FUNCTIONS 3.

Either ={3, h\, or A ={3, 9], or A =[3,12], or A ={6,12} etc.

Clearly, A is not uniquely determined.
EXAMPLE 11 LetA^N and f: A ^ Abe defined by: f (n) = the highest prime factor ofn. If range off
is A, determine A. Is A uniquely determined?
SOLUTION For any neA, we have
/ (n) = Highest prime factor of n
=> f{n) takes prime values only => Range of / consists of prime numbers only
But, it is given that range of / is A. Therefore, set A consists of prime numbers only.
Hence, A = Set of some prime numbers. Clearly, A is not uniquely determined.

ww
EXERCISE 3.1

BASIC

1. Define a function as a set of ordered pairs.

Flo
2. Define a function as a correspondence between two sets.

e
ree
3. What is the fundamental difference between a relation and a function ? Is every relation a
function ?

Fr
rF
4. Lety4 = {-2, -1, 0,1, 2) and f :A Zhe a function defined by / (x) = - 2x - 3. Find:
uurr
(i) rangeof/i.e./(/I) (ii) pre-images of 6, -3 and 5.
for
3a: - 2 , X< 0
5. If afunction/: R ^ Rbe defined by/(x) 1 , x = 0.Find:/(l),/(-l),/(0),/{2).
s
4x + 1 , X >0
kks

6. A function /: R -> R is defined by / (x) = x^. Determine

Yo
oooo

(i) range of/ (ii) {x:/(x)=4} (iii) {y:/(y)=-l}.

eB

7. Let/: R"^ ^ R, where R"*" is the set of all positive real numbers be such that / (x) = log^ x.
Determine: (i) the image set of tlie domain of / (ii) {x:/ (x) = - 2} (iii) whether
/ ixy) =f (x) + / (y) holds.
ur
ad

8. Write the following relations as sets of ordered pairs and find which of them are functions:
YYo

(i) l(x, y): y = 3x, X e |1, 2, 3}, y g {3, 6, 9,12}}.

(ii) {{x,y):y >x + l,x=l, 2andy = 2, 4, 6} (iii) |(x, y): x + y = 3, x, y e (0,1, 2, 3}}
dd

9. Let/: R R and g:C C be two functions defined as/ (x) = x^ and g (x) = x^. Are they
Re
in

equal functions?
F

10. If / g, h are three functions defined from R to R as follows:

(i)/W=^^ (ii) g (x) = sin X (iii) h{x)=x^ +1
Find the range of each function.
11. Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4) and Y =|1,5, 9,11,15,16}. Determine which of the following sets are

functions from X to V
(i) /i= {(1,1), (2,11), (3,1), (4,15)1 (ii)/2=l(l,l),(2,7),(3,5)}
(iii) /3 = 1(1,5), (2, 9) (3,1), (4,5), (2,11)). [NCERT]
12. Let A = [12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17) and f:A~^Z be a function given by/(x) = highest
prime factor of x. Find range of/.
13. If /: R -> R be defined by / (x) = x^ + 1, then find /“^ {17} and /“^ {- 3).
14. Let A = [p, q, r, s} and B = {1, 2, 3}. Which of the following relations from A to B is not a
function?
3.8 MATHEMATICS-XI

(i) R^={{p,lUq,2UrA)As,2)\ (ii) R2={{pAhiqA)ArAUSrl)]

(iii) R3={(p,l),(^,2),(p,2),(s, 3)1 (iv) K4=K;?,2),((/, 3),(r,2),(s,2)l.
15. LeiA = {9,10,ll,12,13}andlet/:>l->Nbedefinedby/(«) = the highest prime factor
of n. Find the range off. [NCERTl

,0<x<3
16. The function / is defined by f{x)=- . The relation g is defined by
3x, 3<a:<10

x^ ,0<x <2 [NCERTl

g{x) = \ Show that/is a function and g is not a function.
3a-, 2 <A<10

/qi)-/(i)
17. If/(a) = A^, find (1.1)-1
[NCERT]

w
18. Express the function / :X->R given by /(a)=a^+1 as set of ordered pairs, where
X= 1-1,0, 3, 9,7}. [NCERT EXEMPLAR!

Flo ANSWERS

reee
4. (i) /(A) ={-4,-3, 0,5} (ii)(|),i0,2),-2. 5. / (1) =5, / (-1) =-5, / (0) =1, / (2) = 9

FFr
6. (i) R^ (set of all real numbers greater than or equal to zero) (ii) 1-2, 2) (iii) (j)

7. (i) ^ (ii) l^”^} (iii) Yes for

ur
8. (i) 1(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9)1; Function (ii) 1(1, 4), (1, 6), (2,4), (2, 6)}; Not a funcrion
kkss

(iii) 1(0, 3), (1, 2), (2,1), (3, 0)1; Function.

9. No, Since domain of / ^ domain of g.
Yo
ooo

10. (i) R-^ ={AeR| A>0} (ii) {AeR:-l<A<l| (hi) |a e R : a > 1|.
eB

11. (i) 12. {3,13,7,5,2,17} 13. (17) = 1-4,4),/-' (-3)=4>

17. 2.1
14. (iii) 15. Range(/) =|3,5,11,13}.
r
ou
ad

18. / = |(-1, 0), (0,1), (3, 28), (9, 730), (7, 344)}
YY

HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

function because (2, 9) and

nndd

11. (iii)/3 = {(1,5), (2,9), (3,1), (4,5), (2,11)} is not a

Re

(2,11) e/3, which means that 2 is related to two elements in y.

Fi

12. Clearly, / (12) = highest prime factor of 12 = 3. Similarly, / (13) =13, / (14) =7, / (15) =5,
/ (16) =2 and /(17) =17. Hence, range (/) ={3,13, 7,5, 2,17}.
15. A ={9,10,11,12,13} and /: A N is defined by / (n) = the highest prime factor of n.
/(9) = 3,/(10)=5,/(ll)=ll,/(12) = 3and/(13)=13
Hence, range (/) = {/(9), /(lO), /(ll), /(12), /(13)| = {3,5,11,13}
.2
, 0<a<3
16. We observe that/ (a) = 3a, associates all numbers in [0,10] to numbers in R
3<a<10
and no number in [0,10] is associated to two or more numbers. Hence,/ is a function. But, g
is not a function because 2 is associated to two distinct elements viz. 4 and 6.

17. We have,/(a) = x^
/(1.1)-/(1) _ (1.1)^-1^ (1.1+1) (1.1-1) = 2.1
(1.1)-1 (1.1)-1 (1.1-1)
FUNCTIONS 3.9

3.5 REAL FUNCTIONS

In this section, we will discuss functions having domain and co-domain both as subsets of the
set R of all real numbers. Such functions are called real functions or real valued functions of the
real variable as defined below.

REAL VALUED FUNCTION A function f :A Bis called a real valued function, ifB is a subset ofR
(set of all real numbers).
If A and B both are subsets of R, then / is called a real function.
In section 3.3.1, we have discussed the description of a function. Generally, domain and

w
co-domain both are infinite subsets of R in case of real functions of real variable. Therefore, a real
function is generally described by some general formula. In other words, images of various
elements in the domain of a real function are provided by some general formula. For example,
^ -1
f :R R given by f (x) =x^ + a: + 1 or, /: A —> B given by / (a:) = etc. In practice, real

roow
e
x^ -4

re
functions are described by giving the general expressions or formulae describing them without
mentioning their domains and co-domains. Following are some examples of real functions.

reF
uFFll ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

e
BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

sFr
EXAMPLE 1 Iff{x) = 3x^ + 9,fmd f(x-l).
foro
uor
SOLUTION We have, / (x) = 3x‘^
fk + 9. Replacing xby (x-l), we obtain
okso
f(x-l) = 3(x-l)^-5(x-l)^ + 9 = -12x^ +13x^-2x + 7
Y
Yo
oo
BB

EXAMPLE 2 Iffix) = x + -X , prove that = f(x^) + 3f \Xj

- .

SOLUTION We have.
rYree
ouu

f{x)=x + -^ f(x^)=x^ + \>\fix)]^-

1
x + - and/ — = — + x.
ad
Ydo

X X) X \XJ

=’ + 4'l+3fi- + il^ =f{x^) + 3f(x)

nidn

X + —
X) x^J V xj
Re

1 f ^ 2x + l 3
F

EXAMPLE 3 Iff (x) = — , X ^ — , then show that f f (x) = , provided that

Fi

x*
2x + l 2 . , 2x “1“ 3 2

SOLUTION We have, / (x) = ——

2x +1

1 1 1 2x +1 2x +1
/(/W)=/ 2
2x +1 2 + 2x +1 2x + 3
2 + 1 + 1
2x + l 2x + l

2x + l 3
Clearly,/(/(x)) = is real for 2x +3^ Oi.e.f {f (x)) is defined for 2x-t- 3 ^ Oi.e. x .
2x+ 3
2x + l 3
Hence, / (/ (x)) = provided that ^ ^
2x + 3 '
x-1
EXAMPLE 4 ///(x) = X * ~1, then show that f (/ (x)) = - —, provided that x 0.
X +1 ' X
3.10 MATHEMATICS-XI

x-1
SOLUTION We have, / (x) = , a: 56 -1.
AT + 1
x-1
1
x-1 x + 1 x-1
/(/W)=/ a:-1
Replacing x by in the formula for / (at)
a: + 1 a: + 1
+ 1
a: + 1
AT-l-X-1 -2 1
a: -1 + AT + 1 2x X

We find that — is meaningful for a: 0. Hence, / (/ (a:)) = - —, provided that x ^0.

X X

x^-16

ww
, a: -4
EXAMPLE 5 Let f be defined byf{x)=x-4 and g be defined by ^(x) = a:+ 4
,x = -4

Flo
Find X such that f{x)=g {x)for all x.

e
SOLUTION We have,

ree
/ (a:) = ^ (x) for all a: e R
[v f(x)=x-4 .■./(-4)-4 = -8]

Fr
/(-4) = g(-4)=> -4-4 = >.=> X = -8.

rF
a:-1 3/(x) + l
EXAMPLE 6 Iff is a real function defined by f (a:) then prove that: f (2x) =
uurr
=
a: + 1 ' for /W + 3 ■
.v-1
SOLUTION We have, / (a:) =
s
x + 1
kks

.Y - 1 + AT + 1
Yo

[Applying componendo and dividendo]

oooo

=>
1 a: + 1 /W-1 Y-1 -Y-1

fjx) + l fix) + l
eB

= -Y => Y

fix)-l 1-/W
x-1
ur

Again, f{x) = x+1

ad
YYo

-1
2y-1 I1-/WJ
[Using (i)]
dd

f{2x) =
Re

2y + 1
2 mil
in

+ 1
F

^ 2f{x) + 2-l+f{x) _ 3/(y) + 1

2/(y) + 2 + 1-/(y) /(y) + 3
EXERCISE 3.2

BASIC

1. If/(y) = y^ - 3y + 4, then find the values of x satisfying the equation f{x) =f{2x +1).
2. If fix) ={x-a)^ (x -&)1 iindfia+b).
ax -b
3. Ify=/(Y) = show that Y = fiy). [NCERT EXEMPLAR!
bx-a'
1
4. If/(Y) = show that / \f 1/(y)|] = y.
1 -y'
FUNCTIONS 3.11

x + l
5. If fix) = show that / [f (x)] = x.
x-1 '

X , when x < 0

6. If /(x) = I X, when 0 ^ x < 1 [NCERT]

w
1
— , when X > 1
X

Find: (i)/(1/2) (ii)/(-2) (iii)/(I) (iv)/(V3) and

7. If/(x)=x3-J-,showthat/(x)+/^- = 0.

e
x’^

re
row
8. If fix) = - , show that /(tan 0) = sin 20.
1 +x"^

eeF
x-1 f 1 1

ullo
9. If/(X) = , then show that: (i) / — = -fix) (ii) / —

FF
x + l V xj m

BASED ON HOTS

srr
roF
1/n
10. If/(x)=(fl-x") ,a>0 and « e N, then prove that /(/(x)) - x for all x.
M \ I
k
uor
11. If for non-zero X, fl/(x) + b / — = — 5, where «
ofof then find/(x).
\xj X
Y
kos
ANSWERS
Yo
B oo

1. x = -l,2/3 2.
rY

1
eerB

1 1 a 5
6- (i) ^ (ii) 4. (iii) 1 (iv)
V3
(v) does not exist 11. --bx
+ b
u

HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

ou
d
o
ad

x^ , when x < 0
nY
nid

6. We have, / (x) = x , when 0 < x < 1. Therefore,

Re
F
Fi

- , when X > 1
X

«ii] = ^
/I N 1
(ii)/(-2) = (-2)2 = 4 (iii)/(l) = 71 = 1

(iv) /(V3) = /
V3
(iv)/(-V3) = (-73)2 ^ 3
11. We have.
/I 1
a fix) + b f — = —5 ... (i)
\xj X

1\
=> a f — +b fix) = X - 5 Replacing x by — ... (ii)
X

Adding (i) and (ii), we get

1
(fl + b) = x + --10
X
 3.12 MATHEMATICS-XI

1 1
=> /w+/ - X + --10 ...(iii)
\XJ a +b X

Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get

1 1
m-f - = X ... (iv)
\xj a - b [x
Add (iii) and (iv) to obtain/(a:).
3.6 DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A REAL A FUNCTION

Mathematically to define a function one has to provide its domain, co-domain and the images of
elements in its domain either by giving a general formula or by listing them one by one. As the

ww
domain and co-domain of real functions are subsets of R. Therefore, conventionally, real
functions are described by providing the general formula for finding the images of elements in
its domain. In such cases, the domain of the real function/ (x) is the set of all those real numbers

Flo
for which the expression for / (at) or the formula for / (a:) assumes real values only. In

e
otherwords, the domain off (a:) is the set of all those real numbers for which/ (x) is meaningful.

eree
3a: - 2
For example, a real function / (a:) described by the general formula f{x)-—= assumes real

FFr
x^ -1
uurr
3x-2
values for all a: e i? except for A‘ = ± 1, because denominator of ^ becomes zero for a: = ± 1.
orr x^ -1
sfo
So, domain of / (a:) is the set of all real numbers other than -1 and 1 i.e. domain (/) = R - (-1,1}.
kks
Yoo

Following examples will illustrate the procedure for finding the domain of a real function of a
oooo

real variable.
eBB

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

urr

EXAMPLE 1 Find the domain of each of the following real valued functions:
ad
YYo

x-1
(ii) fix) = at-3
dd

2.Y-3 x^ -I- 3at + 5

Re
inn

(iii) fix) = (iv)/(Y) = [NCERT]

Y^ - 3y + 2 -5y + 4
F

SOLUTION (i) We have, / (y) =

—^.Clearly, / (y) assumes real values for all real values of y
except for the values of y satisfying y + 2 = 0 i.e. y = - 2. Hence, Domain (/) = R -[-2).
Y-1 Y-1
(ii) We have,/(y) = . We observe that/ (y) is a rational function of y as / -3 is a rational
y-3

expression. Clearly, / (y) assumes real values for all y except for the values of x for which
Y - 3 = 0 i.e. Y = 3. Hence, Domain{f)-R- {3}.
2y - 3 2y - 3
(iii) We have, / (y) = . Clearly, / (y) is a rational function of y as —^ is a

Y^ - 3y + 2 y'^ - 3y + 2

rational expression. We observe that / (y) assumes real values for all y except for all those values
of Y for which Y^ - 3y-I-2 = 0i.e.Y=l,2. Hence, Domain (/)= K-|1, 2}.
FUNCTIONS 3.13

+ 3x + 5 + 3x + 5 .
(iv) We have, / (x) = —z . Clearly, / (.t) is a rational function of x as — IS a
x^-5x + 4 -5x + 4

rational expression in x. We observe that / (x) assumes real values for all x except for all those
values of xfor whichx ~5x + 4 = 0 i.e. x = l,4. Hence, Domain (/) = K~{1,4).
EXAMPLE 2
Find the domain of each of the folloioing functions:
(i)/w = 41^ (ii) / (x) = , ^ (iii)/W =
fl-x
SOLUTION (i) We have, /(x) =/x-2. Clearly, / (x) assumes real values for all x satisfying
X - 2 > 0 => X > 2 => X e [2, oo). Hence, Domain (/) = [2, oo).

ww
(ii) We have, / (x) =
-j==^. Clearly, / (x) assumes real values for all x satisfying
l-x>0^1>x=^x<l=^xe(-oo, 1). Hence, Domain (/) =(- oo, 1).
(iii) We have, / (x) = -J^-x^. Clearly, / (x) assumes real values for all x satisfying

Flo
e
4-x^>0=> -(x^-4)>0 x^-4<0 => (x-2)(x + 2)<0 => xe[-2,2].

ree
Hence, Domain (/) = [-2,2].

Fr
rF
1
EXAMPLE 3
Find the domain of the function /(x) defined by f (x) = /4 -x +
uurr
for
SOLUTION Clearly, / (x) is defined for all x satisfying
s
4 - X > 0 and x^ -1 > 0
kks
Yo

=> X “4 <0 and (x -1) (x +1) > 0 => x <4 and (x < -1 or x>l) => x e(-oo, -1) u(l, 4].
oooo

Hence, Domain(/) = (-co,-1) u(l, 4].

eB

3.6.1 RANGE OF REAL FUNCTIONS

The range of a real function of a real variable is the set of all real values taken by / (x) at points in
ur

its domain. In order to find the range of a real function / (x), we may use the following
ad

algorithm.
YYo

ALGORITHM
dd

Step I Puty=f{x).
Re
in

Step II Solve the equation y =f (x)forxin terms ofy. Let x = <[>(y).

F

Step III Find the values ofy for which the values ofx, obtainedfrom x = ^ (y), are real and in the domain
off
Step IV The set of values ofy obtained in step 111 is the range off.
Following examples will illustrate the above algorithm.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

X-2
EXAMPLE 1 Find the domain and range of the function f (x) given by f (x) =
3-x
x-2
SOLUTION We have,/(x) =
3-x

Domain off: Clearly, / (x) is defined for all x satisfying 3 - x 9^ 0 i.e. x 3. Hence, Domain
if)=R-{3}.
 3.14 MATHEMATICS-XI

Range off: Lety = /(x). Then,

x-2 3y + 2
y = => 3y-xy = x-2=> x{y+ l) = 3y+ 2 => x =
3-x y +i
Clearly, x assumes real values for all y except y + 1 = 0 i.e. y = -1. Hence,Range (/) = K - Ij.
EXAMPLE 2 Find the range of each of the following functions:
(ii) fix) = -JieT? (iii) fix) = —^ (iv) f {x) = —^
1
(i) fix) =
■Jx-S 1 + x'^ 2-x

SOLUTION (i) We have, / (x) = ^ Clearly, / (x) takes real values for all x satisfying
fx-5
x-5>0 => x>5 => X e (5, oo). Therefore, Domain (/) - (5,co).

ww
For any x > 5, we have
1
X -5 > 0 ^ fx - 5 > 0 ^ > 0 => / (x) > 0.
fx-5
Thus, / (x) takes aU real values greater than zero. Hence, Range (/) =(0, co).

Flo
e
(ii) We have, / (x) = flS-x^. We observe that / (x) is defined for all x satisfying

eree
16 - x^ ^ 0 ^ x^ -16 < 0 ^ (x - 4) (x + 4) < 0 => - 4 < x < 4 => x e [-4,4]

FFr
Domain if) = [-4,4].
uurr
Lety =/(x). Then,
y = -Jl6 -x^ => y^ = 16 - x^ => x^ = 16 - y^ orr
sfo
^ X

Clearly, x will take real values, if

kks
Yoo

16 - y^ > 0 => y^ -16 < 0 => (y - 4) (y + 4) < 0 => - 4 < y < 4 => y e [- 4, 4]
oooo

Also, ^16 -x^ > 0 foraUxe[-4, 4]. Therefore, ye [0,4] for all x e [-4, 4].
eBB

y =

Hence, Range/) = [0,4].

urr

(iii) We have, / (x) = —2 ●

1 + x-
observe that /(x) takes real values for all x e R. Hence,
ad
YYo

domain(/)=R. Let y=/(x).Then,

1 ±
X 2 n
dd

y=f(x)=> y = => x y-x + y - 0=> X =

Re

1 + x^ 2y
inn

Clearly, x will assume real values, if

F

1 ~ 4y^ > 0 and y ^ 0 => 4y^ -1 < 0 and y?i0=> y^--^£0 and y ^ 0
IV i') 1 1

^-2 y V
V + — ^0 and y
^ 2J ^
0 => - l.y.
2 ^
~ and y 0 => y e - 2' T
_ 2_
-{0}
1 1
Also, y = 0 for X = 0. Hence, Range (/) = -
2'2.'
(iv) We have, / (x) = For/(x) to be real, we must have 2-x^ 0 => x ^ ±-j2.
2-x

Domain (/) = R-|-V2, V2}.Let/(x) =y.Then,

2y-3
y = /(x)=>y =
2-x
^ 2y - x^ y = 3 => x^ y = 2y-3=>x=±
V y
We observe that x will take real values other than - V2 and V2, if
FUNCTIONS 3.15

2y-3
> 0 => 1/ e {- CO ,0) u [3/2, oo) [See Fig. 3.5]
y
+ +
<■
- os
0 3 os

Fig. 3.5 Signs of

Hence, range (/) = (-co,0)u [3/2, oo).

X 2-9
EXAMPLE 3 Find the domain and range of the function f (x) = —
x-3

2 -9
SOLUTION We have, f{x)=-
X - 3

ww
Domain off: Clearly, / (x) is not defined for x - 3 = Oi.e. x = 3.Therefore, Domain (f) =R - {3}.
v2 _Q
Range off: Let/(.t) =1/. Then,/(.r) =y => A —3
= i/ =>x+3=y [v xj^3]

Flo
It follows from the above relation that y takes all real values except 6 when x takes values in the

e
set R - {3}. Therefore, Range (/) = R-{6).

eree
4-x
EXAMPLE 4 Find the domain and range of the real valued function f (x) given by f (x) =

FFr
x-4
4-x
SOLUTION Wehave,/(x) = oorr
uur r
x-4
sf
Domain of f: We observe that / (x) is defined for all x except at x = 4. At x = 4, / (x) takes the
sk
Yoo

indeterminate form — . Therefore, Domain (/) = R-{4).

oook

Range off: For any x e Domain (/) i.e. for any x 4, we have
eBB

4-x
fix) = = -l.Therefore, Range (/) ={-!}.
x-4 x-4
uurr

BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

ad
Yo

2 ^
X

EXAMPLES Letf=\ x, 1 + x2 :x €R[ be a function from R into R. Determine the range off.
dY
Re

[NCERT]
innd

x2
FFi

SOLUTION We have, / (x) =

x2 +1
Domainoff Clearly,/(x)isdefinedforallx e Rasx^ + 1 ?£ Oforany x e R. So,Domain(/) = R.
Range off: Let/(x) = y.Then,
fix) = y
2
X
= y ^ x2 = x2 y + y => x2 (1 -y) = y => x2 - -± ^ X ±
y
x2+l 1-.V p-y
Clearly, x will take real values, if + +

<■
^>0 — 00 0 1 00

1-y
Fig. 3.6 Signs of
 3.16 MATHEMATICS-XI

L? <0=>0<y<l=>ye[0,l) [See Fig. 3.6]

y-1
Hence, range (/) = [0,1).
1
EXAMPLE 6 Find the domain and range of the function f =< x: ■.xe.R,x¥‘±l>.
l-x^

SOLUTION We have, / (jr) = ^

l-x‘^

oww
Domain off: Clearly, /(x) is defined for all xsR except for which x^-1^0 i.e. x=±l.
Therefore, Domain of/ = R-{-l,l).
Range off: Let / (x) = y. Then,

e
= y=> l-x =-=5> X 2 ^ i_y-i
1 , 2 1 y-l
/(x)=y => => x = ±

re
l-x2 y y y l|y-o

FFrllo
Clearly, x will take real values, if

rF
+ +

ee
<
y-l >0
— oo
0 1 00
ouru
y-O

sor rF
Fig. 3.7 Signs
y < 0 or y>l=> y €(-oo, 0) u [1, oo) [See Fig. 3.7]
Hence, range (/)=(- oo, 0) u [1, co).
kffo
1
EXAMPLE? Find the domain and range of the function f (x) = 2 - sin 3x
os
ook
Yo
Y

1
SOLUTION We have, / (x) =
Bo

2-sin 3x
reeB

Domain off: We know that

ouY

-1 < sin 3x < 1 for all X € R

ur

-1 <-sin 3x <1 forallx eR

ad
Yo

1 < 2 - sin 3x ^ 3 for all x e R [Adding 2 throughout]

d

1
nidn

2 - sin 3x ^ 0 for any x e R => / (x) = is defined for all x e R

2 - sin 3x
Re
F

Hence, domain (/) = R.

Fi

Range off: As discussed above

1 < 2 - sin 3x S 3 for all x eR

< 1 for all X € R => -</(x)<l forallxeR => /(x)e -, 1

3 2-sin 3x 3 .3

Hence, range (/)=—,!

3

EXERCISE 3.3

BASIC

1. Find the domain of each of the following real valued functions of real variable:
3x-2 2x + l
(i)/W = -
X
(u) f{x)= —
x-7
(iii) / W =
x + 1 (iv)/(i)=^ X -9
FUNCTIONS 3.17

+ 2.Y + 1
[NCERT]
(V) fix) =
x^-Sx + 12
2- Find the domain of each of the following real valued functions of real variable:
1 x-2
(i) / (x) = ^x-2 (ii) / (x) = (iii) f{x)=^9-x'^ (iv) f (x) = ■y3-x
BASED ON LOTS

3- Find the domain and range of each of the following real valued functions:
ax + b ax ~b
(i) fix) = (ii) fix) = cx -d
bx-a

[NCERT]
(iii) /ix) = p-l

w
(iv) fix) =
x^2
(V) fix) = (Vi) fix) = |x-l| [NCERT]
2-x

Flo (viii) f{x)=^9-x^

(vii)/(x)=-M [NCERT] [NCERT]

ee
1
(ix) fix) = (x) fix)=-Jx^-ie

Fr
Vl6-x^
ANSWERS
for
ur
1- Domain 2- Domain Range
(i) R~{0] (i) [2,<») [0, x)
ks
Yo

(ii) R-{7\ (ii) (- CO, -1) u (1, co) (- CO, -1] u (0, x)
oo

(ui) R-1-1] (iii) [-3,3] [0, 3]

eB

(iv) R-i-3,3) (iv) [2, 3) [0, x)

(v) R-(2,6]
ur

3- Domain Range Domain Range

ad
Yo

(ii) K-J-
a a
R- R -
b c c
d
Re

(iii) [1, x) [0, x) (iv) [3, x) [0, x)

in

(v) R-(2} 1-1} (vi) R [0, X)

F

(vii) R (-X, 0] (viii) [- 3, 3] [0, 3]

1
(ix) (-4, 4) X (x) (-X,-4]u[4, x) [0, x)

HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

1.
x^ + 2x + l jx +1)^
(v) /(x) = is defined for all x satisfying
- 8x + 12 ix - 6) (x - 2)

(x - 6) (x - 2) 0 i..e. x 2, 6. Therefore, Domain (/) = R - {2, 6}

3- (iii) f (x) = -fx-l is defined for ail x satisfying x -1 > 0 i.e. x ^ 1. So, domain if) = [1, x).
Let y = ^x -1. Clearly, y > 0 for all x e [1, x). So, range if) = [0, x).
(vi) fix) = I X -11. Clearly, / (x) is defined for all x € R. So, domain if) = R.
 3.18 MATHEMATICS-XI

Also,/(a:) = | X -11 > Oforalla: gK.So, range(/) =[0, oo).

(vii) f {x)=- \ a:|. We observe that/ (a:) is defined for all x &R. So, domain (/) =R.
Also,! a:[ > 0 for allx e R => -| x| < 0 for all x e R =>/(x) < 0 for all x e R.
So, range (/) = (- oo, 0].

(viii) We have, / (x) = ^9 -x^ . Clearly,/(x) takes real values if

9-x^ >0 => x^-9<0 => (x-3)(x+3) <0 => xg[-3,3]
Domain (/)=[-3, 3]

w
Also, / (x) = -^9^-^^ > 0 for all x e [- 3, 3],
Let y=^9-x^. Then, = 9 -x^ => x^ + = 9 => x = -^9

Flo
reee
Clearly, x e R, if y e [- 3, 3]. But, y > 0. Therefore, y e 10, 3]. Hence, range (/) = [0, 3]

FFr
3.7 SOME STANDARD REAL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
In this section, we shall discuss some standard real functions which frequently occur in the
uurr
study of calculus.
for
CONSTANT FUNCTION If k is a fixed real number, then a function f (x) given by
f (x) =k for all X e R is called a constant function.
kkss

Sometimes we also call it the constant function k.

Yo
oooo

We observe that the domain of the constant function / (x) =kis the set R of all real numbers and
range of / is the singleton set {k}.
eB

The graph of a constant function/ (x) =kisa straight line parallel to x-axis (See Fig. 3.8) which is
above or below x-axis according as k is positive or negative. If cf = 0, then the straight line is
rr

coincident to x-axis.
ou
ad
YY

y A
nndd
Re
Fi

<■

>
X' O X

y'v

Fig. 3.8 Constant function Fig. 3.9 Identity function

IDENTITY FUNCTION The function that associates each real number to itself is called the identity
function and is usually denoted by I.
Thus, the function I :R ^ R defined by I {x)=x for all x eR is called the identity function.
Clearly, the domain and range of the identity function are both equal to R.
The graph of the identity function is a straight line passing through the origin and inclined at an
angle of 45® with X-axis.
FUNCTIONS 3.19

=| a:| = j
X , when x > 0 is called the
MODULUS FUNCTION The function f{x) defined by f{x) - X , when x < 0

modulus function.
It is also called the absolute value function. Va

We observe that the domain of the modulus function is the set R of all
■f-

real numbers and the range is the set of all non-negative real numbers
>
i.e. = {x eR :x>0}. X' o X

The graph of the modulus function is as shown in Fig. 3.10. for

X > 0, the graph coincides with the graph of the identity function i.e. y-'i'
the line y = x and for x < 0, it is coincident to the line y = - x.

ww
Fig. 3.10 Modulus function

PROPERTIES OF MODULUS FUNCTION The modulus function has the following properties:

FF loo
(a) For any real number x, X .

7T

ree
COS X , 0<x<-
For example, -^/cos^ = | cos x | = ■ - cos X ,
7t
2
— <X<K
2

reFe
(b) If a, b are positive real numbers, then oroFr
rur
(i) x^ <0^ o |x|<fl -a<x<a (ii) x >a o |x|>fl x<-flor, x>fl
s ff
(iii) x^ < o x <fl <=> ~a<x<a (iv) x >a o Ix| > X <-or, X ><7
k
YYouo

(v) a^<x^<b^ o a<\x\<b o x e[-b,-a]^[a,b]

okso

(vi) a <x <b o a<\x\<b <=> x €{-b,-a)(j(a,b)

BBoo

(c) For real numbers x and y, we have

r ee

(i) ix + y| = |x|+|y| o (x>0 and y ^ 0) or, (x < 0 and y < 0)

(ii) |x-y| =|x|-|y| <=> (x>0,y>0 and | x | > | y |) or, (x < 0 , y < 0 and | x | > | y |)
ad
ouur

(iii) |x±y|<[x| + |y|

Yo

(iv) |x±y|> |x| -ly|

d

GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION (FLOOR FUNCTION) For any real number x, we use the symbol
idnY
Re

[x] or, [x J to denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x. Y-^
FFin

For example, [275] = 2, [3] = 3, [0.74] = 0,[-7.45] = - 8

etc. 3

2
The function /: R —> R defined by f {x) = [x] for all x sR is 1
called the greatest integer function or the floor function. <■
o
■>
-3-2-1 1 2 3
X' X
It is also called a step function. -1

-2
Clearly, domain of the greatest integer function is the set R of -3
all real numbers and the range is the set Z of all integers as it
attains only integer values.
yV
The graph of the greatest integer function is shown in Fig. 3.11 Greatest integer function
Fig 3.11.
PROPERTIES OF GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION Ifnisan integer and x is a real number between n
and n + \, then
(i) [-n] = (ii) [x + cf] = [x] + k for any integer k.
 3.20 MATHEMATICS-XI

(iv) M + [-*] = I
-1 , ifx^Z
(ui) [-X] =-[x]-l 0 , if X eZ

2[x] + 1 , iix^^Z
(v) = (vi) [x]>k^ x>k, where /c e Z
2[x] / if X eZ

(vii) [a:] <k ^ x <k + 1, where/c eZ (viii) [.y] >k ^ x>k + 1, werek sZ

(ix) [.t] <k X < k, where cf e Z (x) [.Y + 1/] = [x] + [y + X- [y]] for all y, y g K
2 n-1
(xi) [y] + Y + - + Y + — + ... + Y + = [ky] , ?i e N.
n n

SMALLEST INTEGER FUNCTION (CEILING FUNCTION) For any real number y, we use the

ww
symbol [y] to denote the smallest integer greater than or V A

equal to x.
For example, f4.7~| =5, [-7.21 =-7, [0751 =1 etc.

Flo
The function / :K deifned l?y f{x)=[x~\for nllxeR is

e
called the smallest integer function or the ceiling function.

rere
<■
X' o X

r FF
It is also a step function.
We observe that the domain of the smallest integer function
uurr
is the set R of all real numbers and its range is the set Z of all
foor
integers. The graph of the smallest integer function is as r V
kss

shown in Fig. 3.12. Fig. 3.12 Smallest integer function

Yoo
ooook

PROPERTIES OF SMALLEST INTEGER FUNCTION Following are some properties of smallest

eBB

integer function:
(i) [-«1 = -[«1, whereneZ (ii) [-y1=-[y1 + 1, whereYgR-Z
uurr

(iii) [y + w1 = [y1 + «, where x e R - Z and eZ

ad
Yo

p -1 fl, ifYsZ 2[y1-1, ifYsZ

(IV) M + r-A:l= jo ; HxeZ (v) M-[-*! =
dY

2[y1 , ifYgZ
Re
innd

FRACTIONAL PART FUNCTION For any real number x, we use the symbol {y} to denote the
fractional part or decimal part of x.
Fi

For example, [3.45] = 0.45, [- 2.75] = 0.25, 055] = 0.45, y A

[3] = 0,[-7] = 0 etc.

The function f :R -> R defined h\j f (y) = for all x eRis

(0,1)
called the fractional part function.
We observe that the domain of the fractional part function is < -2 -1 0 1 2 3
X' X
the set R of all real numbers and the range is the set [0,1).
It is evident from the definition that / (y) = {y} = y - [y]
for all Y g J?
r V

The graph of the fractional part function is as shown in Fig. 3.13 Fractional part function

Fig. 3.13.
FUNCTIONS 3.21

a:| 1 ,
x>0

SIGNUM FUNCTION The function/deifned by f{x)=- X

or, / (i) = -| 0 , X = 0
0 , :r = 0 ' a:<0

is called the signumfinction.

The domain of the signum function is the set R of all real numbers and the range is the set
{-1,0,1}. The graph of the signum function is as shown in Fig. 3.14.
ya YA

y = a^,a>l

(0,1)

w
<■ (0,1)
<■ >
<■ 0
o X' X
X' X
4 (0,-1)

Flo
e
rree
4,y- ^Y'

r FF
Fig, 3.14 Signum function Fig. 3.15 Exponential function/(j:) = «■*' for a > 1
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION If a is a positive real number other than unity, then a function that associates
uurr
each X toa^ is called the exponential function.
for
In other words, a function f :R -> R defined by / (x) = a^, where > 0 and n 1 is called the
kss

exponential function.
ooook
Yo

We observe that the domain of an exponential function is R the set of all real numbers and the
range is the set (0, a>) as it attains only positive values.
eB

As > 0 and a^l. So, we have the following cases:

Case I When a>l: We observe that the values of y =/ (x) =a^ increase as the values of x
urr

increase.
ad
Yo

<1 for X < 0

Also, / (x) = a^ =1 for x = 0

dY

>1 for X > 0 .

Re
innd

Thus, the graph of / (x) - a'^ for a > 1 as shown in Fig. 3.15.
Fi

We also observe that:

2^<3^<4^<...for allx>l
YA
2^ = 3^=4^=...=lforx=0 y = 3^
jfy = 2*
2.V > 3^ forallx<l
3/ = 2V (0.1)
So, the graphs off (x) = 2^’, / (x) = 3^, / (x) = 4^ etc. are as
shown in Fig. 3.16. y= ‘
<-
Case II When 0 < < 1: In this case, the values of X' O X

y =/ (x) = a^ decrease witli the increase in x and y > 0 for

allx gR.
Also,
r> 1 for X < 0
y = f (x) = J = 1 for X = 0 Fig. 3.16 Graphs of exponential functions
<1 for X > 0
 3.22 MATHEMATICS-XI

Thus, the graph of / (x) = for 0 < a < 1 is as shown in Fig. 3.17.
A Y
y =<?*, 0<fl<l

(0,1)
■>
<■
X' o X X

X' o X

ww
^ V'
ir
Fig. 3.17 Graph of exponential function
/(x) = tor 0 < (i< 1 Fig. 3.18 Exponential functions

The graphs of / (x) =

Flo
0 < a < 1 for different values of a are shown in Fig. 3.18.

e
We have, 2<e <3. Therefore, graph off (x) = is identical to that off (x) = for a > 1

eree
REMARK I

and the graph of /(x) =e~^ is identical to that of f{x) =a^ for 0 <a <1.

FFr
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION If a>0 and a^l, then the function defined by f (x) = log^ x, x > 0 is
oorr
uur r
called the logarithmic function.
sf
We have learnt that the logarithmic function and the exponential function are inverse functions
i.e. logfl X = y <=> X = A^.
sk
Yoo
ooko

We observe that the domain of the logarithmic function is the set of all non-negative real
numbers i.e. (0, oo) and the range is the set R of all real numbers.
eBB

As A > 0 and a^l. So, we have the following cases.

< 0 for0<x<l
uurr

Case I When a > 1: In this case, we have y = log^ x ● = 0 for x = 1

ad

>0 for x>l

Yo

Also, the values of y increase with the increase in x. So, the graph of y = log^ x is as shown in
dY

Fig.3.19.
Re
innd

YA YA
FFi

f(X) = [OggX
fl > 1 »

(1,0)
<■ <■
O
X' o (1,0) X X' X

f{x)=\og^
y> V 0<a<l

Fig.3.19 Logarithmicfunction/(x) = log^xfora >1 Fig. 3.20 Logarithmic function / (x) = log„ x for 0<«<1
f> 0 for 0 < X < 1
Case II When 0 < A < 1; In this case, we have y = log^ x = 0 for x = 1
<0 for X > 1
FUNCTIONS 3.23

Also, the values of y decrease with the increase in x. So, the graph of y = log„ x is as shown in
Fig. 3.20.
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION Following are some useful properties of
logarithmic function:
(i) log„ 1 = 0, where > 0, 9^ 1
(ii) logrt = 1, where a >0, a¥^l
(iii) logfl (.vy) = log^ I ^I + loga \ y\> where a>0, and xy > 0
(iv) log, - log„ I a: I - logfl I y I, where fl > 0, fl 1 and - > 0
yj y

(v) log„(x") = n log„ I A' I, where a>0, a* \ and x” > 0

ww
(vi) log^, -a — log,, X, where a>0,
n
and x > 0

(vii) X^°Sa y = y , where x>0, y>0, fl>0,

FF loo
(viii) If (7 > 1, then the values of / (x) = log^ x increase with the increase in x.
[ < 0 for 0 < X < 1

ree
i.e x<y log„x<logfly. Also, log^ x =0 forx = l
>0 forx>l.

reeF
(ix) If 0 < < 1, then the values of / (x) = log^ x decrease with the increase in x.
oroFr
[ > 0 for 0 < X < 1
r ur
i.e x<y o log^ x >log„ y. Also, log^ x - = 0 forx=l
s ff
<0 for X > 1

1
k
YYouo

(X) logfl X = for (7 > 0, 1 and x > 0, x 1.

koso

logx'^
Functions f {x) =loga x andg(x) =a^ are inverse of each other. So, their graphs are mirror
BBoo

REMARK 2
r ee

images of each other in the line mirror y = x.

RECIPROCAL FUNCTION The function that associates a
real number x to its reciprocal 1/x is
ad
ouur

called the reciprocal function. Since 1/x is not defined for x = 0. So, we define the reciprocal
Yo

function as follows:
d

DEFINITION Thefunction f: R - [0] R defined by f{x) = — is called

Re
idnY

X
1

the reciprocal function.

FFin

X'
%
Clearly, domain of the reciprocal function is K - {0} and its range is ^ o
X

also R - {0}.

We observe that the sign of — is same as that of x and — decreases 'W'r

X X

Fig. 3.21 Reciprocal function

with the increase in x. So, the graph of /(x) = —
X
is as shown in
Fig. 3.21.

SQUARE ROOT FUNCTION The function that associates a real number x fo + Vx is called the
square root function. Since Vx is real for x > 0. So, we defined the square root function as follows;
DEFINITION The function f :R'*' R defined byf(x)=+fx is called the square root function.
Clearly, domain of the square root function is R'^ i.e. [0, oo) and its range is also [0, oo).
 3.24 MATHEMATICS-XI

We observe that the values oi f {x)=-\-4x increase with the increase in x. So, the graph of
f {x)-+ 4x is as shown in Fig. 3.22.
y A

y = ii^

<■
o

oww
o X X' X
X'

Y'V

e
rv

re
Fig. 3.22 Square root function Fig. 3.23 Square function

FFrlo
SQUARE FUNCTION The function that associates a real number x to its square i.e. is called

rF
ee
the square function. Since is defined for all x e K. So, we define the square function as follows:
DEFINITION The function f:R^R defined by f (x) = x^ is called the square function.

rF
ouru
Clearly, domain of the square function is R and its range is the set of all non-negative real
ffosor
numbers i.e. [0, oo). The graph of / (x) = x^ is parabola as shown in Fig. 3.23.
os k
CUBE FUNCTION The function that associate a real number x to its cube is called the cube

function. We observe that x^ is meaningful for all x e R. So, we define the cube fimction as
ook
Yo
Y

follows:
Bo

DEFINITION The function f:R^R defined by f (x) = x^ is called the cube function.
reeB

We observe that the sign of x^ is same as that of x and the values of x^ increase with the increase
oouY
ur

in X. So, the graph of/(x) =x^ is as shown in Fig. 3.24. Clearly, the graph is symmetrical in
ad

opposite quadrants.
dY
nind
Re
F
Fi

<■ >
O O X
X' X

Y'ir
Fig. 3.24 Cube function Fig. 3.25 Cube root function
1/3 IS
i
CUBE ROOT FUNCTION The function that associates a real number x to its cube root x
called the cube root function. Clearly, x^^ ^ is defined for all x e R. So, we define the cube root
function as follows:
DEFINITION
The function f-.R-^R defined by f (x) = x^'^ ^ is called the cube root function.
Clearly, domain and range of the cube root function are both equal to R.
 3.25
FUNCTIONS

; same as that of X and

1/3 IS ^ increase with the increase in x. So, the graph of
Also, the sign of X
1/3
f(x) = x is as shown in Fig. 3.25.

REMARK 3
A function f-.R^Ris said to be a polynomial function iff (:c) is a polynomial in x. For
example, f (x) = x'^ - x + 4^,g{x) = x^ + 3x^ + yfl x-1 etc are polynomial functions,
REMARK 4 A function of the form f (:r) = where p (x) and q (.t) are polynomials and q (x) ^ 0, is
q{x)
fix)
called a rational function. The domain of a rational function f (;r) = is the set of all real numbers,
qix)
except points where q (a:) = 0.

w
3.8 OPERATIONS ON REAL FUNCTIONS

In this section, we shall introduce various operations, namely addition, subtraction,

Flo
multiplication, division etc. on real functions.

e
ADDITION Letf:Di~>R and g:D2^Rbe two real functions. Then, their sum f + gis deifned as

ree
thatfmctionfrom nD2toR which associates eachxeDi nD2 to the number f {x) +g(Ar).

FFr
In other words, if /: Dj ^ R and g: D2 ^ R are two real functions, then their sum / + g is a
urr
function fromDi nD2 to R such that
if + g) (x) =f{x) + g ix) for all a: g Dj n D2.
orr
sf
PRODUCT Let f :Di R and g:D2 -> R be two real functions. Then, their product (or pointwise
kks

multiplication) f gis a function from Dj n D2 fo R and is defined as

Yo
ooo

if g){x) = fix)gix) forallx^D^nDj

eB

DIFFERENCE (SUBTRACTION) Let f :DiR and g:D2 ^ R be two real functions. Then the
difference of gfrom f is denoted by f -g and is defined as
ur

if-g)ix) =fix)-g(x) forallxeDir^D2

ad
YYo

QUOTIENT Letf-.D-^ Randg:D2 -> Rbetworealfunctions.Then the quotient off by gisdenoted

by — and it is a function from D| n D2 - |a: : g (a:) = 0} fo R defined by
dd

g
Re
in

f fix)
^ (x) = for all x eDin,D2~{x'.g (a:) = 0}
F

gix)
MULTIPLICATION OF A FUNCTION BY A SCALAR Letf:D R ba a real function and a be a scalar
(real number). Then the product a / is a function from D toR and is defined as
iaf)(x) = af(x) forallxeD.
RECIPROCAL OF A FUNCTION J//:D ^ R is a real function, then its reciprocal function f^ iIS a

f1 1
function from D ~{x:f (x) =0} to R and is defined as 7 = 7T v
I) j ix)
REMARK1 The sum, difference product and quotient are definedfor realfunctions only on their common
domain. These operations do not make any sense for general functions even if their domains are same,
because the sum, difference, product and quotient may or may not be meaningful for the elements in their
common domain.
 3.26
MATHEMATICS-XI

REMARK 2
For any real function f \D n R andn eN,zve define
{fff....f){x)=f{x)f{x)...f(x) = (/W)" forallxeD
ii-times »?-times

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC)

EXAMPLE 1 Find the sum and difference of the identityfunction and the modulus function. [NCERT]
SOLUTION We know that /: R R defined by f{x) = x is the identity function and g: R R
defined by g(x)=[x| is the modulus function. Clearly, fandg have the same domain.
Therefore, f + g-.R ^R and f -g:R ^ R such that
if + g)(x) = f{x)+g{x) = x + \x\
_ I X +X , ifx>0 _ 2x , if x>0

w
1 X-A- , if X < 0 " 0 , ifa:<0

if -g) (x) = / (x) (a) = A -| A I = j

A -A , if a:>0 0 , ifA>0
and.
T-(-x) , ifx<0 2a , if A < 0

Thus,

Flo
f + g- R -> R and f -g:R ^ R are defined as

ee
if A>0
2a , 0 , if X > 0
(/ + ^)(x) = 0 / if A < 0 and, if-g)(x) =

Fr
2a / if A < 0

EXAMPLE 2 What are the sum and difference of the identity function and the reciprocalfunction ?
[NCERT]
or
ur
SOLUTION Let / and g denote respectively the identity function and the reciprocal function.
sf
Then, /: K R andg:R - \0\ ^ R such that /(a) = a for all a e R and, g(a) = — for all
A
ok
Yo

A € R -{0). The domains of / and g are R and R - {0} respectively. Also, we haveR n R - [0}
= R - {0).Therefore, / + ^: R - {0} ->■ R and f - g: R - {0} ^ R are given by
Bo

if + g){x) = fix)+g{x) = A + - and, if-g){x) = fix)-g{x) = x--

re

X X

EXAMPLE 3 Let /: [2, oo) ^ R and g :[-2, co) ^ R be two real functions defined by f ix)- fx-2
ou
ad

and g (a) = fx + 2. Find f + g and f -g.

Y

SOLUTION Let Dj = [2, oo) and D2 = [- 2, 00). Then, n D2 = [2, 00). Thus, / + g; [2, 00) -> R
nd

and / - g: [2, 00) -> R are given by

Re

(/ + g) (x) =/(x) + g(A) = ^a-2 + ^x + 2 for aU a e [2, x)

Fi

and, (/ - g) (x) =/ (x) - g (a) = ^a-2 - fx + 2 for all a e [2, x).

EXAMPLE 4
Find the product of the identity function and the modulus function.
SOLUTION Let / and g denote respectively the identity function and modulus function. Then,
f:R-^R such that /(.a) = x for all a and, g:R^R such that g (x) = | a ( for all a. Clearly,
/ and g have the same domain. Therefore, the product / g is a function from R to itself and is
given by
A^ , if X > 0
if g)ix) = /(x)g(A) = x| a| = ' if A < 0

EXAMPLE 5 Find the quotient of the identity function by the modulus fimction.
SOLUTION Let / and g denote respectively the identity function and the modulus function.
Then, f :R R is defined as/ (a) = a and, g: R ^ R is defined as g (a) = | a |. Clearly, / and g
have the same domain.
FUNCTIONS 3.27

And, g(A:)=0 => |:cl=0 x = 0.

Therefore, the quotient of / ^ i.e. — is a function from R - (01 ^ R and is defined as
g

x>0

L (x) = IS^ = ±
X

kS g{x) 1^ X
= -1 , .r < 0
-X

EXAMPLE 6 Find the product of the identity function and the reciprocal function.
SOLUTION Let / and g denote respectively the identity function and the reciprocal function.
Then,/: R -> R is defined as f {x)=x for all x e R and,^: R - {0) -> R is defined asg (x) = - for

ww
all a: G R - |0j. We find that Domain (/) n Domain (g) = R n R -10) = R -10}. Therefore, the
product ^ is a function from R - {0} to R and is defined as

FF loo
ifs) (^) =/ {^) 5 (^) = ^ ^ -
X
=1 all X G R - {01

Thus,/g: R - {0} ^ R is given by (/^) (x) =1 for allx e R -{0}.

ree
EXAMPLE 7 Find the quotient of the identity function by the reciprocal function.

rFee
SOLUTION Let / and g denote respectively the identity function and the reciprocal function.

F
Then,/: R R is defined as/(x) =x for all x g R and,^: R -{0} - R is defined as^(x) =— for
oor r
rur
allx gR -{0}. Wefind that Domain (/) n Domain (g-) = R n R -10| = R - (Oj.And,^ (x) ^ Ofor
s ff
anyxGR -{0}.
k

/ f(x)_ X = x2
YYoou

Lis a function from R-{0}R and is given by — (x) =

ookos

g K.gJ g{x) 1/X

BBo

f. f
Hence, — :R -{0) ^ R is given by (x)=x^ for all X G R -jO}.
re

g
X

EXAMPLE 8 Let cbe a non-zero real number and f:R->R be a function defined by / (x) = -
ouur
ad
Yo

for all X G R. Find (i) cf (ii) c^f (iii) \cj

- /.
dY
Re

SOLUTION Clearly, cf, c^f and - / are functions from R to itself such that
idn
FFin

X
(i) {cf) (x) = c/(x) = c X —c = X for all X G R

(ii) (c^/) (x) = c^/(x) = X ~ = cx for all X G R

c

(iii) i /(x) = -X —=-^ for allx 6 R.

i / (x)= KCJ c c

1
EXAMPLE 9 Let f and g be two real functions defined byf{x) = X + 4
andg{x)={x + i)^.
/ 1 1
Find the following: (i) f + g (ii) f-g (iii) / g (iv) — (v) 2/ (vi) — (vii) —
g f g
1
SOLUTION We observe that /(x) = X is defined for all x # - 4. So, domain (/) = R - 4}.
+ 4

Clearly, ^(x) =(x + 4)^ is defined for all x g R.So, domain (^) =R. We find that
 3.28 MATHEMATICS-XI

Domain (/) n Domain {^) = J? - {- 4}. Therefore,

1 + (;c. + 4)'’
..3 {.t+4)‘^+l
(i) / + g; R - (- 41 R is given by (/ + g) (x) =f(x)-\-g (;t) = a: —
+ 4 a: + 4

-(a:+ 4)^ = 1 -(a:+ 4)^

1
(ii) / -g: R - {- 4} ^ R is defined as (f~g) {x) = / (at) -g (a:) =
a: + 4 a: + 4

(hi) fg:R- {-4} -> R is given by (fg) (x) = f{x) g(A:) = —^

a:+ 4
x (at + 4) ^ = (a: 4- 4)^
(iv) ^(:r)=0 (a: + 4)^=0 => a: = -4.

oww
/
Domain - =Domain (/) n Domain (g) ~{A::g(A:) = 0} = R-{-4). Therefore,

f. f]
-:R-{-41 ->R is given by - (at) =
fix) 1

g R(a:) (a:+ 4)^

e
= x+^ 4 for all a: e R - {- 4].

FFrlo
re
(v) 2/: R -{-4| R is given by (2/) (a:) = 2 (/ (a:))

ree
F
1
(vi) We observe that f{x)^0 for any a: e R - 4}. Therefore, —: R - (- 4} R is given by
'/

rF
1 1 1
T (X)- = (A- + 4)
/ fix) l/ix + 4)fsoor
ouur
~ 1
skf
(vii) We observe that g (.r) = (a: + 4) = 0 for a: = - 4. Therefore, -: R - {- 4} ^ R is given by
g
ooko
Yo

1 1 1
Y

- (A) =
r(a) (;c + 4)^
Bo
reB

EXAMPLE 10 Let f and g be real functions defined by f (a:) = fx + 2 and g (a:) = Then, find
each of the following functions:
uur
oY
ad

(i)/ + R (ii)/“g (iii)/g (iv) — (v) Jf (vi) gg

dY

SOLUTION We have, / (a) =^x + 2 and g (x) = -^4-a:^. Clearly, f (x) is defined for all x
innd
Re

satisfying
Fi
F

x + 2>0=> x^-2=> Are[-2, 00), Therefore, Domain (/)=[- 2, x)

We observe that g (.r) is defined for all x satisfying
4 - a:^ > 0 => AT^ ~ 4 < 0 => (a: - 2) (at + 2) £ 0 => a: e [- 2, 2]. Therefore, Domain (g) = [- 2, 2].
We find that: Domain (/) n Domain (g) = [- 2, x) n [- 2, 2] = [- 2, 2]. Therefore,
(i) / + g: [- 2, 2] R is given by (/ + g) (x) = / (x) + g
(x) = ^x + 2 + ^4-x^
(ii) /-g:[-2,2]-4Risgivenby(/-g)(x) =f(x)~g(x) = ^x + 2-^4-x^
(iii) ^ 2, 2] -» R is given by
(fg) (a) = fix) g (X) = fx + 2 X ^4-x^ = ■Jix+2)^ (2-x) = (x + 2) ^~x
(iv) We have, g (x) = ^4-x^. Therefore, g (x) = 0 => 4 - x^ = 0 =5> X = ± 2. Therefore,
Domain = [-2,2]-{-2,2) = (-2,2)
g
FUNCTIONS 3.29

/. (f fix) ^ ^ 1
Thus, —: (- 2, 2) -> R is given by — (3:) =
g U gix) ^4-x^
(v) Since domain (/) = [-2, co). Therefore,
(ff)(x)=f(x)f(x) =\f(x)f = Qx + 2)'^ = 3: + 2 for all X e [-2, co)
(vi) Since domain (g) = [-2, 2). Therefore,

igg) (^) = g(^) g{x) = \g (-v)]^ = 4- for all X e [- 2, 2]

EXAMPLE 11 Let f be the exponential function and g be the logarithmic function. Find:
(i)(/ + g) (1) (ii) (/g)(l) (iii) (3/)(l) (iv) (5g){l)

ww
SOLUTION Wehave,/;R ^R givenby/{x) and, giR'*’ -> R given by g(a) = logg a.
(i) We find that: Domain (/) n Domain (g) = R n R
+
= R'". Therefore, / + g: R"" ^ R is

Floo
given by

e
+
if + g)ix) = fix) +g{x) = e^ + loge a for all a e R

eere
if + g) (1) = e'^ + loge 1 = e + 0 = e.

FFr
(ii) Domain (/) n Domain (g) = R nR'*' = R~^. Therefore, fg-R^ ^ R is given by
oorr
uur r
ifg)ix) = fix) gix) = eWo^^ X => (/g)(l) = loge 1 = ex 0=0
s ff
(iii) Clearly, (3/)(a) = 3(/(a)) = 3e^. Therefore, (3/)(l) = 3e^ = 3e
sk
YYoo

(iv) Clearly, (5g) (.r) = 5 (g (a)) = 5 log^ a. Therefore, (5 g) (1) = 5 log^ 1 =5x0 = 0.
ooko

BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS)

eBB

EX.AMPLE 12 Find the domain of each of the followingfunctions given by

(i) fix) = , [NCERTEXEMPLAR! (u) / (a) = ^
uurr

[NCERT EXEMPLAR!
7a-| a| fx+\x\
ad
Yo

1 1
(iii) fix) = (iv) fix) =
^lx-[x] fx + [a]
dY

if A>0
, ^, . We know that | a | = \
a: ,
Re

SOLUTION (i) We have, / (a) =

nind

if A < 0
^]x-\x\ [ -X ,
FFi

A-A =0 , if A > 0
A -| a| = A + A = 2a , if A<0

a-Ia|<0 for all a

1
does not take real values for any a e R => / (a) is not defined for any a e R.
yl^\x\
Hence, Domain (/) = (^
1 A if A^O
(ii) We have,/(a) = .We know that I a
if A < 0
yjx+\x\ -X ,

A + A, if A > O 2a , if A ^ O
A + l a| = if A < 0
A +1 A 0 , if A <0
A - A ,

Thus, /(a) = assumes real values, if a +1 a | > 0 => a > 0 => a e (0, co). [Using (i)]
+ X

Hence, Domain (/) = (0,00).

3.30 MATHEMATICS-XI

1
(iii) We have, / (a:) = . We know that 0 < a: - [a:] < 1 for all x eR. Also, x - [x] = 0

1
forxeZ. Thus,/(x) = is defined, if

x-[x]>0=> X & R-Z [●.' X - [x] = 0 for X s Z and 0 < x - [x] < 1 for x e K - Z ]
Hence, Domain(J) =R -Z.
(iv) We have, / (x) = ^ . We know that

X + [x] > 0 for all X > 0

X + [x] = 0 for X = 0
X + [x] < 0 for all X < 0

ww
Clearly,/(x) = is defined for all x satisfying x + [x] > 0. Therefore, from (i), we find
yjx + [X]
that. Domain (/) = (0, co).

Flo
BASED ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS)

ee
EXAMPLE 13 Find the domain of definition of the function f (x) given by

eer
FFr
/(x) = log4 ] logs log3{18x-x^-77 ●
oorr
uur r
s ff
SOLUTION We have, (x) = log4 ■ log5 log3 (18x-x^-77) ●. Since log„ x is defined for all
sk
YYoo
ooko

X > 0. Therefore, / (x) is defined if

eBB

logs 11°S3 (18x-x^ -77)1 >0 andl8x-x^ -77 >0

=> log3(18x-x^-77)>5° and x^-18x+77<0
uurr

=> logs (18x-x^-77) (x-11) (x-7) <0

ad
Yo

=> 18x-x^ -77 > 3^ and 7 <x<ll

dY

=> 18x - x^ - 80 > 0 and 7 < x < 11

Re
innd

=> x^ -18x + 80 <0 and 7 <x <11

FFi

=> (x -10) (x - 8) < 0 and 7<x<ll^ 8<x<10 and 7 <x < 11 => 8 < x <10 ^ x e{8, 10).
Hence, the domain of / (x) is (8,10).
1
EXAMPLE 14 Find the domain of definition of the function f{x)givenbyf{x) =
log 10 (1-x)
1 1
SOLUTION We have, /(x) = +
J7+2. Let g(x) = and h (x) =^x + 2.
logic -^) log 10 (1-x)
Then, f {x)=g (x) + h (x). Therefore, Domain (/) = Domain (g) n Domain (h).
1
Now, six) = is defined for all x for which logio (1 - x) is defined and
logio (1 -X)
log 10 (l-x)7t0^ l-x>0 and l-x^*! ^ x<l and x 0 =^> x e(-co , 0) u (0,1)
Domain (^) = (- oo, 0) u (0,1).
FUNCTIONS 3.31

And, h(x) = is defined for all a: satisfying a: + 2>0=> x>-2 => xg[-2,<x>).
Domain (h) = [- 2, co).

Hence, Domain (J) = Domain (^) n domain (h) = (- oo, 0) u (0,1) n [- 2, co) = [- 2, 0) u (0,1)
EXAMPLE 15 Find the range of each of the following fmictions:
(i) /(a:)=|.r-3| INCERT EXEMPLAR] (ii) / (x) =1-j x - 2 j [NCERT EXEMPLAR!
x-4
(iii) fix) = [NCERT EXEMPLAR]
x-4

SOLUTION (i) We have, (x) = |x-3|. Clearly, /(x) is defined for all xeR. Therefore,
Domain (/) = R. We find that

ww
I X - 31 > 0 for all x e R
=> 0 < I X - 31 < 00 for all X e R => 0 < /(x) <<x> for all x e R => / (x) e [0, oo) for all x e R

FF loo
Hence, Range (/) = [0, oo).

ree
(ii) We have, /(x) = 1 - | x - 2|. We observe that /(x) is defined for all x eR. Therefore,
Domain (/) = R.

reeF
Now, 0 < I X - 21 < X for all X e R
-x<-|x-2|<0 forallxeR oroFr
r ur
s ff
=>
-X <1 - j X - 2] <1 for all X e R ^ -X </(x) <1 for all x e R => /(x) e(-x, 1]
Hence, Range (/)=(-'»,!]
k
YYouo

x-4
kos o

(iii) We have, / (x) = . Clearly, /(x) is defined for all x e R except at x = 4. Therefore,
x-4
BBoo

Domain (/) = R - {4|. We find that

r ee

x-4
= 1 , if X > 4
lx-4| x-4
ad

fix) =
ouur

x-4 -]-ix-4) if X <4

Yo

x-4

Thus,/(.v) takes only two values -1 and 1. Hence, Range (/) ={-l, 1).
d
Re
idnY

EXAMPLE 16 Find the domain and range of each of the following functions given by
1
FFin

(i) fix) = (ii) fix) = 1 -j x-3|

1
SOLUTION (i) We have, / (x) = -j=
^jx-[x]
Domain off: We know that 0 < x - [x] < 1 for all x € R and, x - [x] = 0 for x € Z.
1
0 < X - [x] < 1 for all X e R - Z => / (x) = exists for all x € R - Z.

Hence, Domain (/) = R-Z.

Range off: As discussed above
0 < X - [x] < 1 for all X e R - Z
=> 0 < fx - [x] < 1 for all X e R - Z
1
=> 1 < < 00 for all X € R - Z ^ 1 < /(x) < oo for all x e R - Z => Range (/) = (1, co).
yjx - [X]
3.32 MATHEMATICS-XI

(ii) Wehave,/(x) = 1-| x - 3|.Clearly,/(.r)isdefinedforallA: eR.Therefore,Domain(/) = R.

Range off: For any x eR,we find that
|x-3|>0=>-|x-3|<0^1-|:r-3|<l=>/(:r)<l=> f {x) e(-oo, 1]
Hence, Range (/) = (-co, 1].
1 -| x\
EXAMPLE 17 pifjd f/jg domain of the real function f (x) defined by f (x) =
p-\x\
1 - I XI
SOLUTION We have, / (x) = -—We observe that f{x) is defined for all x satisfying
2-|x
-i--
1 -
^>0. -00 0 1 2 + =0
2- X

w
1-|AT|
Fig. 3.26 Signs of for different values of \x
2-|x|

l-\x\
Now, > 0 => ——- >0=>|3:|<1 or, |x[>2 [●.● See Fig. 3.26]

Flo
2-Ul I x| - 2

ee
a: e[-l, 1] or, x e(- oo, - 2) u (2, oo) => a: e(-oo , -2) u(2, oo) u[-l, 1]

Fr
Hence, domain (/) = (- co , - 2) u (2, oo) u [-1,1].
1
EXA.MPLE 18 find the domain of the function f given by f{x) = [NCERT EXEMPALR]
for
ur
V[.vp-M-6
1
SOLUTION We have, f{x) =
ks
Yo
oo

Clearly, f{x) is defined for all x satisfying <■ -●t

— oo -2 3 CO
eB

[x]^ -[xj-6 > 0

Fig. 3.27 Signs of [x]^ -[x] -6 for different values of x
{[x]-3){[x] + 2)>0
ur

[x] < -2 or [.r] > 3

ad

X e (-0C, - 2) or x e [4, oo) => x e (-x, - 2) u [4, x)

Yo

Hence, domain (/) = (-x, - 2) la [4, x).

EXERCISE 3.4
d
Re
in

BASIC
F

1 /
Find/ + g, f-g, cf{ceR,c^0), fg, — and — in each of the following:
'/ 8

(i) /(x) = x^ +1 and ^(x) = x + 1 (ii) / (x) = fx -1 and g (x) = fx + 1.

2- Let /(x)=2x + 5 and g{x)~x^ + x. Describe (i)/ + ^ (ii) f-g (iii)/g (iv) f/g. Find the
domain in each case.

=|
1 , -2<x<0
3- If/(x) be defined on [- 2,2] and is given by /(x) x-1 , 0<x<2

and g{x) =/{ 1 XI) + I /(x) |. Find g(x).

Let /, g be two real functions defined by / (x) = fx +1 and g {x) = p - x^. Then, describe
each of the following functions:
(i) / + g (ii) 8-f (hi) / g (iv) f/g
(v) (vi) 2f-Sg (vii)/2+7/ (viii) ^
f
FUNCTIONS 3.33

5. If / (:c) = loge (1 - x) and g (.t) = [x], then determine each of the following functions:
(i)/ + g (ii) fg (iii) Lg (iv) %
/

Also, find (/ + g)(-l),(/g)(0), L if - .

BASED ON LOTS

I 1 2
6 If // g, h are real functions defined by f (x) Jx +1, g (x) = — and h (x) = 2x - 3, then find
^ X
the values of{2f + g~ h) (1) and (2 f + g -h) (0).

ooww
fl -X , <0
7. The function/is defined by/(a:) =<^ 1 , a: = 0. Draw the graph of/(a:), [NCERT]
a: + 1 , a: > 0

/
8. Let/, be defined, respectively by/(a) = a: + l,g(A:) =2Ar-3.Fmd/+g,/-^and

e
g

re
[NCERT]

rFFl
ree
F
9. Let /: [0, co) ^ R and g:R->R be defined by f{x)=Jx andg(A:)=A:.
Find/ + g,/-^,/^ and

rF
[NCERT]
g
fsfoor
ouur
10. Let / (x) = X and g (a:) = 2a: +1 be two real functions. Find (/ + g) (a:), (/ -g) (a:), (Jg) (a:)
(f^
kosk
and — (a:). [NCERT]
g
Yo
oo
Y

ANSWERS
BB

1. (i) f + g-R-^R given by{f + g){x) = x^ + x + 2

rre

f-g:R^R given by (f -g)(x) = x^ - X

oYuu
ad

cf :R -> R given by (cf) (a;) = c (a:^ + 1)

dY

fg:R^R given by (fg) (a;) =(x + 1)^ (a:^ - a: +1)

innd

r 11
Re

1 1
:R-{-!}-> R given by - (x) =
f f +1
Fi
F

f ( f')
-:R -{-!)-> R given by i (x)=x^+x + l
g J
(ii) / ± g: [1, co) ^ R defined by (/ + g) (x) = fx-1 ± ^x + 1
cf: [1, co) -> R defined by (cf) (x) = c ^x -1
fg: [1, co) -> R defined by (fg) (x) = yjx'^ -1
1 fl ^ 1
-:(l,co)^R defined by — (x) = .
f^ f yjx-1
f.
:[l,oo)->R defined by
f
(x) = ZEI
g g ]jx + l
2. (i) (f + g) (^) = + 3x + 5; dom (f + g)=R (ii) (f-g)(x) =5 + x - x^; dom (f-g)=R
3.34 MATHEMATICS-XI

2x^5
(iii) {fg){x) = 2;c^ + + 5a:; dom {fg) = R (iv) ^ (.t)=^ X + X
, dom - = R - {0,1}

-a:, -2<x<0
3. ^(a:)=- 0, 0<x<l
2{x-l), l<x<2

-I- (i) / + ^:[-l, 3]^-R defined by (/ +g) (a:) = Ja: + 1 +yj9-x^

(ii) 3]^R defined by (g-f) (x) =^9 - x^ - ^x + 1

oww
(iii) ^:[-l, 3]-^R defined by (^) (a:) = ^9 + 9a: -a:^ -x^
f (f) a: + 1
(iv) [-1, 3] ^ R defined by — (a:) =
g g ^9-x^

e
FFrlo
re
g 9-x^
(v) f— :(-1, 3] ^ R defined by \f)
^ (a^) =

ree
x + 1

F
(vi) 2/ -^/5 ^1, 3] ^ R defined by (2/ g){x) = 2 ^x + 1 --^45 -5a:^

rF
(vii) + 7 /: [-1, oo) ^ R defined hy {f^ +7f) (x) =x + I+7 ^x + 1
fsoor
ouur
skf
5 f s'] 5
(viu) Z: (_ 3^ 3) R defined by - {x)=-j=^—●
p-X^
ooko
Yo
Y

5. (i) f + g-(- CO, 1) ^ R defined by (f + g) (x) = log,, (1 - x) + [x]

Bo
reB

(ii) /^:(-CO, 1)->R defined by (/g)(x) = [x] log^ (1 - x)

/. ' f'' logg (1 - x)
(iii) —: (- CO, 0) R defined by — (x) =
uur
oY

g gj M
ad

[x]
dY

(iv) —: (- 00, 0) u (0,1) -)■ R defined by § (x) =

/ /. loge (1 - x)
innd
Re

/Vi— does not exist

is n
= 0
(/ + g)(-l) = loge2-l and, (/^) (0) = 0,
g Jv2;
Fi
F

l/J^2
6. 2 (-\/2+1), 0, does not exist.
8. / + g: R -> R defined by (/ + g) (x) = 3x - 2; / - g-: R -> R defined by (/ - ^) (x) = - x + 4
/.:R - -> R defined in/
7 (x) =
x + 1

g g 2x-3

9. / + ^: [0, oo) R defined by (/ + g)(x) =^/x + x; /-g: [0,oo) -> defined by (/-g)(x)=Vx-x
f r f' 1
^: [0, oo) ^ R defined by {fg) (x) = x^^^; —: (0, oo) R defined by — (x) =
g g

/ r
x"
10. (/ + g)(x)=(x + l)2,(/-g)(x)=x^-2x-l,(/g)(x)=2x3+x2, L (x) = 2x + l
g
FUNCTIONS 3.35

HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

l-x, a: < 0 A

7. We have, / (at) = I, x = 0 . Y
X + 1, X >0
\

l-X, x<0 ■f-

Let / (a:) = y. Then, y - ● 1, a: = 0

(0,1)
X + 1, a: >0 <r >
X- (-1,0) o (1,0) X

The graph of / (a:) is as shown in Fig. 3.28.

oww
\rr

Fig. 3.28

8. f: R R and g:R ^ R are given hy f{x) = a: +1 and g (x) = 2x - 3. Clearly, D (f)=R and
D (g)=R. Therefore,

e
FFrlo
re
(i) D(J + g)=D{f)nD{g) = R and, {/+ g) (x) =f {x) + g{x) = x+ l+ 2x - 3 = 3x-2
(ii) D(J-g)=D(f)nD{g)=R and. {f - g) {x) =f (x) - g{x) =x + \-2x + 3 =-x + 4

ree
F
(iii) D{fg)=D(J)n,Dig)=R and, ifg)ix)=fix)g{x)={x + l)(2x-3) =2x^-x-3

rF
(iv) d[=(1 = D(/)nD(g)-{Ar:sW = 0} = R-{|| and, 7 fix) x + 1
(X) =
fsoor
ouur
■.S J ^ g g{x) 2x-3
skf
9. It is given that/:[0,oo)-»R and ^: R K are such that/(x) = Vx and r (x) =x. We find
ooko

that
Yo
Y

^ (f g) = [0, oo) n R = [0, oo). Therefore,

Bo
reB

/ + R: [0, co) ^ R is given hy (J + g) (x) = f{x)+g(x) = Vx + x

D {f -g) = D (f) r\D{g) = [0,co)nR = [0, oo). Therefore,
uur
oY

/-R:[0,'»)"> Misgiven by (/-g)(x) =f(x)-g(x) =Vx-x

ad

^ifg) = ^ if) ig) = [0, a))nR = [0, oo).Therefore,

dY

/g: [0, oo)-> R is given by (/r) (x) =/(x) ^ (x) = Vx x = x^^^

innd
Re

D — = D (/) n D (g) - {x: ^ (x) = 0} = (0, oo). Therefore,

Fi
F

/. 7' /w V? 1
— : (0, co) -> R is given by — (x) =
g S) gix) X Vx

10. We have, / (x) = x^ and g (x) = 2x +1. Clearly, D (J) =R and D (g) = R.
.-. D(/±g) = D(/)nD(g) = RnR = R
Difg) = D(/)nD(g) = RnR = R
(f
= D(/)nD(g)-{x:gM = 0} = RnR-|-i|
1
D = R -
g 2

Thus, / + g: R-> R is givenby(/+ g) (x) = /(x)+g{x) =x“ + 2x + l

/-g:R ^R is given by(/-g)(x) =/(x)-g(x) =x^-2x-l
3.36 MATHEMATICS-X!

(/g): K->R is given by (/^)(a:) = f{x)g{x) = x{2x-\-\)

11 (f) fix) X

g
:R-
—^ R is given by — (x) = g(x) 2x + l

FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTIONS (FBQs)

1. Let A and B be any two sets such that n{A) =p and n{B) =q, then the total number of
functions from /I to B is equal to
1
2. = then f{xj) =
:r-l V
ax + b
3. liy=f(x) = then/(y) =

llow ow
cx-d

4. The domain of the function/(x) =-7= is

-X

S. The range of the function/(a:) =[A:]-A:is

ree
x + 2 .
6. The range of the function f{x) = IS
x +2

rF
r FF
The range of the function /(x) = log^j x, > 0 is forFe fo
8. Let / and g be two functions given by / = {(2, 4), (5, 6), (8,-1), (10, - 3)1 and
ou
g = 1(2, 5), (7,1) (8, 4), (10,13), (11, -5)1-Then, domain of/ + gis
ks

9. Let / and g be two real functions given by / = {(10,1), (2, 0), (3, -4), (4, 2), (5,1)} and
oo

g =1(1, 0), (2, 2), (3, -1), (4, 4), (5, 3)1- Then the domain^ is given by
YourY

10. The domain for which the functions/(x) = 3x^ -landg(x) = 3 + x are equal is
B
r eBokse

x^i-l .
; The domain of the function/(x) = IS
x^-3x + 2
ou
ad

x-1 /l^
12. If/(x) = then / — +/(x) is equal to
Your

x+r ^x

x-1 y 1\
d
Re

13. If/(x) = then /(x) / — is equal to

x+r
in

V xj
FindYF

! 1. If/(x) =[x]^ -5 Ix] + 6, then the set of values of x satisfying/(x) = 0is

1
15, The domain of the function /(x) = V9 - x + is equal to
Vx^ -16
2-x
T The domain and range of the function/(x) = are .and. respectively.
x-2
1
17. The domain of the function/(x) = is

-j[xf-3[x] + 2
x-4| IS
.
IS. The range of the function/(x) =
x-4

19. The domain of the function /(x) = x + [x] is

20. The range of the function /(x) = Vl -x^ is ,