MADE BY: SINA S. SUMRA.

PHARMACOLOGY

SR. NAME DEFINITION

NO.
1. ANAESTHETICS These are agents which produce LOCAL ANAESTHETICS: Are drugs which
reversible loss of sensation and upon Topical application or Local injection
consciousness. causes reversible loss of sensory
perception especially of pain, in restricted
area of body. E.g. Bupivacaine, lidocaine.
GENERAL ANAESTHETICS: Are drugs which
produce reversible loss of all sensations
and consciousness and cause sleep,
amnesia, immobility, muscle relaxation,
abolition of autonomic and somatic
reflexes. E.g. halothane, isoflurane,
nitrous oxide(inhalation), ketamine,
propofol (injectable)
2. CNS DEPRESSANTS These are agents which depress Sedatives and Hypnotics both are CNS
the central nervous system (CNS) depressants with somewhat differing time
action and dose action relationship.
3. SEDATIVES A drug that subdues excitement Drugs which reduce excitement, calms the
and calms the subject without subject without producing sleep, though
inducing sleep, though drowsiness drowsiness can be produced. Commonly
may be produced. Sedation refers used as Anxiolytics. E.g. benzodiazapines,
to decreased responsiveness to
alprazolam, lorazepam.
any level of stimulation; is
associated with some decrease in
motor activity and ideation.
4. HYPNOTICS These are agents that induces and Drugs which induce or maintain sleep
/ or maintains sleep, similar to similar to normal arousable sleep. E.g.
normal arousable sleep. benzodiazapines, alprazolam, lorazepam.
5. TRANQUILISERS A drug which reduces mental A drug which reduces mental tension and
tension and produces calmness produces calmness without inducing sleep
without inducing sleep or or depressing mental faculties.
depressing mental faculties.
6. ANTIPYRETICS These are agents that reduce fever Drugs which reduce body temperature in
by lowering body temperature. fever but do not cause hypothermia in
normothermic individuals.e.g.
 Paracetamol, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
(for rheumatic fever)
7. ANALGESICS These are agents that selectively Drugs which relieve pain without causing
relieves pain (algesia) by acting on loss of consciousness.e.g. acetylsalicylic
the CNS or on peripheral pain acid (aspirin – high dose), ibuprofen,
mechanisms, without significantly
fentanyl, morphine.
altering consciousness. These
relieve pain as a symptom, without
affecting its cause.
8. ANTIEPILEPTICS Drugs useful in treatment of Epilepsy.
Epilepsy is a collective term for group of
chronic seizures having in common sudden
and transient episodes (seizures) of
disturbance of consciousness and/or a
characteristic body movement
(convulsion) and sometimes autonomic
hyperactivity. E.g. carbamazepine,
diazepam, lorazepam, phenobarbital,
phenytoin, valporic acid.
9. ANTIHYPERTENSIVE These are drugs used to lower These are drugs used to lower blood
blood pressure in hypertension. pressure in hypertension. E.g.
amlodipine, enalapril, hydralazine,
losartan, telmisartan.
10. ANTIANGINAL These are agents that prevent, These are agents that prevent, abort or
abort or terminate attacks of terminate attacks of Angina pectoris.
Angina pectoris. Angina pectoris is a pain syndrome due to
induction of an adverse oxygen supply /
demand situation in a portion of the
myocardium. E.g. isosorbide dinitrate,
bisoprolol, glyceryl nitrate.
11. ANTIPLATELET These are drugs which interfere These are drugs which interfere with
(ANTITHROMBOTIC) with platelet function and are platelet function and are useful in the
useful in the prophylaxis of prophylaxis of thromboembolic disorders.
thromboembolic disorders. E.g. acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin – 75-150
mg), clopidogrel.
12. HYPOLIPIDAEMIC These are agents which lower the These are drugs which lower the levels of
levels of lipids and lipoproteins in lipids and lipoproteins in blood. E.g.
blood and are useful in simvastatin, atorvastatin, cholestyramine,
hyperlipidemia. clofibrate.
13. HAEMOPOETIC These are agents required in the These are substances required in the
(HEMATINIC) formation of blood and are used formation of blood and are used for
for the treatment of anemias. treatment of Anaemias. Ferous salts like
sulphate – fumarate – gluconate, vitamin
B12, folic acid, vitamin C.
14. COAGULANTS These are agents which arrest These are substances which promote
bleeding and promote coagulation coagulation and are indicated in
and are indicated in hemorrhagic hemorrhagic states. e.g. ethamsylate,
states. They are also called rutin, adrenochrome
Hemostatic agents. monosemicarbazane.
15. BRONCHODILATORS These are agents which relax the These are agents used to relax smooth
smooth muscles in the airway, thus muscles of Bronchioles. They should be
widens the airway and makes used only when an element of
breathing easier. bronchoconstriction is present and not
routinely. e.g. salbutamol, theophylline,
aminophylline, atropinemethonitrate,
montelukast, beclomethasone
(corticosteroid).
16. AEROSOLS / INHALANTS These are a type of dosage form Aerosol is a colloid system in which solid or
which are aimed at delivering the liquid particles are suspended in gas
drug to the site of action so that especially a suspension of a drug or other
lower dose is required and substance to be dispensed in a fine spray or
systemic side effects are mist. E.g. budesonide, salbutamol,
minimized. beclomethasone. (spray used in
Asthama)
17. EXPECTORANTS Drugs believed to increase These are drugs which increase bronchial
bronchial secretion or reduce its secretion or reduce its viscosity, facilitating
viscosity, facilitating its removal by its removal by cough. E.g. guaifenesin,
coughing. potassium iodide, bromohexine,
ambroxol.
18. DIGESTANTS These are substances intended to Substances intended to promote digestion
promote digestion of food. of food. A number of enzyme
combinations are used as appetite
stimulants (e.g. pepsin, pancreatin) and
health tonics.
19. CARMINATIVES These are drugs which promote the Drugs which promote the expulsion of
expulsion of gases from the gases from the GIT and give a feeling of
gastrointestinal tract and give a warmth and comfort in the epigastrium.
feeling of warmth and comfort in
E.g. sodium bicarbonate, tincture of
the epigastrium.
ginger oil, oil peppermint, oil of dill.
20. ANTACIDS These are basic substances which These are basic substances which
neutralize gastric acid and raise pH neutralize gastric acid and raise pH of
of gastric contents. gastric contents. E.g. sodium bicarbonate,
aluminium hydroxide, magnesium
hydroxide.
21. ANTIULCER Drugs used in the treatment of Drugs which are effective in the treatment
peptic ulcers are called antiulcer of peptic ulcer either reduce / neutralize
drugs. gastric acid or increase mucosal resistance
to acid pepsin attack and protects and
heals the ulcer surface or are anti H.pyroli
bacteria (helicobactor pyroli). E.g.
ranitidine, omeprazole (proton pump
inhibitor), sucralfate (ulcer protective
and ulcer healing) and antibiotics in case
of infection.
22. LAXATIVES These are drugs that promote These are drugs that promote evacuation
evacuation of bowels. of bowels. Used in constipation or in some
conditions like post surgery conditions or
bedridden patients. E.g. isabgul (bulk
forming laxative), senna, docusates,
phenolpthalein, bisacodyl, castor oil
(stimulant purgatives), magnesium
sulphate (osmotic purgatives).
23. ANTIDIARRHOEALS Drugs used in the management of Agents useful in the management of
Diarrhoea. diarrhoea. E.g. ORS powder, zincsulfate,
leoperamide (antimotality, antisecretory
drug), codeine, sulfasalazine and
antimicrobials as per infective organism
(in few infective cases).
24. ANTIEMETIC These are drugs used to prevent /
suppress vomiting.
25. HEPATOPROTECTIVE Act on the hepatocytes / liver
directly or indirectly and help in its
proper functioning.
26. DIURETIC Diuretic (Natriuretics) are drugs These are drugs which cause a net loss of
which cause a net loss of sodium Na+ and water in urine. Used in renal
ions and water in urine. stones and in some other cases where the
blood volume needs to be controlled for
 eg. In heart failure cases or ascities, also in
some cerebrovascular diseases. E.g.
hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide,
spironolactone.
27. ANTIDIURETIC Drugs that reduce urine volume, These drugs that reduce urine volume,
particularly in Diabetes insipidus particularly in Diabetes insipidus. E.g.
(DI) which is their primary vasopressin, indomethacin.
indication.
28. LITHOTRIPTIC An agent that dissolves urinary The drugs which break down the calculi
stones. either renal or ureteric. E.g. L-ornithine,
L-asparate, urso deoxycholic acid.
29. ANTIINFLAMMATORY The agents which reduce The agents useful in treatment of
inflammation. inflammatory conditions. E.g. ibuprofen,
corticosteroids (severe cases).
30. HORMONAL THERAPY Treatment of disease or symptoms
with synthetic or naturally derived
hormones.
31. ANTIOBESITY Antiobesity or weight loss drugs These drugs can help the obese to tolerate
are agents that reduce or control a reducing diet for short periods. These
weight and used in the should be taken only in severe obesity but
management of obesity. not for cosmetic reason in mild to
moderate obesity. E.g. benzphetamine,
diethylproprion, mazindol, phentermine.
32. ANTIDIABETIC Drugs used in the management of
Diabetes mellitus.
33. ANTITHYROID These are drugs used to lower the Conventionally only the synthesis
functional capacity of the inhibitors are called antithyroid drugs,
hyperactive thyroid gland. though this has also been applied to all
thyroid inhibitors. E.g. propyl thiouracil,
carbimazole, methimazole.
34. OXYTOCIC Oxytocics (Ecbolics) are uterine These are drugs increase uterine motility,
stimulants which stimulate uterine especially at term. Used to induce labor or
contractions. to assist in labor in selected cases. E.g.
oxytocin, desamino oxytocin.
35. GALACTAGOGUES Galactogogues (Lactogogues) are
medications or other substances
believed to assist initiation,
maintenance or augmentation of
maternal milk production.
36. CONTRACEPTIVES Contraceptive drugs are drugs used These are preaprations (mainly hormonal)
to prevent pregnancy or control
used for reversible suppression of fertility.
fertility.
37. STYPTICS These are substances used to stop Substances used to stop bleeding from a
bleeding from a local approachable local and approachable site. Used on
site. They are particularly effective oozing surfaces. E.g. gelatin foam,
on oozing surface or bleeding from
thrombin, fibrin, astringents.
capillaries and small blood vessels
e.g. tooth socket, small wound,
and epitaxis. These agents should
never be injected.
38. ANTIHISTAMINES These are drugs which These drugs antagonize actions of
competitively block H1 receptors histamine. They are used in allergies, cold,
and antagonize actions of
cough etc. e.g. levocetrizine, cetrizine,
histamine.
loratidine, di-phenylhydramine.
39. ANTIMICROBIAL Drugs in this class differ from The agents designed to inhibit or kill the
others in that they are designed to infecting organism and have no or minimal
inhibit / kill the infecting organism effect on the recipient. E.g. antibiotics,
and to have no / minimal effect on antifungals, antiprotozoal and antiviral
the recipient. The term drugs.
antimicrobial agent is used to
designate synthetic as well as
naturally obtained drugs that
attenuate microorganisms.
40. ANTIBIOTICS These are substances produced by These are substances produced by
microorganisms which selectively microorganisms which selectively suppress
suppress the growth of or kill other or kill other microorganisms at very low
microorganisms at very low conc. E.g. penicillins, cephalosporins,
concentrations. tetracycline, genatmicin.
41. ANTIMALARIAL These are the drugs used for These are the drugs used for prophylaxis,
prophylaxis, treatment and treatment and prevention of relapses of
prevention of relapses of malaria. malaria. E.g. chloroquine, mefloquine,
quinine.
42. AMOEBICIDAL These are drugs useful in infection, These are drugs used in the treatment of
Amoebiasis, caused by the Amoebiasis, caused by Entamoeba
anaerobic protozoa Entamoeba histolytica. E.g. metronidazole, tinidazole,
histolytica. emetine.
43. ANTIFILARIAL These are drugs useful in the These are drugs used for the cure and
treatment of Lymphatic filariasis. prevention of Filariasis. E.g.
diethylcarbamazine and ivermectin.
44. ANTHELMENTIC The drugs that either kill Drugs that either kill or expel infesting
(vermicide) or expel (vermifuge) helminthes i.e. worms. E.g.
infesting helminths. mebendazole, albendazole.
45. ANTIFUNGAL These are drugs used for superficial Drugs used for superficial and deep
and deep (Systemic) fungal (systemic) fungal infections. E.g.
infections. nystatin, griseofulvin, fluconazole,
cotrimazole.
46. VITAMINS These are no – energy yielding Are non energy producing organic
organic compounds, essential for compounds essential for normal human
normal human metabolism that metabolism that must be supplied in small
must be supplied in small quantities in the diet. The importance of
quantities in the diet. vitamins as drugs is primarily in the
prevention and treatment of deficiency
diseases. E.g. Vitamin C is used in the
treatment of scurvy, D in the treatment of
rickets, B12 in pernicious anaemia.
47. MINERALS These are inorganic nutrients, Are nonenergy producing inorganic
usually required in small amounts elements essential for human metabolism
from less than 1 to 2500 mg/day, supplied in small quantities in food. The
depending on the mineral. importance of minerals as drugs is
primarily in prevention and treatment of
deficiency diseases.e.g. iron in anaemia,
calcium in osteoporosis.
48. WATER BALANCE AND
IV FLUIDS
49. VACCINES These are antigenic materials Vaccines are suspensions of dead
consisting of the whole microorganism or attenuated live
microorganisms or one of its microorganisms which stimulate the
products. immune system of recipient to produce
antibodies of that particular against that
particular organism. Vaccines are
employed for prophylaxis. E.g. BCG
Vaccine, DPT vaccine.
50. ANTIVENOM Anti-snake venom is a medication Antivenom are available as purified;
made up of antibodies used to enzyme refined and concentrated equine
globulins in lypophilized vials with distilled
treat venomous snake bites.
water ampule. These are useful in
 treatment of snake bite. Antivenom serum
against scorpion are also available.
51. ANTIRABBIES SERUM Also called ‘equine rabies immune It is refined, concentrated and lyophilized
serum from horses hyperimmunized by
globulin (ERIG)’ is refined,
repeated injections of fixed rabbies virus.
concentrated and lyophilized
serum from horses hyper It is indicated immediately after suspected
immunized by repeated injections exposure.
of fixed rabies virus.
52. LOCAL ANTISEPTICS Antiseptics are chemicals typically Agent which inhibits or kills microbes on
applied only to living tissue which contact. E.g. hydrogen peroxide, iodide,
are bacteriostatic in character, i.e., chlorhexidine.
they only retard the growth and
replication of bacteria.
53. DRUGS IN OPHTHALMIC These may be used for diagnostic, Most drugs in ophthalmic practice are
PRACTICE antimicrobial, chemotherapy, administered topically. E.g. eye drops or
surgical procedures and other
ointment.
purposes.
54. ANTI CANCER DRUGS These drugs either kill cancer cells Drugs either kill cancer cells or modify their
or modify their growth. growth. E.g. cyclophosphamide,
ifosfamide, dacarbazine, 5-fluorouracil,
vincristine (derived from plant named
evening prime rose or sadabahar plants).
55. IMMUNOMODULATORS These are drugs which modify These are variety of agents used to
immune response. They may act enhance or modify immunological and non
to strengthen weak immune specific host defense. E.g. thalidomide,
systems and to moderate immune interferons, levamisole.
ystems that are overactive. Thus
immunomodulators may either be
immunosuppressants or
immunostimulants.