HYDRAULICS

CE-IC COMPREHENSIVE COURSE 2 Fluid Flow, Measurement, Pipes, Closed Conduits

DISHCARGE/FLOW RATE 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟔𝐟𝐋𝐐𝟐

Discharge or flow rate is the amount of fluid passing through 𝐡𝐟 =
a section per unit of time. 𝐃𝟓

Volume flow rate (Q) Manning’s Formula

𝐐 = 𝐀𝐯 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝐧𝟐𝐋𝐐𝟐
𝐡𝐟 = 𝟏𝟔
𝐃𝟑
Mass flow rate (Mf)

𝐌𝐟 = 𝛒𝐐 Hazen – Williams Formula

𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝐋𝐐𝟏.𝟖𝟓
Weight flow rate (Wf) 𝐡𝐟 =
𝐂𝟏𝟏.𝟖𝟓𝐃𝟒.𝟖𝟕
𝐖𝐟 = 𝛄𝐐
Value of f : Laminar flow
Where:
Q = discharge in m3/s
𝟔𝟒
A = cross-sectional area of flow 𝐟=
v = mean velocity of flow 𝐑𝐞
ρ = mass density
γ = weight density
Value of f : Turbulent flow
Reynolds number (Re)
Reynolds number, which is dimensionless, is the ratio of the 1 ε/D 2.51 
inertia force to viscous force. = −2log  + 
f  3.7 R e f 
For pipes flowing full

Where: ϵ = strain
𝐯𝐃𝛒
𝐑𝐞 = ELEVATION & HEAD
𝛍
The energy possessed by a flowing fluid consists of kinetic and
Kinematic viscosity (𝛎) the potential energy.
𝛍 Kinetic energy (Velocity head)
𝛎=
𝛒
Where: 𝐯𝟐
v = mean velocity in m/s 𝐊. 𝐄 =
𝟐𝐠
D = pipe diameter in meter
ν = kinematic viscosity in m2/s
μ = absolute/dynamic viscosity in Pa-s Potential energy (Elevation head)

For non-circular pipes, use D = 4R, then the formula becomes; 𝐇=𝐳

𝟒𝐯𝐑 Pressure head

𝐑𝐞 =
𝛎
𝐏
𝐀 𝐡=
𝛄
𝐑=
𝐏
TOTAL FLOW ENERGY (E)
Where:
A = cross-sectional area of flow
P = wetted perimeter of flow 𝐄 = 𝐊. 𝐄 + 𝐇 + 𝐡

MAJOR HEAD LOSS

POWER & EFFICIENCY
Darcy – Weisbach Formula Power is the rate at which work is done.

𝐏 = 𝛄𝐐𝐄
𝐟𝐋𝐯𝟐
𝐡𝐟 =
𝟐𝐠𝐃

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 HYDRAULICS
CE-IC COMPREHENSIVE COURSE 2 Fluid Flow, Measurement, Pipes, Closed Conduits

Efficiency Theoretical discharge

𝐏𝐨𝐮𝐭
𝐄𝐟𝐟 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐐𝐭 = 𝐀√𝟐𝐠𝐇
𝐏𝐢𝐧
Actual discharge
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM
𝐐 = 𝐂𝐝𝐀√𝟐𝐠𝐇
𝐄𝟏 ± 𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤 = 𝐄𝟐
PROBLEMS
WORK
Common work that are considered in hydraulics are the head Situation 1-Water flows through a 3-in diameter pipe at a velocity
loss, Pump and the turbine. Negative work for both head loss and of 10 ft/s.
for turbine (HE)head extracted and positive work for pump 1. Find the volume flow rate in cfs.
(HA)head added. A. 0.12365 B. 0.5213 C. 0.4001 D. 0.4909
2. Find the volume flowrate in gpm.
FLUID MEASUREMENT (STEADY FLOW) A. 253 B. 220 C. 950 D. 840
3. Find the weight flow rate in lb/s.
DEVICE COEFFICIENTS (Orifice) A. 41.3 B. 30.6 C. 74.3 D. 35.3
4. Find the mass flow rate in slugs/s.
Coefficient of discharge, C or Cd A. 1.952 B. 2.513 C. 4.201 D. 0.952
The coefficient of discharge is the ratio of the actual discharge
through the device to the ideal or theoretical discharge which Situation 2- Water flows through a 75 mm diameter pipe at a
would occur without losses. velocity of 3 m/s.
5. Find the volume flow rate in m3/s.
𝐐 A. 0.013 B. 0.27 C. 0.52 D. 0.63
𝐂𝐝 =
𝐐𝐓 6. Find the mass flowrate in kg/s.
A. 27 B. 52 C. 63 D. 13
7. Find the weight flow rate in N/s
Coefficient of velocity, Cv A. 187 B. 127 C. 156 D. 194
The coefficient of velocity is the ratio of the actual mean velocity to
the ideal or theoretical velocity which would occur without any Situation 3- Benzene flows through a 100-mm-diameter pipe at a
losses. mean velocity of 3 m/s.
8. Find the volume flow rate in m3/s.
A. 0.0236 B. 0.0413 C. 0.0746 D. 0.0123
𝐯 9. Find the volume flow rate in L/min.
𝐂𝐯 =
𝐯𝐓 A. 1523 B. 1470 C. 1416 D. 1360
10. Find the weight flow rate in kN/s
Coefficient of contraction, Cc A. 1.523 B. 0.203 C. 0.702 D. 0.943
11. Find the mass flow rate in kg/s.
The coefficient of contraction is the ratio of the actual area of the
A. 17.4 B. 13.5 C. 19.3 D. 20.7
contracted section of the stream or jet to the area of the opening
through which the fluid flows.
12. A 100-mm-diameter is being pushed at 60 mm/sec into a tank
𝐚 filled with oil (SG = 0.82). If the fluid is incompressible, how
𝐂𝐜 = many N/sec of oil is being forced out a 30-mm-diameterhole?
𝐀 A. 3.78 B. 2.36 C. 4.12 D. 5.23

13. A turbine is rated at 600 hp when the flow of water through it

Relationship between the three coefficients is 0.61 m3/s. Assuming an efficiency of 87%, what is the head
acting on the turbine?
A. B. C. D.
𝐂 = 𝐂𝐜𝐂𝐯
Situation 4- A liquid of specific gravity 1.75 flows in a 6 cm
Theoretical velocity horizontal pipe. The total energy at a certain point in the flow
is 89 J/N. The elevation of the pipe above a fixed datum is 2.6
m. If the pressure at the specified point is 75 kPa.
𝐯𝐭 = √𝟐𝐠𝐇 14. Determine the velocity of the flow in m/s.
Where H is the total energy head up to where the device/orifice is A. 25.13 B. 29.63 C. 32.11 D. 37.85
located. 15. Determine the discharge in m3/s.
A. 0.152 B. 0.107 C. 0.113 D. 0.732
Actual velocity 16. Determine the power available in watts.
A. 146955 B. 132950 C. 195327 D. 174663
𝐯 = 𝐂𝐯√𝟐𝐠𝐇 Situation 5- At point A at elevation 200 m in a pipeline carrying
water, the diameter is 1 m, the pressure is 100 kPa and the
velocity is 1 m/s. At point B, 2 m higher than A, the diameter is
0.50 m and the pressure is 20 kPa.
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 HYDRAULICS
CE-IC COMPREHENSIVE COURSE 2 Fluid Flow, Measurement, Pipes, Closed Conduits

17. Determine the head loss in meters. suction line and the head lost from 2 to D is 25 times the
A. 5.39 B. 4.23 C. 9.41 D. 6.83 velocity head in the 100-mm discharge line.
18. Determine the total energy at B in meters. 32. What is the power delivered by the pump to the system in hp?
A. 253.54 B. 230.56 C. 204.85 D. 274.36 A. 73.21 B. 65.93 C. 83.87 D. 79.62
19. Determine the total energy at A in meters. 33. What is the pressure head at point 1 in meters of water?
A. 258.36 B. 210.24 C. 236.77 D. 263.74 A. 19.62 B. 23.56 C. 32.67 D. 16.58
34. What is the pressure head at point 2 in meters of water?
20. In a bakery, water is forced though pipe A at 160 liters per A. 234.89 B. 321.67 C. 271.42 D. 178.43
second. Oil (sg = 0.8) is forced through pipe B at 20 liters per
second. Assume ideal mixing of incompressible fluids and the
mixture of oil and water form globules and exits through pipe
C. Obtain the specific gravity of the mixture exiting through
pipe C.
A. 0.987 B. 0.879 C. 0.897 D. 0.978

21. A stream of flow 375 L/s is flowing from A (Elev. 3.01 m) to

point B (Elev. 7.62 m). A has a diameter of 300 mm and
diameter of pipe B is 600 mm. The pressure head of A is 6.75
m. Determine the pressure at B in kPa.
A. 50 B. 40 C. 35 D. 33

22. An 8 hp pump is installed near the reservoir container oil

having a specific gravity of 0.82. The rate of flow of the pipe is
0.014 m3/s. The pressure heads at 1 and 2 (0.9 m above point
1) are -28 kPa and +290 kPa respectively. Determine the head Fig. HYD 9.03
added by the pump in meters.
A. 40.43 B. 33.47 C. 38.63 D. 31.67 Situation 10- A turbine is installed between the reservoirs A and
B whose difference in water surface elevation is 140 m. The
Situation 6- At a point A at elevation 200 m in a pipeline carrying pipe connecting the reservoir has a diameter of 250 mm and
water, the diameter is 1 meter, the pressure is 100 kPa and the is 180 m long. The flow of water is 180 L/s. Use Hazen
velocity is 1 m/s. At point B, 2 m higher than A, the diameter is William’s Formula with C1 = 100.
0.50 m and the pressure is 20 kPa. 35. Determine the head loss in the pipe due to friction in meters.
23. Determine the head loss in meters. A. 16.98 B. 21.54 C. 10.34 D. 13.73
A. 9.39 B. 10.92 C. 5.39 D. 6.2 36. What is the head extracted by the turbine in meters?
24. Determine the total energy at B in meters. A. 126.3 B. 137.6 C. 117.3 D. 145.1
A. 204.85 B. 200.85 C. 213.01 D. 204.04 37. What is the power (kW) generated by the turbine assuming
25. Determine the total energy at A in meters. 90% efficiency?
A. 210.24 B. 202.09 C. 215.23 D. 210.24 A. 222.97 B. 234.78 C. 200.67 D. 265.43

Situation 7- Water enters a pump through a 250 mm diameter Situation 11- Water flows from point 1 to point 2 at the rate of
pipe at 35 kPa. It leaves the pump at 140 kPa through a 150 280 L/s in a 300-mm-diameter pipe. The elevation of point 2
mm diameter pipe. If the flow rate is 150 li/sec. is 360 m. when the gate valve near point 2 is closed, the
26. Compute the velocity of discharge in m/s. difference in pressure between point 2 and point 1 is 80 kPa.
A. 8.49 B. 7.41 C. 6.32 D. 9.77 When the valve is opened, the difference in pressure between
27. Compute the energy added by the pump in meters. point 1 and point 2 is 170 kPa.
A. 13.90 B. 10.12 C. 12.63 D. 9.74 38. What is the elevation of point 1 in meters?
28. Find the power (kW) delivered to the water by the pump. A. 368.16 B. 342.65 C. 389.64 D. 412.54
Assume suction and discharge sides of pump are at the same 39. What is the head loss (m) between points 1 and 2 when the
elevation. valve is opened?
A. 19.33 B. 15.97 C. 20.45 D. 14.82 A. 29.68 B. 25.48 C. 21.87 D. 46.53
40. What is the length (m) of the pipe from point s 1 and 2
Situation 8- Oil (SG = 0.82) enters a pump through a 20-cm- assuming f = 0.03?
diameter pipe at 40 kPa. It leaves the pump at 125 kPa through A. 421.5 B. 254.1 C. 318.5 D. 389.6
a 15-cm-diameter pipe. If the flow rate is 75 li/sec.
29. Find the rate of which the energy is delivered to the oil by the Situation 12- Water flows in a 400-mm-diameter pipe at the rate
pump in Joules/Newton. Assume suction and discharge sides if 600 liters per second. The pipe has a length of 60 m.
of the pumps are at the same elevation. 41. Compute the head loss (m) using Darcy Weisbach formula
A. 13.20 B. 11.20 C. 15.40 D. 11.74 with f = 0.028.
30. Find the output hp of the pump. A. 4.98 B. 5.02 C. 4.65 D. 4.88
A. 10.45 B. 11.05 C. 9.06 D. 14.74 42. Compute the head loss (m) using Hazen William’s formula
31. If the efficiency of the pump is 82%, find the rating of the with C1 = 92.
pump. A. 4.65 B. 4.98 C. 4.88 D. 5.02
A. 10.45 B. 11.05 C. 9.06 D. 14.74 43. Compute the head loss (m) using Manning’s formula with n =
0.013.
Situation 9- A pump draws 24 li/sec of water from reservoir C and A. 5.02 B. 4.88 C. 4.98 D. 4.65
lifts it to reservoir as shown in the Figure HYD 9.03. The head
lost from C to1 is 3 times the velocity head in the 150-mm

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 HYDRAULICS
CE-IC COMPREHENSIVE COURSE 2 Fluid Flow, Measurement, Pipes, Closed Conduits

51. If the water level h is constant, determine the exit velocity v2

Situation 13- Oil (SG = 0.84) is flowing on the pipe under the in m/s?
conditions shown in Figure HYD 12.04 A. 6.24 C. 7.86
44. What is the value of Q2 in L/s? B. 8.33 D. 9.21
A. 2.8 B. 1.8 C. 2.3 D. 3.8 52. If the water level varies and v2 = 10 m/s, find the rate of change
45. Find the pressure at point 2 neglecting head loss, in kPa. dh/dt (mm/s), use d = 100 cm.
A. 472.6 B. 468.1 C. 436.9 D. 418.7 A. 8 rising C. 6 rising
46. If the total head loss from point 1 to point 2 is 1.2 m, find the B. 6 falling D. 8 falling
pressure at point 2 in kPa. 53. If the water level varies and v2 = 6 m/s, find the rate of change
A. 458.2 B. 442.8 C. 436.9 D. 418.7 dh/dt (mm/s), use d = 100 cm.
47. If the pressure at point 2 is 436 kPa, what is the head loss in A. 8.37 rising C. 7.36 rising
meters? B. 7.36 falling D. 8.37 falling
A. 3.2 B. 4.5 C. 6.5 D. 3.9

Fig. HYD 12.04

Situation 14- Water enters the mixing device shown in the figure
at 160 L/s through pipe A, while oil (SG = 0.8) is forced in at
40 L/s through pipe B. The liquids are incompressible and
from a homogeneous mixture of oil globules in water. The Figure HYD 14.03
diameter of outlet pipe C is 36 cm.

Situation 16- A closed water tank 5 m high is half filled with water.
A nozzle 0.075 m in diameter is attached at the side of the tank at
a distance of 0.5 m above the bottom of the tank. The nozzle has
coefficient of velocity of 0.95 and the coefficient of contraction of
0.62.
54. Determine the velocity of the noozle to produce 10 hp energy
at the noozle in m/s.
A. 17.90 B. 18.63 C. 16.44 D. 14.23
55. Determine the rate of flow for the same condition in
liters/secs.
A. 48.5 B. 46.1 C. 41.9 D. 46.5
56. Determine the air pressure inside the tank to produce 10 hp
energy at the noozle in kPa.
A. 144 B. 141 C. 149 D. 143

57. In cold climates, water pipes may freeze and burst if proper
48. What is the weight flow rate of oil entering at B in N/s? precautions are not taken. In such an occurrence, the exposed
A. 260 B. 285 C. 320 D. 314 part of a pipe on the ground ruptures, and water shoots up to
49. What is the average velocity of the mixture leaving at C in m/s? 42 m. Estimate the gage pressure (kPa) of water in the pipe?
A. 2.118 B. 1.524 C. 1.365 D. 1.965 A. 412 B. 335 C. 623 D. 964
50. What is the density of the mixture leaving at C in kg/m3?
A. 960 B. 942 C. 987 D. 932 Situation 17- Two closed compartments A and B are connected by
an orifice having a diameter of 140 mm at its sides. At
Situation 15- The water tank in the Figure HYD 14.03 is being compartment A, it contains water at a depth of 3 m above the
filled through section 1 at v1 = 6 m/s and through section 3 at Q3 = orifice and a pressure on top of it is equal to 50 kPa. On the other
0.016 m3/s, D1 = 40 mm, D2 = 60 mm. compartment, it contains water at a depth of 2 m above the orifice
and a pressure of 15 kPa on top of the water surface. If C = 0.86 and
Cv = 0.92.

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 HYDRAULICS
CE-IC COMPREHENSIVE COURSE 2 Fluid Flow, Measurement, Pipes, Closed Conduits

58. Determine the discharge thru the orifice in liters per seconds. 74. Determine the time (sec) for the water surface in each tank to
A. 130 B. 115 C. 110 D. 125 be at the same level?
59. Determine the head loss in meters. A. 7432 B. 7755 C. 8245 D. 8115
A. 0.702 B. 0.790 C. 0.364 D. 0613 75. Determine the time (sec) for the difference in the water
60. Determine the power loss in watts. surface to be 4 m.
A. 665 B. 871 C. 653 D. 861 A. 2610 B. 3120 C. 2540 D. 2850

Situation 18- An orifice having an area of 0.00785 m2 is attached Situation 23- The total flow in the pipe system shown in the figure
to a vertical side of a cylindrical tank having a diameter of 4 m. is 0.86 m3/s. Assume f = 0.032 for all pipes.
The weight of the water discharge in 1 minute and 40 seconds Pipe 1: D = 400 mm, L = 400 m
is 22,563 N under a constant head of 1.2 m. The jeat strikes a Pipe 2: D = 600 mm, L = 350 m
point 1.92 m horizontally from the vena contrata and 0.80 m Pipe 3: D = 500 mm, L = 420 m
vertically below the orifice.
61. Determine the coefficient of velocity.
A. 0.979 B. 0.963 C. 0.987 D. 0.951
62. Determine the coefficient of discharge.
A. 0.611 B. 0.600 C. 0.605 D. 0.693
63. Determine the coefficient of contraction.
A. 0.613 B. 0.618 C. 0.674 D. 0.641

Situation 19- A 75-mm-diameter orifice under a head of 4.88 m

discharge 8900 N of water in 32.6 sec. The trajectory was
determined by measuring from the vena contracta is 4.76 m
for a drop of 1.22 m vertically.
64. Determine the coefficient of velocity.
A. 0.971 B. 0.963 C. 0.975 D. 0.979
65. Determine the head loss in the orifice in meters.
A. 0.241 B. 0.123 C. 0.142 D. 0.312 76. What is the flow (m3/s) in line 1?
66. Determine the power loss in watts. A. 0.259 B. 0.362 C. 0.448 D. 0.152
A. 75.6 B. 57.6 C. 75.9 D. 65.7 77. What is the flow (m3/s) in line 2?
A. 0.152 B. 0.448 C. 0.543 D. 0.259
Situation 20- A closed tank has an orifice in the vertical side with 78. What is the flow (m3/s) in line 3?
diameter of 70 mm. The head of oil having a specific gravity of A. 0.234 B. 0.152 C. 0.259 D. 0.448
0.92 is 2 m above the orifice. There is a pressure of 15 kPa at
the top of the oil surface inside the tank. Cv = 0.96 and Cc = 0.61. Situation 24- The figure shows a looping pipe system. Pressure
67. Determine the velocity of the jet at the orifice in m/s. heads at points x and y are 80 m and 52 m respectively.
A. 8.63 B. 9.36 C. 7.97 D. 7.79 Assume C = 110 for all pipes.
68. Determine the discharge in liters per second.
A. 18.3 B. 3.64 C. 15.43 D. 12.3
69. Determine the head loss in meters.
A. 0.274 B. 0.264 C. 0.285 D. 0.365

Situation 21- Two vertical tanks are connected near the bottom
by a short tube having a cross sectional area of 0.00625 m2 the
cross-sectional areas of the tanks are 8 m2 and 2 m2 respectively.
The tank contains water with the water surface in the larger tank
4 m above the tube and in the smaller tank 1 above the tube.
Assume the constant discharge coefficient of 0.72.
70. Find the flow (L/s) of water to the smaller tank if the head is
constant.
A. 43.9 B. 28.5 C. 34.5 D. 39.4
71. Find time (seconds) for the water surfaces in the two tanks to
reach the same elevation.
A. 321 B. 278 C. 231 D. 432 79. Calculate the flow in pipe A in m3/s.
72. Find the time (seconds) for the water surface of the tanks to A. 0.103 B. 0.056 C. 0.069 D. 0.095
be 1 m apart. 80. Calculate the flow in pipe B in m3/s.
A. 117.5 B. 103.1 C. 154.2 D. 134.9 A. 0.056 B. 0.069 C. 0.103 D. 0.095
81. Calculate the flow in pipe C in m3/s.
Situation 22- Two vertical cylindrical tanks, one 5-m-diameter A. 0.095 B. 0.103 C. 0.056 D. 0.069
and the other 8-m-diameter are connected by a short tube
having a cross-sectional area of 0.004 m2 with C = 0.65 located 82. Three concrete pipes are connected in series. If the rate of flow
at the bottom portion. When the tube is closed, the water in the pipe is 0.10 m3/s. Determine the total head loss in
surface in the smaller tank is 10 m higher than that in the meters.
bigger tank. 3 L1 = 350 m L2 = 300 m L3 = 500 m
73. Determine the discharge (m /s) in the tube immediately after
it is opened. D1 = 210 m D2 = 150 m D3 = 250 m
A. 0.0396 B. 0.0364 C. 0.0427 D. 0.0742 f1 = 0.02 f2 = 0.03 f3 = 0.025

A. 122.63 B. 134.65 C. 144.9 D. 150.00

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CE-IC COMPREHENSIVE COURSE 2 Fluid Flow, Measurement, Pipes, Closed Conduits

87. Determine the head loss (m) of the pipe connecting reservoir
83. Two pipes, each 300 m long are connected in series. the flow B.
of water trough pipes is 150 Li/sec with a total friction loss of A. 5.43 B. 3.41 C. 14.63 D. 6.23
150 m. if one pipe has a diameter of 300 mm, what is the 88. Determine the head loss (m) of the pipe connecting reservoir
diameter of the other pipe? Neglect minor loss and assume n = A.
0.03 for both pipes. A. 4.14 B. 41.3 C. 7.22 D. 5.66
A. 250 B. 300 C. 350 D. 355 89. Determine the pressure head (m) at the pipe junction if the
junction is at elevation of 230.04 m.
Situation 25- From the sketch shown in Figure and using A. 95.4 B. 142.5 C. 64.3 D. 82.7
Manning’s formula. 90. Determine the flow (m3/s) in reservoir A.
A. 1.23 B. 0.63 C. 1.14 D. 0.41
91. Determine the flow (m3/s) in reservoir C.
A. 0.49 B. 0.85 C. 0.74 D. 0.96
92. Determine the elevation of reservoir B.
A. 302 B. 291 C. 284 D. 296

84. Determine the flow into or out of reservoir A in Li/sec.

A. 52.36 B. 45.63 C. 42.22 D. 62.45
85. Determine the flow into or out of reservoir B in Li/sec.
A. 20.41 B. 25.49 C. 32.20 D. 19.77
86. Determine the flow into or out of reservoir C in Li/sec.
A. 32.59 B. 16.73 C. 30.25 D. 25.22

Situation 26- Given the following data for the three reservoir
shown:
Pipe Length (m) Diameter F
(mm)
1 1500 900 0.0208
2 450 600 0.0169
3 1200 450 0.0135