Overall Outline

1000. Introduction
2000. Federal Regulations, Guides, and Reports
Training Course on 3000. Site Investigation
Civil/Structural Codes and Inspection
p 4000. Loads, Load Factors, and Load Combinations
5000. Concrete Structures and Construction
6000. Steel Structures and Construction
7000. General Construction Methods
BMA Engineering, Inc. 8000. Exams and Course Evaluation
9000. References and Sources

BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 1 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 2

6000 STEEL
6000. 6000 STEEL
6000.
• Objective and Scope • 6130 ‐ Design Data, Principles and Tools
6100 &
6200 • 6140 ‐ Codes and Standards
– Provide an intermediate level review and practical • 6200 ‐ Material
application of structural analysis and design to • 6310 ‐ Members and Components
steel buildings and nuclear power plant steel 6300
• 6320 ‐ Connections, Joints and Details
structures • 6330 ‐ Frames andd Assembles
bl
– Present and discuss • 6410 ‐ AISC Specifications for Structural Joints
6400
• 6420 ‐ AISC 303 Code
C d off St
Standard
d dP Practice
ti
• Structural Steel Design Data, Principles and Tools
• 6430 ‐ AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code
• Materials 6500 • 6510 ‐ Nondestructive Testing Methods
• Design and Behavior • 6520 ‐ AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code Tests
• Fabrication and Construction 6600 • 6610 ‐ Steel Construction
• Construction Testing and Examination • 6620/6630 ‐ NUREG‐0800 / RG 1.94
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 3 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 4
 6000 STEEL
6000. 6000 STEEL
6000.
• Applicable Codes and Specifications, and applicable
• Applicable Codes and Specifications
Specifications, and
NRC Publications applicable NRC Publications
– AISC N690 Specification for the Design, Fabrication and – AWS D1.1 Structurall Welding
ld Code d
Erection of Steel Safety‐Related Structures for Nuclear – ASTM Applicable Sections
F iliti (which
Facilities ( hi h uses the
th 2005 AISC Specification
S ifi ti for f
Structural Steel Buildings as the baseline document and – NUREG‐0800 Standard Review Plan (SRP) for the
modifies the specific portions of the specification for Review of Safetyy Analysis
y Reports
p for Nuclear
nuclear facilities) Power Plants
– Specifications
p for Structural Joints Usingg ASTM A325 or – RG 11.94
94 Quality Assurance Requirements for
A490 Bolts Installation, Inspection, and Testing of Structural
– AISC 303 Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Concrete and Structural Steel During the
Bridges
Construction Phase of Nuclear Power Plants
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 5 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 6

6000 STEEL
6000. 6100. Introduction ‐
• 6130 ‐ Design Data, Principles and Tools
Structural Steel Design Data, Principles, and Tools
6100 &
6200 • 6140 ‐ Codes and Standards • Structurall Steell Types, Mechanical
h l and
d
• 6200 ‐ Material Physical Properties, and Steel Sections
• 6310 ‐ Members and Components • Selecting Design Principles for Steel Structures
6300
• 6320 ‐ Connections, Joints and Details
• 6330 ‐ Frames andd Assembles
bl • Selecting Computational Methods For Steel
• 6410 ‐ AISC Specifications for Structural Joints Structure Design
6400
• 6420 ‐ AISC 303 Code
C d off St
Standard
d dP Practice
ti • Primary Design Considerations in the Design
• 6430 ‐ AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code of Steel Structures
6500 • 6510 ‐ Nondestructive Testing Methods
• 6520 ‐ AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code Tests 6200. Materials
6600 • 6610 ‐ Steel Construction • ASTM Related Sections
• 6620/6630 ‐ NUREG‐0800 / RG 1.94
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 7 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 8
 Hi t
History off St
Structural
t l StSteell Hi t
History off St
Structural
t l StSteell

Iron Structural Steel

• Chief component of steel • Steel is an alloy of primarily iron, carbon (1 to 2%) and
small amount of other components (manganese,
• Wrought iron first used for tools around 4000 BC nickel,
i k l …))
• Produced by heating ore in a charcoal fire • Fewer impurities and less carbon than cast iron
• Cast and wrought iron used in the late 18C and • Carbon contributes to strength but reduces ductility.
early 19C • Began to replace iron in construction in the mid
• in bridges 1800s
• First steel railroad bridge in 1874
• First steel framed building in 1884
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 9 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 10

G d off St
Grades Steell
Applicable
Numerous grades of steel are available in the ASTM
marketplace. The choice is dependent on
Specifications/
• Application Shapes
• Yield strength

• Composition
p

BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 11 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 12

 Types of Steel
Applicable
ASTM
• Ordinary
di grades
d
Specifications/
Fasteners • High‐strength

• Special purpose

BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 13 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 14

Structural Shape Size Groupings for Tensile Property Classification

Structural Shapes Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5

Ordinary Grades of Steel W Shapes

p W 24 x 55, 62
W 21 x 44 to
57 incl.
W 18 x 35 to
W 44 x 244
W 40 x 49 to
268 incl.
W 36 x 135 to
W 44 x 248,
285
W 40 x 227 to
328 incl.
W 40 x 362 to
655 incl.
W 36 x 328 to
798 incl.
W 36 x 848
W 14 x 6O5 to
730 incl.

71 incl. 210 incl. W 36 x 230 to W 33 x 318 to

W 16 x 26 to W 33 x118 to 300 incl. 619 incl.
57 incl. 152 incl. W 33 x 201 to W 30 x 292 to
W 14 x 22 to W 30 x 90 to 291 incl. 581 incl.
53 incl. 211 incl. W 30 x 235 to W 27 x 281 to
W 12 x 14 to W 27 x 84 to 261 incl. 539 incl.
Availability of Shapes, Plates and Bars According to
ASTM Structure Steel Specifications Size 58 incl.
W 8 x 10 to
48 incl.
W 0 x 9 to
25 incl.
178 incl.
W 24 x 68 to
162 incl.
W 21 x 62 to
117 incl.
W 27 x 194 to
258 incl.
W 24 x 176 to
229 incl.
W 21 x 166 to
W 24 X 250 to
492 incl.
W 21 x 248 to
402 incl.
W 18 x 211 to
Shapes Plates and Bars
Groupings
W 5 x 16, 19 W 18 x 78 to 223 incl. 311 incl.
ade Steel

143 incl. W 18 x 158 to W 12 x 210 to

Fy W 4 x 13 W 16 x 67 to 192 incl. 336 incl.
Group per Over Over Over Over Over Over Over Over Over 100 incl. W 14 x 145 to
Mini- Fu W 14 x 61 to 211 incl.
Ten- ASTM A6 1/2” 3/4” 1 1/4” 1 1/2” 2” 2 1/2” 4” 5” 6”
ASTM Mum 132 incl. W 12 x 120 to
To To To To To To To To To To W 12 x 65 to 190 incl.
Des- Yield sile
Ordiinary Gra

106 incl.
Steel igna- Stress Stressa 1/2” 3/4” 1 1/4” 1 1/2” 2” 2 1/2” 4” 5” 6” 8” Over W 10 x 49 to
(ksi) (ksi) b1 2 3 4 5 112 incl.
Type tion Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. 8” M Shapes to 37.7 lb/ft W 8 x 58, 67
incl.
32 58-80 S Shapes to 35 lb/ft
A36 incl.
Carbon c HP Shapes
36 58-80
to 102 lb/ft over 102
American to 20.7 lb/ft incl. lb/ft
A529 42 60-85 Standards incl. over 20.7
Channels (C) to 28.5 lb/ft lb/ft
a Minimum unless a range is shown. Miscellaneous incl. over 28.5
Channels (MC) to 1/2 in incl. lb/ft
b Includes bar
bar-size
size shapes
shapes. Angles (L) over 1/2 to 3/4 over 3/4 in.
c For shapes over 426 lbs./ft, minimum of 58 ksi only applies. Structural in. incl.
Bar-size

Available Notes: Structural tees from W, M, and S shapes fall into same group as the structural shape from which they are cut.
For details, see AISC Steel Construction Group 4 and Group 5 shapes are generally contemplated as columns or compression components. When used in other applications
Not Available (e.g., trusses) and when thermal cutting or welding is required, special material specification and fabrication procedures apply to
Manual 13th Ed. Table 2-4, page 2-40 minimize the possibility of cracking

BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 15 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 16

 High‐Strength
g g Steels Special
p Purpose
p Steels
Availability of Shapes, Plates and Bars According to
Availability
y of Shapes,
p Plates and Bars According
g to
ASTM Structural Steel Specifications
ASTM Structural Steel Specifications
Fy Shapes Plates and Bars
ASTM Mini- Fu Over Over Over Over Over Over Over Over Over Shapes Plates and Bars
Mum Ten- Group per Fy
Des- 1/2” 3/4” 1 1/4” 1 1/2” 2” 2 1/2” 4” 5” 6” Over Over Over Over Over Over Over Over Over
Yield sile ASTM A6 To Mini- Fu Group per
igna-
g to to to to to to to to to

el
Steel ASTM Mum Ten- Ten 1/2” 3/4”
1/2 3/4 1 1/4”
1/4 1 1/2”
1/2 2”
2 2 1/2”
1/2 4”
4 5”
5 6”
6

pose Stee
Stress St
Stress a
tion 1/2” 3/4” 1 1/4” 1 1/2” 2” 2 1/2” 4” 5” 6” 8” Over
Type (ksi) (ksi) b1 2 3 4 5 Incl. Des- Yield sile ASTM A6 To To To To To To To To To To
Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. 8”
40 60 Steel igna- Stres Stressa 1/2” 3/4” 1 1/4” 1 1/2” 2” 2 1/2” 4” 5” 6” 8” Over
Steel

Type tion
A441
42 63 s (ksi) (ksi) b1 2 3 4 5 Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. Incl. 8”
46 67 Quenched
High-Sttrength S

pecial Purp
50 70 &
High- 42 42 60 Tem- 90 -
A852d
A572 Grade

pered 70 110
Strength 50 50 65
Low- 60 60 Low-
75
alloy
alloy
y 65 65 80

Sp
42 Quenched 100 -
63
& 90
A242 46 67 130
Tem- d
50 70 A514
pered
42 63 Low- 100 -
100
A588 46 67 alloy 130
50 70
a a Minimum unless a range is shown.
Minimum unless a range is shown.
b b Includes bar-size shapes.
Includes bar-size shapes.
c For shapes over 426 lbs./ft, minimum of 58 ksi only applies. d Plates only
y
Available Available
For details, see AISC Steel Construction For details, see AISC Steel Construction
Not Available Manual 13th Ed. Table 2-4, page 2-40 Not Available Manual 13th Ed. Table 2-4, page 2-40
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 17 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 18

Mechanical Properties
Factors • Tensile and compressive strength

Affecting • Yield strength

Choice • Shear strength

• Elongation
• Ductility
• Hardness
• Chemical composition

BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 19 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 20

 Tensile and compressive strength Stress and Strain Formulas

Normal Stress Strain

Tensile strength
• Resistance to a force acting to pull the material apart P ΔL
σ= ε=
• Determined by testing a specimen A Lo

Compressive Strength: Where: σ = Stress ε = Strain

P = Applied load ΔL = Beam deflection
• Point at material under load experience crush failure
A = Area Lo = Starting length
• For normal design practice
practice, it is assumed to be equal to
tensile strength

BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 21 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 22

Stress Strain Relationship

p
St l P
Steel Properties
ti

• The important characteristics of steel for

d i purposes are:
design
– yield stress (Fy)
– ultimate stress (Fu)
– modulus of elasticity (E)
– percent elongation (ε)
– coefficient of thermal expansion (α)

BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 23 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 24

 Th TTension
The i Test
T t Yield Strength
4 Ranges of responses:
• Elastic • Yield point is the point beyond which the material
• Plastic (yield plateau) stretches briefly without an increase in load
• Strain hardening
• Necking and failure
• The stress at the yield point is the material’s tensile
(strain softening)
yields strength

BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 25 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 26

Shear Strength Elongation

The resistance to tearing or ripping of the material. The formula for computing elongation is:
The formula for computing
p g shear stress is:
V Lu - Lo
τ = eu = 100
A Lo

[ which is an approximation of τ = VQ/ (It)]

Where: eu = Elongation in percent
Lu = Length
g after elongation
g
where
h : τ = Shear
h stress Lo = Starting length
V = Applied shear force
A = Cross‐sectional area
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 27 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 28
 Elongation Ductility

• Ductility is the ability of a material to

stretch
t t h and
dbbecome permanently
tl

deformed without breaking or cracking.

BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 29 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 30

Hardness Chemical Composition

70

kwell C

gth, ksi
Hardness is the ability of a material 60

ss, Rock

e Streng
50 255
to resist indentation or penetration Hardnes
Maximum Hardness for Carbon

quivalent Tensile
and
d Alloy
All Steels
St l
40 180
as measured by a hardness tester.
aximum H

30 140

20

Eq
Ma

10
0 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.0
Carbon, Percent
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 31 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 32
 M t i l Toughness
Material T h M t i l Toughness
Material T h

• Charpy V‐notch test was introduced Charpy

py V-notch test
• Result of the test is a value for notch
toughness (CVN) given by xx ft‐lb
ft lb at yy F.
F This
is a characterization of the energy absorbed
by the notched specimen
(See AISC Manual pp 2‐50 thru 2‐53)

BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 33 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 34

Physical Properties Th
Thermal
l Expansion
E i

• Density (490 lb/ft3) Formal for thermal expansion are:

Mass (M)
Density =
Volume (V)
Strain = α ΔT e = α ΔTL

• Elastic Modulus or Young’s Modulus (29,000 Ksi)

Where: α = Coefficient e = Change in
of thermal length
• Thermal expansion (.00065 /100⁰F) expansion
– Example: 40’ long medium steel, find the change of length
ΔT = Change in L = Original
from 60 ⁰F to 90 ⁰F
temperature length
Change in length=αΔTl = (.00065/100) x 30 x 40 = .0078 ft
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 35 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 36
 Effect of Temperature on the Effect of Temperature
p on the
Properties of Steel Properties of Steel
• Elevated temperatures generally degrade the • For sample information on the effect of temperature
properties
p p of structural steel. Threshold on y
yield stress,, tensile strength,
g , and Young’s
g modulus
temperatures vary as a function of mechanical
property under consideration.
• Temperatures below room temperature do not
have an adverse effect on Fy but can have a
significant effect on ductility.
• Behavior will transform from ductile to brittle at a
threshold temperature rang e known as the
Ductile‐to‐ Brittle Transition Temperature (DBTT)
range.
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 37 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 38

P
Properties
ti SSection
ti Area of Section
Area of cross‐section (A) is applied to
• Area of the section
computations
t ti off:
ff
• Moment of inertia • Simple tension

• Section modulus • Compression

• Radius of gyration • Shear

BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 39 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 40

 M
Moment
t off Inertia
I ti & Section
S ti Modules
M d l Section Modules
Moment of inertia (I) of the cross section
measures the resistance to rotation offered The formula for section modulus (S) is:
by the section:
• Geometry y y I y y

• Size S =
C c c
x x x x
Where: c is the distance from the neutral axis to
the outermost fiber of the section
Iyy > Ixx Iyy = Ixx
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 41 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 42

Radius of Gyration St l Sh
Steel Shapes

The formula for radius of gyration (r) is: Hot‐rolled shapes are produced from molten
steell in
i a furnace
f that
h isi poured
d into
i a
continuous casting where the steel solidifies
but does not cool completely. The partially
r = Ι cooled
coo ed stee
steel iss tthen
e passed tthrough
oug rollers
o e s to
Α achieve the desired shape.
(On the other hand
hand, cold
cold‐formed
formed steel (CFS) is from steel sheet
sheet, strip
strip, plate,
plate or
flat bar in roll forming machines or by press brake or bending operations.
The material thicknesses for such thin‐walled steel members usually range
f
from 0.0147 to about
b ¼”.
¼” (gage
( 6 = .2031”;
” gage 29 = .0141”))
”))

BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 43 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 44

 St d d Cross‐Sectional
Standard C S ti l Sh
Shapes St d d Cross‐Sectional
Standard C S ti l Sh
Shapes

W4 - W44 HSS2x1 – 20x12

M3 – M12.5
S3 – S24 HSS1.660 – 20.000
H8 – H14
C3 – C15 Pipe ½ Std. – 12 Std.
MC3 – MC18 (x-Strong, xx-Strong)
L2½xL1½ - L8x8
WT2 – WT22
MT2 – MT6.25
ST1.5 – ST12

BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 45 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 46

Standard Cross‐Sectional
Cross Sectional Shapes C b and
Camber d SSweep

2L (LLBB or SLBB): 2L2x2 – 2L8x8

2C: 2C3 – 2C15

2MC: 2MC3 – 2MC18

48
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 47 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000
 St d d Mill Practices
Standard P ti T l
Tolerances
• Mill Tolerances
T l (above)
( b )
Variations are limited by the dimensional and profile
tolerances summarized in: • Fabrication Tolerances – AISC Specification Section M2
& Code of Standard Practices Section 6.4
• Hot‐rolled Structural Shapes – ASTM A6 Section 13 &
AISC Tables 11‐22
22 through 11‐26
26 • Erection Tolerances ‐ AISC Specification Section M4 &
Code of Standard Practices Section 7.13
• Hollow Structural Sections (HSS) – ASTM A500 Section
10 A501 Section 11
10, 11, A618 Section 8 or A847 Section 10 • Building Façade Tolerances ‐ Code of Standard
& AISC Tables 1‐27 & 1‐28 Practices Section 7.13.1.3
• Pipe – ASTM A53 Section 12 & AISC Tablebl 1‐28 Accumulation of the mill tolerances and fabrication
tolerances shall not cause the erection tolerances to
• Plate Products – ASTM Section 13 & AISC Table 1‐29
be exceeded per Code of Standard Practices Section
7.12
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 49 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 50

Wid fl
Wide‐flange (W) Sh
Shapes Wide‐flange
Wide flange (W) Shapes
Major (strong) axis Flange

• Most widely used section

• Two flanges held apart by a web Web

• Essentially parallel inner and outer flange surfaces

Minor (weak) axis

Section designation

W24x55 Weight per foot

N i l depth
Nominal d th
Designation
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 51 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 52
 Wide‐flange
Wide flange (W) Shapes Wide‐flange
Wide flange (W) Shapes

Web thickness
Cross sectional area
Cross-sectional Flange properties

Actual depth

BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 53 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 54

Wide‐flange
Wide flange (W) Shapes Wide‐flange
Wide flange (W) Shapes
Second moment
moment,
elastic section modulus,
radius of gyration,
plastic section modulus
End of fillet transition for strong and weak axes
between web and flange
Flange and web stability
Flat portion of web Weight per foot parameters

Spacing between rows

of bolts in flange Used for beam strength
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 55 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 calculations 56
 Wide‐flange
Wide flange (W) Shapes M Shapes
Sh
VQ • Not classified in ASTM 6 as W‐, S‐ or HP‐ shapes
Ib
• Same properties (A, d, tw, bf, etc) as W‐ shapes

HP‐Shapes
• Also known as bearing piles
• Similar to W
W‐shapes,
shapes except their webs and flanges
are of equal thickness and the depth and flange
width are nominally equal for a given designation
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 57 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 58

M Shapes M Shapes
American Standard (S) Shapes
Narrow flange

• 16‐2/3% slope on inner flange surface

Section designation

S24x121 Weight per foot

Note slope
p on inside of flange
g

Nominal depth
• Relatively narrow flange when compared to W
p
shapes

BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 59 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 60

 M Shapes
Sh Ch
Channels
l
Same properties as for W shapes
• 16‐2/3% slope on inner flange surface
Section designation

C15x50 Weight per foot

Actual depth

MC – Miscellaneous channel – 2 on 12 slope on

g
inner flange

BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 61 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 62

Ch
Channels
l A l
Angles

Section designation
Short
h legl length
l h
Property
p y for design
g
L6x4x3/4
Thi k
Thickness
Actual depth
Property for
detailing Longg legg length
g

• Major
M j axes do
d nott correspond
d to
t X and
d Y axes

BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 63 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 64

 Angles Angles

Location of plastic
centroid

Location of elastic centroid Minor (weak) axis

X axis properties Y axis properties

BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 Designation 65 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 66

Tees Tees Tees

• WT – cut from W shape

WT22x131 is cut from W44x262 Stem,, not web

• ST – cut from S shape

• MT – cut from M shape

BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 67 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 68

 Tees Hollow
ll Structurall Shapes
h ((HSS))

• Rectangular (or square)

• Round

Steel Pipe
• Pipe diameter (Std., X‐Strong, XX‐Strong)
F example,
For l Pipe
Pi 5 Std.
Sd
(steel pipe is dimensioned and classed differently than HSS)
Reduction factor for slender
stiffened compression elements
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 69 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 70

Hollow Structural Shapes (HSS) Hollow Structural Shapes (HSS)

Torsion and
warping constants

BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 71 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 72

 Hollow Structural Shapes (HSS) Double
bl Angles
l

Diameter over design thickness 2L6x4x3/4

Nominal versus
design thickness • Major axes are now x and y

• X axis properties may be obtained from x axis

properties of single angle

• Y axis
i properties
ti ddepend
d on separation
ti bbetween
t b
backs
k
angles and whether LLBB or SLBB

BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 73 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 74

Equal
q leg
g angles
g
Double Angles Double Angles
Long legs back-to-back Short legs back-to-back

BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 75 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 76

 D bl Channels
Double Ch l Double Channels

• Designated as 2C or 2MC Y axis properties depend

on back-to-back
distance between
2C15x50 individual channels

• Y axis properties depend on back‐to‐back separation

• X axis properties can be obtained from x axis

properties of single channel

BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 77 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 78

6200. Material ‐
ASTM A36/A36M & A992/A992M
ASTM A6/A6M
• General Requirements for Rolled Steel Plates, • Carbon steel shapes, plates, and bars of
p , Sheet Pilingg and Bars for Structural Use
Shapes, structural qqualityy for use in riveted,, bolted,, or
welded construction
• Requirements
q are included for ordering,g, heat • For ggeneral structural purposes
p p
treatment, chemical analysis, metallurgical • Minimum yield point of 36 ksi and tensile
structure,, quality,
q y, test methods,, tension tests,, g of 58 to 80 ksi
strength
identifications of material, permissible variations • ASTM A992/A992M ‐ The new 50 ksi steel for
in dimensions or weight,g , inspection
p and testing, g, g shapes
wide‐flange p ((only)y) that replaces
p ASTM
retests, rejection, retreatment, test reports, A36, ASTM A572 grade 50 and the similar dual‐
packaging,
p g g, markingg and loadingg for shipment
p certified p
products for wide‐flange g shapes
p ((only).y)

BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 79 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 80

 ASTM A500 & A501 ASTM A572/A572M
• ASTM A500 – • 4 grades of high strength low‐alloy structural steel
– Cold‐formed welded and seamless carbon steel shapes, plates, sheet piling, and bars.
structural tubing in rounds and squares – Grades 42 and 50 are intended for riveted, bolted, or
– Both welded and seamless sizes with a maximum welded construction of bridges, buildings, and other
periphery
i h off 64” and
d a maximum
i wallll thickness
thi k off structures
t t
0.625”. Grade D requires for heat treatment. – Grades 60 and 65 are intended for riveted or bolted
• ASTM A501 – construction of bridges or for riveted,
riveted bolted,
bolted or welded
construction of other structures
– Hot‐formed welded and seamless carbon steel
str ct ral ttubing
structural bing – The requirements of Grade 50 are equivalent to ASTM
A709, Grade 50
– Round tubing is furnished in NPS ½ to 24” incl. with
nominal (average) wall thickness 0.109
0 109 to 1.000
1 000”
depending on size.
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 81 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 82

ASTM A588/A588M ASTM A618

• High strength low‐alloy “weathering” structural • Hot‐formed welded and seamless high‐strength
steel with 50 ksi minimum yield point to 4” thick. low‐alloy structural tubing
– "Weathering" means that due to their chemical – 3 grades of square, rectangular, round, or special shape
compositions, these steels exhibit increased resistance for welded, riveted, or bolted construction of bridges
t atmospheric
to t h i corrosion
i compared d to
t unalloyed
ll d steels.
t l anddbbuildings
ildi and
d ffor generall structural
t t l purposes
– This is because the steel forms a protective layer on its – Grade II has atmospheric corrosion resistance equivalent
surface under the influence of the weather
weather. to that of carbon steel wit copper (0.2
(0 2 minimum Cu)
– “Challenges” are requiring special welding techniques or – Grades Ia and Ib have atmospheric corrosion resistance
material; not rustproof in itself needing provision for substantially better than that of Grade II
drainage; preventing stain needing better detailing

BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 83 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 84

 ASTM A108 ASTM A109/A109M , A635/A635M
• Standard quality cold‐finished carbon steel bars • ASTM A109/A109M ‐ Cold rolled carbon
p in cut lengths
steel strip g or coils In sizes as
• Suitable for heat treatment, for machining into follows:
p
components, , or for use in the as‐finished – Width – over ½ to 23 ‐15/16
condition as shafting, or in constructional – Thickness – 0.2499 and under
pp
applications,, or for other similar p
purposes
p
• ASTM A635 / A635M ‐ Steel, Sheet and
• Grades of steel are identified byy grade
g numbers Strip, Heavy‐Thickness Coils, Hot‐Rolled,
or by chemical composition Alloy, Carbon, Structural, High‐Strength
Low‐Alloy, and High‐Strength Low‐Alloy
with Improved Formability
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 85 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 86

ASTM A123 & A153 Galvanization

• ASTM A123 – • Galvanizing Steel (video)
– Zinc (Hot
(Hot‐Dip
Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel YouTube ‐ Galvanizing Steel.mht
Steel mht
Products
– For steel forging
g g and iron castings
g incorporated
p into
pieces fabricated before galvanizing or which are too • Galvanizing
l Process ((video)
d )
large to be centrifuged YouTube ‐ Galvanizing Process.mht
• ASTM A153 –
– Zinc Coating (Hot‐Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware
– Applicable to hardware items that are centrifuged or
otherwise handled to remove excess galvanizing bath
metal (free zinc)
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 87 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 88
 ASTM A328/A328M ASTM A307,
A307 A325/A325M & A449
• ASTM A307 – Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60,000 Psi
• For carbon steel sheet piling Tensile Strength (Grade A: minimum strength 60 ksi; B: 60‐
• For use in the construction of dock walls
walls, sea 100 ksi; C: nonheaded anchor bolts)
walls, cofferdams, excavations, and like
applications
li ti • ASTM A325/A325M – Structural Bolts,
Bolts Steel,
Steel Heat Treated,
Treated
120/105 Ksi Minimum Tensile Strength (Type 1: medium
• Minimum yyield point
p of 39 ksi and a carbon,, carbon boron,, or medium carbon alloyy steel;; 2:
minimum tensile strength of 70 ksi withdrawn; Type 3 – weathering steel)

• ASTM A449 – Quenched and Tempered Steel Bolts and Studs

(Type 1: medium‐carbon steel ¼ to 2” incl. in diameters)

BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 89 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 90

ASTM A563/A563M, F436/F436M &

ASTM A354 & A490/A490M
F606/F606M
• ASTM 354 ‐ Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts, • ASTM A563/A563M –
Studs, and Other Externally Threaded Fasteners 4” and – 8 grades of carbon and alloy steel nuts
under (Grade BC and BD; up through 1 ½” in diameter are – Grades C3 and DH3 nuts for atmospheric corrosion
covered in ASTM A490; pver 1 ½” covered in Grade BD here) resistance and weathering characteristics
• ASTM F436/F436M –
• ASTM A490/A490M – Heat‐Treated Steel Structural Bolts,
– Hardened Steel Washers diameters of ¼ to 4”,, incl.
150 Minimum Tensile Strength (Type 1: 1 alloy steel ½ to 1 ½”
incl. in diameters; 2: low‐carbon martensite steel, ½ to 1” – Type 1: Carbon steel; 3: weathering steel
incl.; 3: ½ to 1 ½
½” in diameters weathering) • ASTM F606/F606M
/ – Determiningg the Mechanical
Properties of Externally and Internally Threaded
Fasteners,, Washers,, and Rivets

BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 91 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 92

 ASTM F959,
F959 F1852 & F2250 Pretension Methods
Bolt Installation:
• ASTM F959 – Compressible‐Washer‐Type Direct
Tension Indicators for Use with Structural Fasteners • Turn‐of‐nut method
• Direct tension indicator
• Calibrated
C lib t d wrench h
• ASTM F1852 & F2250 Standard Specification for • Alternative design
g bolt
“Twist Off” Type Tension Control Structural – Twist‐off type tension‐control bolt assemblies
Bolt/Nut/Washer Assemblies, Steel, Heat Treated, (F1852 & F2250 )
120/105 & 150 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength
– Compressible washer‐type direct tension indicator
(ASTM F959/F959M)
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 93 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 94

6200. Material (N690) ‐ 6200. Material (N690) ‐

ASTM A167,
A167 A217/A217M & Stainless Steel and Material
A240/A240M Enhancement
• A167 Standard Specification for Stainless and Heat‐ • Outokumpu's Stainless steel production process (Video)
Resisting Chromium‐Nickel
Chromium Nickel Steel Plate
Plate, Sheet
Sheet, and YouTube ‐ Outokumpu's Stainless steel production
Strip process.mht
• A217/A217M SStandardd d SSpecification
ifi i ffor SSteell – Austenitization means to heat the iron, iron‐based metal, or steel to a
Castings, Martensitic Stainless and Alloy, for Pressure‐ temperature at which it changes crystal structure from ferrite to austenite
– The martensite is formed by rapid cooling (quenching) of austenite which
C
Containing
i i Parts,
P SSuitable
i bl for
f High‐Temperature
Hi h T traps carbon atoms that do not have time to diffuse out of the crystal
Service structure
• A240/A240M Standard Specification for Chromium – Annealing, in metallurgy and materials science, is a heat treatment
wherein a material is altered, causing changes in its properties such as
and Chromium‐Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and strength and hardness
Strip for Pressure Vessels and for General Applications – A quench refers to a rapid cooling
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 95 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 96
 6200. Material (N690) ‐
ASTM A479/A479M
A479/A479M, A515/A515M
A515/A515M, 6100 Introduction/6200.
6100. Introduction/6200 Material
A516/A516M & D3843
• A479/A479M Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and • Objective and Scope Met
Shapes for Use in Boilers and Other Pressure Vessels – Structural Steel Types, Mechanical and Physical
Properties, and Steel Sections
• A515/A515M Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates,
Carbon Steel
Steel, for Intermediate
Intermediate‐ and Higher‐Temperature
Higher Temperature – Selectingg Design
g Principles
p for Steel Structures
Service – Selecting Computational Methods For Steel
Structure Design
g
• A516/A516M
6/ 6 SSpecification
ifi i ffor Pressure Vessell Plates,
l
– Primary Design Considerations in the Design of
Carbon Steel, for Moderate‐ and Lower‐Temperature
Steel Structures
S i
Service
– ASTM Steel Material
• D3843 Standard Practice for Quality Assurance for
Protective Coatings Applied to Nuclear Facilities
BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 97 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 6000 98