would develop in the walls of the pipe
if a valve at the outlet were closed in 4 seconds?
Ans: 2122.1 kPa
c) What water hammer pressure would develop in the walls of the pipe
if a valve at the outlet were closed in 60 seconds?
Ans: 150.90 kPa

17.) A hydraulic jump occurs in a trapezoidal channel with side slope of 1:1 and
base width of 6 m. If the upstream depth is 2 m and the downstream depth
is 3 m, compute the:
a) Discharge.
Ans: 90.66 m3/s
b) Head lost in the jump
Ans: 0.062 m

18.) A hydraulic jump occurs in a rectangular channel having a discharge of 4.5

m2/s of water per meter width. The approach depth is 0.72 m. Calculate
the depth after the jump.
Ans: 2.06 m

19.) Water in an open channel is seen to go through a hydraulic jump where the
depth jumps from 4 m to 7 m. The width of the channel is 8 m. What is the
rate of discharge.
Ans: 265.18 m3/s
20.) The radius of a semi-circular channel is 0.60 m and carries water at a critical
depth of 0.60 m. If n = 0.014, compute the.
a) critical velocity.
Ans: 2.15 m/s
b) critical slope.
Ans: 0.00451
c) critical discharge.
Ans: 1.216 m3/s