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Grade 11 Alcohols

The document covers the properties, uses, preparation, and reactions of alcohols, specifically focusing on ethanol. It details the fermentation process for ethanol production, its industrial preparation, and various reactions such as combustion, oxidation, and esterification. Additionally, it explains how to name alcohols and esters based on their functional groups and structures.

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8 views22 pages

Grade 11 Alcohols

The document covers the properties, uses, preparation, and reactions of alcohols, specifically focusing on ethanol. It details the fermentation process for ethanol production, its industrial preparation, and various reactions such as combustion, oxidation, and esterification. Additionally, it explains how to name alcohols and esters based on their functional groups and structures.

Uploaded by

tianaaa158
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Grade 11 Alcohols

Objectives
■ State the uses of alcohols
■ Relate properties of alcohols to their
functional groups
■ Preparation of ethanol
■ Reactions of alcohols – dehydration,
combustion, oxidation, esterification,
reaction with sodium
■ Naming alcohols
Alcohols
■ Organic compounds with the general
formula CnH2n+1OH ( these are
monohydric alcohols)
■ The –OH group ( hydroxy group) is the
functional group of alcohols.
■ NB some alcohols have more than 1 OH
group
Uses of alcohols
■ Fuels eg biodiesel,
methylated spirits
■ Solvents
■ Sanitizers
■ Beverages and
cooking
Preparation of Ethanol-
Fermentation (see footnotes)
■ Ethanol is produced by fermenting sugars in the presence of yeast.
■ The yeast respires anaerobically(no air) and uses up the sugar to produce
ethanol and carbon dioxide

■ Maltase in yeast breaks down sucrose into glucose


■ C12H22O11 (aq) + H2O (l) → 2C6H12O6

■ Zymase in yeast then ferments the glucose to form ethanol and carbon dioxide
■ C6H12O6 (aq) → 2C2H5OH (aq) + 2CO2 (g) + heat

■ In the presence of air , the ethanol is converted into ethanoic acid. This causes wine to
sour(remember acids have a sour taste)
■ 2C2H5OH (aq) + O2 (g) → CH3COOH (aq) + H2O (l)

■ When ethanol is at 14% concentration it poisons the yeast and fermentation ceases. To
produce alcohol with >14% concentration the mixture undergoes fractional distillation
Preparation of ethanol
industrially
■ This is done by the hydration of ethene.

■ See lesson on alkenes


■ Ethanol made in this way is not meant
for human consumption. Methanol is a
by product of this reaction. When
comsumed it causes damage to the
liver/kidneys?
Properties of Alcohols
■ Most are colourless, liquids at room
temperature
■ Boiling points and density increase with molar
mass
■ Simple alcohols eg methanol, ethanol,
propanol are soluble in water. Larger alcohols
become insoluble as the hydrocarbon chain
gets larger and more nonpolar ( hence it
won’t bond with water. Water is polar)
Reasons for solubility and
volatility
■ Alcohols are able to dissolve in water because the
polar –OH group forms hydrogen bonds with water.
Alkanes are insoluble in water because they are non
polar.

■ Alcohols are less volatile(higher boiling points) than


the corresponding alkane. The reason for this is
because the OH bonds allow the alcohols to form
hydrogen bonds with each other. These hydrogen
bonds between the alcohols is much stronger than
the attraction between the nonpolar alkane
molecules.
Naming Alcohols
■ Identify the functional group. Suffix – ol
■ Find the longest continuous chain that has
the OH group attached. Prefix (methan or
ethan- or propan-)
■ Assign each carbon a number such that the
one with the OH has the smallest number(
put than number in the name)
■ Identify any substituents and name these in
alphabetical order such that the subsitutent
name prefixes the alcohol
Naming some alcohols
■ 1. FG = OH (-ol)
■ 2. LC = 3( propan -)
■ 3. Posn OH = 1

■ Name = propan-1-ol
or 1-propanol
Naming alcohols
■ 1. FG = OH ( -ol)
■ 2. LC = 3( propan-)
■ 3. Posn of OH = 2

■ Name- 2-propanol

■ Or propan -2-ol
Naming alcohols
■ 1. FG = Oh ( -ol)
■ 2. LC = 5( pentan-)
■ 3. Posn OH = 2

■ Name : pentan-2-ol
or 2 -pentanol
Branched alcohol
■ Name :
■ 2 –methylpropan-1-ol

■ A) 2-methylbutan-1-ol

■ B) 3-methylpentan-2-ol
Reactions of Alcohols-
Combustion

■ Burn in air with a smokeless, blue flame


to form CO2 and steam. Reaction is
exothermic

■ C2H5OH (l)
+ 3O2 (g)
→ 2CO2 (g) + 3H2O (g)
Reactions of Alcohols
■ Reaction with Na

■ Alcohols react with sodium to form a salt and


hydrogen gas
■ The alcohol basically behaves like an acid

■ 2C2H5OH (l) + 2Na (s) → 2C2H5ONa (aq) + H2 (g)


■ The above salt is called sodium ethoxide. It is soluble in water as all
sodium salts are soluble in water.
Reactions of alcohols-
Oxidation
■ Alcohols are oxidized ■ Ethanol + [O] →
in the presence of Ethanoic acid
acidified potassium
permanganate or ■ Propanol + [O] →
acidified potassium Propanoic acid
dichromate to form
the respective
alkanoic acid ■ Butan-1-ol + [O] →
butanoic acid
Importance of the oxidation of
alcohols
■ In the breathalyzer test, a drunk driver
breathes on Potassium dichromate crystals
moistened in sulphuric acid. The crystals will
change colour from orange to green. The
alcohol in his breath is a reducing agent.
■ C2H5OH (l) + [O] → CH3COOH (l) + H2O (l)
■ Cr 6+ (aq) + 3e → Cr 3+ (aq)
■ Orange green
Dehydration of Alcohols
■ Alcohols are heated in the presence on
concentrated sulphuric acid at 170ºC.
■ Alcohols can also be heated in the
presence of Al2O3 catalyst to 350 ºC
■ This will produce the alkene and steam.

■ C2H5OH (l)
→ C2H4 (g) + H2O (g)
Diagram showing dehydration
of alcohols(butan-2-ol)
■ Please note that the H2O( H,
OH) are removed from
adjacent Cs.
■ This gives but-1-ene and
but-2-ene

■ Don’t worry about the” Z,E


but-2-ene” That is University
level. Pardon the error with
the butan-1-ene. It should
be but-1-ene or 1-butene.
■ They don’t all produce
isomers. Propanol can only
give propene, ethanol can
only give ethene.
Esterification
■ Alcohols react with alkanoic acids in the
presence of concentrated sulphuric acid and
heat to form an ester and water
■ The sulphuric acid serves as a catalyst
because it removes the water. The water
would cause the ester to disintegrate ie
reverse the reaction.
■ Esterification is a condensation reaction as
one large molecule( ester ) is formed with the
loss of a smaller molecule ( water, in this
case).
Esterification
Naming Esters ( will review in
Esters section)
■ The esters are
named by putting
the alcol part first
and then the acid
part second
■ Eg ethanol +
ethanoic acid gives
ethyl ethanoate
■ Propanol +
methanoic acid give
propyl methanoate

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