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Formulas, Stability, and Bonds

The document covers the basics of chemical nomenclature, including how to determine the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in ions and elements, as well as the rules for reading and writing chemical formulas. It explains the concepts of ionic and covalent bonding, the octet rule, and provides examples of naming compounds and writing formulas for both monatomic and polyatomic ions. Additionally, it includes practice problems for identifying compounds and calculating the composition of various chemical formulas.

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jibran ali khan
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32 views22 pages

Formulas, Stability, and Bonds

The document covers the basics of chemical nomenclature, including how to determine the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in ions and elements, as well as the rules for reading and writing chemical formulas. It explains the concepts of ionic and covalent bonding, the octet rule, and provides examples of naming compounds and writing formulas for both monatomic and polyatomic ions. Additionally, it includes practice problems for identifying compounds and calculating the composition of various chemical formulas.

Uploaded by

jibran ali khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FORMULAS,

BONDS, AND
STABILITY
CH.3A - NOMENCLATURE
DO-NOW
1) Write the protons, electrons, and neutrons
for each:
1) Al3+
2) Co
3) P3-
2) Write the full electron configuration for
each:
1) Mg
2) F
DO-NOW KEY
1) Write the protons, electrons, and neutrons for
each:
1) Al3+: p+:13 n0:14 e-: 10
2) Co: p+:27 n0:29 e-: 27
3) P3- : p+:15 n0:16 e-: 18
2) Write the full electron configuration for each:
1) Mg: 1s22s22p63s2
2) F: 1s22s22p5
READING CHEMICAL FORMULAS
• Law of Multiple Proportions- when elements form
compounds and molecules, they combine in fixed, whole-
number ratios like 1 to 1, 2 to 1, or 4 to 3.
• Ex. CO2 has 1 carbon atom to every 2 oxygen atoms
• H2SO4 has 2 hydrogen atoms to every one sulfur / 4 oxygen
atoms
• Subscripts on groups in parenthesis mean that the whole
group is repeated that many times
• Ex. Cu(NO3)2 has 1 copper atoms to every two NO3 groups
• Coefficients in front of the compound/molecule mean that
the whole compound is repeated that many times
• Ex. “2 CO2” means 2 carbon dioxide (CO2) molecules
COUNTING ATOMS IN FORMULAS
Each subscript in a formula is attached to a chemical symbol
or a group of symbols. The subscript indicates how many
times whatever it is attached to is repeated.
No subscript = 1 copy

Ex: H2O : 2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen


Ex: Ca(OH)2 :1 Ca, 2 O, 2 H
Ex: H2SO4 : 2 H, 1 S, 4 O
Ex: (NH4)2S : 2 N, 8 H, 1 S
READING CHEMICAL FORMULAS- PRACTICE
Write how many of each element is present in each
molecule/compound
Example: 3 Fe(OH)3 = 3 Fe, 9 O, 9 H
1) 4 NaCl
2) 2 Al2O3
3) Ca(HCO3)2
4) 4 FeI3
5) K2CO3
6) NH4OH
READING CHEMICAL FORMULAS- PRACTICE
1) 4 NaCl = 4 Na, 4 Cl
2) 2 Al2O3 = 4 Al, 6 O
3) Ca(HCO3)2 = 1 Ca, 2 H, 2 C, 6 O
4) 4 FeI3 = 4 Fe, 12 I
5) K2CO3 = 2 K, 1 C, 3 O
6) NH4OH = 1 N, 5 H, 1 O
WHY BONDS FORM
* To achieve STABILITY! (i.e. look like a noble gas,
with a full valence (outer) shell)
• Octet Rule- a full valence shell (most stable
configuration) has 8 electrons
• Duet Rule- In some cases (Hydrogen, Helium,
Lithium, Beryllium, and Boron) a two-electron
valence shell can be stable
IONIC BONDS
Ionic bond = electron transfer
* ions produced “stick” together (bond)
* Forms between a nonmetal and a metal
* Produces a “compound”(combination of two or more
elements in fixed ratios)
COVALENT BONDS
Covalent bond = electron sharing
* Shared electrons move into orbits circling both nuclei
* Formed between/ among multiple nonmetals
* Produces “molecules”
*Note: all molecules are compounds, but not all
compounds are molecules
COMPOUND OR MOLECULE?
Identify each as an ionic compound or a (covalent) molecule.
Note: Only metalloids on the “metal” side of the zigzag
count as metals for this.
1) H2O 6) AlCl3
2) NaCl 7) BF3
3) CO2 8) CuF2
4) Au2S3 9) CH4
5) HF 10) CaCl2
COMPOUND OR MOLECULE?
Identify each as an ionic compound or a (covalent)
molecule.
Note: Only metalloids on the “metal” side of the zigzag
count as metals for this.
1) H2O Molecule 6) AlCl3 Cmpd.
2) NaCl Compound 7) BF3 Molec.
3) CO2 Molecule 8) CuF2 Cmpd.
4) Au2S3Compound 9) CH4 Molec.
5) HF Molecule 10) CaCl2 Cmpd.
IONIC BONDING: FINDING IONS’
CHARGES (OXIDATION NUMBERS)
Oxidation Number = typical charge an ion takes to
achieve a stable configuration (linked to valence e-)
Group 1: 1+ Group 16: 2-
Group 2: 2+ Group 17: 1-
Group 13: 3+ Group 18: 0
Group 14: 4+/4- Tran. Metals: Varies
Group 15: 3-
WRITING IONIC FORMULAS & NAMES
1) The overall compound must be neutral. This
means the charges of the ions must add to make
zero.
2) Cation First! (Formula and Name)
3) You can write a formula that requires multiple
copies of an ion to work by using a subscript to tell
how many copies of the ion you used.
Example 1: Na+ and Cl- = NaCl : Sodium Chloride
Example 2: Be2+ and F- = BeF2 , Beryllium Fluoride
IONIC FORMULAS ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES
Write the formula for each compound:
Example 1: Strontium chloride
Strontium = Group 2, Chlorine = Group 17
Ions: Sr2+ and Cl-
Compound: SrCl2
Example 2: Sodium phosphide
Sodium = Group 1, Phosphorus = Group 15
Ions: Na+ and P3-
Compound: Na3P
IONIC FORMULAS ADDL. EXAMPLES
Write the formula for each compound:
Example 3: Magnesium Phosphide
Magnesium = Group 2, Phosphorus=Group 15
Ions: Mg2+ and P3-
Compound: Mg3P2
Example 4: Aluminum Sulfide
Aluminum = Group 13, Sulfur = Group 16
Ions: Al3+ and S2-
Compound: Al2S3
MONOATOMIC NAMES & FORMULAS
Find the name for each formula or the formula for each
name:
1) Calcium chloride 8) LiBr
2) CaS 9) Potassium sulfide
3) K2O 10) MgO
4) Lithium sulfide 11) Strontium bromide
5) Beryllium oxide 12) Thallium fluoride
6) Na2O 13) BaCl
7) Calcium nitride 14) InP
MONOATOMIC NAMES & FORMULAS
Find the name for each formula (formula for
each name):
1) CaCl2 8) Lithium bromide
2) Calcium sulfide 9) K2S
3) Potassium oxide 10) Magnesium oxide
4) LiS 11) SrBr2
5) BeO 12) TlF3
6) Sodium oxide 13) Barium Chloride
7) Ca3N2 14) Indium phosphide
POLYATOMIC IONS
Polyatomic = “many atoms”
Polyatomic ion = ion composed of multiple
atoms that acts as a single ion with a single
charge
Some Common P. Ions (More on half sheet)
Sulfate SO42- Acetate C2H3O2 -
Sulfite SO32- Cyanide CN-
Nitrate NO3- Hydroxide OH-
Nitrite NO2- Carbonate CO3 2-
Ammonium NH4+ Phosphate PO4 3-
IONIC BONDING & NAMING –
POLYATOMIC IONS
Example 1:
Ammonium sulfide
NH4+ and S2-
(NH4)2S
Example 2:
Calcium Carbonate
Ca2+ and CO32-
CaCO3
POLYATOMIC IONS PRACTICE
Give formula for given name, name for given
formula.
1) Lithium hydroxide
2) Magnesium sulfite
3) Ba3(NO3)2
4) Ammonium phosphate
5) KCN
6) NH4NO2
7) Lithium Acetate
POLYATOMIC IONS PRACTICE
Give formula for given name, name for given
formula.
1) LiOH
2) MgSO3
3) Barium nitrate
4) (NH4)3PO4
5) Potassium cyanide
6) Ammonium nitrite
7) LiC2H3O2

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