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Lecture 12-Patterns of Evolution (L.K.B)

The document discusses macroevolution and microevolution, highlighting their differences in scale and approach, with macroevolution involving large-scale changes over long periods and microevolution focusing on small changes within a species. It outlines various patterns of macroevolution, including mass extinctions, adaptive radiation, convergent evolution, coevolution, gradualism, and punctuated equilibrium. Each pattern provides insights into the evolutionary process and the relationships between species.

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62 views41 pages

Lecture 12-Patterns of Evolution (L.K.B)

The document discusses macroevolution and microevolution, highlighting their differences in scale and approach, with macroevolution involving large-scale changes over long periods and microevolution focusing on small changes within a species. It outlines various patterns of macroevolution, including mass extinctions, adaptive radiation, convergent evolution, coevolution, gradualism, and punctuated equilibrium. Each pattern provides insights into the evolutionary process and the relationships between species.

Uploaded by

vishawntarra11
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Patterns of Evolution

LECTURER: L. K. BHAGARATHI
M.A., M.Sc., P.G. Dip. Ed., B.Sc.
MACROEVOLUTION/MICROEVO
LUTION

Macroevolution- One group of animals


●

evolves into another….due to large scale


changes that take place over long periods of
time.

Microevolution- Small scale changes within


●

a species to produce new varieties or


species in a relatively short amount of time.
MACROEVOLUTION AND
MICROEVOLUTION

●Both involve changes in allele frequencies


in gene pools
●Both work through the same basic

processes
●The difference is largely one of approach

and scale
●Each offers different insights into the

evolution process
MACROEVOLUTION/MICROEVO
LUTION
MACROEVOLUTION/MICROEVO
LUTION

Dog Variability When bred for


●

certain traits, dogs become


different and distinctive. This is
a common example of
microevolution—changes in
size, shape, and color—or
minor genetic alterations. It is
not macroevolution: an upward,
beneficial increase in
complexity.
MACROEVOLUTION/MICROEVO
LUTION

Macroevolution has never been observed


●

in any breeding experiment.


●
PATTERNS OF
MACROEVOLUTION
These are models of evolution:
A. Mass Extinctions

B. Adaptive Radiation
C. Convergent Evolution
D. Coevolution

E. Gradualism
F. Punctuated Equilibrium
MASS EXTINCTIONS

Event in which many types of living things


●

became extinct at the same time.


●Huge numbers of species disappeared.

●Whole ecosystems were wiped out.

●Resulted in burst of evolution of new species


in new habitat
●Disrupted energy flow throughout the
biosphere and caused food webs to collapse
MASS EXTINCTIONS

Possible causes
●

●Asteroids hitting earth


●Volcanic eruptions

●Continental drift

●Sea levels changing


ADAPTIVE RADIATION
(DIVERGENT
EVOLUTION)
●The evolution of an ancestral species,
which was adapted to a particular way of
life, into many diverse species, each
adapted to a different habitat
●Many new species diversify from a

common ancestor .
●The branching out of a population through

variation.
●The new species live in different ways than

the original species did.


ADAPTIVE RADIATION
ADAPTIVE RADIATION
ADAPTIVE RADIATION

Diversity
in anoles
is most striking
in the Caribbean
islands
ADAPTIVE RADIATION

●Hawaiian
honeycreepers
●Variation in

color and bill


shape is related
to their habitat
and diet
CONVERGENT
EVOLUTION
●Opposite of divergent evolution (adaptive radiation)
●Unrelated organisms independently evolve
similarities when adapting to similar environments,
or ecological niches
●Analogous structures are a result of this process

●Example: penguin limb/whale flipper/fish fin

●The wings of insects, birds, pterosaurs, and bats all

serve the same function and are similar in structure,


but each evolved independently
CONVERGENT
EVOLUTION
CONVERGENT
EVOLUTION
NT

EVOLUTIO
N
CONVERGENT
EVOLUTION

ocotillo (left) from the American Southwest, and in the allauidia (right)
from Madagascar
CONVERGENT
EVOLUTION

Hummingbird Hawkmoth
CONVERGENT
EVOLUTION

Similar body
shapes and
structures have
evolved in the
North
American
cacti...and in
the euphorbias
in Southern
Africa
COEVOLUTION
●The mutual evolutionary influence between two
species
●When two species evolve in response to changes in

each other
●They are closely connected to one another by

ecological interactions (have a symbiotic


relationship) including:
●Predator/prey

●Parasite/host

●Plant/pollinator

●Each party exerts selective pressures on the other,

thereby affecting each others' evolution


COEVOLUTION
COEVOLUTION

A fly and an orchid--can influence


each other's evolution
COEVOLUTION

Bumblebees and the flowers the they pollinate


have co-evolved so that both have become
dependent on each other for survival.
COEVOLUTION

Coevolution between the


yucca moth and the yucca
plant. (right) A female
yucca moth pushing pollen into the stigma
tube of the yucca flower
while visiting the flower
to deposit her eggs.
Yucca moth larvae (left)
feeding on seeds in
the yucca fruit.
COEVOLUTION

Clown Fish and Sea anemone


COEVOLUTION

Praying Mantis simulates plant to protect itself


from predators and eats pests that are attracted to
and feed on the plant, so it protects the plant.
COEVOLUTION

Shrimp cleaning
Titan triggerfish
in Pacific Ocean
GRADUALISM

●The evolution of new species by gradual


accumulation of small genetic changes
over long periods of time
●Emphasizing slow and steady change in

an organism
●Occurs at a slow but constant rate

●Over a short period of time it is hard to

notice
GRADUALISM
GRADUALISM
Current living zebras (top), extinct quaggas (bottom)
GRADUALISM
GRADUALISM
PUNCTUATED
EQUILIBRIUM
●Stable periods of no change (genetic
equilibrium) interrupted by rapid changes
involving many different lines of descent
●Opposite of gradualism

●It is rare, rapid events of branching

speciation
●Characterized by long periods of virtual

standstill ("equilibrium"), "punctuated" by


episodes of very fast development of new
forms
PUNCTUATED
EQUILIBRIUM

●Horseshoe crabs have change little since


their first appearance in the fossil record.
●They are in a state of equilibrium
PUNCTUATED
EQUILIBRIUM
PUNCTUATED
EQUILIBRIUM
PUNCTUATED
EQUILIBRIUM
GRADUALISM OR
PUNCTUATED
EQUILIBRIUM
Patterns of Macroevolution
Species Flow Chart
that are

Unrelated Related

form in under under in in


Intense
Inter-relation Similar environmental Small Different
ships environments pressure populations environments

can undergo can undergo can undergo can undergo can undergo

Coevolution Convergent Punctuated Adaptive


evolution Extinction equilibrium radiation

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