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Analog Digital Cs

The document discusses the role of analog and digital signals in computer networks, defining signals as electromagnetic or electrical currents used for data transmission. It outlines characteristics, examples, and comparisons between analog and digital signals, including their applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Additionally, it covers concepts such as signal conversion, transmission impairment, and data rate limits based on the Nyquist and Shannon-Hartley theorems.

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Dinesh Yadav
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4 views44 pages

Analog Digital Cs

The document discusses the role of analog and digital signals in computer networks, defining signals as electromagnetic or electrical currents used for data transmission. It outlines characteristics, examples, and comparisons between analog and digital signals, including their applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Additionally, it covers concepts such as signal conversion, transmission impairment, and data rate limits based on the Nyquist and Shannon-Hartley theorems.

Uploaded by

Dinesh Yadav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analog and Digital Signals in

Computer Networks
UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF SIGNALS IN DATA TRANSMISSION
Group Details
Name Roll Number Course

Prakash B.Sc. (Hons.)


22/27513
Kushwaha Electronics

B.Sc. (Hons.)
Shreya Srivastava 22/27531
Electronics
Introduction

Definition of Signals
• A signal is an electromagnetic or electrical current
used for data transmission.

Types of Signals
• Analog Signal – Continuous waveform that varies over
time.
• Digital Signal – Discrete values (binary: 0s and 1s).
Analog Signal

Characteristics:
• Continuous
• Represented by sine waves
• Amplitude, frequency, phase

Examples:
• Audio signals (radio, telephone)
• Video signals (analog TV)
(a) Human Voice Signal
PERIODIC &
NON-
PERIODIC
SIGNALS
Definition
Periodic Signal
• Completes a pattern within a measurable time frame, called a
period.
• And repeats that pattern over subsequent identical periods.
• The completion of full pattern is called cycle.

Non-Periodic Signal
• Changes without exhibiting a pattern or cycle that repeats
over time.
Periodic Analog Signals

Parameters
• Peak Amplitude
• Frequency
• Phase
Amplitude
The peak amplitude of a signal is the absolute
value of its highest intensity, proportional to
energy it carries.

For electric signals, peak amplitude is normally


measured in volts.
Period and Frequency

Period
• Refers to the amount of time, in seconds,
a signal needs to complete 1 cycle.

Frequency
• Refers to the number of periods in 1s.
Phase

Describes the position of the waveform


relative to time 0.

Measured in degrees or radians [360° is 2pi


rad; 1° = 2π/360 rad, and 1 rad = 360/π °.
Wavelength

The distance over which the wave's shape repeats.

Denoted by 𝜆.

𝑐
𝜆=
𝑓
Composite Signals

Made of many simple sine waves.


Bandwidth

The range of frequencies contained in a composite


signal.
Digital Signal

Characteristics:
• Discrete (0s and 1s)
• Square wave representation
• Easier to store and process

Examples:
• Computer data transmission
• Digital audio and video
Bit Rate

The number of bits sent in 1s.

Expressed in bits per second (bps).


Bit Length

The distance one bit occupies on the


transmission medium

Bit Length = Propagation Speed x Bit


Duration
Digital Signal as Composite Signal

Based on Fourier analysis, a digital signal is a composite analog signal.

Bandwidth is infinite.

Fourier analysis can be used to decompose digital signal.

If the digital signal is periodic, the decomposed signal has a frequency-


domain representation with infinite bandwidth and discrete frequencies.

If the digital signal is non-periodic, the decomposed signal still has infinite
bandwidth, but frequencies are continuous.
ANALOG
VS.
DIGITAL
SIGNALS
Comparison
Feature Analog Signal Digital Signal

Nature Continuous Discrete

Transmission More prone to noise Less affected by noise

Bandwidth Higher Lower

Storage Difficult Easier

Processing Complex Simpler


CONVERSION
BETWEEN
ANALOG AND
DIGITAL SIGNALS
ADC & DAC

Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC)


•Sampling
•Quantization
•Encoding

Digital-to-Analog Conversion (DAC)


•Modulation Techniques (AM, FM, PM)
Modem Router
Applications of Analog
and Digital Signals
Analog Applications
•Traditional telephony
•AM/FM Radio

Digital Applications:
•Internet data transfer
•Digital streaming (Netflix, YouTube)
Advantages & Disadvantages

Analog Signals
• Smooth and natural representation
• Prone to noise and distortion

Digital Signals
• Less noise interference, easier storage
• Requires conversion
Transmission Impairment

Transmission
Impairment

Attenuation Distortion Noise


Data Rate Limits
Nyquist Theorem (Noiseless Channels):
• For a noiseless channel, the maximum data rate is given by:
• 𝐑 = 𝟐𝐁 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝐋
• where R is the data rate in bits per second, B is the bandwidth in Hz, and L is the number of
distinct signal levels.

Shannon-Hartley Theorem (Noisy Channels):


• For a noisy channel, the maximum data rate (channel capacity) is:
• 𝑪 = 𝑩 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟏 + 𝑺𝑵𝑹
• where C is the channel capacity in bits per second, B is the bandwidth in Hz, and SNR is the
signal-to-noise ratio.

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