theory and approach

theory and international relations ‘

liberalism
neoliberal institution
realism
neoliberalism

theories influence leaders, influence actions

what present leader are doing
ideological grounding
international relationship
how shape interest

security-theoretical
realism
neorealism
liberal internationalist
liberal internationalist
constructivist
conflict theories
post modernist
feminist

realistic and the international system

anarchic:no authority above the state, shape how actors interact in a system
power and polarity :politics is really government by objective law
laws:root in human nature, base of understanding of how we interact in interaction relations
power:hobbies, views, human resource, human nature. drive human, state action
interest :state has singular interest, driven from rational desire to secure in international
rationality :rational actor (state)in international realism, power relation.classical realist:military
power
state acting what is in its best interest

realist(balance of power) stability and polarity (multipolar. bipolar and unipolar

multipolar: a number of actors from short term alliances so they find negotiating is better than
fighting. They rationally deduce this and they make alliances in the party and also increase
capabilities .

bipolar:long term alliance between two poles(cold war) international organization are effective.
they find two poles of power. they find repeated interaction among pole and caculate response

unipolar: immediate of post of cold world war(the us strongest economy, military)the pause in
the unipolar world, hegemony disability emerges, it stables because hegemon ensures stability

realist and change: source of power

1:endogenous: within, from actors, from who in interest their own power change

2:exogenous :from without, change in the international system. after wwi ,after 911,after cold
war, the big change force the in state change their approach, view and policy in international
relationship

defensive realism:making more is costly and not improve the power state should practice some
restraint
offensive realism:periodic war will show power. short run is costly ,long run will increase security

realism
thucydides”history peloponnesian war”

4 basic assumptions
1) the state is a principal act in politics, international institutions don't have a lot of
influence
2) state is a unitary actor. to speak with one voice.
3) decision makes who act in the name of state are rational actors.rational and greater
power for the state
4) focus on security as the main aim for the state.so they drive this from melian dialogue
peloponnesian wars
athens delian league (democracy)
sparta-peloponnesian league(more powerful, defeated by athen)
athen focus on direct democracy(wealthy, dependent on commerce)
sparta:old,ocean power,not wealthy, did not depend on commerce
athen trying to expand,influence in regios, try to take over different parts. Milos was one part .
athenian write melian dialogue(how then should control island
melian dialogue and realism
thucydides reflecting the world at the time right as the world goes, is only in question between
equals in power, while the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must
power is most important part of international relationship
anarchy in the international relationship. meilo is spartan alliance
security is more important than justice;it's about security and power
other may not come to your help :no matter you are in an international alliance power make right

lecture 2:
realism
saomy aigisyome(354-430) temporal,spiritual authority to protect home

mccolo machiavelli(1469-1527)<prince>,leader alliance, whose offensive and defensive,whose

focus is the superiority of the state

Thomas hobbes:war at the worst, people in the worst. individual preserve themselves
human are realistic, selfish

realism
hans morgenthauc(1904-1980)politics among nations
The state seeks preservation, autonomous, unitary, preserving national(interest through a dirty
balance of power. international system is anarchic continuous struggle
bipolar era

realism
george kennan(1904-2005)(cold war) herpes onset of cold war(telegram)
pakistan balance against ussr, very controversial figure, policy in war , international system, state
pursue their own interest. can it rely on international organization

realism
hans morgenthau(1904-1980)
patterns of powers
break down of equilibrium
focus on military most important for international realm is anarchy
focus on the idea of action and interest(what make power)human desire for power(universal and
timeless)
state maximizer (focus)strong military, raw power, define global security . stability reliance on the
balance of power in the self interested of state

realism nation is prominent source of views,legal, moral and social evaluation of power in
influence
hard(military) and soft power (value, idea, goal of people in the state)

economic:socio economic factor(power anarchic world)

neorealism:looking at other types of power fundamental interest of state (guys look at the map
in that slide. i am unable to copy the map)

traditional realist
neorealist
canadian foreign policy and differential international relationship theories

neorealism or structural neorealism

kenneth waltz(1924-2013)theory of international politics.not laws rather predict and explain

variation of neorealism
robert gilpin(1930)war and change in world politics:challenge the state to be rational.
international system help the structure of what power is introduce idea psycho history
anne tickner gendering world politics
gender approach power is not only about and domination , inclusive symbiotic

today’s lecture
liberalism-human nature is good
human can learn and make institutions that society better
good state and international system. motivated by best of human nature
state :they don't see it as autonomous actors. they have many interests
so contrast to the realist viewpoint that ideas of state are autonomous and singular in their focus.
The liberal view is that it has many interests and actors within the state have many interests.
They are diverse in that they can be corporate. they can reform, they can engage and collective
actions to deal with matters at international levels of international concerns.

They can do that through organizing creation laws, rules and institutions. Those institutions have
influenced matters that change is possible. however change can be quiet slow

liberal ir theory
analytic function:help understand world politics
narrative preference:look at current affairs. international organization can be used forward
normative goals of justice and liberty. polity all function of international organization

international law ,international institution make different

liberals and international systems:security is important and its key economy, social economy all
matters
process
constraints
change

liberals and processes /actors in the international system

a. process is multiple interactions among diverse set of actors not just state is important
but non governmental organization civilized society actor , multinational organization constant
interaction and negotiation(multiple players)

liberals and constraints anarchy and independence

a:a lot of actos with common interests, lots of them with ideas and names and goals. they seem
to achieve through international institution

liberal change in the international system

change in international system as something happens incrementally

it is not going to be decisive or not as large as war

they are more see change happen step by step through laws, nor,s,maintained,change among the
way
change in term of human right , environmental regulation, economic
liberalism
enlightenment thinker
montesquieu c(1689-1755)human nature is good but society is corrupt. form separate notion and
quarrel immanuel kant(1724-1804):international anarchy can overcome by federation of state
where individuals are rational pursuing them in an autonomy and done global level in them of
setting up institution that serve people

immanuel kant”perpetual peace” people who have suffer by devastating effect of their leader
decide will find a way to influence peace through creating institution laws/
democratic peace theory
they aim to reduce the likelihood of war but cant create peace on their own
join together and create institution to bring peace
achieve peace through negotiation
1:ban on making temporary peace treaties while still planning for future war
2:prohibition of annexation of one state by another
3:abolition of standing armies
4 refusal to take an notion debts for external affairs
5ban on influence by one state in the internal affairs of another and
6:limits on the conduct of war that disallows acts that would breed mistrust and make peace
possible

1:every state shall have a republican civil constitution

2:each state shall participate in a union of states
3 promote a cosmopolitan right of universal hospitality
have right to interact with each other ,commerce, trade, establish link ,movement through global

right of citizens of the world:the state should increase that freedom. freedom for citizen, world
peace:not only state bring about but it about individual within those state

key focus for liberal internationalist

1:PERSON : treating individuals as rational actors appealing for reason
2:free trade:peop;e trade another (will not fight)
3:institution

lecture 2
neoliberal institution:why do states really choose to cooperate?is that just human nature is good?
creating institutions to promote corporations ?
robert hxelrod(1943)
robert o keohane(1942-)
repeat dealing with national war
reduce interaction cast
shape references
international institution provides framework for interactions and framework include shared
norms and ideas, framework include trade, corporation happens easily if rational actors not only
of their good human nature also good out of reason

IR theory trends in latin america

how have liberalism and marxism being employed in IR in latin america

radical theory
karl marx(1818-1883)
class stratification-exploiter and exploited
historical practice :practical museum
super structure
revolution
economic, and how international system is stratify

radical theory and international system

capitalism and stratification
international system can be explained by uneven resource like wealthy
ability to maintain sovereignty that capital structure enforce stratification and it is the always
influence international relation

radical theory :imperialism is the example for stratification

john hoson (1858-1940)
capitalist society will always seek out new market in order to maintain their dominant that in the
technique of unequal economic development

african socialism
1:kwame mk ruman of ghana
julius nyerene of tanzania
leopold senghol of senegal
sekou toure of guinea
modibo keita of mali

senghor-mehide
kaunda-humanism
mobutu-mobilism
nyerere-ujamaa

dependency theory
hans singer(1910-2006)
raul prebisch(1901-1986)
henrique cardoso(1931-president of brazil 1995-2003)
international trade is unequal that multi corporation and banks are agents that perpetual global
inequality(exploiters and exploited) in nation that are powerful and influential that exploit

infant industry
1:underdevelopment:resources benefit core state
2:core cruelty integrated into the world economy
3:alternative patterns of economic practice are required
4:use economic resources for national self interest
5 dependency is voluntary,states in a dependent position can choose an alternative
constructivism
nothing is predetermined, creative , nothing is fly
constructed through interaction, state behavior is shaped by social norm of elite, their identities,
their viewpoints, they interact, change, modified
The international system is based on changing and subjects' social relation structure dont have
fixed meaning. imported meaning by people, constructed, reconstructed , deconstructed

alexander wendt(1958-)
distribution of identities:meaning put to interactional actors,institution
power not only material good but also language, culture, idea. changing norm,idea, different way
of socializing
create IR interaction

constructivist
peoples interpretation matters
peter katzenstein(1945)
the culture of national security

postmodernist-deconstruction
cynthia-weber

feminist IR theory :challenging and considering in interaction with gender relation. policy in IR
establishes a norm. women in IR consider gender relation (LGBTQ)