Computer Vision Class 10 Notes - CBSE

Skill Education
Computer vision is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that enables computers and systems
to extract useful information from digital photos, videos, and other visual inputs and to
execute actions or make recommendations based on that information.

Applications of Computer Vision

In the 1970s, computer vision as a concept was first introduced. Everyone was excited by the
new uses for computer vision. However, a considerable technological advance in recent years
has elevated computer vision to the top of many companies’ priority lists. Let’s examine a
few of them:

Facial Recognition

Computer vision is essential to the advancement of the home in the era of smart cities and
smart homes. The most crucial application of computer vision is facial recognition in
security. Either visitor identification or visitor log upkeep is possible.

Face Filters

Many of the functionality in today’s apps, including Instagram and Snapchat, rely on
computer vision. One of them is the usage of facial filters. The computer or algorithm may
recognise a person’s facial dynamics through the camera and apply the chosen facial filter.

Google’s Search by Image

The majority of data that is searched for using Google’s search engine is textual information,
but it also has the intriguing option of returning search results via an image. This makes use
of computer vision since it examines numerous attributes of the input image while also
comparing them to those in the database of images to provide the search result.

Computer Vision in Retail

One of the industries with the quickest growth is retail, which is also utilising computer
vision to improve the user experience. Retailers can analyse navigational routes, find walking
patterns, and track customer movements through stores using computer vision techniques.

Self-Driving Cars

Computer Vision is the fundamental technology behind developing autonomous vehicles.

A reliable resource for doctors over the past few decades has been computer-supported
medical imaging software. It doesn’t just produce and analyse images; it also works as a
doctor’s helper to aid in interpretation.
The software is used to interpret and transform 2D scan photos into interactive 3D models
that give medical professionals a thorough insight of a patient’s health.

Google Translate App

To read signs written in a foreign language, all you have to do is point the camera on your
phone at the text, and the Google Translate software will very immediately translate them
into the language of your choice. This is a useful application that makes use of Computer
Vision, utilising optical character recognition to view the image and augmented reality to
overlay an accurate translation.

Computer Vision Tasks

The many Computer Vision applications are based on a variety of tasks that are carried out to
extract specific information from the input image that may be utilised for prediction or serves
as the foundation for additional analysis. A computer vision application performs the
following tasks:

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Classification

Image Classification problem is the task of assigning an input image one label from a fixed
set of categories. This is one of the core problems in CV that, despite its simplicity, has a
large variety of practical applications.

Classification + Localisation

This is the task which involves both processes of identifying what object is present in the
image and at the same time identifying at what location that object is present in that image. It
is used only for single objects.
Object Detection

Finding occurrences of real-world items like faces, bicycles, and buildings in pictures or
movies is a process known as object detection. To identify occurrences of a certain object
category, object identification algorithms frequently employ extracted features and learning
techniques. Applications like image retrieval and automatic car parking systems frequently
employ it.

Instance Segmentation

The process of identifying instances of the items, categorising them, and then assigning each
pixel a label based on that is known as instance segmentation. An image is sent into a
segmentation algorithm, which produces a list of regions (or segments).

Basics of Images

We all see a lot of images around us and use them daily either through our mobile phones or
computer system. But do we ask some basic questions to ourselves while we use them on
such a regular basis.

Basics of Pixels

A picture element is referred to as a “pixel.” In digital form, pixels make up each and every
image.
They are the tiniest piece of data that go into a picture. They are normally structured in a 2-
dimensional grid and are either circular or square.

Resolution

The resolution of an image is occasionally referred to as the number of pixels. One approach
is to define resolution as the width divided by the height when the phrase is used to describe
the number of pixels, for example, a monitor resolution of 1280×1024. Accordingly, there are
1280 pixels from side to side and 1024 pixels from top to bottom.

Pixel value

Each of the pixels that make up an image that is stored on a computer has a pixel value that
specifies its brightness and/or intended colour. The byte image, which stores this number as
an 8-bit integer with a possible range of values from 0 to 255, is the most popular pixel
format.
Zero is typically used to represent no colour or black, and 255 is used to represent full colour
or white.

Grayscale Images

Grayscale images are images which have a range of shades of gray without apparent colour.
The darkest possible shade is black, which is the total absence of colour or zero value of
pixel. The lightest possible shade is white, which is the total presence of colour or 255 value
of a pixel . Intermediate shades of gray are represented by equal brightness levels of the three
primary colours.
RGB Images

Every image we encounter is a coloured image. Three main colors—Red, Green, and Blue—
make up these graphics. Red, green, and blue can be combined in various intensities to create
all the colours that are visible.

Image Features

In computer vision and image processing, a feature is a piece of information which is relevant
for solving the computational task related to a certain application. Features may be specific
structures in the image such as points, edges or objects.

Introduction to OpenCV

OpenCV or Open Source Computer Vision Library is that tool which helps a computer
extract these features from the images. It is used for all kinds of images and video processing
and analysis. It is capable of processing images and videos to identify objects, faces, or even
handwriting.

What is a Kernel?

A Kernel is a matrix, which is slid across the image and multiplied with the input such that
the output is enhanced in a certain desirable manner. Each kernel has a different value for
different kind of effects that we want to apply to an image.

Convolution Neural Networks (CNN)

A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a Deep Learning algorithm that can take in an
image as input, assign importance (learnable weights and biases) to various elements and
objects in the image, and be able to distinguish between

A convolutional neural network consists of the following layers:

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Convolution Layer

The Convolution Operation’s goal is to take the input image’s high-level characteristics, such
edges, and extract them. There is no requirement that CNN use just one Convolutional Layer.

There are several kernels that are used to produce several features. The output of this layer is
called the feature map. A feature map is also called the activation map. We can use these
terms interchangeably.
There’s several uses we derive from the feature map:
• We reduce the image size so that it can be processed more efficiently.
• We only focus on the features of the image that can help us in processing the image further.
Rectified Linear Unit Function

The next layer in the Convolution Neural Network is the Rectified Linear Unit function or the
ReLU layer. After we get the feature map, it is then passed onto the ReLU layer. This layer
simply gets rid of all the negative numbers in the feature map and lets the positive number
stay as it is.

Pooling Layer

Similar to the Convolutional Layer, the Pooling layer is responsible for reducing the spatial
size of the Convolved Feature while still retaining the important features.
There are two types of pooling which can be performed on an image.
1) Max Pooling : Max Pooling returns the maximum value from the portion of the image
covered by the Kernel.
2) Average Pooling: Max Pooling returns the maximum value from the portion of the image
covered by the Kernel.

Fully Connected Layer

The final layer in the CNN is the Fully Connected Layer (FCP). The objective of a fully
connected layer is to take the results of the convolution/pooling process and use them to
classify the image into a label (in a simple classification example).